| comparison of the effect of the chosen species of saprotrophic fungi on the development of toxocara canis and ascaris suum eggs. | the study aim was to compare the antagonistic interaction between saprotrophic soil fungi and embryonic development of geohelminths toxocara canis and ascaris suum. the experimental cultures were fertilized eggs of t.canis and a. suum incubated together with mycelium of strains: fusarium culmorum, metarhizium anisopliae,paecilomyces fumosoroseus, trichoderma viride and trichothecium roseum. in the control cultures the eggs of both nematode species were incubated without fungi. the experiment was ... | 2014 | 25281819 |
| anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin and abamectin, administered orally for seven consecutive days (100 µg/kg/day), against nematodes in naturally infected pigs. | the present study aimed to evaluate ivermectin and abamectin, both administered orally in naturally infected domestic swine, as well as analysing if the epg (eggs per gram of faeces) values were equivalent with the ivermectin and abamectin efficacy obtained by parasitological necropsies. the animals were randomly selected based on the average of three consecutive epg counts of strongylida, ascaris suum and trichuris for experiment i, and of strongylida and trichuris for experiment ii. after the ... | 2014 | 25278142 |
| antibacterial activity of recombinant pig intestinal parasite cecropin p4 peptide secreted from pichia pastoris. | cecropins (cec) are antibacterial peptides and their expression is induced in a pig intestinal parasite ascaris suum by bacterial infection. to explore the usefulness of its activity as an antibiotic, cecp4 cdna was prepared and cloned into the ppicz b expression vector and followed by the integration into aox1 locus in pichia pastoris. the supernatants from cell culture were collected after methanol induction and concentrated for the test of antimicrobial activity. the recombinant p. patoris ha ... | 2014 | 25049952 |
| role of posttranslational modifications in c. elegans and ascaris spermatogenesis and sperm function. | generally, spermatogenesis and sperm function involve widespread posttranslational modification of regulatory proteins in many different species. nematode spermatogenesis has been studied in detail, mostly by genetic/molecular genetic techniques in the free-living caenorhabditis elegans and by biochemistry/cell biology in the pig parasite ascaris suum. like other nematodes, both of these species produce sperm that use a form of amoeboid motility termed crawling, and many aspects of spermatogenes ... | 2014 | 25030766 |
| development and survival of ascaris suum eggs in deep litter of pigs. | summary indoor transmission of ascaris suum partly depends on the physico-chemical conditions in bedding material. temperature, ph, aqueous ammonia, moisture, occurrence and development of a. suum eggs were therefore compared in different areas (resting, intermediate and latrine) of two deep litter pens on an organic farm in four seasons. there was some variation, but mean ammonia levels were generally very low (1·0-2·6 mm) and ph levels were moderate (8·04-8·88) in all three areas. relatively, ... | 2014 | 25017881 |
| immunomodulation of liver injury by ascaris suum extract in an experimental model of autoimmune hepatitis. | adult worm extract from ascaris suum (asc) has immunosuppressive activity and elicits th2/il-4/il-10 response. this study evaluated the prophylactic and therapeutic effect of asc in a murine model of concanavalin a (cona)-induced autoimmune hepatitis (aih). balb/c mice received cona, iv, (20 mg/kg), and three groups of animals were formed: (1) aih, received only cona; (2) aih + asc prophylactic, treated with asc (1 mg/ml), ip, 30 min before of the aih; and (3) aih + asc therapeutic, treated with ... | 2014 | 24951170 |
| proteomic analysis of adult ascaris suum fluid compartments and secretory products. | strategies employed by parasites to establish infections are poorly understood. the host-parasite interface is maintained through a molecular dialog that, among other roles, protects parasites from host immune responses. parasite excretory/secretory products (esp) play major roles in this process. understanding the biology of protein secretion by parasites and their associated functional processes will enhance our understanding of the roles of esp in host-parasite interactions. | 2014 | 24901219 |
| the conqueror worm: recent advances with cholinergic anthelmintics and techniques excite research for better therapeutic drugs. | the following account is based on a review lecture given recently at the british society of parasitology. we point out that nematode parasites cause very widespread infections of humans, particularly in economically underdeveloped areas where sanitation and hygiene are not adequate. in the absence of adequate clean water and effective vaccines, control and prophylaxis relies on anthelmintic drugs. widespread use of anthelmintics to control nematode parasites of animals has given rise to the deve ... | 2015 | 24871674 |
| immunoproteomic approach for identification of ascaris suum proteins recognized by pigs with porcine ascariasis. | ascaris suum, the causative agent of porcine ascariasis, is responsible for marked economic losses in pig farms worldwide. despite recent advances in research, including the characterization of the genome of a. suum, knowledge about the parasite/host relationship in porcine ascariasis at the molecular level is scarce and chemotherapy is the only effective option for parasite control. the aim of this study was to identify immunogenic proteins of a. suum somatic antigens associated with the pathog ... | 2014 | 24813788 |
| direct anthelmintic effects of condensed tannins from diverse plant sources against ascaris suum. | ascaris suum is one of the most prevalent nematode parasites in pigs and causes significant economic losses, and also serves as a good model for a. lumbricoides, the large roundworm of humans that is ubiquitous in developing countries and causes malnutrition, stunted growth and compromises immunity to other pathogens. new treatment options for ascaris infections are urgently needed, to reduce reliance on the limited number of synthetic anthelmintic drugs. in areas where ascaris infections are co ... | 2014 | 24810761 |
| advances in the diagnosis of ascaris suum infections in pigs and their possible applications in humans. | ascariasis is one of the most common parasitic diseases in both humans and pigs. it has been shown to cause growth deficits in both species and to impair cognitive development in children. notwithstanding its substantial impact on pig economy and public health, diagnosis of ascariasis has mostly relied on the detection of eggs in stool and further development of novel, more sensitive methods has been limited or non-existent. here, we discuss the currently available techniques for the diagnosis o ... | 2014 | 24775944 |
