| comparison of yohimbine, 4-aminopyridine and doxapram antagonism of xylazine sedation in deer (cervus elaphus). | trials were conducted to test the ability of yohimbine, 4-aminopyridine and doxapram given by intravenous injection to antagonise xylazine sedation in red deer (cervus elaphus). yohimbine produced the best and most consistent result. the mean time taken for 34 animals to stand spontaneously after receiving yohimbine (0.2 to 0.25 mg/kg) was 2 minutes 25 seconds and this occurred, on average, 33 minutes after the initial doze of xylazine. control deer took 67 and 104 minutes on average to stand af ... | 1984 | 16031017 |
| potential wildlife sources of yersinia pseudotuberculosis for farmed deer (cervus elaphus). | during 1982 and 1983 15 serotype i, 6 serotype ii, 1 serotype iii and 3 untyped strains of yersinia pseudotuberculosis were isolated from 675 apparently normal small mammals and birds from the invermay farm and nearby rubbish tip with the following prevalence rates: feral cats 27.8%, norway rats 8.6%, mice 5.5%, hares 3.8% rabbits 1.9% ducks 5.3%, sparrows 2.3%, seagulls 2.3% and starlings 1.7%. for rabbits a significantly higher prevalence of infection was found in the autumn/winter period (4.8 ... | 1984 | 16031024 |
| leptospirosis associated with serovars hardjo and pomona in red deer calves (cervus elaphus). | four red deer calves (cervus elaphus) died with severe nephritis apparently associated with infection by leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. the sera of 12 in-contact red deer calves were examined for leptospiral agglutinins and nine showed titres to pomona consistent with recent infection. two also showed titres of 1:100 to serovar hardjo. the urine of five of these in-contact calves was examined periodically over a period of nine months. all were initially leptospiruric, four being infected ... | 1984 | 16031052 |
| the isolation of yersinia sp. from feral and farmed deer faeces. | faecal samples from clinically normal farmed red deer, wapiti, fallow deer; and feral red deer and white tail deer were examined for members of the genus yersinia. from 922 samples 176 strains of y.enterocolitica, 56 strains of y.frederiksenii, 29 strains of y.kristensenii, eight strains of y.intermedia, and seven strains of y.pseudotuberculosis were isolated. high isolation rates of yersinia sp. were recorded from some farms. two herds had isolation rates of 33.3% and 36.8%. sixteen strains of ... | 1984 | 16031058 |
| serological responses of farmed red deer to a vaccine against leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and pomona. | six adult, female, red deer were vaccinated with a hardjo-pomona vaccine followed by a second vaccination four weeks later and thereafter, at yearly intervals for two years. serological responses were determined at intervals using a standard microscopic agglutination test. increased responses to hardjo were observed in two deer which were seropositive to this serovar before vaccination compared to those which were initially seronegative. some initially seronegative deer developed titres to hardj ... | 1984 | 16031070 |
| a possible cause for the 'pink-eye-like' condition in red deer. | | 1984 | 16031072 |
| blood coagulation parameters in clinically normal intensively farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (dama dama). | reference ranges for five parameters of blood coagulation were established in clinically normal farmed fallow deer (dama dama) and red deer (cervus elaphus). storage of plasma at -15 degrees c resulted in small increases in activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt) for both species, and in the one stage prothrombin time (ospt) of fallow deer, between days 1 and 30. these times were then stable between days 30 and 60. the fibrinogen levels of fallow deer plasma showed a small apparent increase ... | 1985 | 16031096 |
| efficacy and pharmacokinetics of febantel and ivermectin in red deer (cervus elaphus). | a trial was conducted to determine the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of fehantel and ivermectin in six month-old red deer calves (c. eluphus). five calves received febantel by mouth at 7.5 mg/kg, five received a subcutaneous injection of ivermectin at 200 microg/kg and five were controls. all calves were killed seven days later and total lung and gastrointestinal worm counts carried out. febantel was 85 and 99.8% efficient in removing immature and mature dictyocaulus viviparus, respectively, and ... | 1985 | 16031188 |
