| a biofilm pocket model to evaluate different non-surgical periodontal treatment modalities in terms of biofilm removal and reformation, surface alterations and attachment of periodontal ligament fibroblasts. | there is a lack of suitable in vitro models to evaluate various treatment modalities intending to remove subgingival bacterial biofilm. consequently, the aims of this in vitro-study were: a) to establish a pocket model enabling mechanical removal of biofilm and b) to evaluate repeated non-surgical periodontal treatment with respect to biofilm removal and reformation, surface alterations, tooth hard-substance-loss, and attachment of periodontal ligament (pdl) fibroblasts. | 2015 | 26121365 |
| estimation of bacterial hydrogen sulfide production in vitro. | oral bacterial hydrogen sulfide (h2s) production was estimated comparing two different colorimetric methods in microtiter plate format. high h2s production was seen for fusobacterium spp., treponema denticola, and prevotella tannerae, associated with periodontal disease. the production differed between the methods indicating that h2s production may follow different pathways. | 2015 | 26130377 |
| effect of nonsurgical periodontal treatment combined with diode laser or photodynamic therapy on chronic periodontitis: a randomized controlled split-mouth clinical trial. | the optimum removal of bacteria and their toxins from periodontal pockets is not always obtained by conventional mechanical debridement. adjunctive therapies may improve tissue healing through detoxification and bactericidal effects. the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the impact of adjunctive laser therapy (lt) and photodynamic therapy (pdt) on patients with chronic periodontitis. | 2015 | 26464778 |
| animal models of polymicrobial pneumonia. | pneumonia is one of the leading causes of severe and occasionally life-threatening infections. the physiopathology of pneumonia has been extensively studied, providing information for the development of new treatments for this condition. in addition to in vitro research, animal models have been largely used in the field of pneumonia. several models have been described and have provided a better understanding of pneumonia under different settings and with various pathogens. however, the concept o ... | 2015 | 26170617 |
| polybacterial periodontal pathogens alter vascular and gut bh4/nnos/nrf2-phase ii enzyme expression. | periodontal disease is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease and is associated with complex microbial infection in the subgingival cavity. recently, american heart association supported a century old association between periodontal disease and atherosclerotic vascular disease. we have recently shown that polybacterial periodontal infection led to aortic atherosclerosis and modulation of lipid profiles; however the underlying mechanism(s) has not been yet demonstrated. altered nitric ox ... | 2015 | 26111153 |
| non-nutrient, naturally occurring phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. | one of the main factors able to explain the pathophysiological mechanism of inflammatory conditions that occur in periodontal disease is oxidative stress. given the emerging understanding of this relationship, host-modulatory therapies using antioxidants could be interesting to prevent or slow the breakdown of soft and hard periodontal tissues. in this context, non-nutrient phenolic compounds of various foods and plants have received considerable attention in the last decade. here, studies focus ... | 2015 | 26783837 |
| aminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide exerts opposing effects on thiamine synthesis in salmonella enterica. | in salmonella enterica, the thiamine biosynthetic intermediate 5-aminoimidazole ribotide (air) can be synthesized de novo independently of the early purine biosynthetic reactions. this secondary route to air synthesis is dependent on (i) 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribotide (aicar) accumulation, (ii) a functional phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide (saicar) synthetase (purc; ec 6.3.2.6), and (iii) methionine and lysine in the growth medium. studies presented here show that aicar i ... | 2015 | 26100042 |
| dissecting diabetes/metabolic disease mechanisms using pluripotent stem cells and genome editing tools. | diabetes and metabolic syndromes are chronic, devastating diseases with increasing prevalence. human pluripotent stem cells are gaining popularity in their usage for human in vitro disease modeling. with recent rapid advances in genome editing tools, these cells can now be genetically manipulated with relative ease to study how genes and gene variants contribute to diabetes and metabolic syndromes. | 2015 | 26413465 |
| antimicrobial nisin acts against saliva derived multi-species biofilms without cytotoxicity to human oral cells. | nisin is a lantibiotic widely used for the preservation of food and beverages. recently, investigators have reported that nisin may have clinical applications for treating bacterial infections. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ultra pure food grade nisin zp (>95% purity) on taxonomically diverse bacteria common to the human oral cavity and saliva derived multi-species oral biofilms, and to discern the toxicity of nisin against human cells relevant to the oral cavity. | 2015 | 26150809 |
| outer membrane vesicles of tannerella forsythia: biogenesis, composition, and virulence. | tannerella forsythia is the only 'red-complex' bacterium covered by an s-layer, which has been shown to affect virulence. here, outer membrane vesicles (omvs) enriched with putative glycoproteins are described as a new addition to the virulence repertoire of t. forsythia. investigations of this bacterium are hampered by its fastidious growth requirements and the recently discovered mismatch of the available genome sequence (92a2 = atcc baa-2717) and the widely used t. forsythia strain (atcc 4303 ... | 2015 | 25953484 |
| fusobacterium nucleatum alters atherosclerosis risk factors and enhances inflammatory markers with an atheroprotective immune response in apoe(null) mice. | the american heart association supports an association between periodontal disease (pd) and atherosclerotic vascular disease (asvd) but does not as of yet support a causal relationship. recently, we have shown that major periodontal pathogens porphyromonas gingivalis and treponema denticola are causally associated with acceleration of aortic atherosclerosis in apoenull hyperlipidemic mice. the aim of this study was to determine if oral infection with another significant periodontal pathogen fuso ... | 2015 | 26079509 |
| subgingival microbiome in patients with healthy and ailing dental implants. | dental implants are commonly used to replace missing teeth. however, the dysbiotic polymicrobial communities of peri-implant sites are responsible for peri-implant diseases, such as peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. in this study, we analyzed the microbial characteristics of oral plaque from peri-implant pockets or sulci of healthy implants (n = 10), peri-implant mucositis (n = 8) and peri-implantitis (n = 6) sites using pyrosequencing of the 16s rrna gene. an increase in microbial di ... | 2015 | 26077225 |