| functional study of a genetic marker allele associated with resistance to ascaris suum in pigs. | two single nucleotide polymorphisms (snp txnip and snp arnt), both on chromosome 4, have been reported to be associated with roundworm (ascaris suum) burden in pigs. in the present study, we selected pigs with two snp txnip genotypes (aa; n = 24 and ab; n = 24), trickle-infected them with a. suum from 8 weeks of age until necropsy 8 weeks later, and tested the hypothesis that pigs with the aa genotype would have higher levels of resistance than pigs of ab genotype. we used different indicators o ... | 2014 | 24709292 |
| immunosuppressive pas-1 is an excretory/secretory protein released by larval and adult worms of the ascarid nematode ascaris suum. | helminths use several strategies to evade and/or modify the host immune response, including suppression or inactivation of the host antigen-specific response. several helminth immunomodulatory molecules have been identified. our studies have focused on immunosuppression induced by the roundworm ascaris suum and an a. suum-derived protein named protein 1 from a. suum (pas-1). here we assessed whether pas-1 is an excretory/secretory (e/s) protein and whether it can suppress lipopolysaccharide-indu ... | 2015 | 24703095 |
| effects of some pesticides on development of ascaris suum eggs. | to evaluate the effects of pesticides to parasite eggs, ascaris suum eggs were incubated with 5 different pesticides (1:1,500-1:2,000 dilutions of 2% emamectin benzoate, 5% spinetoram, 5% indoxacarb, 1% deltamethrin, and 5% flufenoxuron; all v/v) at 20℃ for 6 weeks, and microscopically evaluated the egg survival and development on a weekly basis. the survival rate of a. suum eggs incubated in normal saline (control eggs) was 90±3% at 6 weeks. however, the survival rates of eggs treated with pest ... | 2014 | 24623893 |
| hybrid ascaris suum/lumbricoides (ascarididae) infestation in a pig farmer: a rare case of zoonotic ascariasis. | we present a case of the 42-year-old pig farmer from the province of cuneo in northwest italy who was infected by the soil-transmitted nematode ascaris sp. in november 2010 the patient found one worm in his stool, subsequently identified as female specimen of ascaris sp. after a first anthelmintic treatment, another worm was found in his stool, that was later identified as male ascaris sp. blood tests prescribed by the patient's family physician, as suggested by a parasitologist, found nothing a ... | 2013 | 24592729 |
| treatment of canine asthma by high selective vagotomy. | this study evaluated the effect of high selective bilateral vagotomy of hilus pulmonis with video-assisted thoracoscopy on asthma. | 2014 | 24521967 |
| genome-wide tissue-specific gene expression, co-expression and regulation of co-expressed genes in adult nematode ascaris suum. | caenorhabditis elegans has traditionally been used as a model for studying nematode biology, but its small size limits the ability for researchers to perform some experiments such as high-throughput tissue-specific gene expression studies. however, the dissection of individual tissues is possible in the parasitic nematode ascaris suum due to its relatively large size. here, we take advantage of the recent genome sequencing of ascaris suum and the ability to physically dissect its separate tissue ... | 2014 | 24516681 |
| disorganized muscle protein-1 (dim-1) of filarial parasite brugia malayi: cdna cloning, expression, purification, structural modeling and its potential as vaccine candidate for human filarial infection. | we have recently identified disorganized muscle protein-1 (dim-1) in one of the proinflammatory fractions of the human filaria brugia malayi adult worm. the present study was undertaken to characterize b. malayi dim-1 (dim-1bm) and explore its vaccine potential. in this study we cloned and expressed the dim-1bm gene, investigated its sequence homology with other nematodes, constructed in silico structural model, purified the recombinant dim-1bm (rdim-1bm) protein, and studied the effect of immun ... | 2014 | 24513011 |
| transcription in pronuclei and one- to four-cell embryos drives early development in a nematode. | a long-standing view of development is that transcription is silenced in the oocyte until early divisions in the embryo. the point at which major transcription is reactivated varies between organisms, but is usually after the two-cell stage. however, this model may not be universal. | 2014 | 24374308 |
| in vitro evaluation of the ovistatic and ovicidal effect of the cosmopolitan filamentous fungi isolated from soil on ascaris suum eggs. | the ovicidal activity of seven fungal strains: acremonium alabamense, alternaria chlamydospora, cladosporium herbarum, fusarium solani, paecilomyces variotii, paecilomyces viridis and penicillium verruculosum isolated from urban soil samples from poland was determined in vitro. the fungal mycelium was co-cultured with ascaris suum eggs on plates with 2% water-agar for 28 days. eggs exposed and unexposed (control) to fungal mycelium were observed weekly by light microscopy and the percentage of m ... | 2014 | 24295958 |
| tlr2- and 4-independent immunomodulatory effect of high molecular weight components from ascaris suum. | components of high molecular-weight (pi) obtained from ascaris suum extract down-regulate the th1/th2-related immune responses induced by ovalbumin (ova)-immunization in mice. furthermore, the pi down-modulates the ability of dendritic cells (dcs) to activate t lymphocytes by an il-10-mediated mechanism. here, we evaluated the role of toll like receptors 2 and 4 (tlr2 and 4) in the modulatory effect of pi on ova-specific immune response and the pi interference on dc full activation. an inhibitio ... | 2014 | 24263181 |
| parasitic helminths of the digestive system of wild boars bred in captivity. | this study aimed to identify the parasites that inhabit the digestive system of sus scrofa scrofa from a commercial breeding facility in southern brazil, and reports the first occurrence of trichostrongylus colubriformis in wild boars. the gastrointestinal tracts of 40 wild boars from a commercial breeding facility were collected and individualized during slaughter in a cold-storage slaughterhouse. out of this total, 87.5% were parasitized by the helminths ascaris suum, trichostrongylus colubrif ... | 2013 | 24142179 |
| sequence variability in three mitochondrial genes among four roundworm species from wild animals in china. | sequence variability in three mitochondrial dna (mtdna) regions, namely portions of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (pcox1), nadh dehydrogenase subunit 1 (pnad1) and nadh dehydrogenase subunit 4 (pnad4), for toxocara canis. baylisacaris transfuga. ascaris suum and parascaris equorum from canis lupus. ursus thibetanus. sus scrofa and equus burchelli in china were examined. the lengths of the sequences of pcox1, pnad1 and pnad4 were 711 bp, 648 bp and 666 bp, respectively. no intra-species differen ... | 2015 | 24041450 |
| modeling the die-off of e. coli and ascaris in wastewater-irrigated vegetables: implications for microbial health risk reduction associated with irrigation cessation. | this study assessed the die-off of escherichia coli (e. coli) and ascaris suum on lettuce (great lakes 118) and cabbage (brassica oleracea var capitata) in wastewater-irrigated fields using comparative mathematical die-off models. the study revealed that none of the survival curves of e. coli and a. suum was best fitted with the log-linear model, indicating that the classical first-order kinetic approach is inadequate in many cases. the biphasic die-off model best described the die-off of e. col ... | 2013 | 24037151 |
