| reliability and construct validity of the bahasa malaysia version of transtheoretical model (ttm) questionnaire for smoking cessation and relapse among malaysian adult. | the transtheoretical model (ttm) has been used as one of the major constructs in developing effective cognitive behavioural interventions for smoking cessation and relapse prevention, in western societies. this study aimed to examine the reliability and construct validity of the translated bahasa malaysia version of ttm questionnaire among adult smokers in klang valley, malaysia. the sample consisted of 40 smokers from four different worksites in klang valley. a 26-item ttm questionnaire was adm ... | 2011 | 22126478 |
| trichophyton bullosum: a new zoonotic dermatophyte species. | we report the first human case of dermatophytosis caused by trichophyton bullosum in a 21-year-old male who had a skin lesion located on his forearm. the dermatophyte was isolated in culture and further identified by sequence analysis of internal transcripted spacer regions. the species t. bullosum is a zoophilic dermatophyte rarely isolated from the coat of horses in africa and asia. in the present case, it was probably transmitted by contact with an infected donkey in a rural area in france. a ... | 2011 | 21905949 |
| disease progression and treatment response of idiopathic epilepsy in australian shepherd dogs. | idiopathic epilepsy (ie) in australian shepherds (ass) occurs worldwide but there is a lack of description of the epilepsy syndrome in this breed. the abcb1-1δ mutation is more prevalent in ass than in many other dog breeds. | 2011 | 22182230 |
| Identification of meat species by PCR-RFLP of the mitochondrial COI gene. | Meat authenticity verification is pertinent for economical, religious or public health concerns. The present study investigates the use of PCR-RFLP of a part of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene for identification of species origin of raw meat samples of cow, chicken, turkey, sheep, pig, buffalo, camel and donkey. PCR yielded a 710-bp fragment in all species. The amplicons were digested with seven restriction endonucleases (Hind II, Ava II, Rsa I, Taq I, Hpa II, Tru 1I ... | 2012 | 21996288 |
| Identification and mapping of linear antigenic determinants of human amyloid ß(1-42) Peptide. | Accumulation of cytotoxic oligomers of amyloid ß (Aß) is one of the major pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several immunological approaches that prevent the conversion of Aß into its toxic form or that accelerate its clearance are being actively pursued worldwide. As part of these attempts, we have carried out sequential epitope analysis of Aß where antibodies raised against native Aß and its homologue Aß-KEK were screened for binding to five overlapping hexadecapeptides encom ... | 2012 | 22181818 |
| disordering of human telomeric g-quadruplex with novel antiproliferative anthrathiophenedione. | linear heteroareneanthracenediones have been shown to interfere with dna functions, thereby causing death of human tumor cells and their drug resistant counterparts. here we report the interaction of our novel antiproliferative agent 4,11-bis[(2-{[acetimido]amino}ethyl)amino]anthra[2,3-b]thiophene-5,10-dione with telomeric dna structures studied by isothermal titration calorimetry, circular dichroism and uv absorption spectroscopy. new compound demonstrated a high affinity (k(ass)∼10⁶ m⁻¹) for h ... | 2011 | 22102877 |
| differentiation of meat from horse, donkey and their hybrids (mule/hinny) by electrophoretic separation of albumin. | meat from the species horse, donkey and their hybrids, mule/hinny, can be reliably identified by determination of genetic variants of serum albumin by starch gel electrophoresis of meat extracts. staining of the starch gel for carboxylesterase activity permits differentiation of most horses from donkeys while mules/hinnies cannot be distinguished from horses by their esterase activity alone. | 1987 | 22054691 |
| Colonization of turbot tissues by virulent and avirulent Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strains during infection. | Preventing disease outbreaks in cultured turbot Psetta maxima L. caused by Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida (ASS) requires a better understanding of how this pathogen colonizes its host. Distribution of 1 virulent and 2 avirulent ASS strains in turbot tissues was investigated during early and late stages of infection following an immersion challenge. To track bacteria within the turbot, the ASS strains were tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Both virulent and avirulent strains ... | 2011 | 21848125 |
| chronological age impacts immunotherapy and monocyte uptake independent of amyloid load. | one vexing issue in biomedical research is the failure of many therapies to translate from success in animal models to effective treatment of human disease. one significant difference between the animal models and the human disease is the age of the subject. cancer, stroke and alzheimer's occur mainly in humans beyond the 75% mean survival age, while most mouse models use juvenile or young adult animals. here we compare two mouse models of amyloid deposition, the tg2576 app model and the more ag ... | 2011 | 22198698 |
| embryo quality and transcervical technique are not the limiting factors in donkey embryo transfer outcome. | embryo transfer (et) in the donkey resulted in a very low recipient pregnancy rates. the aim of these studies was to investigate if nonsurgical transfer techniques or donkey embryo quality affect donkey recipient pregnancy failure. in study 1, the impact of transfer technique was investigated by evaluating if cervical catheterization is associated with prostaglandin release and suppression of luteal function and if donkey recipients would become pregnant after nonsurgical transfer of horse embry ... | 2011 | 22056016 |
| My fat ass: a miniature donkey teaches lessons on helping patients fight obesity. | | 2011 | 21957814 |
| meta-Tyrosine in Festuca rubra ssp. commutata (Chewings fescue) is synthesized by hydroxylation of phenylalanine. | m-Tyrosine is a non-protein amino acid that is structurally similar to the common protein amino acids p-tyrosine and phenylalanine. Copious amounts of m-tyrosine can be found in root exudates of the fine fescue cultivar, Festuca rubra L. ssp. commutata (Chewings fescue). The phytotoxicity of m-tyrosine may contribute to the allelopathic potential of F. rubra. m-Tyrosine in Euphorbia myrsinites (donkey-tail spurge), was previously shown to be synthesized via transamination of m-hydroxyphenylpyruv ... | 2011 | 22192329 |
| comparative morphometric and glycohistochemical studies on the epididymal duct in the donkey (equus asinus) and dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius). | the present study was undertaken to compare morphometric and glycohistochemical differences in the epididymal duct of the donkey and the dromedary camel. paraffin-embedded sections from the different regions of the duct (caput, corpus and cauda) of both species were stained conventionally for general histology and histomorphometry and also with fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc) conjugated lectins for glycohistochemical mapping. morphometric data (means±se) showed that the luminal diameter was wi ... | 2011 | 21906788 |
