| seroprevalence of various infectious agents in dogs with suspected acute canine polyradiculoneuritis. | acute canine polyradiculoneuritis (acp) is considered to be an animal model of the acute axonal form of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) in humans. various antecedent events have been associated with gbs, including bacterial or viral infection. the relationship between acp and previous infection requires additional attention. | 2011 | 21352374 |
| molecular survey of anaplasma and ehrlichia infections of feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in hokkaido, japan. | infection by anaplasma and ehrlichia in feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in hokkaido, japan, was examined by molecular methods. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) screen for anaplasmataceae, based on 16s rrna, showed that 38 (5.4%) of 699 raccoons examined were positive. these 38 positive samples were examined for anaplasma phagocytophilum, anaplasma bovis, ehrlichia chaffeensis, and ehrlichia canis infection by species-specific nested pcr. nested pcr results indicated that 36 of the 38 samples wer ... | 2011 | 21395415 |
| experimental primary and secondary infections of domestic dogs with ehrlichia ewingii. | in this study, the infection dynamics of ehrlichia ewingii, causative agent of granulocytotropic ehrlichiosis in dogs and humans, was examined in experimentally infected dogs by using a combination of physical examination, hematologic and biochemical analyses, and molecular and serologic assays. for the experimental trials, blood from an e. ewingii-infected dog was inoculated intravenously into two na+»ve dogs and two dogs with prior experimental exposure to e. ewingii (both were negative for e. ... | 2011 | 21397411 |
| new genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum and anaplasma bovis from korean water deer (hydropotes inermis argyropus). | wild deer are one of the important natural reservoir hosts of anaplasma species, which cause granulocytic anaplasmosis in equines, canines, and humans. the objective of the present study was to determine whether and what species of anaplasma naturally infect korean water deer (kwd) in the republic of korea. a total of 66 spleens from kwd carcasses were collected by the conservation genome resource bank for korean wildlife in korea between march 2008 and may 2009. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ... | 2011 | 21417930 |
| ehrlichiosis in brazil. | ehrlichiosis is a disease caused by rickettsial organisms belonging to the genus ehrlichia. in brazil, molecular and serological studies have evaluated the occurrence of ehrlichia species in dogs, cats, wild animals and humans. ehrlichia canis is the main species found in dogs in brazil, although e. ewingii infection has been recently suspected in five dogs. ehrlichia chaffeensis dna has been detected and characterized in mash deer, whereas e. muris and e. ruminantium have not yet been identifie ... | 2011 | 21439224 |
| ehrlichia canis (jaboticabal strain) induces the expression of tnf-+¦ in leukocytes and splenocytes of experimentally infected dogs. | canine ehrlichiosis is caused by the bacterium ehrlichia canis and is characterized by a systemic febrile disease of unknown pathogenesis. this study evaluated the expression of cytokines tnf-+¦, il-10, ifn-+¦, in splenic cells and blood leukocytes during the acute phase of ehrlichiosis and after treatment with doxycycline hyclate in dogs experimentally infected with the e. canis jaboticabal strain. the study results showed a significant expression of tnf-+¦ 18 days post-inoculation, reducing by ... | 2011 | 21439237 |
| retraction. detection and identification of ehrlichia species in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks in cattle from xiamen, china. | | 2011 | 21443413 |
| exposure to infectious agents in dogs in remote coastal british columbia: possible sentinels of diseases in wildlife and humans. | ranked among the top threats to conservation worldwide, infectious disease is of particular concern for wild canids because domestic dogs (canis familiaris) may serve as sources and reservoirs of infection. on british columbia's largely undeveloped but rapidly changing central and north coasts, little is known about diseases in wolves (canis lupus) or other wildlife. however, several threats exist for transfer of diseases among unvaccinated dogs and wolves. to gain baseline data on infectious ag ... | 2011 | 21461190 |
| ehrlichia ruminantium in amblyomma variegatum and domestic ruminants in the caribbean. | the highly sensitive nested pcs20 polymerase chain reaction assay for ehrlichia ruminantium was negative on 506 amblyomma variegatum from caribbean islands where clinical heartwater has not been reported, mainly the united states virgin islands (18), dominica (170), montserrat (5), nevis (34), st. kitts (262), and st. lucia (17). positive results were obtained with positive controls (crystal springs strain) and a. variegatum from countries in africa where infections are endemic, mainly tanzania ... | 2011 | 21485394 |
| isolation and characterization of ehrlichia chaffeensis rna polymerase and its use in evaluating p28 outer membrane protein gene promoters. | abstract: | 2011 | 21513529 |
| [an outbreak of endemic typhus in baoshan city, yunnan province.] | objective: to understand the epidemiologic characteristics of endemic typhus in baoshan city. methods: epidemiological data were collected and characteristics were analyzed. igg antibody (ab) of rickettsia mooseri and orientia tsutsugamushi in serum of patients were tested using both weil-felix and ifa method. the rickettsia mooseri glta gene, rickettsia prowazekii glta gene, orientia tsutsugamushi 56 kda protein gene, sfgr ompa gene, ehrlichia sp. 16s rrna gene and anaplasma sp. 16s rrna gene i ... | 2011 | 21518541 |
| serum acute phase proteins as clinical phase indicators and outcome predictors in naturally occurring canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. | background: canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (cme), caused by ehrlichia canis, is an important tick-borne disease of global importance. currently, limited information is available on the diagnostic and prognostic value of acute phase proteins (apps) in dogs naturally infected with e. canis. hypothesis: apps may be useful indicators of the clinical phase of cme and predictive of the clinical outcome (death or survival). animals: fifty-six dogs naturally infected with e. canis and 7 clinically health ... | 2011 | 21564293 |