| elevated guanylate cyclase and cyclic-guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase levels in nasal mucosae of antigen-challenged rats. | in patients with severe allergic rhinitis, the most serious symptom is rhinostenosis, which is considered to be induced by a dilatation of plexus cavernosum. the vascular relaxing responses to chemical mediators are mainly mediated by the production of nitric oxide (no). however, the exact mechanism(s) in nasal venoresponsiveness of allergic rhinitis is not fully understood. in the present study, we investigated the roles of soluble guanylate cyclase (sgc) and cyclic-guanosine monophosphate (c-g ... | 2013 | 24012634 |
| follow-up study of prevalence and control of ascariasis in swine populations in serbia. | the cause of the most significant helminth diseases in swine - ascaris suum, can also causes infections in humans. the use of swine manure in agriculture renders the eggs of this ascaridida an accessible source of infection, thus posing a significant risk factor for human health. with the objective of proving the prevalence of infection with a. suum nematodes in the territory of serbia, investigations were carried out in the period between 2007-2011 in the territories of five districts: north ba ... | 2013 | 23990423 |
| analysis of the accuracy and precision of the mcmaster method in detection of the eggs of toxocara and trichuris species (nematoda) in dog faeces. | the aim of this study was to determine the accuracy and precision of mcmaster method with raynaud's modification in the detection of the eggs of the nematodes toxocara canis (werner, 1782) and trichuris ovis (abildgaard, 1795) in faeces of dogs. four variants of mcmaster method were used for counting: in one grid, two grids, the whole mcmaster chamber and flotation in the tube. one hundred sixty samples were prepared from dog faeces (20 repetitions for each egg quantity) containing 15, 25, 50, 1 ... | 2013 | 23951934 |
| the potential for self-sanitisation of faecal sludge by intrinsic ammonia. | faecal sludge has the potential to be used as a sustainable fertiliser in agriculture, but the sludge must be sanitised due to its content of pathogenic microorganisms. the intrinsic ammonia from the urine may be sufficient for sanitisation of the sludge if it is not too diluted by flush water or lost by ventilation. to evaluate the potential for this sanitisation method, inactivation of enterococcus faecalis, salmonella typhimurium and ascaris suum eggs during treatment were assessed. the inact ... | 2013 | 23941983 |
| efficacy of ivermectin and oxfendazole against taenia solium cysticercosis and other parasitoses in naturally infected pigs. | smallholder semi-confined pig production is a fast growing practice in sub-saharan africa with an unfortunate outcome of high prevalence of taenia solium cysticercosis and other parasitoses. the widely used anthelmintic for control of endo and ecto-parasites in pigs in the area is ivermectin at a recommended dose of 0.3mg/kg. this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety in pigs after subcutaneous injection of ivermectin (ivm, 0.3mg/kg) and orally administration of oxfendazole (of ... | 2013 | 23806569 |
| a review of pig pathology in tanzania. | the approximately 1.58 million pigs in tanzania represent 3.7% of the national population of quadruped meat-producing animals. pigs are kept mainly by small producers who own 99.5% of the national stock in units that average 3.04 animals (range 2-48). government policy has had little practical application. african swine fever, foot-and-mouth disease and cysticercosis are important diseases. the first two are notifiable diseases under tanzania legislation; the last has widespread distribution and ... | 2013 | 23733144 |
| timps of parasitic helminths - a large-scale analysis of high-throughput sequence datasets. | tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (timps) are a multifunctional family of proteins that orchestrate extracellular matrix turnover, tissue remodelling and other cellular processes. in parasitic helminths, such as hookworms, timps have been proposed to play key roles in the host-parasite interplay, including invasion of and establishment in the vertebrate animal hosts. currently, knowledge of helminth timps is limited to a small number of studies on canine hookworms, whereas no information is ... | 2013 | 23721526 |
| cytosolic ca(2+) as a multifunctional modulator is required for spermiogenesis in ascaris suum. | the dynamic polar polymers actin filaments and microtubules are usually employed to provide the structural basis for establishing cell polarity in most eukaryotic cells. radially round and immotile spermatids from nematodes contain almost no actin or tubulin, but still have the ability to break symmetry to extend a pseudopod and initiate the acquisition of motility powered by the dynamics of cytoskeleton composed of major sperm protein (msp) during spermiogenesis (sperm activation). however, the ... | 2013 | 23686736 |
| faecal sludge management with the larvae of the black soldier fly (hermetia illucens)--from a hygiene aspect. | inadequate and lacking sanitation and wastewater treatment systems can lead to the spreading of diarrhoeal diseases. one contributing factor in the lack of such treatment systems is the lack of economic incentives for stakeholders throughout the service chain. however, the organic fraction of the waste is high in valuable plant nutrients and could be reused in agriculture and as animal feed. for example, grown larvae of the black soldier fly, hermetia illucens l. (diptera: stratiomyidae), make a ... | 2013 | 23669577 |
| withdrawn: co-administration of ccl5 and il4 enhances dna vaccine-induced protective immunity to ascaris suum infection in mice. | this article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. the publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. the full elsevier policy on article withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy. | 2013 | 23597869 |
| gene expression analysis distinguishes tissue-specific and gender-related functions among adult ascaris suum tissues. | over a billion people are infected by ascaris spp. intestinal parasites. to clarify functional differences among tissues of adult a. suum, we compared gene expression by various tissues of these worms by expression microarray methods. the a. suum genome was sequenced and assembled to allow generation of microarray elements. expression of over 40,000 60-mer elements was investigated in a variety of tissues from both male and female adult worms. nearly 50 percent of the elements for which signal w ... | 2013 | 23572074 |
| a role for eosinophils in the intestinal immunity against infective ascaris suum larvae. | the aim of this study was to explore the mechanisms of resistance against invading ascaris suum larvae in pigs. pigs received a low dose of 100 a. suum eggs daily for 14 weeks. this resulted in a >99% reduction in the number of larvae that could migrate through the host after a challenge infection of 5000 a. suum eggs, compared to naïve pigs. histological analysis at the site of parasite entry, i.e. the caecum, identified eosinophilia, mastocytosis and goblet cell hyperplasia. increased local tr ... | 2013 | 23556022 |
