| a developmental view of mental health manpower trends. | | 2016 | 5075464 |
| scanning and transmission electron micrographs of the same frozen fractured surface. | | 2016 | 4940205 |
| dr. john gordon sprunt, b.sc., m.b., ch.b., f.r.c.p.ed. | | 2016 | 4932687 |
| giant-cell tumor: a study of 195 cases. | | 2016 | 4910256 |
| [education of patients with speech disorders]. | | 2016 | 5034637 |
| [achievements in the field of hygienic standardization of the chemical factor in industrial production]. | | 2016 | 4894639 |
| [the through flowing device for kryomicroscopy]. | | 2016 | 4884898 |
| [new trends in the treatment of epilepsy]. | | 2016 | 4893239 |
| [prof. m. e. sukhareva]. | | 2016 | 4892562 |
| [determination of cardiac stroke volume using whole body plethysmography]. | | 2016 | 4909981 |
| simple disposable method for quantitative cultures of urine. | a disposable kit was tested as a means of detecting significant bacteriuria by quantitative culture of urine. the total error in 3,563 specimens tested by five investigators was less than 1%. the method was very effective in differentiating significant bacteriuria, i.e., more than 100,000 bacteria per ml of urine from uninfected urine. in specimens from patients with urinary tract abnormalities who had mixed bacterial flora, the absolute numbers obtained with the dip-inoculum method had a 10% va ... | 2016 | 4909348 |
| john rupert squire, 20 august 1915--6 january 1966. | | 2016 | 4891067 |
| [evaluation of the stimulation of vestibular apparatus by means of electronystagmography]. | | 2016 | 4880069 |
| a new department. | | 2016 | 5023510 |
| [mastocytosis]. | | 2016 | 4988598 |
| [impressions of posteriorly edentulous arches]. | | 2016 | 4871854 |
| magnesium in patho-physiology and its estimation n blood. | | 2016 | 4870250 |
| serological reactions of some higher myxobacteria. | | 2016 | 4967910 |
| the william osler medal essay. dr. samuel dickson and the spirit of chrono-thermalism. | | 2016 | 4867558 |
| [what is nystatin?]. | | 2016 | 4862458 |
| [behavior disorders in children showing normal mental development born prematurely with a very low birth weight]. | | 2016 | 4830575 |
| how can the u.s. government control physicians' fees under national health insurance? a lesson from the french system. | | 2016 | 4829898 |
| site and mechanism of water vapour uptake from the atmosphere in ixodid ticks. | | 2016 | 4833236 |
| drug defaulting. i. determinants of compliance. | | 2016 | 4822025 |
| the delivery of medical care in china. | the delivery of medical care in china is discussed in terms of the observations of the authors while they were visiting that country in september and october of 1971 and in september and october of 1972. the revolution of 25 years ago gave rise to many changes including changes in the methods of delivering health care. training facilities for doctors and other health personnel are discussed. barefoot doctors who receive on-the-job education after their 3 to 6 month training seem to be the backbo ... | 2016 | 4816541 |
| letter: pharmacologic management of childhood asthma. | | 2016 | 4814891 |
| sexual history taking. | | 2016 | 4839397 |
| iatrogenic renal hypertension. | | 2016 | 4810533 |
| [renal lithiasis: renal tubular acidosis and acid-base equilibrium changes in the pathogenesis of renal calculosis]. | | 2016 | 4807551 |
| experience with a wing pessary as an intrauterine contraceptive device. | | 2016 | 4951221 |
| [autopsy study of 2 cases of primary biliary cirrhosis after long-term follow-up]. | | 2016 | 4796129 |
| parasuicide and the menstrual cycle. | | 2016 | 4788864 |
| total alopecia in a grey squirrel (sciurus carolinensis). | | 2016 | 4810214 |
| the ecdysial glands of arthropods. | | 2016 | 4862777 |
| prediction of pilot performance in the f-4 aircraft. | | 2016 | 4811156 |
| [a change in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations in the bone marrow of irradiated mice during combined therapeutic use of cocarboxylase and tryptophan]. | | 2016 | 4778321 |
| [nephrotoxicity of kanamycin in children with purulent surgical infections]. | | 2016 | 4776412 |
| [on the threshold of the jubilee year]. | | 2016 | 4890988 |
| proceedings: should low birthweight infants be given supplements of folic acid? | | 2016 | 4749697 |
| drug combinations: virtues and vagaries. | | 2016 | 5025963 |
| current trends in transcultural psychiatry. | | 2016 | 4741415 |
| [status asthmaticus]. | | 2016 | 4734520 |
| the general-practitioner anaesthetist. | | 2016 | 4731053 |
| beta-thalassaemia and some rare haemoglobin variants in the highlands of scotland. | | 2016 | 4717660 |
| psychosomatics--the view from 1973. | | 2016 | 4730354 |
| [the intra-operative biopsy. critial analysis]. | | 2016 | 4893137 |
| [bile acids in the liver parenchyma patients with and without gallstones]. | | 2016 | 4712018 |
| skills for oncologists. | | 2016 | 4711790 |