| canine vector-borne disease in travelled dogs in germany-a retrospective evaluation of laboratory data from the years 2004-2008. | when importing dogs from various mediterranean countries into western europe canine vector-borne infections are often considered as a major issue. several diseases including babesiosis, leishmaniosis, hepatozoonosis, canine heartworm disease or ehrlichiosis can potentially be endemic in this region and pose a potential health risk for travelling dogs. information on such infections in travelled dogs is scarce and therefore this study has been undertaken to examine the frequency of vector-borne i ... | 2011 | 21565447 |
| prevalence of bartonella species, haemoplasmas and toxoplasma gondii in cats in scotland. | the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence rates for select infectious agents of cats presented to the royal (dick) school of veterinary studies at the university of edinburgh, scotland. whole blood, serum, and oral mucosal and nail bed swabs were collected. while ehrlichia species, anaplasma species or rickettsia felis dna were not amplified from any cat, 44.2% of the cats had evidence of infection or exposure to either a bartonella species (15.3% were seropositive and 5.8% pol ... | 2011 | 21570883 |
| expression of anaplasma marginale ankyrin repeat-containing proteins during infection of the mammalian host and tick vector. | transmission of tick-borne pathogens requires transition between distinct host environments with infection and replication in host-specific cell types. anaplasma marginale illustrates this transition: in the mammalian host the bacteria infects and replicates in mature (non-nucleated) erythrocytes while in the tick vector replication occurs in nucleated epithelial cells. we hypothesized that proteins containing ankyrin motifs would be expressed by a. marginale only in tick cells and would traffic ... | 2011 | 21576345 |
| tyrosine phosphorylated ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia canis tandem repeat orthologs contain a major continuous cross-reactive antibody epitope in lysine-rich repeats. | a small subset of major immunoreactive proteins have been identified in ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia canis, including three molecularly and immunologically characterized pairs of immunoreactive tandem repeat protein (trp) orthologs with major continuous species-specific epitopes within acidic tandem repeats (tr) that stimulate strong antibody responses during infection. in this study, we identified a fourth major immunoreactive tr-containing ortholog pair and defined a major cross reactiv ... | 2011 | 21606187 |
| comparative evaluation of a point-of-care immunochromatographic test snap 4dx with molecular detection tests for vector-borne canine pathogens in hong kong. | abstract there are no comprehensive studies on the performance of commonly used point-of-care diagnostic enzyme immunoassay for common arthropod-borne canine pathogens. a comparative evaluation of an immunochromatographic test for these infections with a comprehensive polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test panel was performed on 100 pet dogs and 100 stray dogs without obvious clinical symptoms. of the 162 positive test results from both immunochromatographic test and pcr, there was 85.2% concordan ... | 2011 | 21612526 |
| tick-borne bacteria in free-living jaguars (panthera onca) in pantanal, brazil. | abstract tick-borne bacteria were investigated in 10 free-living jaguars and their ticks in the pantanal biome, brazil. jaguar sera were tested by indirect fluorescent antibody assays using rickettsia rickettsii, rickettsia parkeri, rickettsia amblyommii, rickettsia rhipicephali, rickettsia felis, rickettsia bellii, ehrlichia canis, and coxiella burnetii as crude antigens. all 10 jaguar sera reacted (titer ≥64) to at least one rickettsia species; 4 and 3 sera reacted with e. canis and c. burneti ... | 2011 | 21612532 |
| rickettsia, ehrlichia, anaplasma, and bartonella in ticks and fleas from dogs and cats in bangkok. | abstract flea and tick specimens (5-10 fleas or ticks) on dogs and cats from various sites in bangkok were tested by polymerase chain reaction and dna sequencing to detect dna of bacteria rickettsia (glta and 17 kda genes), anaplasmataceae (16s rrna gene), and bartonella (pap31 and its genes). we confirmed that rickettsia sp. related to rickettsia felis was detected in 66 of 98 (67.4%) flea specimens from dogs, whereas 8 bartonella henselae and 2 bartonella clarridgeiae were detected in 10 of 54 ... | 2011 | 21612535 |
| medical microbiology | rickettsiae are small, gram-negative bacilli that have evolved in such close
association with arthropod hosts that they are adapted to survive within the host
cells. they represent a rather diverse collection of bacteria, and therefore listing
characteristics that apply to the entire group is difficult. the common threads that
hold the rickettsiae into a group are their epidemiology, their obligate
intracellular life ... | 1996 | 21413251 |
| prevalence of ehrlichia muris in wisconsin deer ticks collected during the mid 1990s. | human ehrlichiosis is due to infection by tick transmitted bacteria of the genus ehrlichia. based on a hypothesis for the biogeography of deer tick transmitted infections, we undertook a focused search for the eurasian e. muris in north american deer ticks. the search was stimulated by anecdotal reports of e. muris-like infection in human ehrlichiosis patients from wisconsin. we analyzed archived adult deer ticks collected in northern wisconsin during the 1990s by specific polymerase chain react ... | 2011 | 21643499 |
| an alternative approach to multiple genome comparison. | genome comparison is now a crucial step for genome annotation and identification of regulatory motifs. genome comparison aims for instance at finding genomic regions either specific to or in one-to-one correspondance between individuals/strains/species. it serves e.g. to pre-annotate a new genome by automatically transfering annotations from a known one. however, efficiency, flexibility and objectives of current methods do not suit the whole spectrum of applications, genome sizes and organizatio ... | 2011 | 21646341 |
| a glass bead protocol for recovery of host cell free ehrlichia canis and quantification by sybr-green real-time pcr. | e. canis infection of the canine cell line dh82 is a routine in studies with this bacteria. a protocol for isolation of host cell free bacteria was developed based on the use of glass beads. improvement of infection with e. canis isolated by this method was detected by real-time pcr. | 2011 | 21667670 |