| vaccination of goats with dna vaccine encoding dim-1 induced partial protection against haemonchus contortus: a preliminary experimental study. | disorganized muscle family member (dim-1) belongs to immunoglobulin superfamily, and is a structural protein localized to the region of the muscle cell membrane around and between the dense bodies. strong immunogenicity to host's immune system was induced by dim-1 from ascaris suum, which indicated that dim-1 could be a potential candidate for vaccine. the homologues of dim-1 were also detected in nematodes brugia malayi and trichostrongylus colubriformis. however, information on the complete co ... | 2013 | 23545480 |
| effects of spring season solar drying process on sanitation indicators in sewage sludge and potential as a method for fertilizer production. | the agricultural use of sewage sludge is possible on condition of maintaining microbiological and parasitological standards, and one of the most modern methods improving its sanitary state is solar drying. in the presented study, the effect of this process on the elimination of indicator microorganisms (escherichia coli, salmonella senftenberg w775, enterococcus spp.) and eggs of ascaris suum introduced into the biomass of sludge was examined. the experiment was carried out in the spring period ... | 2013 | 23540205 |
| biological interactions between soil saprotrophic fungi and ascaris suum eggs. | the in vitro effect of saprotrophic soil fungi on the embryonic development of ascaris suum was evaluated. the fungi tested were aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus terreus, penicillium citrinum, penicillium expansum, fusarium oxysporum and trichothecium roseum, isolated from children's recreation areas in the city of lodz (poland). each species was co-cultured with a. suum egg suspension (6 × 10(3)eggs/ml) at 25 ± 2°c for 60 days. each day, 100 eggs were randomly collected and their developmenta ... | 2013 | 23534981 |
| derquantel and abamectin: effects and interactions on isolated tissues of ascaris suum. | startect(®) is a novel anthelmintic combination of derquantel and abamectin. it is hypothesized that derquantel and abamectin interact pharmacologically. we investigated the effects of derquantel, abamectin and their combination on somatic muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and pharyngeal muscle glutamate gated chloride receptor channels of ascaris suum. we used muscle-strips to test the effects of abamectin, derquantel, and abamectin+derquantel together on the contraction responses to dif ... | 2013 | 23523993 |
| nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: a comparison of the nachrs of caenorhabditis elegans and parasitic nematodes. | nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) play a key role in the normal physiology of nematodes and provide an established target site for anthelmintics. the free-living nematode, caenorhabditis elegans, has a large number of nachr subunit genes in its genome and so provides an experimental model for testing novel anthelmintics which act at these sites. however, many parasitic nematodes lack specific genes present in c. elegans, and so care is required in extrapolating from studies using c. ele ... | 2013 | 23500392 |
| inactivation of ascaris suum eggs. | | 2013 | 23489736 |
| antagonism of chemokine receptor ccr8 is ineffective in a primate model of asthma. | expression of the t-cell-associated chemokine receptor ccr8 and its ligand ccl1 have been demonstrated to be elevated in patients with asthma. ccr8 deficiency or inhibition in models of allergic airway disease in mice resulted in conflicting data. | 2013 | 23457038 |
| efficacy of a single high oxfendazole dose against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected pigs. | the goal of the current experiment was to assess the clinical efficacy of oxfendazole (ofz) administered as a single oral dose (30 mg/kg) to pigs naturally parasitized with ascaris suum, oesophagostomum spp., metastrongylus spp. and trichuris suis. thirty-six local ecotype piglets were divided into three independent experiments, named i, ii and iii (n=12 each), respectively. each experiment involved two different groups (n=6): untreated control and ofz treated. animals were naturally parasitized ... | 2013 | 23357598 |
| inactivation of pathogens in feces by desiccation and urea treatment for application in urine-diverting dry toilets. | ecological sanitation technologies can be effective in providing health and environmental pollution control if they can efficiently reduce the pathogenicity of microorganisms carried in fecal material to safe levels. this study evaluated the sanitizing effects of different additives for dry treatment of feces from urine-diverting dry toilets, based on inactivation of enterococcus faecalis, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, bacteriophages ms2 and φx, and ascaris suum. the additives, ash (a ... | 2013 | 23335764 |
| diversity of parasite complex ii. | parasites have developed a variety of physiological functions necessary for completing at least part of their life cycles in the specialized environments of surrounding the parasites in the host. regarding energy metabolism, which is essential for survival, parasites adapt to the low oxygen environment in mammalian hosts by using metabolic systems that are very different from those of the hosts. in many cases, the parasite employs aerobic metabolism during the free-living stage outside the host ... | 2013 | 23333273 |
| comparative profiling of micrornas in male and female adults of ascaris suum. | ascaris nematodes, which cause ascariasis in humans and pigs, are among the most important nematodes from both health and economic perspectives. microrna (mirna) is now recognized as key regulator of gene expression at posttranscription level. the public availability of the genome and transcripts of ascaris suum provides powerful resources for the research of mirna profiles of the parasite. therefore, we investigated and compared the mirna profiles of male and female adult a. suum using solexa d ... | 2013 | 23306386 |
| resonance assignment of as-p18, a fatty acid binding protein secreted by developing larvae of the parasitic nematode ascaris suum. | as-p18 is produced and secreted by larvae of the parasitic nematode ascaris suum as they develop within their eggs. the protein is a member of the fatty acid binding protein (fabp) family found in a wide range of eukaryotes, but is distinctive in that it is secreted from the synthesizing cell and has predicted additional structural features not previously seen in other fabps. as-p18 and similar proteins found only in nematodes have therefore been designated 'nemfabps'. sequence-specific (1)h, (1 ... | 2014 | 23225165 |