| evaluation of the american board of pediatrics oral examination by candidates after completing it. | | 2016 | 4710449 |
| osteogenesis imperfecta. a histopathological case report. | | 2016 | 4703203 |
| nuclear magnetic resonance studies of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethene in aqueous phospholipid dispersions. | | 2016 | 4736332 |
| [tularemia in poland between 1946 and 1971]. | | 2016 | 4735933 |
| the management of maturity-onset diabetes in general practice. | | 2016 | 4785752 |
| pku screening. | | 2016 | 4699279 |
| bacillus anthracis inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase in action: the first bacterial series of structures of phosphate ion-, substrate-, and product-bound complexes. | inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (impdh) catalyzes the first unique step of the gmp branch of the purine nucleotide biosynthetic pathway. this enzyme is found in organisms of all three kingdoms. impdh inhibitors have broad clinical applications in cancer treatment, as antiviral drugs and as immunosuppressants, and have also displayed antibiotic activity. we have determined three crystal structures of bacillus anthracis impdh, in a phosphate ion-bound (termed "apo") form and in complex with ... | 2012 | 22788966 |
| conformational barrier of chey3 and inability of chey4 to bind flim control the flagellar motor action in vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae contains multiple copies of chemotaxis response regulator (vcchey1-vcchey4) whose functions are elusive yet. although previous studies suggested that only vcchey3 directly switches the flagellar rotation, the involvement of vcchey4 in chemotaxis could not be ruled out. none of these studies, however, focused on the structure, mechanism of activation or molecular basis of flim binding of the vccheys. from the crystal structures of ca(2+) and mg(2+) bound vcchey3 we proposed the pr ... | 2013 | 24066084 |
| a systematic analysis of the in vitro and in vivo functions of the hd-gyp domain proteins of vibrio cholerae. | the second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-gmp) plays a central role in bacterial adaptation to extracellular stimuli, controlling processes such as motility, biofilm development, cell development and, in some pathogens, virulence. the intracellular level of c-di-gmp is controlled by the complementary activities of diguanylate cyclases containing a ggdef domain and two classes of c-di-gmp phosphodiesterases containing an eal or hd-gyp hydrolytic domain. compared to the ggdef and eal domains, ... | 2014 | 25343965 |
| comprehensive functional analysis of the 18 vibrio cholerae n16961 toxin-antitoxin systems substantiates their role in stabilizing the superintegron. | the role of chromosomal toxin-antitoxin (ta) systems, which are ubiquitous within the genomes of free-living bacteria, is still debated. we have scanned the vibrio cholerae n16961 genome for class 2 ta genes and identified 18 gene pair candidates. interestingly, all but one are located in the chromosome 2 superintegron (si). the single ta found outside the si is located on chromosome 1 and is related to the well-characterized hipab family, which is known to play a role in antibiotic persistence. ... | 2015 | 25897030 |
| coevolution of the atpase clpv, the sheath proteins tssb and tssc, and the accessory protein tagj/hsie1 distinguishes type vi secretion classes. | the type vi secretion system (t6ss) is a bacterial nanomachine for the transport of effector molecules into prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. it involves the assembly of a tubular structure composed of tssb and tssc that is similar to the tail sheath of bacteriophages. the sheath contracts to provide the energy needed for effector delivery. the aaa(+) atpase clpv disassembles the contracted sheath, which resets the systems for reassembly of an extended sheath that is ready to fire again. this me ... | 2014 | 25305017 |
| a laboratory-developed taqman array card for simultaneous detection of 19 enteropathogens. | the taqman array card (tac) system is a 384-well singleplex real-time pcr format that has been used to detect multiple infection targets. here we developed an enteric taqman array card to detect 19 enteropathogens, including viruses (adenovirus, astrovirus, norovirus gii, rotavirus, and sapovirus), bacteria (campylobacter jejuni/c. coli, clostridium difficile, salmonella, vibrio cholerae, diarrheagenic escherichia coli strains including enteroaggregative e. coli [eaec], enterotoxigenic e. coli [ ... | 2013 | 23175269 |
| comparison of maldi-tof ms, gene sequencing and the vitek 2 for identification of seventy-three clinical isolates of enteropathogens. | this study was performed to evaluate the analytical and practical performance of the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) compared to the sequencing method and the vitek 2 system for identification of enteropathogens in the clinical microbiology laboratory. | 2014 | 24822116 |