| Composition of milk from minor dairy animals and buffalo breeds: a biodiversity perspective. | A comprehensive review is presented of the nutrient composition for buffalo, mare, and dromedary camel milks at the level of breed, and species-level data for yak, mithun, musk ox, donkey, Bactrian camel, llama, alpaca, reindeer and moose milks. Average values of nutrients were calculated and compared. Interspecies values (g 100 g(-1) ) were 0.7-16.1 for total fat, 1.6-10.5 for protein, 2.6-6.6 for lactose, and 67.9-90.8 for water. Reindeer and moose milks had the highest fat and protein concent ... | 2011 | 22083874 |
| Effect of equestrian therapy and onotherapy in physical and psycho-social performances of adults with intellectual disability: a preliminary study of evaluation tools based on the ICF classification. | Purpose: To assess the effects of equestrian rehabilitation (ER) and onotherapy (Ono) on physical and psycho-social performances of subjects affected by intellectual disability (ID), and to develop a measurement tool based on the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health-Children and Youth (ICF-CY). Methods: A tool based on the ICF-CY classification was designed to evaluate subjects undergoing equine rehabilitation within a bio-psychosocial approach. A simplified version ... | 2012 | 21988646 |
| differentiation of meat samples from domestic horses (equus caballus) and asiatic wild asses (equus hemionus) using a species-specific restriction site in the mitochondrial cytochrome b region. | recent studies suggest that asiatic wild asses (equus hemionus) are being increasingly poached in a commercial fashion. part of the meat is believed to reach the meat markets in the capital ulaanbaatar. to test this hypothesis, we collected 500 meat samples between february and may 2006. to differentiate between domestic horse (equus caballus) and wild ass meat, we developed a restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) assay based on the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). we amplified and seq ... | 2006 | 22059088 |
| Psychological essentialist reasoning and perspective taking during reading: A donkey is not a zebra, but a plate can be a clock. | In an eyetracking study, we examined whether readers use psychological essentialist reasoning and perspective taking online. Stories were presented in which an animal or an artifact was transformed into another animal (e.g., a donkey into a zebra) or artifact (e.g., a plate into a clock). According to psychological essentialism, the essence of the animal did not change in these stories, while the transformed artifact would be thought to have changed categories. We found evidence that readers use ... | 2011 | 22037846 |
| hyperlipemia in a population of aged donkeys: description, prevalence, and potential risk factors. | hyperlipemia is a common disorder of the donkey, with mortality rates of up to 80% reported. such a poor prognosis makes prevention of this disorder or amelioration in the early stages crucial. | 2011 | 22092637 |
| donkey-assisted rehabilitation program for children: a pilot study. | bonding with animals grants access to the sphere of affectivity and facilitates therapeutic engagement. the methodological approach of donkey-assisted programs is based on mediation, which is characterized by multidirectional relationships (patient-donkey-therapist). the donkey is an excellent facilitator in the motivation-building process, being able to stimulate the child's development by way of active and positive forces that foster psycho-affective and psycho-cognitive development processes. ... | 2011 | 22194074 |
| quality of donkey meat and carcass characteristics. | a study based on 15 entire donkey males was carried out to evaluate carcass quality and nutritional characteristics of meat obtained by these animals slaughtered at 15 months of age and a mean final body weight of 181kg. the meat had a low (2.02g/100g) fat content, an appreciable (22.8g/100g) protein content, and cholesterol content was 68.7mg/100g. glycogen was also determined (0.45g/100g) within 12h of sampling. potassium was the mineral with the highest content (343mg/100g), followed by phosp ... | 2008 | 22063861 |
| lactation curve and effects of milking regimen on milk yield and quality, and udder health in martina franca jennies (equus asinus). | three experiments were conducted on martina franca jennies. experiment 1 tested wood's model for evaluating the lactation curve. data from the entire lactation period of 12 jennies were used. the results showed that wood's model was able to recognize the shape of the lactation curve from pooled data (r(2) = 0.11; p < 0.01), with the lactation peak occurring at 48 d. individual curves showed wide variability. experiment 2 aimed to evaluate the effects of the daily number of milkings (1, 3, or 6) ... | 2011 | 21965450 |
| x-ray absorption and photoelectron spectroscopic study of the association of as(iii) with nanoparticulate fes and fes-coated sand. | iron sulfide (fes) has been demonstrated to have a high removal capacity for arsenic (as) in reducing environments. however, fes may be present as a coating, rather than in nanoparticulate form, in both natural and engineered systems. frequently, the removal capacity of coatings may be different than that of nanoparticulates in batch systems. to assess the differences in removal mechanisms between nanoparticulate fes and fes present as a coating, the solid phase products from the reaction of as( ... | 2011 | 21911241 |
| Pig specific vascular anatomy allows acute infrarenal aortic occlusion without hind limb ischemia and stepwise occlusion without clinical signs. | In a porcine, aortic graft model we found 5 animals to develop and survive unnoticed, complete infrarenal aortic occlusion and 2 pigs with an acute occlusion but rather unspecific clinical symptoms. We investigated the pigs' vascular system to classify the anatomic capabilities to compensate for an acute abdominal aortic occlusion. | 2011 | 21876245 |
| increased expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and interleukin 22 in patients with allergic asthma. | we sought to determine whether the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr) and interleukin (il)-22 may be involved in the pathogenesis of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) in allergic asthmatic patients and whether their expression may be related to the severity of the disease. | 2011 | 22053597 |
| differential proteomic analysis of renal tissue in lupus nephritis using itraq reagent technology. | in clinical practice, it is difficult to monitor the repeating relapse in patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus (sle), who usually associated with some potential complications, for example, lupus nephritis (ln), repetition renal biopsy is necessary to determine ln flares. to identify and quantify the total proteins in renal tissue of ln patients, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (itraq) technology was performed. eight-plex itraq coupled with multiple chromato ... | 2011 | 22083613 |
| brain insulin resistance accelerates aß fibrillogenesis by inducing gm1 ganglioside clustering in the presynaptic membranes. | type 2 diabetes mellitus is thought to be a significant risk factor for alzheimer's disease. insulin resistance also affects the cns by regulating key processes, such as neuronal survival and longevity, learning and memory. however, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain uncertain. to investigate whether insulin resistance is associated with the assembly of amyloid ß-protein at the cell surface of neurons, we inhibited insulin-signalling pathways of primary neurons. the treatments of ins ... | 2012 | 22260232 |
