| appraisal of hygiene indicators and farming practices in the production of leafy vegetables by organic small-scale farmers in umbumbulu (rural kwazulu-natal, south africa). | during october, november and december 2011 (when highest sales of agri-hub fresh produce are observed), irrigation water, compost, lettuce and spinach sampled from four different farmer cooperatives supplying the local agri-hub in umbumbulu (kwazulu-natal, south africa) were analyzed monthly for the presence of total and fecal coliforms and escherichia coli using the most probable number (mpn) technique. the ph values for all irrigation water samples analyzed were within the acceptable range of ... | 2013 | 24065036 |
| differences in biofilm formation of produce and poultry salmonella enterica isolates and their persistence on spinach plants. | spinach plants were irrigated biweekly with water containing 2.1 log cfu salmonella/100 ml water (the maximum escherichia coli mpn recommended by the leafy greens marketing agreement; lgma), or 4.1 cfu salmonella/100 ml water to determine salmonella persistence on spinach leaves. green fluorescent protein expressing salmonella were undetectable by most-probable number (mpn) at 24 h and 7 days following each irrigation event. this study indicates that salmonella are unlikely to persist on spinach ... | 2013 | 24010621 |
| prevalences of shiga toxin subtypes and selected other virulence factors among shiga-toxigenic escherichia coli strains isolated from fresh produce. | shiga-toxigenic escherichia coli (stec) strains were isolated from a variety of fresh produce, but mostly from spinach, with an estimated prevalence rate of 0.5%. a panel of 132 produce stec strains were characterized for the presence of virulence and putative virulence factor genes and for shiga toxin subtypes. about 9% of the isolates were found to have the eae gene, which encodes the intimin binding protein, and most of these belonged to known pathogenic stec serotypes, such as o157:h7 and o2 ... | 2013 | 23995936 |
| the spinach rna aptamer as a characterization tool for synthetic biology. | characterization of genetic control elements is essential for the predictable engineering of synthetic biology systems. the current standard for in vivo characterization of control elements is through the use of fluorescent reporter proteins such as green fluorescent protein (gfp). gene expression, however, involves not only protein production but also the production of mrna. here, we present the use of the spinach aptamer sequence, an rna mimic of gfp, as a tool to characterize mrna expression ... | 2014 | 23991760 |
| imaging bacterial protein expression using genetically encoded rna sensors. | the difficulties in imaging the dynamics of protein expression in live bacterial cells can be overcome by using fluorescent sensors based on spinach, an rna that activates the fluorescence of a small-molecule fluorophore. these rnas selectively bind target proteins and exhibit fluorescence increases that enable protein expression to be imaged in living escherichia coli. these sensors are key components of a generalizable strategy to image protein expression in a single bacterium in real time. | 2013 | 23872791 |
| evaluation of models describing the growth of nalidixic acid-resistant e. coli o157:h7 in blanched spinach and iceberg lettuce as a function of temperature. | the aim of this study was to model the growth of nalidixic acid-resistant e. coli o157:h7 (e. coli o157:h7nr) in blanched spinach and to evaluate model performance with an independent set of data for interpolation (8.5, 13, 15 and 27 °c) and for extrapolation (broth and fresh-cut iceberg lettuce) using the ratio method and the acceptable prediction zone method. the lag time (lt), specific growth rate (sgr) and maximum population density (mpd) obtained from each primary model were modeled as a fu ... | 2013 | 23839062 |
| evaluation of pathogenic escherichia coli occurrence in vegetable samples from district bazaars in istanbul using real-time pcr. | in this study, a total of 180 vegetable samples collected from several district bazaars of istanbul were investigated for the occurrence of escherichia coli using a culture-based method. the isolates were subjected to real-time pcr detection of shiga-toxin-producing e. coli (stec) using primers specific for the shiga toxin (stx1 and stx2) and intimin (eae) virulence genes. the prevalences of e. coli in the samples were 93·3% in spinach, 93·3% in lettuce, 86·6% in parsley, 43·3% in carrot, 33·3% ... | 2013 | 23789811 |
| generic escherichia coli contamination of spinach at the preharvest stage: effects of farm management and environmental factors. | the objective of this study was to determine the effects of farm management and environmental factors on preharvest spinach contamination with generic escherichia coli as an indicator of fecal contamination. a repeated cross-sectional study was conducted by visiting spinach farms up to four times per growing season over a period of 2 years (2010 to 2011). spinach samples (n = 955) were collected from 12 spinach farms in colorado and texas as representative states of the western and southwestern ... | 2013 | 23666336 |
| simple, rapid, and reliable detection of escherichia coli o26 using immunochromatography. | shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) o26 has been increasingly associated with diarrheal disease all over the world. we developed an immunochromatographic (ic) strip for the rapid detection of e. coli o26 in food samples. to determine the specificity of the ic strip, pure cultures of 67 e. coli and 22 non-e. coli strains were tested with the ic strip. the ic strip could detect all (18 of 18) e. coli o26 strains tested and did not react with strains of any other e. coli serogroup or non- ... | 2013 | 23643115 |
| yfdw and yfdu are required for oxalate-induced acid tolerance in escherichia coli k-12. | escherichia coli has several mechanisms for surviving low-ph stress. we report that oxalic acid, a small-chain organic acid (scoa), induces a moderate acid tolerance response (atr) in two ways. adaptation of e. coli k-12 at ph 5.5 with 50 mm oxalate and inclusion of 25 mm oxalate in ph 3.0 minimal challenge medium separately conferred protection, with 67% ± 7% and 87% ± 17% survival after 2 h, respectively. the combination of oxalate adaptation and oxalate supplementation in the challenge medium ... | 2013 | 23335415 |
| plasma membrane-associated malate dehydrogenase of maize (zea mays l.) roots: native versus recombinant protein. | malate dehydrogenase (mdh, ec 1.1.1.37) is involved in several cellular processes including plant development, nutrient uptake and oxidative stress. evidence for a plasma membrane-associated mdh has been presented for maize (zea mays l.) roots. in the present study isoenzymes of mdh were purified from highly enriched plasma membrane preparations of maize and compared with soluble isoenzymes (km, ph optima, pi and molecular masses). modified sds-page analyses revealed monomers of 41 kda for membr ... | 2013 | 23313174 |
| survival of pathogenic escherichia coli on basil, lettuce, and spinach. | the contamination of lettuce, spinach and basil with pathogenic e. coli has caused numerous illnesses over the past decade. e. coli o157:h7, e. coli o104:h4 and avian pathogenic e. coli (apecstx- and apecstx+) were inoculated on basil plants and in promix substrate using drip and overhead irrigation. when overhead inoculated with 7 log cfu/ml of each strain, e. coli populations were significantly (p = 0.03) higher on overhead-irrigated plants than on drip-irrigated plants. apecstx-, e. coli o104 ... | 2013 | 23280331 |
| molecular cloning and functional expression of a water-soluble chlorophyll-binding protein from japanese wild radish. | hydrophilic chlorophyll (chl)-binding proteins have been isolated from various brassicaceae plants and are categorized into class ii water-soluble chl-binding proteins (wscps). although the molecular properties of class ii wscps including brassica-type (e.g., cauliflower wscp, brussels sprouts wscp and bnd22, a drought- and salinity-stress-induced 22 kda protein of rapeseed), a lepidium-type, and an arabidopsis-type wscps have been well characterized, those of raphanus-type wscps are poorly unde ... | 2013 | 23266282 |