| parasites of the respiratory tract of sus scrofa scrofa (wild boar) from commercial breeder in southern brazil and its relationship with ascaris suum. | this study aimed to identify the species of helminths infecting the respiratory tract of sus scrofa scrofa from commercial breeding and check the existence of a possible antagonistic relationship of these species with ascaris suum. forty wild boars were analyzed, and the genus metastrongylus was recorded in the bronchi and bronchioles of 60 % of these, with the occurrence of the species metastrongylus apri, metastrongylus salmi, and metastrongylus pudendotectus. the highest prevalence found was ... | 2013 | 23224612 |
| identification and characterization of new major sperm protein genes from oesophagostomum dentatum and oesophagostomum quadrispinulatum from pigs in china. | the present study identified and characterized new major sperm protein (msp) genes from the two nodule worms oesophagostomum dentatum and oesophagostomum quadrispinulatum collected from pigs in china. total genomic dna was extracted individually from 10 male nematode samples representing o. dentatum, and 4 male nematode samples representing o. quadrispinulatum. a pair of primers (omsp1f/msp1r) was designed based on the msp gene sequences of ascaris suum and o. dentatum available in genbank, and ... | 2013 | 23206956 |
| inhibitory effect of topical adelmidrol on antigen-induced skin wheal and mast cell behavior in a canine model of allergic dermatitis. | adelmidrol is a semisynthetic derivative of azelaic acid and analogue of the anti-inflammatory compound palmitoylethanolamide (pea). based upon its physicochemical properties, adelmidrol is suitable for topical application. the main objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a topical adelmidrol emulsion on early and late inflammatory responses in hypersensitive dogs. repeated intradermal injections of ascaris suum extract were performed in both lateral thoracic areas of six ... | 2012 | 23181761 |
| viability of ascaris suum eggs in stored raw and separated liquid slurry. | separation of pig slurry into solid and liquid fractions is gaining importance as a way to manage increasing volumes of slurry. in contrast to solid manure and slurry, little is known about pathogen survival in separated liquid slurry. the viability of ascaris suum eggs, a conservative indicator of fecal pollution, and its association with ammonia was investigated in separated liquid slurry in comparison with raw slurry. for this purpose nylon bags with 6000 eggs each were placed in 1 litre bott ... | 2013 | 23127297 |
| silencing of germline-expressed genes by dna elimination in somatic cells. | chromatin diminution is the programmed elimination of specific dna sequences during development. it occurs in diverse species, but the function(s) of diminution and the specificity of sequence loss remain largely unknown. diminution in the nematode ascaris suum occurs during early embryonic cleavages and leads to the loss of germline genome sequences and the formation of a distinct genome in somatic cells. we found that ∼43 mb (∼13%) of genome sequence is eliminated in a. suum somatic cells, inc ... | 2012 | 23123092 |
| biolistic transformation of brugia malayi. | biolistics has become a versatile tool for direct gene transfer to various cell and tissue types. following its successful use on the parasitic nematode ascaris suum, we developed and evaluated biolistics in the transfection of the model filarial parasite brugia malayi. biolistics was proven to be an efficient strategy for transfection of all life stages of the parasite and paved the way for studies on elements essential for promoter function and gene regulation of filarial parasites. here we pr ... | 2013 | 23104337 |
| ineffectiveness of a quaternary ammonium salt and povidone-iodine for the inactivation of ascaris suum eggs. | two commonly used disinfectants, a quaternary ammonium salt and povidone-iodine, were tested for effectiveness against unembryonated ascaris suum eggs. the quaternary ammonium salt (alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride) had no effect on the ascaris eggs (10 minutes and 22°c) when compared with the controls in water with egg viabilities of 88.8% ± 3.3% and 86.9% ± 6.2%, respectively. an additional quaternary ammonium salt, 2.5% benzethonium chloride, also had no effect. phenol (5%) and cresol ... | 2013 | 23102984 |
| effect of oral and intravenous heparin tetrasaccharide on allergic airway responses: critical role of n-sulfation. | we have shown that inhaled heparin (hep) oligosaccharides attenuate allergic airway responses in sheep and that this anti-allergic activity resides in a tetrasaccharide sequence. here we determined: (a) the anti-allergic activity of oral and intravenous hep-tetrasaccharide on allergic airway responses in the sheep model of asthma; and (b) the role of n-sulfation in mediating this anti-allergic activity. ascaris suum-induced early (ear) and late (lar) airway responses and airway hyperresponsivene ... | 2013 | 23085243 |
| inactivation kinetics of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in a swine waste lagoon and spray field. | because of outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in humans, some cryptosporidium spp. have become a public health concern. commercial swine operations can be a source of this protozoan parasite. although the species distribution of cryptosporidium is likely dominated by cryptosporidium suis , a fraction may be comprised of other cryptosporidium species infectious to humans such as cryptosporidium parvum . to better understand the survival dynamics of cryptosporidium spp., oocysts associated with swine ... | 2013 | 23016982 |
| quantitative evaluation of viability- and apoptosis-related genes in ascaris suum eggs under different culture-temperature conditions. | ascaris suum eggs are inactivated by composting conditions; however, it is difficult to find functional changes in heat-treated a. suum eggs. here, unembryonated a. suum eggs were incubated at 20°c, 50°c, and 70°c in vitro, and the gene expression levels related to viability, such as eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4e (if4e), phosphofructokinase 1 (pfk1), and thioredoxin 1 (trx1), and to apoptosis, such as apoptosis-inducing factor 1 (aif1) and cell death protein 6 (cdp6), were evaluate ... | 2012 | 22949754 |
| effect of temperature on embryonation of ascaris suum eggs in an environmental chamber. | the influence of temperature on the development and embryonation of ascaris suum eggs was studied using coarse sand medium in an environmental chamber with 50% humidity. the time required for development and embryonation of eggs was examined under 3 different temperature conditions, 5°c, 25°c, and 35°c. a. suum eggs did not develop over 1 month at the temperature of 5°c. however, other temperature conditions, 25°c and 35°c, induced egg development to the 8-cell-stage at days 5-6 after incubation ... | 2012 | 22949753 |
| identifying associations between pig pathologies using a multi-dimensional machine learning methodology. | abattoir detected pathologies are of crucial importance to both pig production and food safety. usually, more than one pathology coexist in a pig herd although it often remains unknown how these different pathologies interrelate to each other. identification of the associations between different pathologies may facilitate an improved understanding of their underlying biological linkage, and support the veterinarians in encouraging control strategies aimed at reducing the prevalence of not just o ... | 2012 | 22937883 |