| molecular detection of bartonella species in ticks from peru. | a total of 103 ticks, collected from canines, horses, donkeys, and snakes from peru, were screened for the presence of bartonella dna by polymerase chain reaction analysis. bartonella dna was detected in two ticks using bartonella 16s-23s intergenic spacer region primers and in an additional two ticks using bartonella nadh dehydrogenase gamma subunit gene (nuog) primers. bartonella rochalimae eremeeva et al., b. quintana schmincke, and b. elizabethae daly et al. dna was detected in a rhipicephal ... | 2011 | 22238888 |
| mitochondria-derived ros lead to enhanced amyloid beta formation. | aims: intracellular amyloid beta (aß) oligomers and extracellular aß plaques are key players in the progression of sporadic alzheimer disease (ad). still, the molecular signals triggering aß production are largely unclear. we asked whether mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (ros) are sufficient to increase aß generation and thereby initiate a vicious cycle further impairing mitochondrial function. results: complex i and iii dysfunction were induced in a cell model using the resp ... | 2012 | 22229260 |
| zoophilic feeding behaviour of phlebotomine sand flies in the endemic areas of cutaneous leishmaniasis of sindh province, pakistan. | leishmania (leishmania) major has been identified as the major causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in sindh province of southern pakistan. to make a rational approach for understanding the pathogen transmission cycles, the sand fly species and their natural blood meals in the endemic areas were examined. total dna was individually extracted from sand flies collected in four villages in sindh province. pcr-rflp (restriction fragment length polymorphism) and sequence analysis of the 18s rib ... | 2012 | 22246369 |
| argininosuccinate synthase conditions the response to acute and chronic ethanol-induced liver injury in mice. | background and aim: argininosuccinate synthase (ass) is the rate-limiting enzyme in both the urea and the l-citrulline/nitric oxide (no·) cycles regulating protein catabolism, ammonia levels and no· generation (1-2). since a proteomics analysis identified ass and nitric oxide synthase-2 (nos2) as co-induced in rat hepatocytes by chronic ethanol consumption, which also occurred in alcoholic liver disease (ald) and in cirrhotic patients, we hypothesized that ass could play a role in ethanol binge ... | 2011 | 22213272 |
| pathological, immunological and molecular diagnosis of rabies in clinically suspected animals of different species using four detection techniques in jordan. | a total of 29 brain tissue samples (bts) were examined for rabies infection by different diagnostic techniques. none of the examined brain tissues were presented as a whole intact brain. twenty-seven brain tissue samples from various animal species - dog (13 cases), cat (one case), fox (one case), pig (one case), cow (three cases), sheep (two cases), goat (one case), camel (one case), horse (one case) and donkey (three cases) - were provided by the vaccine and sera department/al-bashir central h ... | 2011 | 22390575 |
| a serological survey of cystic echinococcosis in equids in east of turkey. | background: cystic echinococcosis (ce), caused by hydatid cysts, is a widespread and hazardous disease in humans and animals worldwide. the disease is very common in turkey, causing serious economic losses and public health problem. in this study, the seroprevalence of equine ce was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). methods: partially purified cyst fluid antigen from sheep hydatid cyst fluid was used as antigen in elisa. a total of 250 equids consisting of 206 donkeys and ... | 2011 | 22347313 |
| management of zebras and zebra hybrids (zebroids). | equine practitioners are sometimes asked to treat zebras or zebra-horse or zebra-donkey hybrids. although these equids are subject to many of the same health issues as domestic horses, they cannot be handled like horses and generally require heavy sedation to full anesthesia, even for minor procedures. this usually necessitates the use of ultrapotent narcotics administered by remote delivery systems. this article discusses the handling, sedation, anesthesia, and common medical issues of zebras a ... | 2012 | 23705207 |
| comparative endocrinological responses to short transportation of equidae (equus asinus and equus caballus). | in order to evaluate the effects of short transportation on β-endorphin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) and cortisol changes, 12 healthy stallions of equidae (equus asinus and equus caballus) were studied before and after transportation of 50 km. blood samples were collected 1 week before transportation in basal conditions, immediately before loading and after transportation and unloading, on their arrival at the breeding station. compared to basal and before values, donkeys showed an increa ... | 2012 | 23480707 |
| immunization of equines with phospholipase a2 protects against the lethal effects of crotalus durissus terrificus venom. | equines (2 horses and 2 donkeys) immunized with whole crotalus durissus terrificus venom or its phospholipase a2 component either presented an increased survival time determined 3 days after challenge or were totally resistant to a challenging lethal dose of 200 mg crude venom 270 days after the initial immunization or 90 days after the last booster injection. the resistance was demonstrable on the basis of a good correlation with antibody titers determined by the elisa method but not with the f ... | 2008 | 2590734 |
| contribution to the nasolacrimal duct of donkeys in egypt. | | 1997 | 146447 |
| an investigation of the relationships between body condition and plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in 24 donkeys. | obese donkeys are susceptible to a hyperlipaemic crisis characterised by high plasma triglyceride concentrations. in this study, the relationships between the body condition of 24 donkeys and their basal lipid metabolism were investigated. plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were measured in healthy donkeys classified according to their body condition as thin, ideal or obese. there were significant differences between the groups in the concentrations of tr ... | 2007 | 2275089 |
| prevalence of hydatidosis in donkeys from central jordan. | one hundred and twenty-two donkeys from central jordan were necropsied during the months of june, july and august 1985 and 21 (17.2%) showed evidence of hydatidosis. no donkeys less than 3 years of age were infected, whereas 36.8% (21/57) aged greater than or equal to 3 years were infected. among the infected donkeys 57.1% (12/21) were hepatic infections, 33.3% (7/21) were hepatopulmonary and 9.5% were pulmonary. fertile cysts were observed in 47.6% (10/21) of cases. the majority of cysts observ ... | 2011 | 3245105 |