| validation of the applied biosystems microseq real-time pcr system for detection of e. coli o157:h7 in food. | modern molecular methods offer the advantages of simplicity and short time-to-results compared to traditional culture methods. we describe the validation of a new real-time pcr method to detect e. coli o157:h7 in five food matrixes. the complete system consists of the microseq e. coli o157:h7 detection kit, sample preparation (two sample preparation methods, the prepseq nucleic acid extraction kit and the prepseq rapid spin sample preparation kit, were validated), the applied biosystems 7500 fas ... | 2012 | 23175985 |
| mathematical modeling and numerical analysis of the growth of non-o157 shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli in spinach leaves. | this study was conducted to investigate the growth of non-o157 shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) in spinach leaves and to develop kinetic models to describe the bacterial growth. six serogroups of non-o157 stec, including o26, o45, o103, o111, o121, and o145, were used in the growth studies conducted isothermally at 4, 8, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °c. both stec and background microflora were enumerated to develop kinetic models. growth of stec in spinach leaves was observed at elevated ... | 2012 | 23141643 |
| the core of chloroplast nucleoids contains architectural swib domain proteins. | a highly enriched fraction of the transcriptionally active chromosome from chloroplasts of spinach (spinacia oleracea) was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to identify proteins involved in structuring of the nucleoid core. among such plastid nucleoid-associated candidate proteins a 12-kd swib (swi/snf complex b) domain-containing protein was identified. it belongs to a subgroup of low molecular mass swib domain proteins, which in arabidopsis thaliana has six ... | 2012 | 22797472 |
| portable microfluidic chip for detection of escherichia coli in produce and blood. | pathogenic agents can lead to severe clinical outcomes such as food poisoning, infection of open wounds, particularly in burn injuries and sepsis. rapid detection of these pathogens can monitor these infections in a timely manner improving clinical outcomes. conventional bacterial detection methods, such as agar plate culture or polymerase chain reaction, are time-consuming and dependent on complex and expensive instruments, which are not suitable for point-of-care (poc) settings. therefore, the ... | 2012 | 22679370 |
| development of a method for the detection of verotoxin-producing escherichia coli in food. | the growing recognition of the role of non-o157 verotoxigenic escherichia coli (vtec) in foodborne illness underscores the importance of developing methods to detect it in the food supply. we describe here the development of a protocol for the detection, isolation, and characterization of vtec from foods, designed for the serotype-independent enrichment, detection, and isolation of vtec, in combination with rapid characterization of vtec o157, o26, o103, o111, and o145. this study examined the i ... | 2012 | 22564930 |
| presence of faecal coliforms, escherichia coli and diarrheagenic e. coli pathotypes in ready-to-eat salads, from an area where crops are irrigated with untreated sewage water. | consumption of ready-to-eat (rte) salads has increased worldwide. consequently, the number of outbreaks caused by food-borne pathogens, including diarrheagenic e. coli pathotypes (deps), associated with the consumption of rte-salads has increased. deps include enterotoxigenic (etec), typical and atypical enteropathogenic (tepec, aepec), enteroinvasive (eiec), enteroaggregative (eaec), diffuse adherent (daec) and shiga toxin-producing (stec) e. coli. in less-developed areas of the world, fresh cr ... | 2012 | 22507628 |
| factors affecting radiation d-values (d₁₀) of an escherichia coli cocktail and salmonella typhimurium lt2 inoculated in fresh produce. | this study evaluated the effect of produce type, resuspension medium, dose uniformity ratio (dur), and sample preparation conditions (tissue exposure, map, anoxia) on the d₁₀ -value of an escherichia coli cocktail (baa-1427, baa-1428, and baa-1430) and salmonella typhimurium lt2 inoculated on the surfaces of tomato, cantaloupe, romaine lettuce, and baby spinach. produce at room temperature were irradiated using a 1.35 mev van de graaf electron beam accelerator at 0.2 to 0.9 kgy. the d₁₀-values f ... | 2012 | 22393921 |
| rapid and specific detection of escherichia coli serogroups o26, o45, o103, o111, o121, o145, and o157 in ground beef, beef trim, and produce by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | escherichia coli o157 and six additional serogroups of shiga toxin-producing e. coli (stec) (o26, o45, o103, o111, o121, and o145) account for the majority of stec infections in the united states. in this study, o serogroup-specific genes (wzx or wzy) were used to design loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assays for the rapid and specific detection of these leading stec serogroups. the assays were evaluated in pure culture and spiked food samples (ground beef, beef trim, lettuce, and ... | 2012 | 22327594 |
| formation of giant protein vesicles by a lipid cosolvent method. | this paper describes a method to create giant protein vesicles (gpvs) of ≥10 μm by solvent-driven fusion of large vesicles (0.1-0.2 μm) with reconstituted membrane proteins. we found that formation of gpvs proceeded from rotational mixing of protein-reconstituted large unilamellar vesicles (luvs) with a lipid-containing solvent phase. we made gpvs by using n-decane and squalene as solvents, and applied generalized polarization (gp) imaging to monitor the polarity around the protein transmembrane ... | 2011 | 22069223 |
| structure and stability of the spinach aquaporin sopip2;1 in detergent micelles and lipid membranes. | sopip2;1 constitutes one of the major integral proteins in spinach leaf plasma membranes and belongs to the aquaporin family. sopip2;1 is a highly permeable and selective water channel that has been successfully overexpressed and purified with high yields. in order to optimize reconstitution of the purified protein into biomimetic systems, we have here for the first time characterized the structural stability of sopip2;1. | 2011 | 21339815 |
| flagella mediate attachment of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli to fresh salad leaves. | enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) causes child and travelers' diarrhea and is presumed to be water- and food-borne. sporadic outbreaks were traced to consumption of contaminated fresh produce, particularly salad leaves as lettuce and parsley. importantly, the mechanism by which etec binds salad leaves is not known. in this study we investigated the ability of clinical etec isolates to adhere to eruca vesicaria (commonly known as rocket). towards this end we inoculated pieces of cut e. vesi ... | 2011 | 23761239 |
| retention of quality and nutritional value of 13 fresh-cut vegetables treated with low-dose radiation. | improving the microbial safety while maintaining quality of fresh fruits and vegetables will increase consumer confidence in fresh produce. this study was conducted to investigate the effects of irradiation at 1 kgy, a dose that potentially inactivates e. coli o157:h7 by 5 logs, on the quality of 13 common fresh-cut vegetables: iceberg, romaine, green and red leaf lettuce, spinach, tomato, cilantro, parsley, green onion, carrot, broccoli, red cabbage, and celery. the results showed that the appe ... | 2008 | 18803730 |