| bacteria in an intense competition for iron: key component of the campylobacter jejuni iron uptake system scavenges enterobactin hydrolysis product. | to acquire essential fe(iii), bacteria produce and secrete siderophores with high affinity and selectivity for fe(iii) to mediate its uptake into the cell. here, we show that the periplasmic binding protein ceue of campylobacter jejuni, which was previously thought to bind the fe(iii) complex of the hexadentate siderophore enterobactin (kd ∼ 0.4 ± 0.1 µm), preferentially binds the fe(iii) complex of the tetradentate enterobactin hydrolysis product bis(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl-l-ser) (h5-bisdhbs) (kd ... | 2016 | 27162326 |
| management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis. | acute gastroenteritis, characterized by the onset of diarrhea with or without vomiting, continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in mostly resource-constrained nations. although generally a mild and self-limiting disease, gastroenteritis is one of the most common causes of hospitalization and is associated with a substantial disease burden. worldwide, up to 40% of children aged less than 5 years with diarrhea are hospitalized with rotavirus. also, some microorganisms ... | 2013 | 24194646 |
| evaluation of luminex xtag gastrointestinal pathogen analyte-specific reagents for high-throughput, simultaneous detection of bacteria, viruses, and parasites of clinical and public health importance. | acute diarrheal disease (add) can be caused by a range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. conventional diagnostic methods, such as culture, microscopy, biochemical assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa), are laborious and time-consuming and lack sensitivity. combined, the array of tests performed on a single specimen can increase the turnaround time (tat) significantly. we validated a 19plex laboratory-developed gastrointestinal pathogen panel (gpp) using l ... | 2013 | 23850948 |
| factors that explain excretion of enteric pathogens by persons without diarrhea. | excretion of enteropathogens by subjects without diarrhea influences our appreciation of the role of these pathogens as etiologic agents. characteristics of the pathogens and host and environmental factors help explain asymptomatic excretion of diarrheal pathogens by persons without diarrhea. after causing acute diarrhea followed by clinical recovery, some enteropathogens are excreted asymptomatically for many weeks. thus, in a prevalence survey of persons without diarrhea, some may be excreting ... | 2012 | 23169942 |
| crystal structure of hutz, a heme storage protein from vibrio cholerae: a structural mismatch observed in the region of high sequence conservation. | hutz is the sole heme storage protein identified in the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae and is required for optimal heme utilization. however, no heme oxygenase activity has been observed with this protein. thus far, hutz's structure and heme-binding mechanism are unknown. | 2012 | 23013214 |
| synergistic effects of probiotic leuconostoc mesenteroides and bacillus subtilis in malted ragi (eleucine corocana) food for antagonistic activity against v. cholerae and other beneficial properties. | finger millet (elucine corocana), locally known as ragi, and probiotics have been recognized for their health benefits. in the present work we describe novel probiotic ragi malt (functional food) that has been prepared using ragi and probiotic leuconostoc mesenteroides (lm) and bacillus subtilis natto (bs), alone and in combination, for antagonistic activity against vibrio cholerae (vc). in vitro studies using pure cultures showed that each probiotic strain (lm or bs) was able to inhibit the pla ... | 2012 | 26396299 |
| phase variable o antigen biosynthetic genes control expression of the major protective antigen and bacteriophage receptor in vibrio cholerae o1. | the vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide o1 antigen is a major target of bacteriophages and the human immune system and is of critical importance for vaccine design. we used an o1-specific lytic bacteriophage as a tool to probe the capacity of v. cholerae to alter its o1 antigen and identified a novel mechanism by which this organism can modulate o antigen expression and exhibit intra-strain heterogeneity. we identified two phase variable genes required for o1 antigen biosynthesis, mana and wbel. ... | 2012 | 23028317 |
| signature tagged mutagenesis in the functional genetic analysis of gastrointestinal pathogens. | signature tagged mutagenesis is a genetic approach that was developed to identify novel bacterial virulence factors. it is a negative selection method in which unique identification tags allow analysis of pools of mutants in mixed populations. the approach is particularly well suited to functional genetic analysis of the gastrointestinal phase of infection in foodborne pathogens and has the capacity to guide the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics. in this review we outline the techni ... | 2012 | 22555467 |