| ehrlichia and bone marrow cells: could ehrlichial infection explain the unsuspected etiology of some diseases of the immune system? | a large group of diseases of unknown etiology, including leukemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, myelodysplastic disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, all present with some elements of immune system disturbance. the ehrlichia/anaplasma (ea) are an obscure group of obligate parasitic intracellular pathogens that excrete intracellularly a substance called host transcriptional protein, which can alter transcription in cell division. infection with ea ... | 2011 | 21669495 |
| emergence of a new pathogenic ehrlichia species, wisconsin and minnesota, 2009. | ehrlichiosis is a clinically important, emerging zoonosis. only ehrlichia chaffeensis and e. ewingii have been thought to cause ehrlichiosis in humans in the united states. patients with suspected ehrlichiosis routinely undergo testing to ensure proper diagnosis and to ascertain the cause. | 2011 | 21812671 |
| investigation of anaplasmosis in yiyuan county, shandong province, china. | to investigate the situation of anaplasmosis in yiyuan county, shandong province. | 2011 | 21803311 |
| babesia canis rossi infection in a texas dog. | a 5-month-old intact male boerboel dog, imported from south africa 1 week previously, was presented to a texas veterinarian for lethargy, anorexia, and labored breathing. the dog was febrile, anemic, leukopenic, thrombocytopenic, and slightly azotemic. results of the idexx snap-4dx enzyme immunoassay were negative for dirofilaria immitis antigen and antibodies against ehrlichia canis, borrelia burgdorferi, and anaplasma phagocytophilum. an edta blood sample analyzed at oklahoma state university ... | 2011 | 21790699 |
| c-di-gmp signaling regulates intracellular aggregation, sessility, and growth of ehrlichia chaffeensis. | cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-gmp), a bacterial second messenger, is known to regulate bacterial biofilm and sessility. replication of an obligatory intracellular pathogen ehrlichia chaffeensis is characterized by formation of bacterial aggregates called morulae inside membrane-bound inclusions. when e. chaffeensis matures into an infectious form, morulae become loose to allow bacteria to exit from host cells to infect adjacent cells. e. chaffeensis expresses a sensor kinase, plec, and ... | 2011 | 21788390 |
| [study of the heterogeneity of 16s rrna gene and groesl operone in the dna samples of anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia muris, and "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" determined in the ixodes persulcatus ticks in the area of urals, siberia, and far east of russia]. | a total of 3552 ixodes persulcatus from sverdlovsk, chelyabinsk, novosibirsk, irkutsk regions and khabarovsk territory were examined on the ehrlichia and anaplasma presence by nested pcr based on the 16s rrna gene. both anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia muris dna were found in i. persulcatus in all studied regions. a. phagocytophilum was detected in 1.3-6.3% of ticks and e. muris - in 2.0-14.1% of ticks. moreover, "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" dna was found in 8 ticks collected in n ... | 2011 | 21786632 |
| molecular detection and identification of anaplasma and ehrlichia species in cattle from turkey. | bovine anaplasmosis is a tick-borne rickettsial disease widespread in tropical and subtropical areas. we investigated the presence and distribution of anaplasma spp. in cattle from 6 provinces in turkey. for amplification of the segment spanning the v1 region of the 16s ribosomal rna (rrna) gene of anaplasma species, a reverse line blot (rlb) hybridization assay was performed on 389 blood samples. rlb identified anaplasma infections in 9.0% (35/389) of the samples. the most frequently found spec ... | 2011 | 21771539 |
| a survey of canine tick-borne diseases in india. | abstract: background: there are few published reports on canine babesia, ehrlichia, anaplasma, hepatozoon and haemotropic mycoplasma infections in india and most describe clinical disease in individual dogs, diagnosed by morphological observation of the microorganisms in stained blood smears. this study investigated the occurrence and distribution of canine tick-borne disease (tbd) pathogens using a combination of conventional and molecular diagnostic techniques in four cities in india. results: ... | 2011 | 21771313 |
| multi-locus sequence typing of ehrlichia ruminantium strains from geographically diverse origins and collected in amblyomma variegatum from uganda. | abstract: background: the rickettsial bacterium ehrlichia ruminantium is the causative agent of heartwater in ruminants. a better understanding of the population genetics of its different strains is, however, needed for the development of novel diagnostic tools, therapeutics and prevention strategies. specifically, the development of effective vaccination policies relies on the proper genotyping and characterisation of field isolates. although multi-locus sequence typing (mlst) has been recently ... | 2011 | 21762509 |
| the interaction between il-18 and il-18 receptor limits the magnitude of protective immunity and enhances pathogenic responses following infection with intracellular bacteria. | the binding of il-18 to il-18r+¦ induces both proinflammatory and protective functions during infection, depending on the context in which it occurs. il-18 is highly expressed in the liver of wild-type (wt) c57bl/6 mice following lethal infection with highly virulent ixodes ovatus ehrlichia (ioe), an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes acute fatal toxic shock-like syndrome. in this study, we found that ioe infection of il-18r+¦(-/-) mice resulted in significantly less host cell apoptosi ... | 2011 | 21715688 |
| lyme disease: the next decade. | although lyme disease remains a controversial illness, recent events have created an unprecedented opportunity to make progress against this serious tick-borne infection. evidence presented during the legally mandated review of the restrictive lyme guidelines of the infectious diseases society of america (idsa) has confirmed the potential for persistent infection with the lyme spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, as well as the complicating role of tick-borne coinfections such as babesia, anaplasma ... | 2011 | 21694904 |