| wastewater irrigation of salad crops: further evidence for the evaluation of the who guidelines. | this paper presents the results of an experiment on salad crop irrigation with waste stabilisation pond effluents, conducted in southeast brazil. over about 18 months several trials were carried out using different effluent qualities to irrigate lettuce, kale, arugula, spinach, and green pepper. equations for predicting the bacterial quality of irrigated crops (e.coli per gram) based on the irrigation water quality (e.coli per 100 ml) were derived for low and high growing crops. the quantitative ... | 2008 | 18469392 |
| oxidative phenol coupling reactions catalyzed by oxyb: a cytochrome p450 from the vancomycin producing organism. implications for vancomycin biosynthesis. | oxyb is a cytochrome p450 enzyme that catalyzes the first phenol coupling reaction during the biosynthesis of vancomycin-like glycopeptide antibiotics. the phenol coupling reaction occurs on a linear peptide intermediate linked as a c-terminal thioester to a peptide carrier protein (pcp) domain within the multidomain glycopeptide nonribosomal peptide synthetase (nrps). using model peptides with the sequence (r)(nme)leu-(r)tyr-(s)asn-(r)hpg-(r)hpg-(s)tyr-s-pcp and (r)(nme)leu-(r)tyr-(s)asn-(r)hpg ... | 2007 | 17477533 |
| chlamydomonas reinhardtii encodes a single sigma70-like factor which likely functions in chloroplast transcription. | chlamydomonas reinhardtii est clones encoding a protein highly similar to prokaryotic sigma factors and plant sigma-like factors (slfs) were used to isolate a bac clone containing the full-length gene crrpod. the gene is likely to be single-copy, in contrast to small gene families encoding slfs in plants. the crrpod mrna comprises 3,033 nt with an open reading frame of 2,256 nt, encoding a putative protein of 752 amino acids with a molecular mass of 80.2 kda. the sequence contains conserved regi ... | 2006 | 16453112 |
| molecular characterization of a novel glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from potato (solanum tuberosum l.). | we describe a novel g6pd cdna from potato. the deduced amino acid sequence shares 77% identity with the known chloroplast enzyme, but only 47% with the corresponding cytosolic g6pdh. the sequence comprises the two cysteine residues conserved in other redox-regulated chloroplast g6pdh and a transit peptide capable of directing a gfp fusion protein to chloroplasts, demonstrating that the cdna codes for a second plastidic g6pd isoform. the mature part was expressed in e. coli. when synthesized with ... | 2000 | 10998184 |
| isoforms of acyl carrier protein involved in seed-specific fatty acid synthesis. | seeds of coriandrum sativum (coriander) and thunbergia alata (black-eyed susan vine) produce unusual monoenoic fatty acids which constitute over 80% of the total fatty acids of the seed oil. the initial step in the formation of these fatty acids is the desaturation of palmitoyl-acp (acyl carrier protein) at the delta(4) or delta(6) positions to produce delta(4)-hexadecenoic acid (16:1(delta(4)) or delta(6)-hexadecenoic acid (16:1(delta(6)), respectively. the involvement of specific forms of acp ... | 1999 | 10366274 |
| a comparative flash-photolysis study of electron transfer from pea and spinach plastocyanins to spinach photosystem 1. a reaction involving a rate-limiting conformational change. | two mutants of plastocyanin have been constructed by site-directed mutagenesis in spinach and pea to elucidate the binding and electron transfer properties between plastocyanin and spinach photosystem 1. the conserved, surface-exposed tyr-83 has been replaced by phenylalanine and leucine in plastocyanin from both species and the proteins have been expressed in escherichia coli. the reaction mechanism of electron transfer from plastocyanins to photooxidized p700 in photosystem 1 has been studied ... | 1996 | 24271818 |
| expression of the atpe gene coding for the epsilon subunit of maize chloroplast coupling factor. | the entire atpe gene of the maize chloroplast coupling factor was inserted into the polylinker region of vectors pjla505 and pwa to form recombinant plasmids pjla505-atpe and pwa-atpe respectively. these expression plasmids were transformed into e. coli nm522 which induced at 42 degrees. by the analysis of sds-page, the expressed product of interest was observed to account fore more than 3o% of total e. coliproteins. the identification of the expressed product demonstrated that its immunological ... | 1996 | 12237708 |
| completion of the thioredoxin reaction mechanism: kinetic evidence for protein complexes between thioredoxin and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase. | the activation of chloroplast fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase from spinach and soybean leaves by the two chloroplast thioredoxins isolated from the same plants has been studied. the thioredoxin saturation characteristics (vmax: 0.15-103.2 mumol pi/min per mg enzyme; k0.5: 0.0048-0.84 microm; hill coefficient n: 1.02-3.80) indicate that in addition to the reductive activation by thioredoxin specific complex formation between thioredoxin and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase is responsible for fine regulati ... | 1995 | 8519798 |
| the 41 kda protein component of the spinach chloroplast petd mrna 3' stem-loop:protein complex is a nuclear encoded chloroplast rna-binding protein. | spinach chloroplast petd gene encodes subunit iv of the cytochrome b6/f complex. like many chloroplast mrnas, the spinach petd mrna contains a 3'utr stem-loop structure that determines correct 3' processing of the pre-mrna and stability of the mature mrna. rna-protein interactions with this structure may be involved in the regulation of petd mrna processing and/or stability. in this report, a spinach chloroplast 41 kd protein has been identified as a component of the petd mrna 3'stem-loop:protei ... | 1995 | 8643382 |
| the nuclear-encoded polypeptide cfo-ii from spinach is a real, ninth subunit of chloroplast atp synthase. | proton-translocating f-atp synthases from chloroplasts contain a nuclear-coded subunit, cfo-ii, that lacks an equivalent in the corresponding e. coli complex. three recombinant phages that code for the entire precursor of this subunit have been isolated from lambda gt11 cdna expression libraries made from polyadenylated spinach rna using a two-step strategy. the reading frame of 222 amino acid residues includes 147 residues for the mature protein (m(r) 16.5 kda) and a transit sequence of 75 resi ... | 1993 | 8325369 |
| identification of an nadp/thioredoxin system in chlamydomonas reinhardtii. | the protein components of the nadp/thioredoxin system, nadp-thioredoxin reductase (ntr) and thioredoxin h, have been purified and characterized from the green alga, chlamydomonas reinhardtii. the analysis of this system confirms that photoautotrophic chlamydomonas cells resemble leaves in having both an nadp- and ferrodoxin-linked thioredoxin redox system. chlamydomonas thioredoxin h, which is smaller on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis than thioredoxin m from the same s ... | 1991 | 24186583 |
| characterization of a protein binding sequence in the promoter region of the 16s rrna gene of the spinach chloroplast genome. | by means of mobility-shift assays and exonuclease iii mapping we have determined a 14 bp sequence (named cdf2 binding site) located in front of the 16s rrna initiation start site which is protected by a spinach chloroplast extract. this region does not include neither one of the two '-35' nor of the two '-10' e. coli-like promoter elements which are recognised by e. coli rna polymerase in vitro. the cdf2 binding site is specifically recognized by two small polypeptides which migrate correspondin ... | 1991 | 1852607 |