| storing drinking-water in copper pots kills contaminating diarrhoeagenic bacteria. | microbially-unsafe water is still a major concern in most developing countries. although many water-purification methods exist, these are expensive and beyond the reach of many people, especially in rural areas. ayurveda recommends the use of copper for storing drinking-water. therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of copper pot on microbially-contaminated drinking-water. the antibacterial effect of copper pot against important diarrhoeagenic bacteria, including vibrio ... | 2012 | 22524115 |
| unique iron coordination in iron-chelating molecule vibriobactin helps vibrio cholerae evade mammalian siderocalin-mediated immune response. | iron is essential for the survival of almost all bacteria. vibrio cholerae acquires iron through the secretion of a catecholate siderophore called vibriobactin. at present, how vibriobactin chelates ferric ion remains controversial. in addition, the mechanisms underlying the recognition of ferric vibriobactin by the siderophore transport system and its delivery into the cytoplasm specifically have not been clarified. in this study, we report the high-resolution structures of the ferric vibriobac ... | 2012 | 22291019 |
| microbial biosafety of pilot-scale bioreactor treating mtbe and tba-contaminated drinking water supply. | a pilot-scale sand-based fluidized bed bioreactor (fbbr) was utilized to treat both methyl tert-butyl ether (mtbe) and tert-butyl alcohol (tba) from a contaminated aquifer. to evaluate the potential for re-use of the treated water, we tested for a panel of water quality indicator microorganisms and potential waterborne pathogens including total coliforms, escherichia coli, salmonella and shigella spp., campylobacter jejuni, aeromonas hydrophila, legionella pneumophila, vibrio cholerae, yersinia ... | 2012 | 22321859 |
| identification of genes involved in low aminoglycoside-induced sos response in vibrio cholerae: a role for transcription stalling and mfd helicase. | sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-mic) of antibiotics play a very important role in selection and development of resistances. unlike escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae induces its sos response in presence of sub-mic aminoglycosides. a role for oxidized guanine residues was observed, but the mechanisms of this induction remained unclear. to select for v. cholerae mutants that do not induce low aminoglycoside-mediated sos induction, we developed a genetic screen that renders induction of sos letha ... | 2013 | 24319148 |
| inflammatory diarrhea due to enteroaggregative escherichia coli: evidence from clinical and mice model studies. | this study was conducted to determine the role of enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaec) in inflammatory diarrhea among hospitalized patients in kolkata. the inflammatory pathogenesis of eaec was established in mice model and histopathological studies. presence of fecal leucocytes (flcs) can be suspected for eaec infection solely or as a mixed with other enteric pathogens. | 2013 | 24294997 |
| quantitative detection of vibrio cholera toxin by real-time and dynamic cytotoxicity monitoring. | we report here the quantitative detection of vibrio cholerae toxin (ct) in isolates and stool specimens by dynamic monitoring of the full course of ct-mediated cytotoxicity in a real-time cell analysis (rtca) system. four cell lines, including y-1 mouse adrenal tumor cells, chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells, small intestine epithelial (fhs74int) cells, and mouse adrenal gland (pc12-adh) cells, were evaluated for their suitability for ct-induced cytotoxicity testing. among them, the y-1 line was ... | 2013 | 24048535 |
| antimicrobial resistance in human and animal pathogens in zambia, democratic republic of congo, mozambique and tanzania: an urgent need of a sustainable surveillance system. | a review of the published and unpublished literature on bacterial resistance in human and animals was performed. sixty-eight articles/reports from the democratic republic of congo (drc), mozambique, tanzania and zambia were reviewed. the majority of these articles were from tanzania. there is an increasing trend in the incidence of antibiotic resistance; of major concern is the increase in multidrug- resistant escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus, vibrio cholera, non-ty ... | 2013 | 24119299 |