| transformation: how do nematode sperm become activated and crawl? | nematode sperm undergo a drastic physiological change during spermiogenesis (sperm activation). unlike mammalian flagellated sperm, nematode sperm are amoeboid cells and their motility is driven by the dynamics of a cytoskeleton composed of major sperm protein (msp) rather than actin found in other crawling cells. this review focuses on sperm from caenorhabditis elegans and ascaris suum to address the roles of external and internal factors that trigger sperm activation and power sperm motility. ... | 2012 | 22903434 |
| feasibility study for the detection of trichinella spiralis in a murine model using mid-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (mid-ftir) with attenuated total reflectance (atr) and soft independent modelling of class analogies (simca). | fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (atr) and soft independent modelling by class analogies (simca) was used to assess the feasibility of detecting trichinella spiralis in a murine model. the selected ftir wavenumber range was 1700-900 cm(-1) and the first derivative of the spectra was subjected to simca analysis. the simca model developed for rat meat spiked with t. spiralis larvae was successfully apply to classify non-infected from infected rat mea ... | 2012 | 22874013 |
| useable diffraction data from a multiple microdomain-containing crystal of ascaris suum as-p18 fatty-acid-binding protein using a microfocus beamline. | as-p18 is a fatty-acid-binding protein from the parasitic nematode ascaris suum. although it exhibits sequence similarity to mammalian intracellular fatty-acid-binding proteins, it contains features that are unique to nematodes. crystals were obtained, but initial diffraction data analysis revealed that they were composed of a number of `microdomains'. interpretable data could only be collected using a microfocus beamline with a beam size of 12 × 8 µm. | 2012 | 22869127 |
| synthesis of n²-modified 7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphates as nematode translation inhibitors. | preparative scale synthesis of 14 new n(2)-modified mononucleotide 5' mrna cap analogues was achieved. the key step involved use of an s(n)ar reaction with protected 2-fluoro inosine and various primary and secondary amines. the derivatives were tested in a parasitic nematode, ascaris suum, cell-free system as translation inhibitors. the most effective compound with ic(50) ∼0.9μm was a n(2)-p-metoxybenzyl-7-methylguanosine-5'-monophosphate 35. | 2012 | 22748379 |
| galactosylated fucose epitopes in nematodes: increased expression in a caenorhabditis mutant associated with altered lectin sensitivity and occurrence in parasitic species. | the modification of α1,6-linked fucose residues attached to the proximal (reducing-terminal) core n-acetylglucosamine residue of n-glycans by β1,4-linked galactose ("galfuc" epitope) is a feature of a number of invertebrate species including the model nematode caenorhabditis elegans. a pre-requisite for both core α1,6-fucosylation and β1,4-galactosylation is the presence of a nonreducing terminal n-acetylglucosamine; however, this residue is normally absent from the final glycan structure in inv ... | 2012 | 22733825 |
| possible regulatory role of galectin-9 on ascaris suum-induced eosinophilic lung inflammation in mice. | galectin-9 (gal-9) is a member of the galectin family of lectins that exhibit binding affinity for β-galactosides. we found a t cell line-derived gal-9 with novel eosinophil chemoattractant activity, but its role in eosinophilic inflammation of the lung is unknown. we evaluated the role of gal-9 in ascaris suum-induced eosinophilic lung inflammation in mice. | 2012 | 22627368 |
| igg antibody responses in mice coinfected with toxocara canis and other helminths or protozoan parasites. | the immune response expressed by igg antibodies in balb/c mice experimentally infected with toxocara canis, was studied with the aim of verifying the possible in vivo cross-reactivity between antigens of t. canis and other parasites (ascaris suum, taenia crassiceps, schistosoma mansoni, strongyloides venezuelensis and toxoplasma gondii). experiments included three groups of mice: one infected only by t. canis, another with one of the other species of parasites and a third concomitantly infected ... | 2012 | 22634886 |
| detection of a quantitative trait locus associated with resistance to ascaris suum infection in pigs. | helminths almost invariably have an over-dispersed distribution in the host population. human and animal studies have provided evidence suggesting that a large part of this variation is due to host genetic factors. recently, the heritability for roundworm (ascaris suum) infection levels in pigs was estimated to be 0.45. we used single nucleotide polymorphism markers to perform a whole-genome scan on 195 pigs experimentally infected with a. suum. a putative quantitative trait locus for worm burde ... | 2012 | 22619754 |
| crystal structure of mitochondrial quinol-fumarate reductase from the parasitic nematode ascaris suum. | in the anaerobic respiratory chain of the parasitic nematode ascaris suum, complex ii couples the reduction of fumarate to the oxidation of rhodoquinol, a reverse reaction catalyzed by mammalian complex ii. in this study, the first structure of anaerobic complex ii of mitochondria was determined. the structure, composed of four subunits and five co-factors, is similar to that of aerobic complex ii, except for an extra peptide found in the smallest anchor subunit of the a. suum enzyme. we discuss ... | 2012 | 22577165 |
| purification and partial biochemical-genetic characterization of trehalose 6-phosphate synthase from muscles of adult female ascaris suum. | trehalose 6-phosphate (t6p) synthase (tps; ec 2.4.1.15) was isolated from muscles of ascaris suum by ammonium sulphate fractionation, ion-exchange deae sephacel(tm) anion exchanger column chromatography and sepharose 6b gel filtration. on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), 265-fold purified tps exhibited a molecular weight of 66 kda. the optimum ph and temperature of the purified enzyme were 3.8-4.2 and 35°c, respectively. the isoelectric point (pi) of tps was ... | 2013 | 22571853 |
| evaluation of a serodiagnostic test using ascaris suum haemoglobin for the detection of roundworm infections in pig populations. | the significant economical consequences of infections with ascaris suum in pigs are already well documented. however, due to the subclinical nature of the disease and the lack of practical diagnostic means, ascariasis often remains undiagnosed. here we describe the development and evaluation of a novel indirect elisa using the purified a. suum haemoglobin (ashb) molecule as an antigen. initial validation using sera from 190 pigs experimentally infected twice a week with a. suum and trichuris sui ... | 2012 | 22560331 |