| incidence of burkholderia mallei infection among indigenous equines in india. | burkholderia mallei is the causative agent of glanders which is a highly contagious and fatal disease of equines. considering the nature and severity of the disease in equines, and potential of transmission to human beings, glanders is recognised as a 'notifiable' disease in many countries. an increasing number of glanders outbreaks throughout the asian continents, including india, have been noticed recently. in view of the recent re-emergence of the disease, the present study was undertaken to ... | 2015 | 26457190 |
| genomic characterization of the taylorella genus. | the taylorella genus comprises two species: taylorella equigenitalis, which causes contagious equine metritis, and taylorella asinigenitalis, a closely-related species mainly found in donkeys. we herein report on the first genome sequence of t. asinigenitalis, analyzing and comparing it with the recently-sequenced t. equigenitalis genome. the t. asinigenitalis genome contains a single circular chromosome of 1,638,559 bp with a 38.3% gc content and 1,534 coding sequences (cds). while 212 cdss wer ... | 2012 | 22235352 |
| the ubiquitin proteasome system plays a role in venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection. | many viruses have been implicated in utilizing or modulating the ubiquitin proteasome system (ups) to enhance viral multiplication and/or to sustain a persistent infection. the mosquito-borne venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) belongs to the togaviridae family and is an important biodefense pathogen and select agent. there are currently no approved vaccines or therapies for veev infections; therefore, it is imperative to identify novel targets for therapeutic development. we hypothesize ... | 2015 | 25927990 |
| combined alphavirus replicon particle vaccine induces durable and cross-protective immune responses against equine encephalitis viruses. | alphavirus replicons were evaluated as potential vaccine candidates for venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev), western equine encephalitis virus (weev), or eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) when given individually or in combination (v/w/e) to mice or cynomolgus macaques. individual replicon vaccines or the combination v/w/e replicon vaccine elicited strong neutralizing antibodies in mice to their respective alphavirus. protection from either subcutaneous or aerosol challenge with ve ... | 2014 | 25122801 |
| venezuelan equine encephalitis virus induces apoptosis through the unfolded protein response activation of egr1. | venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) is a previously weaponized arthropod-borne virus responsible for causing acute and fatal encephalitis in animal and human hosts. the increased circulation and spread in the americas of veev and other encephalitic arboviruses, such as eastern equine encephalitis virus and west nile virus, underscore the need for research aimed at characterizing the pathogenesis of viral encephalomyelitis for the development of novel medical countermeasures. the host-pat ... | 2016 | 26792742 |
| comprehensive analysis of the overall codon usage patterns in equine infectious anemia virus. | equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) is an important animal model for understanding the relationship between viral persistence and the host immune response during lentiviral infections. comparison and analysis of the codon usage model between eiav and its hosts is important for the comprehension of viral evolution. in our study, the codon usage pattern of eiav was analyzed from the available 29 full-length eiav genomes through multivariate statistical methods. | 2013 | 24359511 |
| loss of neurons in rostral ventromedial medulla that express neurokinin-1 receptors decreases the development of hyperalgesia. | it is well known that neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla (rvm) are involved in descending modulation of nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord. it has been shown that activation of neurokinin-1 receptors (nk-1rs) in the rvm, which are presumably located on pain facilitating on cells, produces hyperalgesia whereas blockade of nk-1rs attenuates hyperalgesia. to obtain a better understanding of the functions of nk-1r expressing neurons in the rvm, we selectively ablated these neurons ... | 2013 | 23831426 |
| blood meal analysis and virus detection in blood-fed mosquitoes collected during the 2006-2007 rift valley fever outbreak in kenya. | rift valley fever (rvf) is a zoonosis of domestic ruminants in africa. blood-fed mosquitoes collected during the 2006-2007 rvf outbreak in kenya were analyzed to determine the virus infection status and animal source of the blood meals. | 0 | 25229704 |
| exposure to leishmania spp. and sand flies in domestic animals in northwestern ethiopia. | human visceral leishmaniasis caused by leishmania donovani is considered an anthroponosis; however, leishmania-infected animals have been increasingly reported in l. donovani foci, and the role of these animals as reservoirs for human l. donovani infection remains unclear. | 2015 | 26152578 |
| a review of african horse sickness and its implications for ireland. | african horse sickness is an economically highly important non-contagious but infectious orbivirus disease that is transmitted by various species of culicoides midges. the equids most severely affected by the virus are horses, ponies, and european donkeys; mules are somewhat less susceptible, and african donkeys and zebra are refractory to the devastating consequences of infection. in recent years, bluetongue virus, an orbivirus similar to african horse sickness, which also utilises culicoides s ... | 2012 | 22553991 |
| assessment of theileria equi and babesia caballi infections in equine populations in egypt by molecular, serological and hematological approaches. | equine piroplasmosis (ep) caused by theileria equi, babesia caballi, or both, contributes to significant economic loss in the equine industry and remains uncontrolled in egypt. this study focuses on surveying t. equi and b. caballi infections and hematological disorders in equine populations in egypt. | 2016 | 27146413 |
| common host-derived chemicals increase catches of disease-transmitting mosquitoes and can improve early warning systems for rift valley fever virus. | rift valley fever (rvf), a mosquito-borne zoonosis, is a major public health and veterinary problem in sub-saharan africa. surveillance to monitor mosquito populations during the inter-epidemic period (iep) and viral activity in these vectors is critical to informing public health decisions for early warning and control of the disease. using a combination of field bioassays, electrophysiological and chemical analyses we demonstrated that skin-derived aldehydes (heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decana ... | 2013 | 23326620 |
| molecular detection of theileria spp. in livestock on five caribbean islands. | theileria spp. are tick-transmitted, intracellular apicomplexan protozoan parasites infecting a wide range of animals. as there is very limited information on the prevalence of theileria spp. in the caribbean we used the recently described genus-specific pan-theileria fret-qpcr to identify infected animals in the region and a standard 18s rrna gene pcr and sequencing to determine the species involved. we found theileria spp. in 9% of the convenience samples of animals (n = 752) studied from five ... | 2015 | 26783522 |