| effects of hangeshashinto on growth of oral microorganisms. | oral mucositis (om) in cancer patients induced by chemotherapy or radiotherapy has a significant impact on quality of life, and causes considerable morbidity. oral microorganisms are likely to intensify the inflammatory process and aggravate the formation of ulcers. hangeshashinto (hst), a japanese kampo medicine, has been reported to be effective when used as a gargle for the treatment of om. to clarify the effects of hst on oral microorganisms, we assessed its antimicrobial activity against 27 ... | 2015 | 26170876 |
| draft genome sequence of tannerella forsythia type strain atcc 43037. | tannerella forsythia is an oral pathogen implicated in the development of periodontitis. here, we report the draft genome sequence of the tannerella forsythia strain atcc 43037. the previously available genome of this designation (ncbi reference sequence nc_016610.1) was discovered to be derived from a different strain, fdc 92a2 (= atcc baa-2717). | 2015 | 26067981 |
| genital cytomegalovirus replication predicts syphilis acquisition among hiv-1 infected men who have sex with men. | sexually transmitted infections (sti) are common among hiv-infected men who have sex with men (msm). while behavioral factors are important in sti acquisition, other biological factors such as immune modulation due to chronic viral infection may further predispose to sti acquisition. | 2015 | 26061824 |
| liver x receptors contribute to periodontal pathogen-elicited inflammation and oral bone loss. | periodontal diseases are chronic oral inflammatory diseases that are polymicrobial in nature. the presence of specific bacteria in subgingival plaque such as porphyromonas gingivalis is associated with microbial dysbiosis and the modulation of host immune response. bacterially elicited innate immune activation and inflammation are key elements implicated in the destruction of soft and hard tissues supporting the teeth. liver x receptors (lxrs) are nuclear hormone receptors with important functio ... | 2015 | 25946408 |
| do oral bacteria alter the regenerative potential of stem cells? a concise review. | mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) are widely recognized as critical players in tissue regeneration. new insights into stem cell biology provide evidence that mscs may also contribute to host defence and inflammation. in case of tissue injury or inflammatory diseases, e.g. periodontitis, stem cells are mobilized towards the site of damage, thus coming in close proximity to bacteria and bacterial components. specifically, in the oral cavity, complex ecosystems of commensal bacteria live in a mutually ... | 2015 | 26058313 |
| efficient genome editing in clostridium cellulolyticum via crispr-cas9 nickase. | the crispr-cas9 system is a powerful and revolutionary genome-editing tool for eukaryotic genomes, but its use in bacterial genomes is very limited. here, we investigated the use of the streptococcus pyogenes crispr-cas9 system in editing the genome of clostridium cellulolyticum, a model microorganism for bioenergy research. wild-type cas9-induced double-strand breaks were lethal to c. cellulolyticum due to the minimal expression of nonhomologous end joining (nhej) components in this strain. to ... | 2015 | 25911483 |
| kanamycin resistance cassette for genetic manipulation of treponema denticola. | treponema denticola has been recognized as an important oral pathogen of the "red complex" bacterial consortium that is associated with the pathogenesis of endodontal and periodontal diseases. however, little is known about the virulence of t. denticola due to its recalcitrant genetic system. the difficulty in genetically manipulating oral spirochetes is partially due to the lack of antibiotic resistance cassettes that are useful for gene complementation following allelic replacement mutagenesis ... | 2015 | 25888173 |
| severe generalized periodontitis in a patient with an aplastic anemia: a 5 year follow-up case report. | aplastic anemia is a hematological disorder characterized by pancytopenia. this case report presents a young patient with untreated periodontitis associated with hematological disorders, and cyclosporine therapy. during 2 consecutive days, periodontal therapy which consisted of nonsurgical therapy supplemented with an antibiotic treatment and antifibrinolytic therapy was performed. commercial microbiological pcr tests and periodontitis il-1 polymorphism risk test were performed. following the pe ... | 2015 | 27688398 |
| increased infection with key periodontal pathogens during gestational diabetes mellitus. | gestational diabetes mellitus (gdm), gingivitis, infection with specific periodontal pathogens and systemic inflammation each increase the risk for poor pregnancy outcome. we set out to monitor the interactions of gingivitis and gdm with respect to oral infection and the systemic inflammatory burden. | 2015 | 25959628 |
| evaluation of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole encapsulated biomimetic nanomatrix gel on enterococcus faecalis and treponema denticola. | a triple antibiotic mixture (ciprofloxacin; cf, metronidazole; mn, and minocycline; mc) has been used for dental root canal medicaments in pulp regeneration therapy. however, tooth discolorations, cervical root fractures, and inadequate pulp-dentin formation have been reported due to the triple antibiotic regimen. therefore, an antibiotic encapsulated biomimetic nanomatrix gel was developed to minimize the clinical limitations and maximize a natural healing process in root canal infections. in t ... | 2015 | 26257918 |
| long-term evaluation of the antimicrobial susceptibility and microbial profile of subgingival biofilms in individuals with aggressive periodontitis. | this study evaluates the antimicrobial susceptibility and composition of subgingival biofilms in generalized aggressive periodontitis (gap) patients treated using mechanical/antimicrobial therapies, including chlorhexidine (chx), amoxicillin (amx) and metronidazole (met). gap patients allocated to the placebo (c, n = 15) or test group (t, n = 16) received full-mouth disinfection with chx, scaling and root planning, and systemic amx (500 mg)/met (250 mg) or placebos. subgingival plaque samples we ... | 2015 | 26273264 |
| coaggregation and biofilm growth of granulicatella spp. with fusobacterium nucleatum and aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. | members of fastidious granulicatella and aggregatibacter genera belong to normal oral flora bacteria that can cause serious infections, such as infective endocarditis. aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has long been implicated in aggressive periodontitis, whereas dna-based methods only recently showed an association between granulicatella spp. and dental diseases. as bacterial coaggregation is a key phenomenon in the development of oral and nonoral multispecies bacterial communities it would ... | 2015 | 26025449 |
| metaproteomics reveals major microbial players and their biodegradation functions in a large-scale aerobic composting plant. | composting is an appropriate management alternative for municipal solid waste; however, our knowledge about the microbial regulation of this process is still scare. we employed metaproteomics to elucidate the main biodegradation pathways in municipal solid waste composting system across the main phases in a large-scale composting plant. the investigation of microbial succession revealed that bacillales, actinobacteria and saccharomyces increased significantly with respect to abundance in compost ... | 2015 | 25989417 |