| proteomic analysis of anaplasma phagocytophilum during infection of human myeloid cells identifies a protein that is pronouncedly upregulated on the infectious dense-cored cell. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium that invades neutrophils to cause the emerging infectious disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis. a. phagocytophilum undergoes a biphasic developmental cycle, transitioning between an infectious dense-cored cell (dc) and a non-infectious reticulate cell (rc). to gain insights into the organism's biology and pathogenesis during human myeloid cell infection, we conducted proteomic analyses on a. phagocytophilum organisms purified f ... | 2011 | 21844238 |
| genetic diversity of anaplasma and ehrlichia in the asian part of russia. | totally, 2590 questing adult ixodes persulcatus ticks and 1458 small mammals from ural, siberia, and the far east as well as 53 haemaphysalis concinna, 136 haem. japonica, and 43 dermacentor silvarum ticks--exclusively adults--from the far east were examined for the presence of ehrlichia and anaplasma by nested pcr based on the 16s rrna gene. both anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia muris were found in i. persulcatus and small mammals from all the studied regions. myodes spp., microtus spp., ... | 2010 | 21771512 |
| increasing incidence of ehrlichia chaffeensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum in the united states, 2000-2007. | ehrlichia chaffeensis causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis, and anaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. these related tick-borne rickettsial organisms can cause severe and fatal illness. during 2000-2007, the reported incidence rate of e. chaffeensis increased from 0.80 to 3.0 cases/million persons/year. the case-fatality rate was 1.9%, and the hospitalization rate was 49%. during 2000-2007, the reported incidence of a. phagocytophilum increased from 1.4 to 3.0 cases/mil ... | 2011 | 21734137 |
| identification of anaplasma spp. rickettsia isolated from horses from clinical disease cases in poland. | this study was aimed at determining the cause of the diseases in five horses exhibiting symptoms of fever, joint oedema and ataxia and thrombocytopenia. the pcr technique revealed the presence in the blood of 16s rna anaplasma/ehrlichia spp. genetic material. dna amplification with primers ehr 521 and ehr 747 gave a product with a size of 247ôçâbp. the sequence of the pcr product obtained showed a 97.6-99.6% similarity with a sequence of a fragment of 16s rna anaplasma phagocytophilum, gene numb ... | 2011 | 21824347 |
| global proteomic analysis of two tick-borne emerging zoonotic agents: anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia chaffeensis. | anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia chaffeensis are obligatory intracellular +¦-proteobacteria that infect human leukocytes and cause potentially fatal emerging zoonoses. in the present study, we determined global protein expression profiles of these bacteria cultured in the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, hl-60. mass spectrometric (ms) analyses identified a total of 1,212 a. phagocytophilum and 1,021 e. chaffeensis proteins, representing 89.3 and 92.3% of the predicted bacterial pro ... | 2011 | 21687416 |
| molecular survey of anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia canis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from central italy. | during the 2007-2008 hunting season, 150 spleen samples were collected from free-ranging red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in central italy. the specimens were tested by two nested pcr assays to detect dna of anaplasma phagocytophilum, etiologic agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis of animals and humans, and dna of ehrlichia canis, which causes the monocytic ehrlichiosis in canids. none of the foxes were pcr-positive for e. canis; 25 (16.6%) were positive for a. phagocytophilum. no specific gross alterati ... | 2011 | 21719836 |
| preparation and in vitro characterisation of ehrlichia ruminantium plasmid dna and proteins encapsulated into and dna adsorbed onto biodegradable microparticles. | four e. ruminantium 1h12 open reading frames and their proteins known to protect sheep against heartwater needle challenge were encapsulated into, or adsorbed onto poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. microspheres with smooth surface and smaller than 5 ++m diameters were produced, with high adsorption and encapsulation efficiencies. gel electrophoresis showed that neither encapsulation nor adsorption affected the stability of the dna or proteins. cationic microparticles released ôê+40% ... | 2010 | 21771527 |
| spatial distribution of seroprevalence for anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi, ehrlichia canis, and dirofilaria immitis in dogs in washington, oregon, and california. | background: in the us little spatially defined information regarding exposure to most vector-borne pathogens in dogs is available for the states of california (ca), oregon (or), and washington (wa). objectives: the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the spatial distribution of seroprevalence for 4 vector-borne pathogens, anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi, ehrlichia canis, and dirofilaria immitis, across the 3 western coastal states of the contiguous united states that ext ... | 2011 | 21827514 |
| advances in genetic manipulation of obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens. | infections by obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens result in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. these bacteria include chlamydia spp., which causes millions of cases of sexually transmitted disease and blinding trachoma annually, and members of the +¦-proteobacterial genera anaplasma, ehrlichia, orientia, and rickettsia, agents of serious human illnesses including epidemic typhus. coxiella burnetii, the agent of human q fever, has also been considered a prototypical obligate in ... | 2011 | 21833334 |
| a 2-year-old female with fever and rash. | | 2011 | 21719732 |
| the occurrence of dirofilaria immitis, borrelia burgdorferi, ehrlichia canis and anaplasma phagocytophium in dogs in china. | a survey of the occurrence of dirofilaria immitis, borrelia burgdorferi, ehrlichia canis and anaplasma phagocytophium in dogs was undertaken in the people's republic of china between october 2008 and october 2009. a total of 600 blood samples were taken from dogs in four cities in china: 300 in beijing, 150 in shenzhen, 30 in shanghai and 120 in zhengzhou. all samples were tested for the heartworm antigen and antibodies of canine b. burgdorferi, e. canis and a. phagocytophium by using the canine ... | 2011 | 21729390 |