| comparison of vertebrate cytochrome b and prepronociceptin for blood meal analyses in culicoides. | to date, studies on host preferences and blood meal identification have been conducted for culicoides species using molecular-based methods such as pcr techniques to amplify only a fragment from universal vertebrate mitochondrial genes such as cytochrome c oxidase subunit i or cytochrome b (cyt b). the vertebrate prepronociceptin gene (pnoc) was also tested in this field. however, the choice of molecular marker to identify blood meal is critical. the objective of our study is to compare the abil ... | 2015 | 26664944 |
| development of a pan-babesia fret-qpcr and a survey of livestock from five caribbean islands. | babesia spp. are tick-borne protozoan hemoparasites and the second most common blood-borne parasites of mammals, in particular domestic animals. we used the clustal multiple alignment program and 18s rrna gene sequences of 22 babesia species from genbank to develop a pcr that could detect a wide variety of babesia spp. in a single reaction. the pan-babesia fret-qpcr we developed reliably detected b. gibsoni, b. canis, b. vogeli, b. microti, b. bovis, and b. divergens under controlled conditions ... | 2015 | 26423577 |
| survey of wild and domestic mammals for infection with leishmania infantum following an outbreak of desert zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in jiashi, people's republic of china. | in 2008 and 2009, an outbreak of desert-subtype zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis occurred in jiashi county, xinjiang, china. so far, no animal reservoir has been identified for this type of visceral leishmaniasis. therefore, we surveyed the most common mammals (wild and domestic) for leishmania infections during the outbreak in 2008 and 2009 in order to identify the source of the visceral leishmaniasis in this region. spleen, liver, bone marrow and blood samples collected from 86 wood mice (apode ... | 2015 | 26177101 |
| host-feeding preference of phlebotomus orientalis (diptera: psychodidae) in an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in northern ethiopia. | blood-feeding behavior studies are important for estimating the efficiency of pathogen transmission and assessing the relative human disease risk. however, in ethiopia and other parts of east africa there are large remaining gaps in identifying the feeding habits of phlebotomus orientalis, the vector of leishmania donovani. the aim of the study was to determine the blood feeding patterns of p. orientalis in tahtay adiyabo district, northern ethiopia. | 2015 | 25963759 |
| host choice of phlebotomus orientalis (diptera: psychodidae) in animal baited experiments: a field study in tahtay adiyabo district, northern ethiopia. | host choice and feeding success of sand fly vectors of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) are important factors in understanding the epidemiology and for developing efficient control strategies. the aim of the present study was to determine the host preference of phlebotomus orientalis in the vl focus of tahtay adiyabo district, northern ethiopia. | 2015 | 25885333 |
| evaluating the roles of directed breeding and gene flow in animal domestication. | for the last 150 y scholars have focused upon the roles of intentional breeding and genetic isolation as fundamental to understanding the process of animal domestication. this analysis of ethnoarchaeological, archaeological, and genetic data suggests that long-term gene flow between wild and domestic stocks was much more common than previously assumed, and that selective breeding of females was largely absent during the early phases of animal domestication. these findings challenge assumptions a ... | 2014 | 24753599 |
| nonprimate hepaciviruses in domestic horses, united kingdom. | although the origin of hepatitis c virus infections in humans remains undetermined, a close homolog of this virus, termed canine hepacivirus (chv) and found in respiratory secretions of dogs, provides evidence for a wider distribution of hepaciviruses in mammals. we determined frequencies of active infection among dogs and other mammals in the united kingdom. samples from dogs (46 respiratory, 99 plasma, 45 autopsy samples) were chv negative by pcr. screening of 362 samples from cats, horses, do ... | 0 | 23171728 |
| species identification of asini corii collas (donkey glue) by pcr amplification of cytochrome b gene. | asini corii collas (acc; donkey glue) is a crude drug used to promote hematopoiesis and arrest bleeding. because adulteration of the drug with substances from other animals such as horses, cattle, and pigs has been found, we examined pcr methods based on the sequence of the cytochrome b gene for source species identification. two strategies for extracting dna from acc were compared, and the ion-exchange resin procedure was revealed to be more suitable than the silica-based one. using dna extract ... | 2013 | 23807625 |
| cryptosporidium proliferans n. sp. (apicomplexa: cryptosporidiidae): molecular and biological evidence of cryptic species within gastric cryptosporidium of mammals. | the morphological, biological, and molecular characteristics of cryptosporidium muris strain ts03 are described, and the species name cryptosporidium proliferans n. sp. is proposed. cryptosporidium proliferans obtained from a naturally infected east african mole rat (tachyoryctes splendens) in kenya was propagated under laboratory conditions in rodents (scid mice and southern multimammate mice, mastomys coucha) and used in experiments to examine oocyst morphology and transmission. dna from the p ... | 2016 | 26771460 |
| erythrocyte glutathione transferase: a general probe for chemical contaminations in mammals. | glutathione transferases (gsts) are enzymes devoted to the protection of cells against many different toxins. in erythrocytes, the isoenzyme (e-gst) mainly present is gstp1-1, which is overexpressed in humans in case of increased blood toxicity, as it occurs in nephrophatic patients or in healthy subjects living in polluted areas. the present study explores the possibility that e-gst may be used as an innovative and highly sensitive biomarker of blood toxicity also for other mammals. all distinc ... | 2016 | 27551520 |
| microsporidial spores in fecal samples of some domesticated animals living in giza, egypt. | the aim of the present work was to investigate the prevalence and species of intestinal microsporidiosis among animals in giza, egypt. | 0 | 28096853 |
| both tumour cells and infiltrating t-cells in equine sarcoids express foxp3 associated with an immune-supressed cytokine microenvironment. | bovine papillomavirus (bpv) infections of equine species have a central role in the aetiology of equine sarcoids; a common benign skin tumour of horses, zebras and donkeys. within the lesions, all of the early papillomavirus genes are expressed and promote the excessive replication of fibroblasts which characterise these tumours. equine sarcoids differ from bpv induced fibro-papillomas of cattle (the natural host of bpv), in that they do not produce high amounts of virus particles, do not usuall ... | 2016 | 27160146 |
| bells, bomas and beefsteak: complex patterns of human-predator conflict at the wildlife-agropastoral interface in zimbabwe. | reports of livestock depredation by large predators were systematically collected at three study sites in northwestern zimbabwe from 2008-2013. we recorded 1,527 incidents (2,039 animals killed and 306 injured). lions (panthera leo) and spotted hyaenas (crocuta crocuta) were mostly responsible, and cattle and donkeys most frequently attacked. patterns of predation were variable among study sites. nevertheless, some overall patterns were apparent. predators selected livestock close to the size of ... | 2017 | 28149682 |