| mycobacteria isolated from deer in new zealand from 1970-1983. | mycobacterium bovis was isolated from 504 deer from 1970 to 1983. it was first isolated from feral red deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand in 1970, and from farmed deer in 1978. cervine tuberculosis has emerged as a significant problem in farmed deer and in 1983 m.bovis was found on 40 different farms. thirty-five isolates of mycobacterium avium-intracellulare have been cultured from deer but were associated with clinical disease in only four cases. mycobacterium nonchromogenicum, mycobacterium ... | 1985 | 16031192 |
| absence of a vitamin b12 weight gain response in two trials with growing red deer (cervus elaphus). | | 1986 | 16031239 |
| carotid artery exteriorisation in the red deer. | a technique for the surgical relocation of the carotid artery, to permit repeated percutaneous puncture, in red deer, is described. an incision was made through the skin distal to the ramus of the jaw parallel to and dorsal to the superficial jugular vein. the brachiocephalicus muscle was divided by blunt dissection to reveal the carotid artery. the carotid artery was dissected free of connective tissue and the vagus nerve and enclosed in a polythene prosthesis. the brachiocephalicus muscle was ... | 1986 | 16031243 |
| dual infections of red deer (cervus elaphus) by leptospira interrogans serovars copenhageni and hardjo. | on a property in the nelson district, blood and urine samples were taken from red deer (cervus elaphus) from which low (<1:100) antibody titres to serovar copenhageni and suspected leptospiral abortions had previously been reported. a total of 27 hinds were sampled. microscopic agglutination test (mat) titres in sera ranging from 1:32 to 1:128 were found in six animals. thirteen leptospiral isolations were made from nine of the 27 urine samples. four of these were typed as copenhageni and nine a ... | 1986 | 16031274 |
| haemolytic disease associated with leptospira interrogans serovar pomona in red deer calves (cervus elaphus). | three red deer calves (cervus elaphus) died with a haemolytic disease associated with infection by leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. infection within the herd was more prevalent than disease. sera from 16 herd mates were tested by the microscopic agglutination test (mat) and 12 had leptospiral titres, the majority to serovar pomona. a few calves had titres to balcunica and hardjo. urine was obtained for culture from six of these calves and serovar pomona was isolated from five with titres t ... | 1986 | 16031298 |
| effect of ivermectin and oxfendazole on shedding of larvae of the lungworm (dictyocaulus viviparus) by red deer (cervus elaphus). | thirty eight newly weaned hinds were randomly allocated to one of two equal groups. one group received ivermectin, the other, oxfendazole at dose rates of 0.2 mg/kg and 4.5 mg/kg, respectively. all deer were drenched four times and were grazed on pasture. both anthelmintics reduced d. viviparus faecal larval counts to low levels 20 days after dosing, but the mean larval output and the proportion of deer shedding d. viviparus larvae at 27 and 33 days after treatment, were significantly lower in t ... | 1987 | 16031319 |
| short interval intradermal skin testing in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) inoculated with mycobacterium bovis. | two groups of 26 red deer (cervus elaphus) were tuberculin skin tested for 41 weeks at three and six week intervals respectively, except at 17 weeks when the internal was two and five weeks. seventeen weeks after the start of the experiment 36 deer were inoculated intratracheally with mycobacterium bovis, and the remaining 16 were run in-contact. at six weeks post inoculation, 35 of the 36 inoculated deer reacted to the skin test with a mean skin thickness difference (std) of 6.3 mm. in inoculat ... | 1987 | 16031352 |
| parapoxvirus infections in new zealand farmed red deer (cervus elaphus). | outbreaks of infection due to a parapoxvirus were reported on eight new zealand deer farms. scabby lesions were seen variably on the muzzle, lips, face, ears and neck of red deer (cervus elaphus) with morbidity rates reaching 100%. on three farms multifocal lesions were also present on the velvet. deaths were reported on two properties where the lesions were extensive and secondary bacterial infections had occurred. on one of these farms multifactorial disease was suspected. poxvirus particles w ... | 1987 | 16031369 |