| worms take to the slo lane: a perspective on the mode of action of emodepside. | the cyclo-octapdepsipeptide anthelmintic emodepside exerts a profound paralysis on parasitic and free-living nematodes. the neuromuscular junction is a significant determinant of this effect. pharmacological and electrophysiological analyses in the parasitic nematode ascaris suum have resolved that emodepside elicits a hyperpolarisation of body wall muscle, which is dependent on extracellular calcium and the efflux of potassium ions. the molecular basis for emodepside's action has been investiga ... | 2012 | 22539031 |
| effects of kimchi extract and temperature on embryostasis of ascaris suum eggs. | to determine the effects of kimchi extracts at different temperatures on larval development, ascaris suum eggs were mixed with soluble part of 7 different brands of commercially available kimchi and preserved at either 5℃ or 25℃ for up to 60 days. a. suum eggs incubated at 25℃ showed marked differences in larval development between kimchi extract and control group. while all eggs in the control group completed embryonation by day 21, only 30% of the eggs in the kimchi extract group became embryo ... | 2012 | 22451740 |
| the kinetics and regulation of phosphofructokinase from teladorsagia circumcincta. | phosphofructokinase (pfk-1) activity was examined in l(3) and adult teladorsagia circumcincta, both of which exhibit oxygen consumption. although activities were higher in the adult stage, the kinetic properties of the enzyme were similar in both life cycle stages. t. circumcincta pfk-1 was subject to allosteric inhibition by high atp concentration, which increased both the hill coefficient (from 1.4±0.2 to 1.7±0.2 in l(3)s and 2.0±0.3 to 2.4±0.4 in adults) and the k(½) for fructose 6 phosphate ... | 2012 | 22402411 |
| acr-26: a novel nicotinic receptor subunit of parasitic nematodes. | nematode nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are the targets for many effective anthelmintics, including those recently introduced into the market. we have identified a novel nicotinic receptor subunit sequence, acr-26, that is expressed in all the animal parasitic nematodes we examined from clades iii, iv and v, but is not present in the genomes of trichinella spiralis, caenorhabditis elegans, pristionchus pacificus and meloidogyne spp. in ascaris suum, acr-26 is expressed on muscle cells isolate ... | 2012 | 22387572 |
| inactivation of ascaris eggs in water using sequential solar driven photo-fenton and free chlorine. | sequential helminth egg inactivation using a solar driven advanced oxidation process (aop) followed by chlorine was achieved. the photo-assisted fenton process was tested alone under different h(2)o(2) and/or fe(ii) concentrations to assess its ability to inactivate ascaris suum eggs. the effect of free chlorine alone was also tested. the lowest egg inactivation results were found using fe(ii) or h(2)o(2) separately (5 and 140 mmol l(-1), respectively) in dark conditions, which showed about 28% ... | 2012 | 22361699 |
| nematode sperm maturation triggered by protease involves sperm-secreted serine protease inhibitor (serpin). | spermiogenesis is a series of poorly understood morphological, physiological and biochemical processes that occur during the transition of immotile spermatids into motile, fertilization-competent spermatozoa. here, we identified a serpin (serine protease inhibitor) family protein (as_srp-1) that is secreted from spermatids during nematode ascaris suum spermiogenesis (also called sperm activation) and we showed that as_srp-1 has two major functions. first, as_srp-1 functions in cis to support maj ... | 2012 | 22307610 |
| inhibition of allergic airway responses by heparin derived oligosaccharides: identification of a tetrasaccharide sequence. | previous studies showed that heparin's anti-allergic activity is molecular weight dependent and resides in oligosaccharide fractions of <2500 daltons. | 2012 | 22269021 |
| experimental infection of collared peccary ( dicotyles tajacu angulatus ) with swine kidney worm ( stephanurus dentatus ). | two captive-born juvenile collared peccaries ( dicotyles tajacu angulatus ) were given 3000 infective larvae of stephanurus dentatus per os. one peccary harbored viable s. dentatus sub-adults in the liver 50 days post-infection. the other peccary had no larvae but did have diffuse fibrotic hepatic lesions and bile duct hyperplasia 213 days post-infection; however, the lesions may have been partially due to a concurrent ascaris suum infection. a domestic pig ( sus scrofa domesticus ) infected as ... | 1977 | 24228971 |
| etiology of acute respiratory disease in fattening pigs in finland. | the objective of our study was to clinically and etiologically investigate acute outbreaks of respiratory disease in finland. our study also aimed to evaluate the clinical use of various methods in diagnosing respiratory infections under field conditions and to describe the antimicrobial resistance profile of the main bacterial pathogen(s) found during the study. | 2017 | 28852568 |
| analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of ascaris suum and ascaris lumbricoides derived from free range tibetan pigs. | ascaris suum (a. suum) is the most commonly occurring worldwide internal parasite of pigs; however, little is known about this organism in tibetan pigs in china. a study was carried to isolate and identify the characteristics of internal transcribed spacer region (its) gene of a. suum derived from tibetan pigs. adult nematodes were collected from tibetan pigs in 2015-2016. total genomic dna of the extracted parasites was performed and a fragment of the its of mitochondrial (mt) gene was amplifie ... | 2017 | 28531364 |
| tlr 7/8 ligand, s28463, suppresses ascaris suum induced allergic asthma in nonhuman primates. | s28463, a ligand for toll like receptor 7/8, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in rodent models of allergic asthma. the principle goal of this study was to assess whether these anti-inflammatory effects can also be observed in a nonhuman primate (nhp) model of allergic asthma. nhps were sensitized then challenged with natural allergen, ascaris suum extract, then treated with s28463 orally prior to each allergen challenge. the protective effect of s28463 in nhps was assessed by ... | 2017 | 28850259 |
| treatment of larva migrans syndrome with long-term administration of albendazole. | larva migrans syndrome is a food-borne parasitic disease in humans, caused by accidental ingestion of eggs or larvae of ascarid nematodes, namely, toxocara canis, toxocara cati, or ascaris suum, the roundworms commonly found in the intestines of dogs, cats and pigs respectively. when a patient is diagnosed as having larva migrans syndrome, oral-administration of albendazole is recommended, however, the regimen remains controversial worldwide. in japan, the duration of albendazole administration ... | 2017 | 28754237 |
| yeast-expressed recombinant as16 protects mice against ascaris suum infection through induction of a th2-skewed immune response. | ascariasis remains the most common helminth infection in humans. as an alternative or complementary approach to global deworming, a pan-anthelminthic vaccine is under development targeting ascaris, hookworm, and trichuris infections. as16 and as14 have previously been described as two genetically related proteins from ascaris suum that induced protective immunity in mice when formulated with cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) as an adjuvant, but the exact protective mechanism was not well understood. | 2017 | 28708895 |