| extreme wildlife declines and concurrent increase in livestock numbers in kenya: what are the causes? | there is growing evidence of escalating wildlife losses worldwide. extreme wildlife losses have recently been documented for large parts of africa, including western, central and eastern africa. here, we report extreme declines in wildlife and contemporaneous increase in livestock numbers in kenya rangelands between 1977 and 2016. our analysis uses systematic aerial monitoring survey data collected in rangelands that collectively cover 88% of kenya's land surface. our results show that wildlife ... | 2016 | 27676077 |
| african horse sickness virus: history, transmission, and current status. | african horse sickness virus (ahsv) is a lethal arbovirus of equids that is transmitted between hosts primarily by biting midges of the genus culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae). ahsv affects draft, thoroughbred, and companion horses and donkeys in africa, asia, and europe. in this review, we examine the impact of ahsv critically and discuss entomological studies that have been conducted to improve understanding of its epidemiology and control. the transmission of ahsv remains a major research ... | 2017 | 28141961 |
| risk of introducing african horse sickness virus into the netherlands by international equine movements. | african horse sickness (ahs) is a vector-borne viral disease of equines that is transmitted by culicoides spp. and can have severe consequences for the horse industry in affected territories. a study was performed to assess the risk of introducing ahs virus (ahsv) into the netherlands (p_ahs) by international equine movements. the goal of this study was to provide more insight into (a) the regions and equine species that contribute most to this risk, (b) the seasonal variation in this risk, and ... | 2012 | 22341773 |
| parasites of domestic and wild animals in south africa. l. ixodid ticks infesting horses and donkeys. | the aim of the study was to determine the species spectrum of ixodid ticks that infest horses and donkeys in south africa and to identify those species that act as vectors of disease to domestic livestock. ticks were collected opportunistically from 391 horses countrywide by their owners or grooms, or by veterinary students and staff at the faculty of veterinary science, university of pretoria. ticks were also collected from 76 donkeys in limpopo province, 2 in gauteng province and 1 in north we ... | 2017 | 28281774 |
| molecular and serological detection of tick-borne pathogens in donkeys (equus asinus) in italy. | donkeys, owing to the frequent outdoor activity, are exposed to a high risk of infection with tick-borne pathogens. this work aimed to detect exposure to theileria equi, babesia caballi, anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi s.l. of donkeys reared in central italy. for this purpose 122 adult donkeys were selected within 11 herds and submitted to blood collection. igg antibodies to t. equi, b. caballi, a. phagocytophilum and b. burgdorferi s.l. were detected by ifat. conventional pcr ... | 2014 | 25213231 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum seroprevalence in equids: a survey in sicily (italy). | this study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in equidae and investigate the possibility of exposure to the organism in sicily (southern italy). during the study blood samples were collected in horses and donkeys housed in five of the nine provinces of sicilian island. of 133 horses and 100 donkeys tested, respectively 9.0% and 6.0% were seroactive (ifat) with a. phagocytophilum antigen. in only 4.7% of the horses, specific a. phagocytophilum dna wa ... | 2012 | 22362364 |
| a survey of seasonal gastrointestinal parasitic infections in donkeys from a semiarid sub-saharan region, sudan. | out of 92 donkeys examined for gastrointestinal parasites, 90 animals were found infected by one or more gastrointestinal parasites with an overall prevalence rate of 97.78%. the distributions of the recovered parasites in the different parts of the body were as follows: stomach, 92.4%, small intestine, 19.6%, caecum, 88%, colon, 80.4%, rectum, 73.9%, and cranial mesenteric artery, 64.1%. a significant difference was found between mean parasite counts and seasons. hot wet season had higher mean ... | 2016 | 27298739 |
| field efficacy of praziquantel oral paste against naturally acquired equine cestodes in ethiopia. | the efficacy of an oral formulation of praziquantel (equitape, horse paste, fort dodge) in the reduction of cestode egg counts and serum antibody level against anoplocephala perfoliata was assessed in 44 donkeys under field conditions. the donkeys were confirmed both by faecal examination and serum antibody assessed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to have natural infection with tapeworms. the donkeys were randomly allocated into treatment (n = 22) and control (n = 22) groups. the treatme ... | 2013 | 23001508 |
| equine cestodosis: a sero-epidemiological study of anoplocephala perfoliata infection in ethiopia. | a 12/13 kda antigen, tapeworm elisa test, developed for use in horses, was used to detect parasite-specific serum antibody, igg(t), in the serum of donkeys. in a pilot study the 12/13 kda antigen was tested and proved to detect the antibody, igg(t), in donkey sera. blood samples from 797 donkeys, naturally exposed to cestode infection, from four geographical localities were collected and sera were prepared and analysed. there was substantial serological evidence that donkeys were potentially inf ... | 2012 | 22294318 |
| properties of an arcanobacterium haemolyticum strain isolated from a donkey. | the present study was designed to characterize phenotypically and genotypically an arcanobacterium haemolyticum strain (a. haemolyticum p646) isolated from a purulent nasal discharge of a donkey. a. haemolyticum p646 showed, compared to sheep blood, an enhanced hemolytic reaction on rabbit blood agar, a synergistic camp-like reaction with streptococcus agalactiae and rhodococcus equi as indicator strains, a reverse camp reaction in the zone of staphylococcus aureus beta-hemolysin and the typical ... | 2014 | 24490344 |
| molecular detection of equine piroplasms in donkeys (equus asinus) in north khorasan province, iran. | equine piroplasmosis is a tickborne disease of equids with worldwide distribution, caused by theileria equi and babesia caballi. the aim of this study was molecular detection of t. equi and b. caballi in donkeys in northeastern iran and investigate the association between positivity of piroplasm infection and host-related factors. in the present study, blood samples were collected from 106 apparently healthy donkeys (equus asinus) in north khorasan province, iran. blood smears were prepared and ... | 2015 | 27175176 |
| theileria equi and babesia caballi infection of equids in punjab, india: a serological and molecular survey. | a cross-sectional study was conducted in submountain undulating, undulating plain, western and western plain agro-climatic zones of punjab province, india, to determine the prevalence, agreement between diagnostic tests and associated related risk factors of theileria equi and babesia caballi infection in equids (horses, donkey, mules). an overall prevalence of 14.14 and 0.0% of t. equi and b. caballi was recorded by multiplex polymerase chain reaction targeting 18s ribosomal rna (rrna) for both ... | 2016 | 26387094 |