| changes in blood coagulation parameters of red deer (cervus elaphus) experimentally infected with malignant catarrhal fever. | changes in blood coagulation parameters were followed in four red deer (cervus elaphus) experimentally infected with malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) of deer. blood platelet counts, activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt), one-stage prothrombin time (ospt), activated clotting time (act), plasma anti-thrombin iii (atiii) activity, fibrinogen degradation production (fdp) and fibrinogen levels were measured. inoculated deer became pyrexic after 17 or 19 days. thereafter they developed watery di ... | 1987 | 16031412 |
| white liver disease in goats. | three field cases of ill-thrift, hepatic lipodystrophy and low tissue levels of vitamin b12 in young angora cross goats are reported. the cases meet the criteria for the diagnosis of white liver disease (wld) described for sheep. the hypothesis that wld is a metabolic consequence of cobalt/vit b12 deficiency in sheep and goats on a diet rich in propionate is developed, together with possible reasons for its occurrence in these species but not in cattle or red deer. | 1988 | 16031425 |
| changes in serum oestrone sulphate and progesterone levels of red deer hinds during pregnancy. | serum oestrone sulphate (e1s) and progesterone (p) levels were recorded from six red deer hinds throughout the first two-thirds of gestation. e1s was generally undetectable until 30 days post conception when levels rose, peaking between 60 and 80 days, and fell to lower values between 80 and 170 days post conception. p levels rose after conception and remained elevated for the remainder of the study. this study indicates that in general the presence of measurable e1s levels in serum of hinds is ... | 1989 | 16031495 |
| bodyweight and serum copper concentrations of farmed red deer stags following oral copper oxide wire administration. | a diagnosis of secondary copper deficiency was established on a deer farm with a peat soil type, on the basis of confirmed enzootic ataxia in hinds, liver and serum copper concentrations and pasture and soil element analyses. seventy-four weaner stags were selected for a trial to investigate a growth response to copper supplementation. thirty-seven red and red x wapiti type stags were treated with 4g copper oxide wire particles at four months of age (april). a further 8g copper oxide wire was gi ... | 1989 | 16031533 |
| the effect of oral oxidised copper wire on liver copper in farmed red deer. | twenty-two weaner red deer stags grazed on a marginally copper-deficient property were used to evaluate the effect on liver copper levels of log oxidised copper wire particles given orally. the deer were assigned to two groups on the basis of pre-trial liver copper levels, and grazed together for the duration of the trial from march to october. liver biopsies were collected from treated and control deer on six occasions at monthly intervals and were analyzed for copper content. mean liver copper ... | 1989 | 16031534 |
| selenium supplementation of young red deer (cervus elaphus). | two selenium (se) supplementation trials were conducted in successive years involving a total of 70 red deer calves 3-15 months of age grazing pasture containing 30-57 ppb of se on a dry matter basis. the trials compared growth rate, whole blood se and glutathione peroxidase (gshpx) concentrations of calves which received periodic doses of oral se or a single injection of barium selenate (equivalent to 50 mg se) or no se supplementation. there were no significant weight gain differences between ... | 1989 | 16031548 |
| a pilot study of the efficacy of topical ivermectin against lungworm in young red deer (cervus elaphus). | three groups of ten 4-month-old red deer (cervus elaphus) calves naturally infected with lungworm (dictyocaulus viviparus) were treated with either oral ivermectin (200 microg/kg), topical (pour-on) ivermectin (500 microg/kg) or oral oxfendazole (5 mg/kg). faecal larval counts for lungworm were undetectable or very low for 14 days after treatment with oxfendazole, 28 days after treatment with oral ivermectin and for 49 days after treatment with topical ivermectin. this pilot study suggests that ... | 1990 | 16031590 |
| field evaluation of melatonin implants to advance the breeding season in 1-year-old farmed red deer hinds. | the efficacy of controlled-release melatonin implants to advance the onset of the breeding season was assessed in 1-year-old red deer hinds on five commercial deer farms in various localities in the north island of new zealand. between 44 and 60 hinds in each of six herds were equally divided among treatment and control groups at each site. melatonin treatment commenced between 27 november and 16 december and was achieved by the subcutaneous administration of two 18 mg melatonin implants. three ... | 1991 | 16031611 |