| detection of the new ehrlichia species closely related to ehrlichia ewingii from haemaphysalis longicornis in yonaguni island, okinawa, japan. | we collected a total of 206 haemaphysalis longicornis ticks by flagging in pastures in yonaguni island, okinawa, japan, in april 2008. four of the 206 tick dna samples tested were positive in a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) screening for the 16srrna gene of anaplasmataceae. partial sequences of 4 pcr products were identical to each other. longer sequences of the 16srrna gene were successfully determined in 2 of the 4 tick samples, and the obtained 1,392 and 1,300 bp sequences revealed high sim ... | 2011 | 21712642 |
| [serology of lyme borreliosis and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in 2005-2010]. | the subject of this study is serological screening of blood and csf (cerebrospinal fluid) samples for the presence of borrelial and ehrlichial antibodies. a total of 165 patients suspected to be at risk of lyme disease were tested. indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme immunoassay were used as diagnostic methods. ehrlichial antibodies were detected in 36 (21.8%) patients. borrelial antibodies were found in 70 samples (42.4%). the widening range of tick-borne diseases brings about the need for m ... | 2011 | 21838175 |
| Surveillance using serological and molecular methods for the detection of infectious agents in captive Brazilian neotropic and exotic felids. | The aim of the current study was to investigate the exposure of captive wild felids to various infectious pathogens using serological and molecular methods. One hundred and fifty-nine neotropic felids and 51 exotic felids from 28 captive settings in Brazil were tested. While antibodies against Feline parvovirus and Feline coronavirus (FCoV), Feline calicivirus and Bartonella spp. were frequently detected by serologic tests, antibodies against Felid herpesvirus 1 or infection with hemotropic myco ... | 2011 | 21908268 |
| Geographical distribution and prevalence of selected Borrelia, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia infections in Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) in New Jersey. | We used published accounts to describe the known statewide distribution of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, in New Jersey and field surveys to characterize the geographical range of A. americanum and selected A. americanum-transmitted pathogens in Monmouth County, the hypothesized northern limit of the species distribution. Ticks were collected using standardized methods from 50 widely dispersed public access areas within 18 municipalities to produce estimates of relative abundance amon ... | 2011 | 22017087 |
| insights into the ctra regulon in development of stress resistance in obligatory intracellular pathogen ehrlichia chaffeensis. | ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis. ehrlichiae have a biphasic developmental cycle consisting of dense-cored cells (dcs) and reticulate cells (rcs). isolated dcs are more stress resistant and infectious than rcs. here, we report that a response regulator, ctra was upregulated in human monocytes at the late growth stage when dcs develop. e. chaffeensis ctra bound to the promoters of late-stage transcribed genes: ctra, ompa (peptid ... | 2011 | 22014113 |
| Development of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for rapid genotyping of Ehrlichia ruminantium and its application to infected Amblyomma variegatum collected in heartwater endemic areas in Uganda. | SUMMARYThe rickettsial bacterium Ehrlichia ruminantium is the causative agent of heartwater, a serious tick-borne disease in ruminants. The genetic diversity of organisms in the field will have implications for cross-protective capacities of any vaccine developed, and for an effective vaccine design strategy proper genotyping and understanding of existing genetic diversity in the field is necessary. We searched for variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) loci for use in a multi-locus VNTR analysis ... | 2011 | 22008706 |
| [Detection of DNA erlichia and anaplasma in ticks Ixodes trianguliceps in Tyumen Province]. | The data on the study of Ixodes trianguliceps Bir. collected from small mammals in the southern taiga forests of Tyumen Province with the PCR-hybridization with fluorescent detection method are given. DNA of Erlichua and Anaplasma was revealed in ticks of this species for the first time; mixed infection with both these pathogens was also demonstrated. | 2011 | 22141249 |
| New insight into immunity and immunopathology of Rickettsial diseases. | Human rickettsial diseases comprise a variety of clinical entities caused by microorganisms belonging to the genera Rickettsia, Orientia, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma. These microorganisms are characterized by a strictly intracellular location which has, for long, impaired their detailed study. In this paper, the critical steps taken by these microorganisms to play their pathogenic roles are discussed in detail on the basis of recent advances in our understanding of molecular Rickettsia-host interac ... | 2012 | 21912565 |
| Ehrlichia chaffeensis transcriptome in mammalian and arthropod hosts reveals differential gene expression and post transcriptional regulation. | Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis is an emerging life-threatening zoonosis caused by obligately intracellular bacterium, Ehrlichia chaffeensis. E. chaffeensis is transmitted by the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, and replicates in mononuclear phagocytes in mammalian hosts. Differences in the E. chaffeensis transcriptome in mammalian and arthropod hosts are unknown. Thus, we determined host-specific E. chaffeensis gene expression in human monocyte (THP-1) and in Amblyomma and Ixodes tick ce ... | 2011 | 21915290 |
| structure of thymidylate kinase from ehrlichia chaffeensis. | the enzyme thymidylate kinase phosphorylates the substrate thymidine 5'-phosphate (dtmp) to form thymidine 5'-diphosphate (dtdp), which is further phosphorylated to dttp for incorporation into dna. ehrlichia chaffeensis is the etiologic agent of human monocytotropic erlichiosis (hme), a potentially life-threatening tick-borne infection. hme is endemic in the united states from the southern states up to the eastern seaboard. hme is transmitted to humans via the lone star tick amblyomma americanum ... | 2011 | 21904055 |