| lessons from microglia aging for the link between inflammatory bone disorders and alzheimer's disease. | bone is sensitive to overactive immune responses, which initiate the onset of inflammatory bone disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis, resulting in a significant systemic inflammatory response. on the other hand, neuroinflammation is strongly implicated in alzheimer's disease (ad), which can be enhanced by systemic inflammation, such as that due to cardiovascular disease and diabetes. there is growing clinical evidence supporting the concept that rheumatoid arthritis and peri ... | 2015 | 26078980 |
| microbiome profiles in periodontitis in relation to host and disease characteristics. | periodontitis is an inflammatory condition that affects the supporting tissues surrounding teeth. the occurrence of periodontitis is associated with shifts in the structure of the communities that inhabit the gingival sulcus. although great inter-subject variability in the subgingival microbiome has been observed in subjects with periodontitis, it is unclear whether distinct community types exist and if differences in microbial signatures correlate with host characteristics or with the variable ... | 2015 | 25984952 |
| comparative study of abdominal and thoracic aortic aneurysms: their pathogenesis and a gingival fibroblasts-based ex vivo treatment. | aortic aneurysms (aas) consist of slow proteolysis and loss of both collagen and elastin matrix in the aorta wall, leading to wall dilation, weakening and rupture in well-advanced lesions. this can occur in both abdominal aorta (abdominal aortic aneurysm: aaa) and thoracic aorta (thoracic aortic aneurysm: taa). to date, no non-surgical therapy has been proposed to slow or stop aa progression. previously published preclinical studies from our team using an aneurysm rabbit model showed a promising ... | 2015 | 26110102 |
| the application of genome editing in studying hearing loss. | targeted genome editing mediated by clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (crispr)/crispr-associated nuclease 9 (cas9) technology has emerged as one of the most powerful tools to study gene functions, and with potential to treat genetic disorders. hearing loss is one of the most common sensory disorders, affecting approximately 1 in 500 newborns with no treatment. mutations of inner ear genes contribute to the largest portion of genetic deafness. the simplicity and robustnes ... | 2015 | 25987504 |
| porphyromonas gingivalis-derived rgpa-kgp complex activates the macrophage urokinase plasminogen activator system: implications for periodontitis. | urokinase plasminogen activator (upa) converts plasminogen to plasmin, resulting in a proteolytic cascade that has been implicated in tissue destruction during inflammation. periodontitis is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease characterized by destruction of the tissue and bone that support the teeth. we demonstrate that stimulation of macrophages with the arginine- and lysine-specific cysteine protease complex (rgpa-kgp complex), produced by the keystone pathogen porphyromonas gingi ... | 2015 | 25979345 |
| periodontitis associated with plasminogen deficiency: a case report. | plasminogen deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disease, which is associated with aggressive periodontitis and gingival enlargement. previously described treatments of plasminogen deficiency associated periodontitis have shown limited success. this is the first case report indicating a successful therapy approach consisting of a non-surgical supra- and subgingival debridement in combination with an adjunctive systemic antibiotic therapy and a strict supportive periodontal regimen over an ob ... | 2015 | 25971786 |
| the nlrp3 inflammasome is a pathogen sensor for invasive entamoeba histolytica via activation of α5β1 integrin at the macrophage-amebae intercellular junction. | entamoeba histolytica (eh) is an extracellular protozoan parasite of humans that invades the colon to cause life-threatening intestinal and extra-intestinal amebiasis. colonized eh is asymptomatic, however, when trophozoites adhere to host cells there is a considerable inflammatory response that is critical in the pathogenesis of amebiasis. the host and/or parasite factors that trigger the inflammatory response to invading eh are not well understood. we recently identified that eh adherence to m ... | 2015 | 25955828 |
| erythritol-enriched air-polishing powder for the surgical treatment of peri-implantitis. | peri-implantitis represents a major complication that can compromise the success and survival of implant-supported rehabilitations. both surgical and nonsurgical treatment protocols were proposed to improve clinical parameters and to treat implants affected by peri-implantitis. a systematic review of the literature was performed on electronic databases. the use of air-polishing powder in surgical treatment of peri-implantitis was investigated. a total of five articles, of different study designs ... | 2015 | 26065025 |
| mouthguards: does the indigenous microbiome play a role in maintaining oral health? | the existence of symbiotic relationships between bacteria and their hosts in various ecosystems have long been known to science. the human body also hosts vast numbers of bacteria in several habitats. emerging evidence from the gastro-intestinal tract, genito-urinary tract and respiratory indicates that there are several health benefits to hosting a complex and diverse microbial community. bacteria colonize the oral cavity within a few minutes after birth and form stable communities. our knowled ... | 2015 | 26000251 |
| evidence for posttranslational protein flavinylation in the syphilis spirochete treponema pallidum: structural and biochemical insights from the catalytic core of a periplasmic flavin-trafficking protein. | the syphilis spirochete treponema pallidum is an important human pathogen but a highly enigmatic bacterium that cannot be cultivated in vitro. t. pallidum lacks many biosynthetic pathways and therefore has evolved the capability to exploit host-derived metabolites via its periplasmic lipoprotein repertoire. we recently reported a flavin-trafficking protein in t. pallidum (ftp_tp; tp0796) as the first bacterial metal-dependent flavin adenine dinucleotide (fad) pyrophosphatase that hydrolyzes fad ... | 2015 | 25944861 |
| mechanisms of bone resorption in periodontitis. | alveolar bone loss is a hallmark of periodontitis progression and its prevention is a key clinical challenge in periodontal disease treatment. bone destruction is mediated by the host immune and inflammatory response to the microbial challenge. however, the mechanisms by which the local immune response against periodontopathic bacteria disturbs the homeostatic balance of bone formation and resorption in favour of bone loss remain to be established. the osteoclast, the principal bone resorptive c ... | 2015 | 26065002 |
| periodontal health awareness among gynecologists in riyadh, saudi arabia. | to determine the knowledge of periodontal disease and pregnancy outcomes among the gynecologists practicing in riyadh, saudi arabia. | 2015 | 26236681 |
| host response mechanisms in periodontal diseases. | periodontal diseases usually refer to common inflammatory disorders known as gingivitis and periodontitis, which are caused by a pathogenic microbiota in the subgingival biofilm, including porphyromonas gingivalis, aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, tannerella forsythia and treponema denticola that trigger innate, inflammatory, and adaptive immune responses. these processes result in the destruction of the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, and eventually in tissue, bone and final ... | 2015 | 26221929 |