| a field survey for the seroprevalence of theileria equi and babesia caballi in donkeys from nuu division, kenya. | equine piroplasmosis is one of the most significant tick-borne disease of equids. the prevalence of this disease in donkeys of semi-arid kenya remains largely unexplored. the primary objective of this study was to demonstrate the extent to which donkeys in nuu division, kenya have been exposed to the haemoprotozoans babesia caballi and theileria equi, the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis. the study also assessed the effect of age and sex on seroprevalence. a stratified sampling approach ... | 2015 | 26072000 |
| clinical investigation on theileria equi and babesia caballi infections in italian donkeys. | interest in the welfare and diseases of donkeys is constantly increasing in several countries. despite this, clinical research into donkeys needs to be in continual development since they show different reactions compared to horses in many conditions, including infectious diseases, and need specific clinical and therapeutic approaches. no reports are currently available on clinical and clinical pathology data regarding donkeys with natural piroplasms infection. | 2015 | 25927984 |
| vector ecology of equine piroplasmosis. | equine piroplasmosis is a disease of equidae, including horses, donkeys, mules, and zebras, caused by either of two protozoan parasites, theileria equi or babesia caballi. these parasites are biologically transmitted between hosts via tick vectors, and although they have inherent differences they are categorized together because they cause similar pathology and have similar morphologies, life cycles, and vector relationships. to complete their life cycle, these parasites must undergo a complex s ... | 2015 | 25564746 |
| seroprevalence and risk factors associated with babesia caballi and theileria equi infections in donkeys from southern italy. | equine piroplasmosis (ep) has been frequently described in donkeys in subtropical and tropical regions, but published data reflecting large scale surveys are very limited in europe. the seroprevalence of babesia caballi and theileria equi was determined in a donkey population from campania region in southern italy using a commercial indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat), and the risk factors associated with the occurrence of the infection were assessed. of 203 samples, the overall seropreval ... | 2014 | 25457263 |
| prevalence of theileria equi and babesia caballi as well as the identification of associated ticks in sympatric grevy's zebras (equus grevyi) and donkeys (equus africanus asinus) in northern kenya. | the role of equine piroplasmosis as a factor in the population decline of the grevy's zebra is not known. we determined the prevalence of babesia caballi and theileria equi in cograzing grevy's zebras (equus grevyi) and donkeys (equus africanus asinus) in northern kenya and identified the associated tick vectors. blood samples were taken from 71 donkeys and 16 grevy's zebras from march to may 2011. a nested pcr reaction using 18s ribosomal (r)rna primers on 87 blood spots showed 72% (51/71; 95% ... | 2015 | 25380362 |
| seroprevalence of babesia caballi and theileria equi in five draught equine populated metropolises of punjab, pakistan. | equine piroplasmosis (ep) caused by intraerythrocytic parasites (theileria equi and babesia caballi) is an emerging equine disease of world-wide distribution. in pakistan, the prevalence and incidence of ep are unknown. in order to obtain the first insights into the prevalence of the disease, a total of 430 equids, including 33 mules, 65 horses and 332 donkeys, aging from ≤ 5 to ≥ 10 years of either sex, from five metropolises of punjab, pakistan, were serologically tested for the presence of an ... | 2014 | 24582524 |
| current status of equine piroplasmosis in the sudan. | this is a cross-sectional molecular epidemiological study on equine piroplasmosis (ep) affecting horses and donkeys in the sudan. the study evaluated 499 samples from geographically distinct regions in eastern, central and western parts of the country. pcr amplification of the 18s rrna gene of both thelieria equi and babesia caballi was carried out. horses from all sampled areas were found positive to t. equi dna but no b. caballi was detected. absence of b. caballi infection was confirmed by an ... | 2013 | 23485745 |
| seroprevalence and risk factors associated with babesia caballi and theileria equi infection in equids. | a cross-sectional study was carried out on equids (horses, mules and donkeys) in andalusia, southern spain, to assess the level of exposure to equine piroplasmosis and to investigate risk factors associated with these infections. at least one animal seropositive for theileria equi and/or babesia caballi was detected in 222/380 (58.4%) herds sampled by competitive inhibition elisas. the seroprevalences for b. caballi and t. equi were 13.2% and 56.1%, respectively; there was serological evidence o ... | 2013 | 22784418 |
| hygienic characteristics and microbiological hazard identification in horse and donkey raw milk. | today the interest toward horse (equus caballus) and donkey (equus asinus) milk for human consumption is receiving a renewed attention because of its particular composition, hypoallergenicity, and nutraceutical properties. the realistic perspective of global use of this aliment in balanced diets, especially for infancy and geriatrics, poses the need for a more in depth knowledge on milk hygiene and on the health status of dairy animals, as a prerequisite of consumers' safety. the aim of this pap ... | 2017 | 27033528 |
| shelf life of donkey milk subjected to different treatment and storage conditions. | the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different treatment conditions on microbiological indicators of donkey milk hygiene and their evolution during shelf life at 4 and 12°c from 3 to 30d, simulating a farm-scale pasteurization and packing system. four treatment conditions were tested: no treatment (raw milk), pasteurization (65°c × 30 min), high-pressure processing (hpp), and pasteurization plus hpp. the microbiological quality of the raw donkey milk investigated was not optim ... | 2016 | 26995124 |
| serological diagnosis of besnoitia bennetti infection in donkeys (equus asinus). | besnoitiosis is an emerging infectious disease of donkeys (equus asinus) in the united states for which there are currently no serologic methods of diagnosis. a study was performed to evaluate physical examination findings and 3 serologic assays for the detection of besnoitia bennetti infection in donkeys. a prospective study of 416 donkeys from 6 privately owned herds across 5 u.s. states (new york, pennsylvania, vermont, oregon, and washington) was performed. donkeys were examined for clinical ... | 2014 | 25227418 |