| anaplasma, ehrlichia, and "candidatus neoehrlichia" bacteria: pathogenicity, biodiversity, and molecular genetic characteristics, a review. | the family anaplasmataceae includes gram-negative obligate intracellular alphaproteobacteria, which amplify within membrane-bound vacuoles. the genera anaplasma and ehrlichia as well as the recently specified cluster "candidatus neoehrlichia" comprise all bacteria of the family that are transmitted by ixodid ticks to mammalian hosts and cause infections in humans and numerous domestic and wild animal species. totally, six anaplasma, five ehrlichia, and two "candidatus neoehrlichia" species as we ... | 2011 | 21983560 |
| evaluation of an elisa for canine leishmaniasis immunodiagnostic using recombinant proteins. | the present work describes the isolation and purification of two leishmania chagasi (= syn. leishmania infantum) recombinant proteins, rlci2b and rlci1a, and their use in the development of an immunoassay for the diagnostic of canine leishmaniasis. after protein expression and cell disruption, rlci2b was purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography followed by size exclusion chromatography, whereas rlci1a, expressed as an inclusion body, was treated with urea and purified by anion-excha ... | 2012 | 21929686 |
| survey of ixodid ticks and two tick-borne pathogens in african buffaloes, syncerus caffer, from the caprivi strip, namibia. | a capture operation to ascertain health status in free-ranging buffaloes from six different areas in the caprivi strip in the northeast corner of namibia was conducted in october 2009. basic information on the ticks and tick-borne pathogens normally found in wildlife from this area are scarce. the objective of this study was to assess the host status of african buffaloes, syncerus caffer, for ixodid ticks and two selected tick-borne pathogens in the caprivi strip, a key area bordering angola, za ... | 2011 | 22204058 |
| ehrlichia chaffeensis trp120 binds a g+c-rich motif in host cell dna and exhibits eukaryotic transcriptional activator function. | ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligately intracellular bacterium that modulates host cell gene transcription in the mononuclear phagocyte, but the host gene targets and mechanisms involved in transcriptional modulation are not well-defined. in this study, we identified a novel tandem repeat dna-binding domain in the e. chaffeensis 120-kda tandem repeat protein (trp120) that directly binds host cell dna. trp120 was observed by immunofluorescent microscopy in the nucleus of e. chaffeensis-infected h ... | 2011 | 21859854 |
| transient activation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells by ifnγ during acute bacterial infection. | how hematopoietic stem cells (hscs) respond to inflammatory signals during infections is not well understood. our studies have used a murine model of ehrlichiosis, an emerging tick-born disease, to address how infection impacts hematopoietic function. infection of c57bl/6 mice with the intracellular bacterium, ehrlichia muris, results in anemia and thrombocytopenia, similar to what is observed in human ehrlichiosis patients. in the mouse, infection promotes myelopoiesis, a process that is critic ... | 2011 | 22194881 |
| detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in brazilian dogs by real-time polymerase chain reaction. | anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected in dogs from brazil in the municipalities of seropédica and itaguaí, rio de janeiro state, by real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using sybr green to detect the amplification. of 253 samples, 18 (7.11%) were positive, with a threshold cycle (ct) ranging from 31 to 35 cycles. the pcr product from a positive sample was cloned and sequenced. the sequence obtained demonstrated 100% identity with other a. phagocytophilum sequences published in the genbank ... | 2011 | 21908321 |
| ehrlichia chaffeensis trp120 interacts with a diverse array of eukaryotic proteins involved in transcription, signaling, and cytoskeleton organization. | ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligately intracellular bacterium that exhibits tropism for mononuclear phagocytes and survives by evading host cell defense mechanisms. recently, molecular interactions between e. chaffeensis 47-kda tandem repeat (tr) protein (trp47) and the eukaryotic host cell have been described. in this investigation, yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid analysis demonstrated that e. chaffeensis-secreted tandem repeat protein 120 (trp120) interacts with a diverse group of ... | 2011 | 21859857 |
| molecular and serological detection of ehrlichia canis and babesia vogeli in dogs in colombia. | ehrlichiosis and babesiosis are tick-borne diseases, caused mainly by ehrlichia canis and babesia canis, respectively, with a worldwide occurrence in dogs, whose main vector is the brown-dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. the present work aimed to detect the presence of e. canis and babesia sp. in 91 dog blood samples in colombia, by molecular and serological techniques. we also performed sequence alignment to indicate the identity of the parasite species infecting these animals. the present wo ... | 2011 | 22130333 |
| retrospective evaluation of laboratory data on canine vector-borne infections from the years 2004-2008. | the detection and therapy of canine vector-borne diseases in imported dogs are of major importance in small animal practice. over the last years, the import of dogs from the mediterranean region and southeast europe has increased, countries often endemic for a variety of vector-borne diseases such as babesiosis, hepatozoonosis, leishmaniosis, dirofilariosis or ehrlichiosis. this retrospective study presents the evaluation of data from our diagnostic laboratory on vector-borne infections in impor ... | 2011 | 21950219 |
| asymptomatic macrothrombocytopenia in a young pure-bred beagle dog: a case report. | during baseline evaluation prior to a preclinical safety study, a 10-month-old male pure-bred beagle dog was found to have marked thrombocytopenia (6 × 10(3) platelets [plt]/µl) associated with a mean platelet volume (mpv) of 17.9 fl. tests for rickettsia rickettsii, ehrlichia canis, and borrelia burgdorferi were negative. buccal bleeding time was normal. over 3 months, plt were 4 to 141 × 10(3) plt/µl, and mpv was 11.4 to 25.1 fl; however, plt were <50 × 10(3) plt/µl and mpv was >16 fl during m ... | 2011 | 21859886 |