| chloroplast ribosomal protein l15, like l1, l13 and l21, is significantly larger than its e. coli homologue. | the purification and identification by peptide sequence and immunological data of the spinach chloroplast homologue of e. coli l15 is presented. a significant increase in its mass over the e. coli counterpart is shown and is accounted for, in part, by a sequenced 18-residue n-terminal extension. a still larger c-terminal extension or internal insertion(s) is inferred. the migration position of the l15 in a 2d gel pattern of spinach chloroplast 50s subunit proteins is shown. lack of sequence iden ... | 1991 | 2037044 |
| an in vitro transcription termination system to analyze chloroplast promoters: identification of multiple promoters for the spinach atpb gene. | promoters for spinach chloroplast genes were cloned 5' to a strong factor-independent transcription terminator from e. coli. these "minigene" constructions were transcribed in vitro by a transcriptionally active extract of spinach chloroplasts. transcription of supercoiled dna templates resulted in synthesis of discretely-sized rnas that were readily quantifiable. the efficiency of transcription was up to 3.5 rnas per template. the transcription termination system described in this report was us ... | 1990 | 1690085 |
| expression of an active spinach acyl carrier protein-i/protein-a gene fusion. | a synthetic gene encoding spinach acyl carrier protein i (acp-i) was fused to a gene encoding the fc-binding portion of staphylococcal protein a. this gene fusion, under the control of the λpr promoter, was expressed at high levels in escherichia coli producing a 42 kda fusion protein. this fusion protein was phosphopantethenylated in e. coli. in vitro the acp portion of the fusion protein was able to participate in acyl acp synthetase reactions, plant malonyl-coa:acp transacylase (mct) reaction ... | 1989 | 24272721 |
| recognition of prokaryotic transcription terminators by spinach chloroplast rna polymerase. | to determine whether chloroplast rna polymerase will accurately terminate transcription in vitro, we have fused the spinach chloroplast rbcl promoter to the 3' end of the rbcl gene as well as to various factor independent transcription terminators from e. coli. transcription of the rbcl minigene did not result in production of the expected 265 nucleotide rna. however, the spinach chloroplast rna polymerase did terminate transcription with varying efficiency at the thra, rrnb, rrnc and gene 32 te ... | 1988 | 2843817 |
| identification of an escherichia coli s1-like protein in the spinach chloroplast ribosome. | antibodies directed against e. coli ribosomal protein s1 were used in immunoblotting assays to search for an s1-like protein in the ribosome of spinach chloroplast. an immunological cross-reaction was reproducibly detected on the blots and inhibition experiments have demonstrated its specificity. the chloroplastic ribosomal protein which has epitopes common to antigenic determinants of the e. coli protein s1 was identified as being protein s2/s3. | 1988 | 24277593 |
| transcription study of the genes encoded in the region of the junction between the large single copy and the inverted repeat a of spinach chloroplast dna. | the expression of the psba, trnh-gug and rps19' genes from spinach chloroplasts, coding respectively for the 32 kda protein, the trna(his) (gug), and the putative ribosomal protein cs19', has been studied by cloning, northern hybridization and 3' and 5' s1 mapping experiments.it is demonstrated that the putative transcription termination signal of the psba gene does not function as a rho-independent terminator of transcription in e. coli, whatever its orientation.evidence is presented suggesting ... | 1988 | 24277592 |
| chlorella chloroplast dna sequence containing a gene for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and a part of a possible gene for the β' subunit of rna polymerase. | the sequence of a 2782 bp fragment of the chloroplast genome of chlorella ellipsoidea has been determined. the region includes the entire gene (rbcl) for the large subunit (ls) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and a sequence (rpoc-like) similar to part of the gene for the subunit of e. coli rna polymerase which is oriented in same direction as rbcl. the arrangement is rpoc-like - 446 bp - rbcl. the rbcl gene codes for a polypeptide of 475 amino acids whose sequence shows 88% ho ... | 1988 | 24277518 |
| [prediction of the dna-recognizing supersecondary protein structure, alpha helix-turn-alpha helix, using the modified ohlendorf-anderson-matthews method of necessary stereochemical requirements]. | a method for prediction of dna-recognizing supersecondary structure alpha-helix--turn--alpha-helix localization in an amino acid sequence of any protein is described. the method allows to predict this structure in segment 67-89 of e. coli ribosomal protein l7/l12 and in corresponding segments of l7/l12 analogues from other six bacteria and spinach chloroplasts. | 2006 | 3393144 |
| structure and transcription of the 5s rrna gene from spinach chloroplasts. | the nucleotide sequence of the spinach chloroplast 5s rrna gene and its flanking regions has been determined. a prokaryotic type promoter is to be found upstream of the 5s rrna gene. northern blot experiments with selected gene probes show that the 5s gene is co-transcribed with the other ribosomal genes of the operon. this result is confirmed by 5' s1 mapping of in vivo rnas synthesised in chloroplasts or in an e. coli strain harboring a multicopy plasmid containing the 5s rrna gene and its fla ... | 1987 | 2835181 |
| spinach plastid genes coding for initiation factor if-1, ribosomal protein s11 and rna polymerase alpha-subunit. | the nucleotide sequence of 2.5 kbp from the cloned sali fragments 8 and 11 of spinach plastid dna has been determined. this region was found to encode three open reading frames for hydrophilic polypeptides of 77, 138, and 335 amino acids. using the computer search algorithm of lipman and pearson (science 227, 1435, 1985), these genes were identified as coding for homologues of e. coli initiation factor if-1 (infa), 30s ribosomal protein s11 (rps11), and the alpha-subunit of dna-dependent rna pol ... | 1986 | 3003688 |
| characterization of the spinach chloroplast genes for the s4 ribosomal protein, trna(thr) (ugu) and trna (ser) (gga). | the map location and nucleotide sequence of the genes for the s4 ribosomal protein (rps4) and for trna(thr) (ugu) (trnt) and trna(ser) (gga) (trns) on spinach chloroplast dna have been determined. rps4 lies approximately 5 kb 3' to atpbe in the large single copy region and is transcribed in the same direction as atpbe. it has a 178 bp leader sequence, a 603 bp coding region and 620 bp 3' tail. the sequence of the coding region is 83% homologous with that of maize rps4 (29) and the deduced amino ... | 1986 | 24302158 |
| gene expression in cytokinin-and light-mediated plastogenesis of cucurbita cotyledons: ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. | the effects of a cytokinin (n(6)-benzyladenine, ba) and light on plastogenesis have been studied in detached cucurbita cotyledons using the key enzyme of photosynthetic co2 fixation, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubpcase), as an example of a coordinated program of plastid and nucleo-cytoplasmic gene expression. treatment of etiolated cotyledons with either ba in darkness or in light or light alone results in a marked and correlated stimulation of enzyme activity, quantity and ... | 1984 | 24253161 |
| organization and nucleotide sequence of the genes for spinach chloroplast trna(glu) and trna (tyr.). | the map location and nucleotide sequence of the genes and flanking regions for trnauuc (glu) (trne) and trnagua (tyr) (trny) from spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplast dna have been determined. the genes lie approximately midway between the genes for trnaggu (thr) (trnt) and trnaguc (asp) (trnd) on bamh1 fragment 8b, the arrangement being trnt, 458 bp, trne, 64 bp, trny, 409 bp, trnd. trne and trny are encoded by the same dna strand as trnd and the direction of their transcription is divergent ... | 1984 | 24310516 |