| the role of wild ruminants as reservoirs of besnoitia besnoiti infection in cattle. | bovine besnoitiosis, a parasitic disease caused by besnoitia besnoiti, has been reported mainly in beef cattle raised under extensive pastoral systems and is considered to be re-emerging in western europe. horizontal transmission probably occurs either by means of blood sucking arthropods or as a consequence of direct contact between infected and non-infected cattle. however, the role that wild ruminants (e.g., red deer (cervus elaphus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus)) may play in the parasit ... | 2016 | 27198769 |
| participatory diagnosis and prioritization of constraints to cattle production in some smallholder farming areas of zimbabwe. | a participatory epidemiological study was conducted to identify and prioritize constraints to livestock health and production on smallholder farms in sanyati and gokwe districts of zimbabwe. questionnaires were administered to 294 randomly selected livestock owners across the two districts. livestock diseases (29% of the respondents), high cost of drugs (18.21%), weak veterinary extension (15.18%), inadequate grazing (13.60%), inadequate water (13.54%), and livestock thefts (10.44%) were the maj ... | 2013 | 23149306 |
| evidence for natural borna disease virus infection in healthy domestic animals in three areas of western china. | borna disease virus (bdv) is a non-cytolytic, neurotropic rna virus that can infect many vertebrate species, including humans. to date, bdv infection has been reported in a range of animal species across a broad global geographic distribution. however, a systematic epidemiological survey of bdv infection in domesticated animals in china has yet to be performed. in current study, bdv rna and antibodies in 2353 blood samples from apparently healthy animals of eight species (horse, donkey, dog, pig ... | 2014 | 24573218 |
| in this issue - october 2016: horse transportation in australia · osteopetrosis in a neonatal donkey · bovine ephemeral fever virus-infected downer cattle · antimicrobial resistance in escherichia coli in finisher pigs · stabilisation of periarticular fractures using a notched head locking t-plate · measuring blood coagulation in bennett's wallabies · vaccine against salmonella typhimurium in laying hens. | | 2016 | 27671076 |
| e5 nucleotide polymorphisms suggest quasispecies occurrence in bpv-1 sub-clinically infected horses. | bpv-1 is known as the main causative agent of equine sarcoid, but the virus has also been detected in skin and blood of healthy horses. previous reports demonstrated the presence of e5 variants in sarcoids of donkeys and horses; we investigated whether this genetic variability might be also found in bpv-1, pbmc associated, of sub-clinically infected horses. with this aim, we analyzed the e5 gene of 21 bpv-1 strains from diseased and sub-clinically infected horses. our analyses lead us to demonst ... | 2015 | 26412524 |
| characterisation of early and late bovine papillomavirus protein expression in equine sarcoids. | sarcoids are common skin tumours of horses and donkeys that are characterised by persistent proliferation of dermal fibroblasts associated with the presence of bovine papillomavirus (bpv) dna. some early bpv proteins have been demonstrated within sarcoids and rna containing both early and late transcripts is present, yet it remains unclear whether late replication of bpv, culminating in the production of infectious virus particles, can occur in equids. here we report that bpv1 rna isolated from ... | 2013 | 23123175 |
| epidemiologic analysis of a sarcoid outbreak involving 12 of 111 donkeys in northern italy. | equine sarcoids develop upon bovine papillomavirus type 1 or 2 (bpv1, bpv2) infection in conjunction with trauma and represent the most common tumour disease in horses and other equids, including donkeys. in face of a sarcoid outbreak involving 12 of 111 donkeys and mules at the 'rifugio degli asinelli', a subsidiary charity organization of the donkey sanctuary, non-invasively collected sample material including crusts, dandruff, swabs and hair roots was collected from sarcoid-affected and 26 he ... | 2016 | 27939161 |
| glanders and the risk for its introduction through the international movement of horses. | glanders is the contagious zoonotic disease caused by infection with burkholderia mallei. it affects primarily horses, donkeys and mules. the disease was eradicated from large areas of the western world in the early 20th century, but, over the last 10-20 years, has emerged and re-emerged in areas in which it was previously unknown or had been eradicated. although glanders was previously thought to manifest in only acute or chronic presentations, it now appears that b. mallei can produce latent i ... | 2016 | 27288893 |
| assessment of the effectiveness of the ppd-mallein produced in brazil for diagnosing glanders in mules. | to assess the potency of the ppd-mallein produced in brazil, five animals were from a property identified as a focus of glanders. these animals had suggestive clinical signs of the disease and the other five, from a property free from glanders, showed no clinical signs and were serology negative (control group). ppd-mallein from burkholderia mallei was obtained by precipitation with trichloroacetic acid and ammonium sulfate. the animals were inoculated according to the criteria established by de ... | 2013 | 24159303 |
| glanders in animals: a review on epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and countermeasures. | glanders or farcy, caused by burkholderia mallei, is an infectious and zoonotic disease of solipeds. horses, donkeys and mules are the only known natural reservoir of b. mallei. although glanders has been eradicated from most countries, it has regained the status of a re-emerging disease because of the numerous recent outbreaks. pre-symptomatic or carrier animals are the potential source of infection for the healthy equine population and play a crucial role in the spreading of the infectious age ... | 2013 | 22630609 |
| glanders in donkeys (equus asinus) in the state of pernambuco, brazil: a case report. | the clinical, anatomical and histopatological findings of glanders diagnosis in donkeys in the state of pernambuco-brazil are reported. the animals were euthanized and necropsied, and evaluated for lesions in respiratory and lymphatic systems, confirming the disease by isolation of burkholderia mallei and strauss test. | 2010 | 24031474 |
| isolation and characterisation of lactic acid bacteria from donkey milk. | during the last years the interest in donkey milk has increased significantly mainly because of its compelling functional elements. even if the composition and nutritional properties of donkey milk are known, its microbiota is less studied. this research communication aimed to provide a comprehensive characterisation of the lactic acid bacteria in raw donkey milk. rapd-pcr assay combined with 16s rdna sequencing analysis were used to describe the microbial diversity of several donkey farms in th ... | 2016 | 27600975 |
| validation of a cell-based elisa as a screening tool identifying anti-alphavirus small-molecule inhibitors. | venezuelan (veev), eastern, and western equine encephalitis viruses, members of the genus alphavirus, are causative agents of debilitative and sometimes fatal encephalitis. although human cases are rare, these viruses pose a threat to military personnel, and to public health, due to their potential use as bioweapons. currently, there are no licensed therapeutics for treating alphavirus infections. to address this need, small-molecules with potential anti-alphavirus activity, provided by collabor ... | 2013 | 23764417 |