| immunization with ehrlichia p28 outer membrane proteins confers protection in a mouse model of ehrlichiosis. | the obligately intracellular bacterium ehrlichia chaffeensis that resides in mononuclear phagocytes is the etiologic agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (hme). hme is an emerging and often life-threatening, tick-transmitted infectious disease in the united states. effective primary immune responses against ehrlichia infection involve generation of ehrlichia-specific gamma interferon (ifn-γ)-producing cd4(+) t cells and cytotoxic cd8(+) t cells, activation of macrophages by ifn-γ, and prod ... | 2011 | 22030371 |
| A new typing technique for the Rickettsiales Ehrlichia ruminantium: Multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis. | Ehrlichia ruminantium (ER) is a member of the order Rickettsiales transmitted by Amblyomma ticks. This obligatory intracellular bacterium is the causative agent of a fatal disease in ruminants, named heartwater. It represents a constraint on breeding development in sub-Saharan Africa and in the Caribbean. The genetic diversity of the strains of ER, which could be a limiting factor to obtain effective vaccines, needs to be better characterized. For this purpose, we developed a molecular typing te ... | 2011 | 22143037 |
| Use of ELISA employing homologous and heterologous antigens for the detection of IgG and subclasses (IgG1 and IgG2) in the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. | Indirect immunofluorescence is the method recommended for the diagnosis of visceral leishmanisis in dogs, however, the accuracy of this technique is low and its use on a large scale is limited. Since ELISA does not present these limitations, this technique might be an option for the detection of IgG or specific IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses. Canine ehrlichiosis is an important differential diagnosis of American Visceral Leishmaniasis (AVL). The present study compared ELISA using Leishmania chagasi an ... | 2011 | 22012455 |
| Seroprevalence and risk factors to Ehrlichia spp. and Rickettsia spp. in dogs from the Pantanal Region of Mato Grosso State, Brazil. | Sera of 320 dogs from urban and rural areas of a Pantanal region of Brazil were evaluated for rickettsial (Rickettsia rickettsii, R. parkeri, R. amblyommii, R. rhipicephali, R. felis, and R. bellii) and ehrlichial (Ehrlichia canis) infection by the immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Risk factors for ehrlichiosis or rickettsiosis were also evaluated. Positive reaction against Ehrlichia spp. was detected in 227 (70.9%) dogs, 119 (74.3%) from an urban area and 108 (67.5%) from rural areas (P>0.05). Fo ... | 2011 | 22108015 |
| molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens of the family anaplasmataceae in brazilian brown brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira, fischer, 1814) and marsh deer (blastocerus dichotomus, illiger, 1815). | deer are important natural reservoir hosts of anaplasmataceae. the present study used nested pcr and nucleotide sequencing to evaluate the occurrence of anaplasmataceae species in 23 free-living and six captive specimens of the cervids mazama gouazoubira and blastocerus dichotomus in minas gerais state, brazil. blood samples were tested for the presence of ehrlichia and anaplasma spp. using npcr assays and sequencing of the msp4, msp1 and 16s rrna genes. the identity of each sequence was confirm ... | 2011 | 22136597 |
| introduction to the alpha-proteobacteria: wolbachia and bartonella, rickettsia, brucella, ehrlichia, and anaplasma. | wolbachia is an obligate intracellular endosymbiont and likely mutualist living within the heartworm dirofilaria immitis and a number of other filarial nematodes in the family onchocercidae. the bacterial infection is passed from worm to worm transovarially; the organisms are in ovarian cells, the developing microfilariae, and multiply and persist in all later developmental stages through the mosquito and into the next host. besides being present in the ovaries of the adult worms, they also are ... | 2011 | 22152604 |
| Proteomic analyses of Ehrlichia ruminantium highlight differential expression of MAP1-family proteins. | The Rickettsiales Ehrlichia ruminantium (ER) is the causative agent of heartwater, a fatal tick-borne disease of livestock in sub-Saharan Africa and in the Caribbean, posing strong economical constraints to livestock production. In an attempt to identify the most prominent proteins expressed by this bacterium, especially those encoded by the major antigenic protein 1 (map1) multigene family, a proteome map of ER cultivated in endothelial cells was constructed by using two dimensional gel electro ... | 2011 | 22204792 |
| Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia canis, and Dirofilaria immitis among dogs in Canada. | The seropositivity of dogs to Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Ehrlichia canis antibodies, and Dirofilaria immitis antigen was assessed in Canada. Borrelia burgdorferi had the highest seroprevalence, while that of Dirofilaria immitis has not changed significantly in the past 20 y. The risk for these vector-borne infectious agents in Canadian dogs is low but widespread with foci of higher prevalence. | 2011 | 22043075 |
| prevalence of selected zoonotic and vector-borne agents in dogs and cats in costa rica. | to estimate the prevalence of enteric parasites and selected vector-borne agents of dogs and cats in san isidro de el general, costa rica, fecal and serum samples were collected from animals voluntarily undergoing sterilization. each fecal sample was examined for parasites by microscopic examination after fecal flotation and for giardia and cryptosporidium using an immunofluorescence assay (ifa). giardia and cryptosporidium ifa positive samples were genotyped after pcr amplification of specific ... | 2011 | 21846585 |
| Typical and atypical manifestations of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in dogs. | Eighteen clinically ill dogs, naturally infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, were examined at a veterinary practice in Baxter, Minnesota. A clinical examination, complete blood cell count, enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for A phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Ehrlichia canis antibodies and Dirofilaria immitis antigen, and a polymerase chain reaction test for A phagocytophilum DNA were obtained for all dogs. Physical examination findings included fever, arthropathy, lymph ... | 2011 | 22058372 |