| behavioural and heart rate responses to velvet antler removal in red deer. | heart rate and behaviour during and following velvet antler removal were monitored in yearling red deer stags to determine the extent to which this procedure was perceived by the deer to be aversive. nine stags normally kept at pasture were habituated over 5 weeks to the following daily handling procedure. each deer was fitted with a harness containing a heart rate monitor. it was then allowed to run through a fixed course in a deer yard, restrained for 40 s in a mechanical deer crush, and then ... | 1992 | 16031658 |
| red urine from red deer grazed on pure red clover swards. | twenty-four red deer hinds with their calves were released on to a newly established pure red clover sward and, 2 days later, red staining of the tail, perineum and hocks was observed. this was presumed to be of urinary origin. observation of micturition showed that when urine was passed, it was a normal straw colour but it turned scarlet-red about 1 hour after exposure to air. midstream urine remained the normal colour when held under a pure nitrogen atmosphere immediately after micturition, bu ... | 1992 | 16031683 |
| electrical stunning of red deer (cervus elaphus). | eighteen of 23 red deer (cervus elaphus) at a deer slaughtering premises were successfully stunned with an apparatus modified from that normally used to stun sheep. the five unsuccessful electrical stuns were associated with poor head restraint and poor head contact by the electrodes. the median stunning current was 0.9 a, and in the majority of cases the duration of stunning was less than 1 second. the signs of the electrically induced epileptiform seizures in the deer were dissimilar to those ... | 1993 | 16031710 |
| efficacy of slow-release albendazole capsules in controlling lungworms and gastro-intestinal nematodes in red deer (cervus elaphus). | one hundred and fifteen young red deer (cervus elaphus), heavily infected with lungworm (dictyocaulus viviparus) and lightly infected with gastro-intestinal nematodes, were divided into three groups. one group of 50 animals was treated with one adult sheep dose of a slow-release albendazole capsule, another group of 50 was dosed orally five times with liquid albendazole and 15 were left as untreated controls. the capsule eliminated faecal lungworm larvae during the 103-day trial period. there wa ... | 1993 | 16031711 |
| a difference in abomasal ph between canadian wapiti affected with chronic illthrift and unaffected deer. | the ph of abomasal fluid from five purebred canadian wapiti which were diagnosed with chronic illthrift ("fading") was found to be elevated compared to ten clinically normal red and hybrid (wapiti x red) deer. the average abomasal ph of the affected elk was 6.3, compared to 2.5 for the unaffected red and hybrid deer. | 1993 | 16031714 |
| a comparison of lungworm faecal larval counts and trichostrongyloid faecal egg counts between red deer (cervus elaphus) and red deer x wapiti f1 hybrids. | to determine if breed differences in susceptibility to trichostrongyloid and lungworm infection exist, two groups of weaner deer containing seven red deer and red deer x wapiti f1 hybrids were compared using faecal egg counts and faecal larval counts. all animals were run on the same pasture at the same time and treated with the same anthelmintics at the same time. results indicated that there were significant differences between red deer and red deer x wapiti hybrids, with red deer having highe ... | 1994 | 16031758 |
| osteochondrosis associated with copper deficiency in young farmed red deer and wapiti x red deer hybrids. | osteochondrosis is reported in association with copper deficiency in young red deer and wapiti x red deer hybrids on eight deer farms throughout new zealand. on two farms, more than 30% of fawns were affected. affected animals were lame, often had one or more swollen joints, and in some cases had an abnormal "bunny-hopping" gait or "cow-hocked" stance. lesions were most common in the carpal, tarsal, stifle and hip joints, and were usually bilateral. defects in articular cartilage ranged from loo ... | 1994 | 16031764 |