| escherichia coli heat-stable toxin b impairs intestinal epithelial barrier function by altering tight junction proteins. | escherichia coli heat-stable toxin b (stb) causes diarrhea in animals. stb binds to sulfatide, its receptor, and is then internalized. in the cytoplasm, through a cascade of events, stb triggers the opening of ion channels, allowing ion secretion and water loss and leading to diarrhea. tight junctions (tjs) are well known for controlling paracellular traffic of ions and water by forming a physical intercellular barrier in epithelial cells, and some bacterial toxins are known to affect adversely ... | 2013 | 23716609 |
| quorum-sensing autoinducers resuscitate dormant vibrio cholerae in environmental water samples. | cholera epidemics have long been known to spread through water contaminated with human fecal material containing the toxigenic bacterium vibrio cholerae. however, detection of v. cholerae in water is complicated by the existence of a dormant state in which the organism remains viable, but resists cultivation on routine bacteriological media. growth in the mammalian intestine has been reported to trigger "resuscitation" of such dormant cells, and these studies have prompted the search for resusci ... | 2013 | 23716683 |
| the vibrio cholerae vpra-vprb two-component system controls virulence through endotoxin modification. | the bacterial cell surface is the first structure the host immune system targets to prevent infection. cationic antimicrobial peptides of the innate immune system bind to the membrane of gram-negative pathogens via conserved, surface-exposed lipopolysaccharide (lps) molecules. we recently reported that modern strains of the global intestinal pathogen vibrio cholerae modify the anionic lipid a domain of lps with a novel moiety, amino acids. remarkably, glycine or diglycine addition to lipid a alt ... | 2014 | 25538196 |
| outer membrane vesicles mediate transport of biologically active vibrio cholerae cytolysin (vcc) from v. cholerae strains. | outer membrane vesicles (omvs) released from gram-negative bacteria can serve as vehicles for the translocation of virulence factors. vibrio cholerae produce omvs but their putative role in translocation of effectors involved in pathogenesis has not been well elucidated. the v. cholerae cytolysin (vcc), is a pore-forming toxin that lyses target eukaryotic cells by forming transmembrane oligomeric β-barrel channels. it is considered a potent toxin that contributes to v. cholerae pathogenesis. the ... | 2014 | 25187967 |
| dna transport across the outer and inner membranes of naturally transformable vibrio cholerae is spatially but not temporally coupled. | the physiological state of natural competence for transformation allows certain bacteria to take up free dna from the environment and to recombine such newly acquired dna into their chromosomes. however, even though conserved components that are required to undergo natural transformation have been identified in several naturally competent bacteria, our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of the dna uptake process remains very limited. to better understand these mechanisms, we investigated the ... | 2014 | 25139903 |
| antimicrobial peptide resistance of vibrio cholerae results from an lps modification pathway related to nonribosomal peptide synthetases. | the current pandemic el tor biotype of o1 vibrio cholerae is resistant to polymyxins, whereas the previous pandemic strain of the classical biotype is polymyxin sensitive. the almefg operon found in el tor v. cholerae confers >100-fold resistance to polymyxins through the glycylation of lipopolysaccharide. here, we present the mechanistic determination of initial steps in the almefg pathway. we verify that almf is an aminoacyl carrier protein and identify alme as the enzyme required to activate ... | 2014 | 25068415 |
| epidemiology of pathogenic enterobacteria in humans, livestock, and peridomestic rodents in rural madagascar. | among the families of enteric bacteria are globally important diarrheal agents. despite their potential for zoonotic and environmental transmission, few studies have examined the epidemiology of these pathogens in rural systems characterized by extensive overlap among humans, domesticated and peridomestic animals. we investigated patterns of infection with enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, shigella spp., salmonella enterica, vibrio cholerae, and yersinia spp. (enterocolitica, and pseudotuberculo ... | 2014 | 24983990 |
| a genomic island integrated into reca of vibrio cholerae contains a divergent reca and provides multi-pathway protection from dna damage. | lateral gene transfer (lgt) has been crucial in the evolution of the cholera pathogen, vibrio cholerae. the two major virulence factors are present on two different mobile genetic elements, a bacteriophage containing the cholera toxin genes and a genomic island (gi) containing the intestinal adhesin genes. non-toxigenic v. cholerae in the aquatic environment are a major source of novel dna that allows the pathogen to morph via lgt. in this study, we report a novel gi from a non-toxigenic v. chol ... | 2014 | 24889424 |