| physical mapping, nucleotide sequencing and expression in e. coli minicells of the gene for the large subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase from petunia hybrida. | the petunia hybrida rbcl gene was identified and located on the physical map within the sall s9 fragment of the petunia hybrida cpdna by heterologous hybridization with the cloned rbcl gene of spinach (psoc3be148). in e. coli minicells harbouring the s9 fragment inserted into pbr322, the rbcl polypeptide is synthesized as was shown by molecular weight determination, immunoprecipitation and proteolytic digestion. however, the size of the rbcl polypeptide synthesized in minicells appeared to be de ... | 1984 | 24177744 |
| dynamics of ribosomal rna structure. | the structural dynamics of ribosomal 5s rnas have been investigated by probing single strandedness through enzymatic cleavage and chemical modification. this comparative study includes 5s rrnas from e. coli, b. stearothermophilus, t. thermophilus, h. cutirubrum, spinach chloroplast, spinach cytomplasm, and artemia salina. the structural studies support a unique tertiary interaction in eubacterial 5s rrnas, involving nucleotides around positions 43 and 75. in addition long range structural effect ... | 1983 | 6400893 |
| localization and nucleotide sequence of the gene for the atp synthase proteolipid subunit on the spinach plastid chromosome. | a 1.6 kbp dna segment of spinach plastid dna has been shown to carry the gene for the proteolipid subunit of the atp synthase. each plastid chromosome contains one copy of this gene which is located in the large single-copy region of the chromosome near that of the atp synthase alpha subunit. these two genes are transcribed in the same direction and probably in distinct rna species. the proteolipid gene was located by hybrid-selection mapping, by transcription/translation of recombinant dnas and ... | 1983 | 24173155 |
| nucleotide sequence of the gene for the m(r) 32,000 thylakoid membrane protein from spinacia oleracea and nicotiana debneyi predicts a totally conserved primary translation product of m(r) 38,950. | the gene for the so-called m(r) 32,000 rapidly labeled photosystem ii thylakoid membrane protein (here designated psba) of spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts is located on the chloroplast dna in the large single-copy region immediately adjacent to one of the inverted repeat sequences. in this paper we show that the size of the mrna for this protein is approximately 1.25 kilobases and that the direction of transcription is towards the inverted repeat unit. the nucleotide sequence of the gen ... | 1982 | 16593262 |
| structure and transcription of the spinach chloroplast rdna leader region. | a cloned fragment of spinach chloroplast dna carrying 140 bp of the 16s rrna gene and 691 bp upstream this gene has been analysed by dna sequencing, by in vitro transcription, by s1 mapping with chloroplast rnas and purified 16s rrna from 30s ribosomal subunits. a trnaval gene has been located between the position 394 and 465. crude chloroplast rna polymerase has been purified by heparin sepharose chromatography of a 80 000 g supernatant from pure lysed spinach plastids and used to transcribe th ... | 1982 | 6294618 |
| binding sites of e. coli dna-dependent rna polymerase on spinach chloroplast dna. | under stringent conditions e. coli dna-dependent rna polymerase holoenzyme binds selectively to some spinach chloroplast dna fragments generated by restriction endonucleases. the strongest of these binding sites, as judged by the initial rate of complex formation, are located in the large single-copy dna region (crouse et al. 1978) of this molecule and correspond in map location with known protein coding sequences. some of these binding sites have characteristics of complex formation comparable ... | 1981 | 24185866 |
| the nucleotide sequence of spinach chloroplast tryptophan transfer rna. | spinach chloroplast trnatrp, purified by column chromatography and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, has been sequenced using in vitro labeling techniques. the sequence is : pg-c-g-c-u-c-u-u-a-g-u-u-c-a-g-u-u-c-gm-g-d-a-g-a-a-c-m2g-psi-g-g-g-psi-c-u-c-a-a*-a-a-c-c-c-g-a-u-g-n-c-g-u-a-g-g-t-psi-c-a-a-g-u-c-c-u-a-c-a-g-a-g-c-g-u-g -c-c-aoh. like the e. coli suppressor trna psu+uga which translates both the opal terminator codon u-g-a and the tryptophan codon u-g-g, spinach chloroplast trnatrp h ... | 1981 | 6907845 |
| acetate binding of spinach chloroplasts as a facet of fatty acid synthesis. | a particulate fraction of spinach chloroplasts is the major site of binding when either acetate or acetyl-coa is used as substrate. the acetate is linked covalently, and the binding is inhibited by reagents which react with sulfhydryl groups. the amount of acetate bound is lowered by both citrate and oxaloacetate; however, the binding is not reversed by oxaloacetate. reversal of binding is also not brought about by the addition of unlabeled acetyl-coa. if cofactors for fatty acid synthesis and c ... | 1968 | 5662385 |
| toxicity of chlorophyllin against lymnaea acuminata at different wavelengths of visible light. | fasciolosis is a water and food-borne disease caused by the liver fluke fasciola hepatica and fasciola gigantica. this disease is widespread in different parts of the world. lymnaeidae and planorbidae snails are the intermediate hosts of these flukes. snail population management is a good tool to control fasciolosis because gastropods represent the weakest link in the life-cycle of trematodes. chlorophyll can be extracted from any green plant. chlorophyllin was prepared from spinach in 100% etha ... | 2016 | 27688849 |
| thermal inactivation of human norovirus surrogates in spinach and measurement of its uncertainty. | leafy greens, including spinach, have potential for human norovirus transmission through improper handling and/or contact with contaminated water. inactivation of norovirus prior to consumption is essential to protect public health. because of the inability to propagate human noroviruses in vitro, murine norovirus (mnv-1) and feline calicivirus (fcv-f9) have been used as surrogates to model human norovirus behavior under laboratory conditions. the objectives of this study were to determine therm ... | 2014 | 24490922 |
| an evaluation method for the suppression of pathogenic fusarium oxysporum by soil microorganisms using the dilution plate technique. | soil-borne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms are one of the main factors responsible for the decline in crop yields in farmlands. pathogenic fusarium oxysporum causes serious damage to various crops, and, thus, a feasible diagnostic method for soil-borne diseases is required. we herein examined a simple method to evaluate the suppressiveness of soil microorganisms against a pathogen by co-cultivating indigenous soil microorganisms and a pathogenic fungus (f. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae ... | 2016 | 27558588 |
| programmable folding of fusion rna in vivo and in vitro driven by prna 3wj motif of phi29 dna packaging motor. | misfolding and associated loss of function are common problems in constructing fusion rna complexes due to changes in energy landscape and the nearest-neighbor principle. here we report the incorporation and application of the prna-3wj motif of the phi29 dna packaging motor into fusion rna with controllable and predictable folding. the motif included three discontinuous ∼18 nucleotide (nt) fragments, displayed a distinct low folding energy (shu d et al., nature nanotechnology, 2011, 6:658-667), ... | 2014 | 24084081 |
| application of viability pcr to discriminate the infectivity of hepatitis a virus in food samples. | transmitted through the fecal-oral route, the hepatitis a virus (hav) is acquired primarily through close personal contact and foodborne transmission. hav detection in food is mainly carried out by quantitative rt-pcr (rt-qpcr). the discrimination of infectious and inactivated viruses remains a key obstacle when using rt-qpcr to quantify enteric viruses in food samples. initially, viability dyes, propidium monoazide (pma) and ethidium monoazide (ema), were evaluated for the detection and quantif ... | 2015 | 25720326 |