| defining functional signatures of dysbiosis in periodontitis progression. | periodontitis is a common inflammatory disease that leads to tooth loss and has been linked to cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. the periodontal microbiome is highly diverse, and metatranscriptomic studies have indicated that the genes that are expressed by the microbiota are more relevant than the microbial composition in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. a recent study of early metabolic activities in the dysbiotic microbiome reveals a functional signature that distinguishes perio ... | 2015 | 25926890 |
| functional signatures of oral dysbiosis during periodontitis progression revealed by microbial metatranscriptome analysis. | periodontitis is a polymicrobial biofilm-induced inflammatory disease that affects 743 million people worldwide. the current model to explain periodontitis progression proposes that changes in the relative abundance of members of the oral microbiome lead to dysbiosis in the host-microbiome crosstalk and then to inflammation and bone loss. using combined metagenome/metatranscriptome analysis of the subgingival microbiome in progressing and non-progressing sites, we have characterized the distinct ... | 2015 | 25918553 |
| selenium utilization in thioredoxin and catalytic advantage provided by selenocysteine. | thioredoxin (trx) is a major thiol-disulfide reductase that plays a role in many biological processes, including dna replication and redox signaling. although selenocysteine (sec)-containing trxs have been identified in certain bacteria, their enzymatic properties have not been characterized. in this study, we expressed a selenoprotein trx from treponema denticola, an oral spirochete, in escherichia coli and characterized this selenoenzyme and its natural cysteine (cys) homologue using e. coli t ... | 2015 | 25912135 |
| real-time pcr analysis of fungal organisms and bacterial species at peri-implantitis sites. | the potential role of fungal organisms and their co-aggregation with either periodontopathogens or opportunistic pathogens at peri-implantitis sites is unknown. the aim of the present study was to qualitatively/quantitatively analyze and correlate fungal organisms and bacterial species at peri-implantitis sites. | 2015 | 27747631 |
| functional advantages of porphyromonas gingivalis vesicles. | porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen of periodontitis. outer membrane vesicles (omvs) have been considered as both offense and defense components of this bacterium. previous studies indicated that like their originating cells, p. gingivalis vesicles, are able to invade oral epithelial cells and gingival fibroblasts, in order to promote aggregation of some specific oral bacteria and to induce host immune responses. in the present study, we investigated the invasive efficiency of p. gin ... | 2015 | 25897780 |
| klikk proteases of tannerella forsythia: putative virulence factors with a unique domain structure. | comparative genomics of virulent tannerella forsythia atcc 43037 and a close health-associated relative, tannerella bu063, revealed, in the latter, the absence of an entire array of genes encoding putative secretory proteases that possess a nearly identical c-terminal domain (ctd) that ends with a -lys-leu-ile-lys-lys motif. this observation suggests that these proteins, referred to as klikk proteases, may function as virulence factors. re-sequencing of the loci of the klikk proteases found only ... | 2015 | 25954253 |
| comprehensive functional analysis of the 18 vibrio cholerae n16961 toxin-antitoxin systems substantiates their role in stabilizing the superintegron. | the role of chromosomal toxin-antitoxin (ta) systems, which are ubiquitous within the genomes of free-living bacteria, is still debated. we have scanned the vibrio cholerae n16961 genome for class 2 ta genes and identified 18 gene pair candidates. interestingly, all but one are located in the chromosome 2 superintegron (si). the single ta found outside the si is located on chromosome 1 and is related to the well-characterized hipab family, which is known to play a role in antibiotic persistence. ... | 2015 | 25897030 |
| odanacatib, a cathepsin k-specific inhibitor, inhibits inflammation and bone loss caused by periodontal diseases. | periodontitis is a bacteria-induced inflammatory disease mainly affecting periodontal tissues, leading to periodontal inflammation, bone breakdown, and loss of the tooth. the main obstacle for treating periodontitis effectively is the difficulty in finding a target that can inhibit bone loss and inflammation simultaneously. recent studies showed that cathepsin k (ctsk) might have functions in the immune system besides its role in osteoclasts. thus, targeting ctsk would have a potential therapeut ... | 2015 | 25879791 |
| on putative periodontal pathogens: an epidemiological perspective. | the current understanding on the role of microbiology on periodontitis causation is reviewed. an appraisal of the literature reveals several issues that have limited the attempts to investigate candidate periodontal pathogens as causes of periodontitis and confirms that only limited epidemiological evidence is available. several aspects of the contemporary understanding on causal inference are discussed with examples for periodontitis. | 2015 | 25874553 |
| diabetes mellitus related bone metabolism and periodontal disease. | diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease are chronic diseases affecting a large number of populations worldwide. changed bone metabolism is one of the important long-term complications associated with diabetes mellitus. alveolar bone loss is one of the main outcomes of periodontitis, and diabetes is among the primary risk factors for periodontal disease. in this review, we summarise the adverse effects of diabetes on the periodontium in periodontitis subjects, focusing on alveolar bone loss. bo ... | 2015 | 25857702 |
| a microbial platform for renewable propane synthesis based on a fermentative butanol pathway. | propane (c3h8) is a volatile hydrocarbon with highly favourable physicochemical properties as a fuel, in addition to existing global markets and infrastructure for storage, distribution and utilization in a wide range of applications. consequently, propane is an attractive target product in research aimed at developing new renewable alternatives to complement currently used petroleum-derived fuels. this study focuses on the construction and evaluation of alternative microbial biosynthetic pathwa ... | 2015 | 25866563 |
| pseudomonas aeruginosa and periodontal pathogens in the oral cavity and lungs of cystic fibrosis patients: a case-control study. | cystic fibrosis (cf) is the most frequent lethal genetic disease in the caucasian population. lung destruction is the principal cause of death by chronic pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization. there is a high prevalence of oropharyngeal anaerobic bacteria in sputum of cf patients. this study was carried out due to the lack of results comparing subgingival periodontal pathogenic bacteria between the oral cavity and lungs in patients with cf in relation with p. aeruginosa presence. our first goal wa ... | 2015 | 25854483 |