| dna methylation. | the dna of escherichia coli contains 19,120 6-methyladenines and 12,045 5-methylcytosines in addition to the four regular bases, and these are formed by the postreplicative action of three dna methyltransferases. the majority of the methylated bases are formed by the dam and dcm methyltransferases encoded by the dam (dna adenine methyltransferase) and dcm (dna cytosine methyltransferase) genes. although not essential, dam methylation is important for strand discrimination during the repair of re ... | 2014 | 26442938 |
| cholera toxin production during anaerobic trimethylamine n-oxide respiration is mediated by stringent response in vibrio cholerae. | as a facultative anaerobe, vibrio cholerae can grow by anaerobic respiration. production of cholera toxin (ct), a major virulence factor of v. cholerae, is highly promoted during anaerobic growth using trimethylamine n-oxide (tmao) as an alternative electron acceptor. here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of tmao-stimulated ct production and uncovered the crucial involvement of stringent response in this process. v. cholerae 7th pandemic strain n16961 produced a significantly elevated l ... | 2014 | 24648517 |
| a two-tube multiplex reverse transcription pcr assay for simultaneous detection of viral and bacterial pathogens of infectious diarrhea. | diarrhea caused by viral and bacterial infections is a major health problem in developing countries. the purpose of this study is to develop a two-tube multiplex pcr assay using automatic electrophoresis for simultaneous detection of 13 diarrhea-causative viruses or bacteria, with an intended application in provincial centers for diseases control and prevention, china. the assay was designed to detect rotavirus a, norovirus genogroups gi and gii, human astrovirus, enteric adenoviruses, and human ... | 2014 | 24711998 |
| norspermidine is not a self-produced trigger for biofilm disassembly. | formation of bacillus subtilis biofilms, consisting of cells encapsulated within an extracellular matrix of exopolysaccharide and protein, requires the polyamine spermidine. a recent study reported that (1) related polyamine norspermidine is synthesized by b. subtilis using the equivalent of the vibrio cholerae biosynthetic pathway, (2) exogenous norspermidine at 25 μm prevents b. subtilis biofilm formation, (3) endogenous norspermidine is present in biofilms at 50-80 μm, and (4) norspermidine p ... | 2014 | 24529384 |
| campylobacter concisus and inflammatory bowel disease. | investigation of the possible role of campylobacter concisus (c. concisus) in inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is an emerging research area. despite the association found between c. concisus and ibd, it has been difficult to explain how c. concisus, a bacterium that is commonly present in the human oral cavity, may contribute to the development of enteric diseases. the evidence presented in this review shows that some c. concisus strains in the oral cavity acquired zonula occludens toxin (zot) g ... | 2014 | 24574800 |
| the increased severity in patients presenting to hospital with diarrhea in dhaka, bangladesh since the emergence of the hybrid strain of vibrio cholerae o1 is not unique to cholera patients. | a hybrid strain of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor that expresses a classical cholera toxin (ct) emerged in 2001. this hybrid variant rapidly replaced the previous el tor strain around the world. the global emergence of this variant coincided with anecdotal reports that cholera patients were presenting with more severe dehydration and disease in many locations. | 2015 | 26409202 |
| novel gm1 ganglioside-like peptide mimics prevent the association of cholera toxin to human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. | cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by infection in the gastrointestinal tract by the gram-negative bacterium, vibrio cholerae, and is a serious public health threat worldwide. there has not been any effective treatment for this infectious disease. cholera toxin (ct), which is secreted by v. cholerae, can enter host cells by binding to gm1, a monosialoganglioside widely distributed on the plasma membrane surface of various animal epithelial cells. the present study was undertaken to gen ... | 2015 | 26405107 |
| bile salts modulate the mucin-activated type vi secretion system of pandemic vibrio cholerae. | the causative agent of cholera, vibrio cholerae, regulates its diverse virulence factors to thrive in the human small intestine and environmental reservoirs. among this pathogen's arsenal of virulence factors is the tightly regulated type vi secretion system (t6ss). this system acts as an inverted bacteriophage to inject toxins into competing bacteria and eukaryotic phagocytes. v. cholerae strains responsible for the current 7th pandemic activate their t6ss within the host. we established that t ... | 2015 | 26317760 |