| thermal inactivation kinetics of hepatitis a virus in spinach. | leafy vegetables have been recognized as important vehicles for the transmission of foodborne viral pathogens. to control hepatitis a viral foodborne illness outbreaks associated with mildly heated (e.g., blanched) leafy vegetables such as spinach, generation of adequate thermal processes is important both for consumers and the food industry. therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the thermal inactivation behavior of hepatitis a virus (hav) in spinach, and provide insights on ... | 2015 | 25462934 |
| phytoecdysteroids: a novel defense against plant-parasitic nematodes. | the phytoecdysteroid, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20e), is a major molting hormone of invertebrates, possibly including nematodes. as 20e is inducible in spinach, the defensive role against plant-parasitic nematodes was investigated. the effects of direct application on nematodes was assessed by treating cereal cyst nematode, heterodera avenae, juveniles with concentrations of 20e from 8.2 x 10(-8) to 5.2 x 10(-5) m before applying to triticum aestivum growing in sand. h. avenae, heterodera schachtii (s ... | 2004 | 15609826 |
| detection of human immunodeficiency virus rnas in living cells using spinach rna aptamers. | many techniques currently used to measure hiv rna production in cells suffer from limitations that include high background signal or the potential to destroy cellular context. fluorophore-binding rna aptamers offer the potential for visualizing rnas directly in living cells with minimal cellular perturbation. we inserted a sequence encoding a fluorophore-binding rna aptamer, known as spinach, into the hiv genome such that predicted rna secondary structures in both spinach and hiv were preserved. ... | 2017 | 27914932 |
| folate content in fresh-cut vegetable packed products by 96-well microtiter plate microbiological assay. | ready-to-eat foods have nowadays become a significant portion of the diet. accordingly, nutritional composition of these food categories should be well-known, in particular its folate content. however, there is a broad lack of folate data in food composition tables and databases. a total of 21 fresh-cut vegetable and fruit packed products were analysed for total folate (tf) content using a validated method that relies on the folate-dependent growth of chloramphenicol-resistant lactobacillus case ... | 2015 | 25236228 |
| feeding spinach thylakoids to rats modulates the gut microbiota, decreases food intake and affects the insulin response. | thylakoid membranes derived from green leaf chloroplasts affect appetite-regulating hormones, suppress food intake, reduce blood lipids and lead to a decreased body weight in animals and human subjects. thylakoids also decrease the intestinal in vitro uptake of methyl-glucose in the rat. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary thylakoids on the gut microbiota composition, mainly the taxa of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, in rats fed either a thylakoid-enriched diet or a ... | 2013 | 25191569 |
| cold plasma-activated hydrogen peroxide aerosol inactivates escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, and listeria innocua and maintains quality of grape tomato, spinach and cantaloupe. | the purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of aerosolized hydrogen peroxide in inactivating bacteria and maintaining quality of grape tomatoes, baby spinach leaves and cantaloupes. stem scars and smooth surfaces of tomatoes, spinach leaves, and cantaloupe rinds, inoculated with escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium and listeria innocua, were treated for 45s followed by additional 30min dwell time with hydrogen peroxide (7.8%) aerosols activated by atmospheric cold plasm ... | 2017 | 28319798 |
| in situ generation of chlorine dioxide for surface decontamination of produce. | fresh fruits and vegetables are frequently contaminated with bacterial pathogens and implicated in foodborne illnesses. the objective of this study was to develop a unique surface decontamination method for produce using sodium chlorite and an acid in a sequential treatment. the surfaces of cantaloupe rinds, peels of cucumbers, stem scars of grape tomatoes, and leaves of baby spinach were inoculated with salmonella or listeria monocytogenes at 5 to 6 log cfu/g, submerged in 1.6 to 4% sodium chlo ... | 2017 | 28272919 |
| fate of listeria monocytogenes , pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica , and escherichia coli o157:h7 gfp(+) in ready-to-eat salad during cold storage: what is the risk to consumers? | in this study, we investigated the fate of listeria monocytogenes , pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica , and escherichia coli o157:h7 gfp(+) inoculated in low numbers into ready-to-eat baby spinach and mixed-ingredient salad (baby spinach with chicken meat). samples were stored at recommended maximum refrigerator temperature (8°c in sweden) or at an abuse temperature (15°c) for up to 7 days. mixed-ingredient salad supported considerable growth when stored at 15°c during shelf life (3 days), with ... | 2017 | 28221975 |
| microbial quality, safety, and pathogen detection by using quantitative pcr of raw salad vegetables sold in dhanbad city, india. | consumption of ready-to-eat fresh vegetables has increased worldwide, with a consequent increase in outbreaks caused by foodborne pathogens. in the indian subcontinent, raw fresh vegetables are usually consumed without washing or other decontamination procedures, thereby leading to new food safety threats. in this study, the microbiological quality and pathogenic profile of raw salad vegetables was evaluated through standard protocols. in total, 480 samples (60 each of eight different salad vege ... | 2017 | 28221891 |
| prediction of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella , and listeria monocytogenes growth in leafy greens without temperature control. | a recent study by the centers for disease control and prevention reported that between 1998 and 2008, leafy greens outbreaks accounted for 22.3% of foodborne outbreaks in the united states. several studies on the growth of bacteria at different temperatures have been conducted; however, there is a need for the prediction of bacterial growth when leafy greens are transported without temperature control. food products, when taken out of refrigeration, undergo a temperature change, with the rate of ... | 2017 | 28221878 |
| combination of cymbopogon citratus and allium cepa essential oils increased antibacterial activity in leafy vegetables. | cymbopogon citratus and allium cepa essential oils (eos) are rich in terpenes and sulfur compounds respectively, both with antibacterial activity and different cell targets, supporting the idea that their combination can increase their efficacy. | 2017 | 27611358 |
| determination of the thermal inactivation kinetics of listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica, and escherichia coli o157:h7 and non-o157 in buffer and a spinach homogenate. | produce has been associated with a rising number of foodborne illness outbreaks. while much produce is consumed raw, some is treated with mild heat, such as blanching or cooking. the objectives of this research were to compare the thermal inactivation kinetics of listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica, shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) o157:h7, and non-o157 stec in phosphate-buffered saline (pbs; ph 7.2) and a spinach homogenate and to provide an estimate of the safety of mild h ... | 2015 | 26219359 |