| beyond microbial community composition: functional activities of the oral microbiome in health and disease. | the oral microbiome plays a relevant role in the health status of the host and is a key element in a variety of oral and non-oral diseases. despite advances in our knowledge of changes in microbial composition associated with different health conditions the functional aspects of the oral microbiome that lead to dysbiosis remain for the most part unknown. in this review, we discuss the progress made towards understanding the functional role of the oral microbiome in health and disease and how nov ... | 2015 | 25862077 |
| features of two new proteins with ompa-like domains identified in the genome sequences of leptospira interrogans. | leptospirosis is an acute febrile disease caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus leptospira. it is considered an important re-emerging infectious disease that affects humans worldwide. the knowledge about the mechanisms by which pathogenic leptospires invade and colonize the host remains limited since very few virulence factors contributing to the pathogenesis of the disease have been identified. here, we report the identification and characterization of two new leptospiral proteins with ... | 2015 | 25849456 |
| periodontitis and porphyromonas gingivalis in preclinical stage of arthritis patients. | to determine whether the presence of periodontitis (pd) and porphyromonas gingivalis (pg) in the subgingival biofilm associates with the development of rheumatoid arthritis (ra) in treatment naïve preclinical stage of arthritis patients. | 2015 | 25849461 |
| identification of subgingival periodontal pathogens and association with the severity of periodontitis in patients with chronic kidney diseases: a cross-sectional study. | the aim of our study was to assess the subgingival profile of 9 periodontal pathogens, by means of real-time pcr, in a group of predialysis chronic kidney disease patients with and without periodontal disease and to identify the risk factors associated with periodontal disease in these patients. | 2015 | 25922833 |
| tbx21-1993t/c (rs4794067) polymorphism is associated with increased risk of chronic periodontitis and increased t-bet expression in periodontal lesions, but does not significantly impact the ifn-g transcriptional level or the pattern of periodontophatic bacterial infection. | th1-polarized host response, mediated by ifn-γ, has been associated with increased severity of periodontal disease as well as control of periodontal infection. the functional polymorphism tbx21-1993t/c (rs4794067) increases the transcriptional activity of the tbx21 gene (essential for th1 polarization) resulting in a predisposition to a th-1 biased immune response. thus, we conducted a case-control study, including a population of healthy controls (h, n = 218), chronic periodontitis (cp, n = 197 ... | 2015 | 25832120 |
| clinical, microbiological, and immunological aspects of healthy versus peri-implantitis tissue in full arch reconstruction patients: a prospective cross-sectional study. | due to the world-wide increase in treatments involving implant placement, the incidence of peri-implant disease is increasing. late implant failure is the result of the inability to maintain osseointegration, whose most important cause is peri-implantitis. the aim of this study was to analyze the clinical, microbiological, and immunological aspects in the peri-implant sulcus fluid (pisf) of patients with healthy dental implants and patients with peri-implantitis. | 2015 | 25888355 |
| outer membrane vesicles - offensive weapons or good samaritans? | outer membrane vesicles (omvs) from gram-negative bacteria were first considered as artifacts and were followed with disbelief and bad reputation. later, their existence was accepted and they became characterized as bacterial bombs, virulence bullets, and even decoys. today, we know that omvs also can be involved in cell-cell signaling/communication and be mediators of immune regulation and cause disease protection. furthermore, omvs represent a distinct bacterial secretion pathway selecting and ... | 2015 | 25840612 |
| development of in vitro denture biofilm models for halitosis related bacteria and their application in testing the efficacy of antimicrobial agents. | since dentures can serve as a reservoir for halitosis-causing oral bacteria, halitosis development is a concern for denture wearers. in this study, we surveyed the prevalence of four selected halitosis-related species (fusobacterium nucleatum, tannerella forsythia, veillonella atypica and klebsiella pneumoniae) in clinical denture plaque samples, and developed denture biofilm models for these species in vitro to facilitate assessment of antimicrobial treatment efficacy. design : denture plaque f ... | 2015 | 25926895 |
| subsistence strategies in traditional societies distinguish gut microbiomes. | recent studies suggest that gut microbiomes of urban-industrialized societies are different from those of traditional peoples. here we examine the relationship between lifeways and gut microbiota through taxonomic and functional potential characterization of faecal samples from hunter-gatherer and traditional agriculturalist communities in peru and an urban-industrialized community from the us. we find that in addition to taxonomic and metabolic differences between urban and traditional lifestyl ... | 2015 | 25807110 |
| prelude to oral microbes and chronic diseases: past, present and future. | associations between oral and systemic health are ancient. oral opportunistic bacteria, particularly, porphyromonas gingivalis and fusobacterium nucleatum, have recently been deviated from their traditional roles as periodontal pathogens and arguably ascended to central players based on their participations in complex co-dependent mechanisms of diverse systemic chronic diseases risk and pathogenesis, including cancers, rheumatoid-arthritis, and diabetes. | 2015 | 25813714 |
| bipartite topology of treponema pallidum repeat proteins c/d and i: outer membrane insertion, trimerization, and porin function require a c-terminal β-barrel domain. | we previously identified treponema pallidum repeat proteins tprc/d, tprf, and tpri as candidate outer membrane proteins (omps) and subsequently demonstrated that tprc is not only a rare omp but also forms trimers and has porin activity. we also reported that tprc contains n- and c-terminal domains (tprc(n) and tprc(c)) orthologous to regions in the major outer sheath protein (mosp(n) and mosp(c)) of treponema denticola and that tprc(c) is solely responsible for β-barrel formation, trimerization, ... | 2015 | 25805501 |
| extract from rumex acetosa l. for prophylaxis of periodontitis: inhibition of bacterial in vitro adhesion and of gingipains of porphyromonas gingivalis by epicatechin-3-o-(4β→8)-epicatechin-3-o-gallate (procyanidin-b2-di-gallate). | the aerial parts of rumex acetosa l. have been used in traditional european medicine for inflammatory diseases of the mouth epithelial tissue. the following study aimed to investigate the influence of a proanthocyanidin-enriched extract from r. acetosa extract against the adhesion of porphyromonas gingivalis (p. gingivalis), a pathogen strongly involved in chronic and aggressive periodontitis. a further goal was to define the bioactive lead structures responsible for a potential antiadhesive act ... | 2015 | 25803708 |
| laser supported reduction of specific microorganisms in the periodontal pocket with the aid of an er,cr:ysgg laser: a pilot study. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a radial firing tip of an er,cr:ysgg laser as an adjunct to a nonsurgical periodontal treatment. | 2015 | 25879057 |