| ascaris suum infection modulates inflammation: implication of cd4(+) cd25(high) foxp3(+) t cells and il-10. | helminth infections have the ability to modulate host's immune response through mechanisms that allow the chronic persistence of the worms in the host. here, we investigated the mechanisms involved on the suppressive effect of ascaris suum infection using a murine experimental model of lps-induced inflammation. we found that infection with a. suum markedly inhibited leucocyte influx induced by lps into air pouches, suppressed secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (il-1β, tnf-α and il-6) and in ... | 2017 | 28703913 |
| dietary cinnamaldehyde enhances acquisition of specific antibodies following helminth infection in pigs. | dietary phytonutrients such as cinnamaldehyde (ca) may contribute to immune function during pathogen infections, and ca has been reported to have positive effects on gut health when used as feed additive for livestock. here, we investigated whether ca could enhance antibody production and specific immune responses during infection with an enteric pathogen. we examined the effect of dietary ca on plasma antibody levels in parasite-naïve pigs, and subsequently acquisition of humoral immune respons ... | 2017 | 28669386 |
| prevalence of gastro intestinal parasites in pigs in punjab, india. | gastrointestinal parasites are a common problem in pigs in india. the important risk factors include coprophagic behaviour of pigs and their free access to garbage. to investigate the gastrohelmenthic spectrum in pigs of punjab, we examined 265 faecal samples from farm (n = 47) and scavenging pigs (n = 218) using faecal floatation method. ascaris suum, unsporulated oocysts, trichuris spp. and strongyloides were recorded in 27.5, 15.4, 1.8 and 4.5 % of the pig faecal samples, respectively. overal ... | 2017 | 28615864 |
| effects of in vivo and in vitro treatment of ascaris suum eggs with anthelmintic agents on embryonation and infectivity for mice. | ascaris suum is an important intestinal nematode causing economic losses in the swine production industry. anthelminthic treatment is used to control a. suum infections and is part of normal production practices. treatment with anthelminthic agents results in expulsion of adult worms from the intestinal tract and ends further contamination of the environment with eggs. the present study was conducted to determine the effects of drug treatment on the embryonation of a. suum eggs collected from wo ... | 2017 | 28590167 |
| an in vivo genetic screen for genes involved in spliced leader trans-splicing indicates a crucial role for continuous de novo spliced leader rnp assembly. | spliced leader (sl) trans-splicing is a critical element of gene expression in a number of eukaryotic groups. this process is arguably best understood in nematodes, where biochemical and molecular studies in caenorhabditis elegans and ascaris suum have identified key steps and factors involved. despite this, the precise details of sl trans-splicing have yet to be elucidated. in part, this is because the systematic identification of the molecules involved has not previously been possible due to t ... | 2017 | 28582530 |
| pathogen-reactive t helper cell analysis in the pig. | there is growing interest in studying host-pathogen interactions in human-relevant large animal models such as the pig. despite the progress in developing immunological reagents for porcine t cell research, there is an urgent need to directly assess pathogen-specific t cells-an extremely rare population of cells, but of upmost importance in orchestrating the host immune response to a given pathogen. here, we established that the activation marker cd154 (cd40l), known from human and mouse studies ... | 2017 | 28567041 |
| a modified assay for the enumeration of ascaris eggs in fresh raw sewage. | soil-transmitted helminths (sths) pose a significant public health problem, infecting approximately 2 billion people globally. despite relatively low prevalence in developed countries, the removal of sths from wastewater remains crucial to allow the safe use of biosolids or recycled water for agriculture. wastewater helminth egg count data can contribute to an assessment of the need for, or success of, a parasite management program. although the world health organisation (who) has recommended a ... | 2017 | 28560181 |
| viability assessment of ascaris suum eggs stained with fluorescent dyes using digital colorimetric analysis. | the aim of the study was to develop a method for the colorimetric evaluation of nematode eggs using appropriate instruments. the materials for the study were live and dead (inactivated) eggs of the ascaris suum. viability of the eggs was assessed using four different kits for fluorescent staining (for each technique, a series of photos were taken). images of stained eggs were analysed using graphic software with rgb (red-green-blue) function. the viability of the eggs was assessed according to t ... | 2017 | 28479276 |
| molecular characterization and transcriptional analysis of the female-enriched chondroitin proteoglycan 2 of toxocara canis. | toxocara canis is an important but neglected zoonotic parasite, and is the causative agent of human toxocariasis. chondroitin proteoglycans are biological macromolecules, widely distributed in extracellular matrices, with a great diversity of functions in mammals. however, there is limited information regarding chondroitin proteoglycans in nematode parasites. in the present study, a female-enriched chondroitin proteoglycan 2 gene of t. canis (tc-cpg-2) was cloned and characterized. quantitative ... | 2017 | 28434412 |
| characterization of a novel aspartyl protease inhibitor from haemonchus contortus. | aspartyl protease inhibitor (api) was thought to protect intestinal parasitic nematodes from their hostile proteolytic environment. studies on ostertagia ostertagi, ascaris suum and brugia malayi indicated that aspins might play roles in nematode infection. in a recent study, proteins differentially expressed between free-living third-stage larvae (l3) and activated l3 (xl3) of haemonchus contortus were identified by 2d-dige. api was found downregulated in xl3 when compared with l3. however, the ... | 2017 | 28420411 |
| high molecular weight components containing n-linked oligosaccharides of ascaris suum extract inhibit the dendritic cells activation through dc-sign and mr. | helminths, as well as their secretory/excretory products, induce a tolerogenic immune microenvironment. high molecular weight components (pi) from ascaris suum extract down-modulate the immune response against ovalbumin (ova). the pi exerts direct effect on dendritic cells (dcs) independent of tlr 2, 4 and myd88 molecule and, thus, decreases the t lymphocytes response. here, we studied the glycoconjugates in pi and the role of c-type lectin receptors (clrs), dc-sign and mr, in the modulation of ... | 2017 | 28402840 |