| pathogen enrichment device (ped) enables one-step growth, enrichment and separation of pathogen from food matrices for detection using bioanalytical platforms. | the bottleneck for accurate detection of foodborne pathogens is separation of target analytes from complex food matrices. currently used sample preparation methods are cumbersome, arduous and lengthy; thus, a user-friendly system is desirable. a hand-held sample preparation system designated pathogen enrichment device (ped) was built that contains a growth chamber, filters, and an ion exchange cartridge to deliver bacteria directly onto the detection platforms. escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonel ... | 2015 | 26211638 |
| spatial and temporal factors associated with an increased prevalence of listeria monocytogenes in spinach fields in new york state. | while rain and irrigation events have been associated with an increased prevalence of foodborne pathogens in produce production environments, quantitative data are needed to determine the effects of various spatial and temporal factors on the risk of produce contamination following these events. this study was performed to quantify these effects and to determine the impact of rain and irrigation events on the detection frequency and diversity of listeria species (including l. monocytogenes) and ... | 2015 | 26116668 |
| combination treatment of chlorine dioxide gas and aerosolized sanitizer for inactivating foodborne pathogens on spinach leaves and tomatoes. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of chlorine dioxide (clo2) gas and aerosolized sanitizer, when applied alone or in combination, on the survival of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes inoculated onto spinach leaves and tomato surfaces. spinach leaves and tomatoes were inoculated with a cocktail of three strains each of the three foodborne pathogens. clo2 gas (5 or 10 ppmv) and aerosolized peracetic acid (paa) (80 ppm) w ... | 2015 | 26001524 |
| infrared sensor-based aerosol sanitization system for controlling escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes on fresh produce. | an economical aerosol sanitization system was developed based on sensor technology for minimizing sanitizer usage, while maintaining bactericidal efficacy. aerosol intensity in a system chamber was controlled by a position-sensitive device and its infrared value range. the effectiveness of the infrared sensor-based aerosolization (isa) system to inactivate escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes on spinach leaf surfaces was compared with conventional aerosoli ... | 2014 | 24853521 |
| colonization of plants by human pathogenic bacteria in the course of organic vegetable production. | in recent years, increasing numbers of outbreaks caused by the consumption of vegetables contaminated with human pathogenic bacteria were reported. the application of organic fertilizers during vegetable production is one of the possible reasons for contamination with those pathogens. in this study laboratory experiments in axenic and soil systems following common practices in organic farming were conducted to identify the minimal dose needed for bacterial colonization of plants and to identify ... | 2014 | 24829562 |
| evaluation of the thermo scientific suretect listeria monocytogenes assay. | the thermo scientific suretect listeria monocytogenes assay is a new real-time pcr assay for the detection of listeria monocytogenes in food and environmental samples. this assay was validated using the aoac research institute (aoac-ri) performance tested methods program in comparison to the reference method detailed in international organization for standardization 11290-1:1996, including amendment 1:2004 with the following foods and food contact surfaces: smoked salmon, processed cheese, fresh ... | 2014 | 24672870 |
| in-situ fluorescent immunomagnetic multiplex detection of foodborne pathogens in very low numbers. | consumption of foods contaminated with pathogenic bacteria is a major public health concern. foods contain microorganisms, the overwhelming majority of which are nonpathogenic, some are responsible for food spoilage, and some cause serious illness leading to death or a variety of diseases in humans. the key challenge in food safety is to rapidly screen foods to determine the presence of pathogens so that appropriate intervention protocols can be pursued. a simple fluorometric immunological metho ... | 2014 | 24583684 |
| characterization of a potential listeria monocytogenes virulence factor associated with attachment to fresh produce. | a study to determine the attachment of l. monocytogenes serotype 4b strain f2365 on vegetables and fruits was conducted. in an initial study, we screened 32 genes encoding surface proteins and lipases of the strain to find highly expressed genes on lettuce leaves. the results showed that transcription levels of lmof2365_0413, lmof2365_0498, lmof2365_0859, lmof2365_2052, and lmof2365_2812 were significantly upregulated on lettuce leaves. in silico analysis showed that lmof2365_0859 contains a put ... | 2013 | 23974144 |
| comparative evaluation of the vidas listeria monocytogenes xpress (lmx) for the detection of listeria monocytogenes in a variety of foods. | the vidas listeria monocytogenes xpress (lmx) test is an enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay designed for use with the automated vidas or mini-vidas instruments for the specific detection of l. monocytogenes using a 26 h proprietary enrichment broth. the vidas lmx method was validated according to harmonized aoac research institute (ri) and official methods of analysis guidelines in both the aoac performance tested method (ptm) and govval programs. in the ptm comparison studies, the vidas lmx ... | 2013 | 23767344 |
| hurdle enhancement of slightly acidic electrolyzed water antimicrobial efficacy on chinese cabbage, lettuce, sesame leaf and spinach using ultrasonication and water wash. | slightly acidic electrolyzed water (saew) is well known as a good sanitizer against foodborne pathogens on fresh vegetables. however, microbial reductions from saew treatment are not enough to ensure produce safety. therefore, it is necessary to improve its antimicrobial efficiency by combining it with other appropriate approaches. this study examined the microbicidal activity of saew (ph 5.2-5.5, oxidation reduction potential 500-600 mv, available chlorine concentration 21-22 mg/l) on chinese c ... | 2013 | 23764218 |
| mechanical and water barrier properties of agar/κ-carrageenan/konjac glucomannan ternary blend biohydrogel films. | multicomponent hydrogel films composed of agar, κ-carrageenan, konjac glucomannan powder, and nanoclay (cloisite(®) 30b) were prepared and their mechanical and water barrier properties such as water vapor permeability (wvp), water contact angle (ca), water solubility (ws), water uptake ratio (wur), water vapor uptake ratio (wvur) were determined. mechanical, water vapor barrier, and water resistance properties of the ternary blend film exhibited middle range of individual component films, howeve ... | 2013 | 23688456 |
| reduction in resident microflora, and experimentally inoculated salmonella enterica, on spinach leaves treated with vinegar and canola oil. | in this study, we explored the use of vinegar, or vinegar and canola oil as a salad dressing, to reduce bacterial levels on spinach leaves. we found that incubation of spinach leaves with various types of vinegar substantially reduced the predominantly gram-negative microflora. a similar response was observed when spinach leaves were incubated with white vinegar mixed in various proportions with canola oil, as used in salad dressing. we assessed the effects of vinegar, or vinegar and oil, on spi ... | 2012 | 22828283 |
| growth potential of salmonella spp. and listeria monocytogenes in nine types of ready-to-eat vegetables stored at variable temperature conditions during shelf-life. | growth potential (δ) is defined as the difference between the population of a microorganism at the end of shelf-life of specific food and its initial population. the determination of δ of salmonella and listeria monocytogenes in rte vegetables can be very useful to determine likely threats to food safety. however, little is known on the behavior of these microorganisms in several rte vegetables. therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the δ of both pathogens in nine different types of ... | 2012 | 22561064 |