| relationship between gingival inflammation and pregnancy. | an increase in the prevalence and severity of gingival inflammation during pregnancy has been reported since the 1960s. though the etiology is not fully known, it is believed that increasing plasma sex steroid hormone levels during pregnancy have a dramatic effect on the periodontium. current works of research have shown that estrogen and progesterone increasing during pregnancy are supposed to be responsible for gingivitis progression. this review is focused not only on epidemiological studies, ... | 2015 | 25873767 |
| interkingdom networking within the oral microbiome. | different sites within the oropharynx harbour unique microbial communities. co-evolution of microbes and host has resulted in complex interkingdom circuitries. metabolic signalling is crucial to these processes, and novel microbial communication factors are progressively being discovered. resolving interkingdom networks will lead to better understanding of oral health or disease aetiology. | 2015 | 25805401 |
| treponemes detected in digital dermatitis lesions in brazilian dairy cattle and possible host reservoirs of infection. | the main pathogenic treponemes causing bovine digital dermatitis were identified from 17 infected herds in southern brazil for the first time in this study using pcr. we did not find a relationship between treponeme phylogroup composition and clinical classification. treponema phagedenis was present in all lesions. rumen fluid was implicated as a reservoir location for these pathogens. | 2015 | 25788552 |
| altered microbiomes in bovine digital dermatitis lesions, and the gut as a pathogen reservoir. | bovine digital dermatitis (dd) is the most important infectious disease associated with lameness in cattle worldwide. since the disease was first described in 1974, a series of treponema species concurrent with other microbes have been identified in dd lesions, suggesting a polymicrobial etiology. however, the pathogenesis of dd and the source of the causative microbes remain unclear. here we characterized the microbiomes of healthy skin and skin lesions in dairy cows affected with different sta ... | 2015 | 25781328 |
| a filifactor alocis-centered co-occurrence group associates with periodontitis across different oral habitats. | periodontitis is a highly prevalent polymicrobial disease worldwide, yet the synergistic pattern of the multiple oral pathogens involved is still poorly characterized. here, saliva, supragingival and subgingival plaque samples from periodontitis patients and periodontally healthy volunteers were collected and profiled with 16s rrna gene pyrosequencing. different oral habitats harbored significantly different microbiota, and segregation of microbiota composition between periodontitis and health w ... | 2015 | 25761675 |
| quantitative proteomics reveal distinct protein regulations caused by aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans within subgingival biofilms. | periodontitis is an infectious disease that causes the inflammatory destruction of the tooth-supporting (periodontal) tissues, caused by polymicrobial biofilm communities growing on the tooth surface. aggressive periodontitis is strongly associated with the presence of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in the subgingival biofilms. nevertheless, whether and how a. actinomycetemcomitans orchestrates molecular changes within the biofilm is unclear. the aim of this work was to decipher the inter ... | 2015 | 25756960 |
| high-level association of bovine digital dermatitis treponema spp. with contagious ovine digital dermatitis lesions and presence of fusobacterium necrophorum and dichelobacter nodosus. | contagious ovine digital dermatitis (codd) is an important foot disease in sheep, with significant animal welfare and economic implications. it is thought that codd emerged from bovine digital dermatitis (bdd) via treponemal bacteria. with wildlife species such as elk now suffering a codd-like disease, it is imperative to clarify these disease etiologies. a large investigation into treponemal association with codd is warranted. codd lesions (n = 58) and healthy sheep foot tissues (n = 56) were a ... | 2015 | 25740778 |
| mirolase, a novel subtilisin-like serine protease from the periodontopathogen tannerella forsythia. | the genome of tannerella forsythia, an etiological factor of chronic periodontitis, contains several genes encoding putative proteases. here, we characterized a subtilisin-like serine protease of t. forsythia referred to as mirolase. recombinant full-length latent promirolase [85 kda, without its signal peptide (sp)] processed itself through sequential autoproteolytic cleavages into a mature enzyme of 40 kda. mirolase latency was driven by the n-terminal prodomain (ntp). in stark contrast to alm ... | 2015 | 25391881 |
| is gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase a biomarker for oxidative stress in periodontitis? | periodontal disease and oxidative stress (os) are part of a vicious cycle with each causing a deleterious effect on the other causing changes in the levels of antioxidants, and enzymes of antioxidant defense. biomarkers and methods used for measuring os are very expensive. | 2015 | 26015663 |
| the epigenetic paradigm in periodontitis pathogenesis. | epigenome refers to "epi" meaning outside the "genome." epigenetics is the field of study of the epigenome. epigenetic modifications include changes in the promoter cpg islands, modifications of histone protein structure, posttranslational repression by micro-rna which contributes to the alteration of gene expression. epigenetics provides an understanding of the role of gene-environment interactions on disease phenotype especially in complex multifactorial diseases. periodontitis is a chronic in ... | 2015 | 26015662 |
| halitosis in otorhinolaryngology practice. | halitosis is a common and devastating condition, which may affect up to 1/3 of the population. it can be classified either as genuine halitosis, pseudohalitosis, or halitophobia. genuine halitosis is more common and usually related to an organic pathology such as periodontitis. malodour molecules such as sulfur compounds that arise from bacterial interactions generate the basis of oral malodour. pathologies of the tongue, poor oral hygiene, deep caries, cryptic tonsillary hypertrophia, and postn ... | 2015 | 25938086 |
| proteomics - the research frontier in periodontics. | periodontitis is an inflammatory condition resulting from the interplay between the infectious agents and host factors. various protein molecules play a vital role in the initiation, progression and severity of periodontal diseases. the study of proteins as biomarkers in periodontal diseases has been highlighted during the last few years. in periodontitis multiple bacteria derived (e.g. collagen degrading enzymes, elastase like enzymes etc) and host derived mediators (eg. pge2, tnf, il1, il6, mm ... | 2015 | 25853048 |
| comparative genome analysis of prevotella intermedia strain isolated from infected root canal reveals features related to pathogenicity and adaptation. | many species of the genus prevotella are pathogens that cause oral diseases. prevotella intermedia is known to cause various oral disorders e.g. periodontal disease, periapical periodontitis and noma as well as colonize in the respiratory tract and be associated with cystic fibrosis and chronic bronchitis. it is of clinical significance to identify the main drive of its various adaptation and pathogenicity. in order to explore the intra-species genetic differences among strains of prevotella int ... | 2015 | 25765460 |