| ehrlichia chaffeensis induces monocyte inflammatory responses through myd88, erk, and nf-κb but not through trif, interleukin-1 receptor 1 (il-1r1)/il-18r1, or toll-like receptors. | human monocytic ehrlichiosis, an influenza-like illness accompanied by signs of hepatitis, is caused by infection of monocytes/macrophages with a lipopolysaccharide-deficient bacterium, ehrlichia chaffeensis. the e. chaffeensis strain wakulla induces diffuse hepatitis with neutrophil infiltration in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency, which is accompanied by strong cxcl2 (mouse functional homolog of interleukin-8 [il-8]) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-α) expression in the liver. in ... | 2011 | 21930764 |
| Risk factors and clinical disorders of canine ehrlichiosis in the South of Bahia, Brazil. | The aim of this work was to study the clinical disorders and risk factors of canine ehrlichiosis in Ilhéus and Itabuna, Bahia, and compare different diagnostic methods. Blood samples were collected from 200 dogs. Each dog was clinically examined. A questionnaire was used to evaluate the risk factors. The blood samples were analyzed using the Dot-ELISA test; hematometry, platelet counts and searches for morulae on blood smears were performed. Nested PCR was carried out on 50 serologically positiv ... | 2011 | 21961750 |
| Qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of Leishmania in spleen samples from naturally infected dogs. | Because infected dogs are widely considered to be the main domestic reservoir for Leishmania infantum (syn Leishmania chagasi) parasites in Brazil, the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) must be made both accurately and promptly. The present study attempted to standardize a conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) protocol for the detection of L. infantum DNA in canine spleen samples. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) technique was used to confirm the presence of Leishmania DNA in the c ... | 2011 | 21917379 |
| Molecular Study of Free-ranging Mule Deer and White-tailed Deer from British Columbia, Canada, for Evidence of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. | Twenty-three free-ranging white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus) and six mule deer (MD; Odocoileus hemionus) from south-central British Columbia, Canada, were tested for Anaplasma marginale by msp5 gene-specific PCR and Ehrlichia spp. by 16S rRNA or citrate synthase (gltA) gene-specific PCR, as well as by PCR with universal 16S rRNA primers detecting a wide range of bacteria. No deer tested positive for A. marginale. Amplification with universal 16S rRNA primers followed by sequencing o ... | 2011 | 21933360 |
| Infection prevalences of common tick-borne pathogens in adult lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum) and American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) in Kentucky. | Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease, and ehrlichiosis are tick-borne diseases that are reported annually in Kentucky. We conducted a survey to describe infection prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis ticks collected in Kentucky. During 2007-2008, we collected 287 ticks (179 D. variabilis and 108 A. americanum) from canine, feral hog, horse, raccoon, white-tailed deer, and human hosts in six counties in Kentucky. Ticks were screened for Ricke ... | 2011 | 21976578 |
| Structure-based vaccines provide protection in a mouse model of ehrlichiosis. | Recent advances in bioinformatics have made it possible to predict the B cell and T cell epitopes of antigenic proteins. This has led to design of peptide based vaccines that are more specific, safe, and easy to produce. The obligately intracellular gram negative bacteria Ehrlichia cause ehrlichioses in humans and animals. As yet there are no vaccines to protect against Ehrlichia infection. | 2011 | 22114733 |
| Global gene expression profiling of Ehrlichia ruminantium at different stages of development. | Ehrlichia ruminantium (ER), the causative agent of heartwater on ruminants, is an obligate intracellular bacterium transmitted by ticks of the genus Amblyomma. Previous studies have shown that early stages of development may be critical for Ehrlichia pathogenicity. To gain insights into the biology of intracellular ER, we determined the genome-wide transcriptional profile of ER replicating inside bovine aortic endothelial cells using DNA microarrays. At intermediate and late stages of infection ... | 2011 | 22098128 |
| vector-borne diseases in client-owned and stray cats from madrid, spain. | abstract the role of various vector-borne pathogens as a cause of disease in cats has not been clearly determined. the current study evaluated risk factors, clinical and laboratory abnormalities associated with ehrlichia spp., anaplasma spp., neorickettsia spp., leishmania spp., and bartonella spp. infection or exposure in 680 client-owned and stray cats from madrid, spain. our results indicate that a large portion (35.1%) of the cat population of madrid, spain, is exposed to at least one of t ... | 2011 | 22022820 |
| monocytic ehrlichiosis in dogs. | ehrlichiosis is the multiorgan infectious disease caused by small, intracellular rickettsias from the genus ehrlichia. these microorganisms are known as an etiologic factor of infections world wide in humans and in different species of animals. dog ehrlichiosis can be caused by several species of ehrlichia attacking different groups of blood cells, but most often an infection by ehrlichia canis is diagnosed with special relation to monocytes. a vector for e. canis are rhipicephalus sanguineus an ... | 2011 | 21957751 |
| emerging incidence of lyme borreliosis, babesiosis, bartonellosis, and granulocytic ehrlichiosis in australia. | borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease (ld), and babesia, bartonella, and ehrlichia species (spp.) are recognized tick-borne pathogens in humans worldwide. using serology and molecular testing, the incidence of these pathogens was investigated in symptomatic patients from australia. | 2011 | 22267937 |
| contact with domestic dogs increases pathogen exposure in endangered african wild dogs (lycaon pictus). | infectious diseases have contributed to the decline and local extinction of several wildlife species, including african wild dogs (lycaon pictus). mitigating such disease threats is challenging, partly because uncertainty about disease dynamics makes it difficult to identify the best management approaches. serious impacts on susceptible populations most frequently occur when generalist pathogens are maintained within populations of abundant (often domestic) "reservoir" hosts, and spill over into ... | 2012 | 22238695 |