| genetic relatedness of selected clinical and environmental non-o1/o139 vibrio cholerae. | in an attempt to better understand the non-o1/o139 isolates of vibrio cholerae, a systematic study of clinical and environmental isolates collected from various geographical locations between the years 1932 and 1998 was conducted. | 2015 | 26164777 |
| catechol siderophore transport by vibrio cholerae. | siderophores, small iron-binding molecules secreted by many microbial species, capture environmental iron for transport back into the cell. vibrio cholerae synthesizes and uses the catechol siderophore vibriobactin and also uses siderophores secreted by other species, including enterobactin produced by escherichia coli. e. coli secretes both canonical cyclic enterobactin and linear enterobactin derivatives likely derived from its cleavage by the enterobactin esterase fes. we show here that v. ch ... | 2015 | 26100039 |
| vaccines for viral and bacterial pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis: part i: overview, vaccines for enteric viruses and vibrio cholerae. | efforts to develop vaccines for prevention of acute diarrhea have been going on for more than 40 y with partial success. the myriad of pathogens, more than 20, that have been identified as a cause of acute diarrhea throughout the years pose a significant challenge for selecting and further developing the most relevant vaccine candidates. based on pathogen distribution as identified in epidemiological studies performed mostly in low-resource countries, rotavirus, cryptosporidium, shigella, diarrh ... | 2015 | 25715048 |
| vaccines for viral and bacterial pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis: part ii: vaccines for shigella, salmonella, enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec) enterohemorragic e. coli (ehec) and campylobacter jejuni. | in part ii we discuss the following bacterial pathogens: shigella, salmonella (non-typhoidal), diarrheogenic e. coli (enterotoxigenic and enterohemorragic) and campylobacter jejuni. in contrast to the enteric viruses and vibrio cholerae discussed in part i of this series, for the bacterial pathogens described here there is only one licensed vaccine, developed primarily for vibrio cholerae and which provides moderate protection against enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec) (dukoral(®)), as well as a few ... | 2015 | 25715096 |
| unique atpase site architecture triggers cis-mediated synchronized atp binding in heptameric aaa+-atpase domain of flagellar regulatory protein flrc. | bacterial enhancer-binding proteins (bebps) oligomerize through aaa(+) domains and use atp hydrolysis-driven energy to isomerize the rna polymerase-σ(54) complex during transcriptional initiation. here, we describe the first structure of the central aaa(+) domain of the flagellar regulatory protein flrc (flrc(c)), a bebp that controls flagellar synthesis in vibrio cholerae. our results showed that flrc(c) forms heptamer both in nucleotide (nt)-free and -bound states without atp-dependent subunit ... | 2015 | 25688103 |
| differential rna-seq of vibrio cholerae identifies the vqmr small rna as a regulator of biofilm formation. | quorum sensing (qs) is a process of cell-to-cell communication that enables bacteria to transition between individual and collective lifestyles. qs controls virulence and biofilm formation in vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera disease. differential rna sequencing (rna-seq) of wild-type v. cholerae and a locked low-cell-density qs-mutant strain identified 7,240 transcriptional start sites with ∼ 47% initiated in the antisense direction. a total of 107 of the transcripts do not appear ... | 2015 | 25646441 |
| multidrug efflux pumps from enterobacteriaceae, vibrio cholerae and staphylococcus aureus bacterial food pathogens. | foodborne illnesses caused by bacterial microorganisms are common worldwide and constitute a serious public health concern. in particular, microorganisms belonging to the enterobacteriaceae and vibrionaceae families of gram-negative bacteria, and to the staphylococcus genus of gram-positive bacteria are important causative agents of food poisoning and infection in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. recently, variants of these bacteria have developed resistance to medically important chemother ... | 2015 | 25635914 |
| a novel cofactor-binding mode in bacterial imp dehydrogenases explains inhibitor selectivity. | the steadily rising frequency of emerging diseases and antibiotic resistance creates an urgent need for new drugs and targets. inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (imp dehydrogenase or impdh) is a promising target for the development of new antimicrobial agents. impdh catalyzes the oxidation of imp to xmp with the concomitant reduction of nad(+), which is the pivotal step in the biosynthesis of guanine nucleotides. potent inhibitors of bacterial impdhs have been identified that bind in a stru ... | 2015 | 25572472 |