| bacterial profile of aggressive periodontitis in morocco: a cross-sectional study. | aggressive periodontitis (agp) is one of the most severe forms of periodontal diseases. in morocco, aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has been strongly associated with agp, however limited knowledge is available about the implication of other periodontal pathogens in this entity. therefore, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the composition of the subgingival microbiota in moroccan patients with agp. | 2015 | 25888404 |
| subgingival microbiota in health compared to periodontitis and the influence of smoking. | the etiology of periodontitis has traditionally been associated to a consortium of three bacterial species-the so-called "red-complex" of periodontal disease-which has been the target for most diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. however, other species have also been found to correlate with disease severity. in addition, the influence of smoking on periodontal microbiota is poorly understood. in the current manuscript, the composition of the subgingival microbiota in healthy individuals vs. pa ... | 2015 | 25814980 |
| traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of olea europaea (olive). | aim of the review. to grasp the fragmented information available on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of olea europaea to explore its therapeutic potential and future research opportunities. material and methods. all the available information on o. europaea was collected via electronic search (using pubmed, scirus, google scholar, and web of science) and a library search. results. ethnomedical uses of o. europaea are recorded throughout the world where it ... | 2015 | 25802541 |
| dioxygen and nitric oxide scavenging by treponema denticola flavodiiron protein: a mechanistic paradigm for catalysis. | flavodiiron proteins (fdps) contain a unique active site consisting of a non-heme diiron carboxylate site proximal to a flavin mononucleotide (fmn). fdps serve as the terminal components for reductive scavenging of dioxygen (to water) or nitric oxide (to nitrous oxide), which combats oxidative or nitrosative stress in many bacteria. characterizations of fdps from spirochetes or from any oral microbes have not been previously reported. here, we report characterization of an fdp from the anaerobic ... | 2015 | 25700637 |
| auranofin: repurposing an old drug for a golden new age. | drug discovery, development and registration is an expensive and time-consuming process associated with a high failure rate [pessetto et al. (mol cancer ther 12:1299-1309, 2013), woodcock and woosley (annu rev med 59:1-12, 2008)]. drug 'repurposing' is the identification of new therapeutic purposes for already approved drugs and is more affordable and achievable than novel drug discovery [pessetto et al. (mol cancer ther 12:1299-1309, 2013)]. auranofin is a drug that is approved for the treatmen ... | 2015 | 25698589 |
| non-conventional therapeutics for oral infections. | as our knowledge of host-microbial interactions within the oral cavity increases, future treatments are likely to be more targeted. for example, efforts to target a single species or key virulence factors that they produce, while maintaining the natural balance of the resident oral microbiota that acts to modulate the host immune response would be an advantage. targeted approaches may be directed at the black-pigmented anaerobes, porphyromonas gingivalis and prevotella intermedia, associated wit ... | 2015 | 25668296 |
| development and pyrosequencing analysis of an in-vitro oral biofilm model. | dental caries and periodontal disease are the commonest bacterial diseases of man and can result in tooth loss. the principal method of prevention is the mechanical removal of dental plaque augmented by active agents incorporated into toothpastes and mouthrinses. in-vitro assays that include complex oral bacterial biofilms are required to accurately predict the efficacy of novel active agents in vivo. the aim of this study was to develop an oral biofilm model using the calgary biofilm device (cb ... | 2015 | 25880819 |
| scratching the surface - tobacco-induced bacterial biofilms. | individual environmental factors, such as iron, temperature and oxygen, are known to have a profound effect on bacterial phenotype. therefore, it is surprising so little known is about the influence of chemically complex cigarette smoke on bacterial physiology. recent evidence has demonstrated that tobacco smoke and components alter the bacterial surface and promote biofilm formation in several important human pathogens, including staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus mutans, klebsiella pneumonia ... | 2015 | 25670926 |
| p. gingivalis in periodontal disease and atherosclerosis - scenes of action for antimicrobial peptides and complement. | according to the nhs, it is estimated that over 50% of the adult population are, to some extent, affected by gum disease and approximately 15% of uk population have been diagnosed with severe periodontitis. periodontitis, a chronic polymicrobial disease of the gums, causes inflammation in its milder form, whereas in its severe form affects the surrounding tissues and can result in tooth loss. during periodontitis, plaque accumulates and sits between the junctional epithelium and the tooth itself ... | 2015 | 25713575 |
| chronic oral infection with major periodontal bacteria tannerella forsythia modulates systemic atherosclerosis risk factors and inflammatory markers. | tannerella forsythia is a gram-negative anaerobic organism that inhabits the subgingival cavity and initiates connective tissue destruction and alveolar bone resorption in periodontal disease (pd). pd is a chronic immunoinflammatory disease and has been linked to several systemic diseases including atherosclerosis. this study evaluated the effects of a chronic oral infection with t. forsythia atcc 43037 on the induction of pd, inflammatory markers and atherosclerosis risk factors in hyperlipidem ... | 2015 | 25663343 |
| modulation of host responses by oral commensal bacteria. | immunomodulatory commensal bacteria are proposed to be essential for maintaining healthy tissues, having multiple roles including priming immune responses to ensure rapid and efficient defences against pathogens. the default state of oral tissues, like the gut, is one of inflammation which may be balanced by regulatory mechanisms and the activities of anti-inflammatory resident bacteria that modulate toll-like receptor (tlr) signalling or nf-κb activation, or influence the development and activi ... | 2015 | 25661061 |
| anti-hmuy antibodies specifically recognize porphyromonas gingivalis hmuy protein but not homologous proteins in other periodontopathogens. | given the emerging evidence of an association between periodontal infections and systemic conditions, the search for specific methods to detect the presence of p. gingivalis, a principal etiologic agent in chronic periodontitis, is of high importance. the aim of this study was to characterize antibodies raised against purified p. gingivalis hmuy protein and selected epitopes of the hmuy molecule. since other periodontopathogens produce homologs of hmuy, we also aimed to characterize responses of ... | 2015 | 25658942 |