| effects of cropping sequences on population densities of meloidogyne hapla and carrot yield in organic soil. | the influence of various cropping sequences on population densities of meloidogyne hapla and carrot yield was studied in organic soil under microplot-and field conditions. spinach, radish, barley, oat, and wheat were poor or nonhosts for m. hapla. population densities of m. hapla were maintained or increased on cabbage, celery, lettuce, leek, marigold, and potato. marketable percent-age and root weight of carrots were greater following spinach, oat, radish, and fallow-onion than those following ... | 1992 | 19283022 |
| [changes of soil biological characters beneath greenhouse cucumber under different cultivation systems]. | a 3-year pot experiment with 8-year continuously cropped greenhouse cucumber soil was conducted to study the effects of different cultivation systems on the soil quality, soil nematode quantity, and crop yields. the third year' s data were taken into analysis. comparing with traditional cultivation system (two seasons planting cucumber with fallowing in summer) , planting leafy vegetable and garlic in summer increased the yields of the two crops and the soil microbial biomass carbon content, tot ... | 2009 | 19565763 |
| preparation and biological properties of ring-substituted naphthalene-1-carboxanilides. | in this study, a series of twenty-two ring-substituted naphthalene-1-carboxanilides were prepared and characterized. primary in vitro screening of the synthesized carboxanilides was performed against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. n-(2-methoxyphenyl)naphthalene-1-carboxamide, n-(3-methoxy-phenyl)naphthalene-1-carboxamide, n-(3-methylphenyl)naphthalene-1-carboxamide, n-(4-methylphenyl)naphthalene-1-carboxamide and n-(3-fluorophenyl)naphthalene-1-carboxamide showed against m. avium s ... | 2014 | 25036151 |
| antimycobacterial and herbicidal activity of ring-substituted 1-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxanilides. | in this study, a series of 22 ring-substituted 1-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxanilides were prepared and characterized. primary in vitro screening of the synthesized compounds was performed against mycobacterium marinum, mycobacterium kansasii and mycobacterium smegmatis. the compounds were also tested for their activity related to inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport (pet) in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts. most of tested compounds showed the antimycobacterial activity aga ... | 2013 | 24075143 |
| antibacterial and herbicidal activity of ring-substituted 2-hydroxynaphthalene-1-carboxanilides. | in this study, a series of twenty-two ring-substituted 2-hydroxynaphthalene-1‑carboxanilides were prepared and characterized. primary in vitro screening of the synthesized compounds was performed against staphylococcus aureus, three methicillin-resistant s. aureus strains, mycobacterium marinum, m. kasasii, m. smegmatis. and m. avium paratuberculosis. the compounds were also tested for their activity related to inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport (pet) in spinach (spinacia oleracea l ... | 2013 | 23924993 |
| a highly conserved mycobacterial cholesterol catabolic pathway. | degradation of the cholesterol side-chain in mycobacterium tuberculosis is initiated by two cytochromes p450, cyp125a1 and cyp142a1, that sequentially oxidize c26 to the alcohol, aldehyde and acid metabolites. here we report characterization of the homologous enzymes cyp125a3 and cyp142a2 from mycobacterium smegmatis mc(2) 155. heterologously expressed, purified cyp125a3 and cyp142a2 bound cholesterol, 4-cholesten-3-one, and antifungal azole drugs. cyp125a3 or cyp142a2 reconstituted with spinach ... | 2013 | 23489718 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of n-alkoxyphenyl-3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxanilides. | a series of fifteen new n-alkoxyphenylanilides of 3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid was prepared and characterized. primary in vitro screening of the synthesized compounds was performed against staphylococcus aureus, three methicillin-resistant s. aureus strains, mycobacterium tuberculosis h37ra and m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. some of the tested compounds showed antibacterial and antimycobacterial activity against the tested strains comparable with or higher than that of the standards ... | 2015 | 26023938 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of n-alkyl-3-(alkylamino)-pyrazine-2-carboxamides. | a series of n-alkyl-3-(alkylamino)pyrazine-2-carboxamides and their n-alkyl-3-chloropyrazine-2-carboxamide precursors were prepared. all compounds were characterized by analytical methods and tested for antimicrobial and antiviral activity. the antimycobacterial mic values against mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv of the most effective compounds, 3-(hexylamino)-, 3-(heptylamino)- and 3-(octylamino)-n-methyl-pyrazine-2-carboxamides 14‒16, was 25 μg/ml. the compounds inhibited photosystem 2 photosy ... | 2015 | 26007174 |
| n-substituted 5-amino-6-methylpyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitriles: microwave-assisted synthesis and biological properties. | in this work a series of 15 n-benzylamine substituted 5-amino-6-methyl-pyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitriles was prepared by the aminodehalogenation reactions using microwave assisted synthesis with experimentally set and proven conditions. this approach for the aminodehalogenation reaction was chosen due to its higher yields and shorter reaction times. the products of this reaction were characterized by ir, nmr and other analytical data. the compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial, antifungal a ... | 2014 | 24402198 |
| substituted n-benzylpyrazine-2-carboxamides: synthesis and biological evaluation. | a series of twelve amides was synthesized via aminolysis of substituted pyrazinecarboxylic acid chlorides with substituted benzylamines. compounds were characterized with analytical data and assayed in vitro for their antimycobacterial, antifungal, antibacterial and photosynthesis-inhibiting activity. 5-tert-butyl-6-chloro-n-(4-methoxybenzyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (12) has shown the highest antimycobacterial activity against mycobacterium tuberculosis (mic = 6.25 µg/ml), as well as against ... | 2012 | 23132136 |
| verrucarin a and roridin e produced on spinach by myrothecium verrucaria under different temperatures and co2 levels. | the behavior of myrothecium verrucaria, artificially inoculated on spinach, was studied under seven different temperature conditions (from 5 to 35 °c) and under eight different combinations of temperature and co2 concentration (14-30 °c and 775-870 or 1550-1650 mg/m(3)). the isolate used for this study was growing well on spinach, and the mycotoxins verrucarin a and roridin e were produced under all tested temperature and co2 conditions. the maximum levels of verrucarin a (18.59 ng/g) and roridi ... | 2017 | 28281009 |
| purification and some molecular properties of rice germ calmodulin. | calmodulin (cam) from rice germ (oryza sativa l) was purified to homogeneity by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and gel filtration. the protein showed a single spot by sds-page. this purified protein had multiple absorption maxima at 276~279, 268, 265, 258, and 253 nm. like other plant cam, the protein contained one mole of tm3lys, cysteine, and tyrosine, and tryptophan was not detected. hydrophobic properties of rice germ, spinach, and neurospora crassa cam were directly tested by an hpl ... | 1998 | 27388650 |