| the outer membrane protease pgte of salmonella enterica interferes with the alternative complement pathway by cleaving factors b and h. | the virulence factor pgte is an outer membrane protease (omptin) of the zoonotic pathogen salmonella enterica that causes diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to severe enteric fever. it is surface exposed in bacteria that have a short-chain, i.e., rough lps, as observed e.g., in bacteria residing inside macrophages or just emerging from them. we investigated whether pgte cleaves the complement factors b (b) and h (h), key proteins controlling formation and inactivation of the complement protei ... | 2015 | 25705210 |
| microbiome of peri-implant infections: lessons from conventional, molecular and metagenomic analyses. | osseointegrated dental implants are now a well-established treatment option in the armament of restorative dentistry. these technologically advanced devices are designed to functionally and esthetically replace missing teeth. despite the revolutionary advances that implants have incurred, they have also provided the oral cavity with new artificial surfaces prone to the formation of oral biofilms, similarly to the hard tissue surfaces of natural teeth. biofilm formation on the implant surface can ... | 2015 | 25654499 |
| aggressive periodontitis: microbes and host response, who to blame? | a paradigm shift several decades ago elucidated that aggressive periodontitis (agp) was not a degenerative disorder but a rapid progressive form of plaque-induced inflammatory periodontal disease. ensuing years of research have led to linkage analysis identification of specific genetic defects responsible for agp in some families and to the finding that subgingival detection of a. actinomycet-emcomitans jp2 clone is a predictive factor for disease onset and progression. however, rather disappoin ... | 2015 | 25654663 |
| relationship between invasion of the periodontium by periodontal pathogens and periodontal disease: a systematic review. | bacterial invasion of the periodontal tissues has been suggested as a relevant step in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease. however, its exact importance remains to be defined. the present systematic review assessed the scientific evidence concerning the relationship between the quality or quantity of periodontal microbiota in periodontal tissues and development of periodontal disease. the databases medline-pubmed, cochrane-central, isi web of knowledge and scopus were searched, up to ja ... | 2015 | 25654367 |
| mechanisms involved in the association between periodontitis and complications in pregnancy. | the association between periodontitis and some of the problems with pregnancy such as premature delivery, low weight at birth, and preeclampsia (pe) has been suggested. nevertheless, epidemiological data have shown contradictory data, mainly due to differences in clinical parameters of periodontitis assessment. furthermore, differences in microbial composition and immune response between aggressive and chronic periodontitis are not addressed by these epidemiological studies. we aimed to review t ... | 2015 | 25688342 |
| mechanisms involved in the association between periodontitis and complications in pregnancy. | the association between periodontitis and some of the problems with pregnancy such as premature delivery, low weight at birth, and preeclampsia (pe) has been suggested. nevertheless, epidemiological data have shown contradictory data, mainly due to differences in clinical parameters of periodontitis assessment. furthermore, differences in microbial composition and immune response between aggressive and chronic periodontitis are not addressed by these epidemiological studies. we aimed to review t ... | 2015 | 25688342 |
| association of the invasion ability of porphyromonas gingivalis with the severity of periodontitis. | porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the well-characterized periodontal pathogens involved in periodontitis. the invasive and proteolytic activities of p. gingivalis clinical isolates have been shown to be associated with heterogenic virulence, as determined in a mouse abscess model. the aims of the present study were to identify a p. gingivalis strain with a low virulence among clinical isolates, based on its invasive ability and cytokine proteolytic activities, and to explore the preferential de ... | 2015 | 25616643 |
| mouse genome engineering via crispr-cas9 for study of immune function. | clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (crispr)-associated (cas9) technology has proven a formidable addition to our armory of approaches for genomic editing. derived from pathways in archaea and bacteria that mediate the resistance to exogenous genomic material, the crispr-cas9 system utilizes a short single guide rna (sgrna) to direct the endonuclease cas9 to virtually anywhere in the genome. upon targeting, cas9 generates dna double-strand breaks (dsbs) and facilitates the repair ... | 2015 | 25607456 |
| evidence that tp_0144 of treponema pallidum is a thiamine-binding protein. | thiamine pyrophosphate (tpp), the biologically active form of thiamine (also known as vitamin b1), is an essential cofactor for several important enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, and therefore, it is required for all living organisms. we recently found that a thiamine-binding protein (tde_0143) is essential for the survival of treponema denticola, an important bacterial pathogen that is associated with human periodontitis. in this report, we provide experimental evidence showing that ... | 2015 | 25605310 |
| a yada-like autotransporter, hag1 in veillonella atypica is a multivalent hemagglutinin involved in adherence to oral streptococci, porphyromonas gingivalis, and human oral buccal cells. | dental biofilm development is a sequential process, and adherence between microbes and the salivary pellicle (adhesion) as well as among different microbes (co-adhesion or coaggregation) plays a critical role in building a biofilm community. the veillonella species are among the most predominant species in the oral cavity and coaggregate with many initial, early, middle, and late colonizers. similar to oral fusobacteria, they are also considered bridging species in biofilm development. however, ... | 2015 | 25440509 |
| formylglycine, a post-translationally generated residue with unique catalytic capabilities and biotechnology applications. | formylglycine (fgly) is a catalytically essential residue found almost exclusively in the active sites of type i sulfatases. formed by post-translational oxidation of cysteine or serine side chains, this aldehyde-functionalized residue participates in a unique and highly efficient catalytic mechanism for sulfate ester hydrolysis. the enzymes that produce fgly, formylglycine-generating enzyme (fge) and anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzyme (ansme), are as unique and specialized as fgly itself. fg ... | 2015 | 25514000 |
| establishment of an oral infection model resembling the periodontal pocket in a perfusion bioreactor system. | periodontal infection involves a complex interplay between oral biofilms, gingival tissues and cells of the immune system in a dynamic microenvironment. a humanized in vitro model that reduces the need for experimental animal models, while recapitulating key biological events in a periodontal pocket, would constitute a technical advancement in the study of periodontal disease. the aim of this study was to use a dynamic perfusion bioreactor in order to develop a gingival epithelial-fibroblast-mon ... | 2015 | 25587671 |