| diagnosis of tuberculosis due to mycobacterium bovis in new zealand red deer (cervus elaphus) using a composite blood test and antibody assays. | a blood test for tuberculosis in deer was developed as an ancillary test to clarify the status of skin test-positive deer, with non-specific sensitisation following exposure to saprophytic mycobacteria. the blood test incorporates the measurement of the relative humoral and cellular immunological responses to mycobacterium bovis and m. avium antigens to provide a composite test with high levels of sensitivity (>95%) and specificity (>98%). the specificity of the test has allowed it to be used in ... | 1994 | 16031775 |
| mycobacterium avium infection in a farmed deer herd. | tuberculous lesions were identified over a 2-year period in 36 clinically normal red deer from a single herd. the lesions were only present in the retropharyngeal lymph nodes and lymph nodes draining the intestinal tract, indicating infection by the oral route. mycobacterium avium was isolated from 27 of 29 lesions examined by bacterial culture. grossly and histologically, the lesions were indistinguishable from those caused by mycobacterium bovis. dna restriction endonuclease analysis revealed ... | 1995 | 16031791 |
| osteochondrosis, skeletal abnormalities and enzootic ataxia associated with copper deficiency in a farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) herd. | a red deer herd of 150 mixed-age hinds, 48 stags and 102 weaners was identified as severely copper deficient during an observational study of 15 deer farms in the lower north island of new zealand during 1992 and 1993. severe lameness was observed in nine weaners in 1992 (8.8% prevalence) and 15 in 1993 (12% prevalence). typical abnormalities included swollen hocks and carpal joints and outward rotation of hind legs with hocks touching. at postmortem examination, there were epiphyseal fractures ... | 1995 | 16031812 |
| dominance hierarchies in cattle and red deer (cervus elaphus): their possible relationship to the transmission of bovine tuberculosis. | a behavioural study was conducted to assess the dominance structure of cattle and deer herds and to assess the possible relationship of dominance to the risk of becoming infected with bovine tuberculosis. five groups of cattle containing newly identified intradermal tuberculin test reactors were evaluated to determine the dominance hierarchy, and then exposed to sedated possums to assess the response of reactors and non-reactors. eighty-six percent of the tuberculin test-positive cattle were amo ... | 1995 | 16031870 |
| xylazine and a xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination in farmed deer. i: dose rate comparison. | six 1-year-old farmed red deer were used to compare physiological and behavioural responses to a range of doses of 5% xylazine with or without the addition of 0.4 mg of fentanyl citrate and 3.2 mg of azaperone per ml. each deer was randomly assigned to one of six treatments: xylazine alone at 0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg, the xylazinelfentanyl citrate/azaperone combination containing 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg of xylazine, or a sterile water control. injections were given intramuscularly in the anterior neck, ... | 1996 | 16031901 |
| xylazine and a xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination in farmed deer. ii: velvet antler removal and reversal combinations. | three studies were undertaken on farmed red and red x wapiti deer to evaluate xylazine and a xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination for velvet antler removal. in the first experiment, 30 1-2 year-old red and 25% red x wapiti deer whose velvet was to be removed were given either 5% xylazine alone at 0.5 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly or the same dose rate of a commercially available mixture of 5% xylazine with the addition of 0.4 mg of fentanyl citrate and 3.2 mg of azaperone per ml. ... | 1996 | 16031902 |
| histological examination of the antlerogenic region of red deer (cervus elaphus) hummels. | hummels are antlerless red deer stags. this abnormality has been attributed to poor feeding conditions which result in failure by the deer to grow complete pedicles. incomplete pedicles lack the potential to develop normal antlers. the histological examinations in this study showed that the rudimentary pedicles (5 mm and 15 mm in height) grown by the two hummels respectively were developed by intramembranous ossification. this is the way that the frontal lateral crests of normal deer are formed, ... | 1996 | 16031913 |
| natural infection of red deer with bovine tuberculosis. | six bovine tuberculosis-free red deer hinds were introduced in october 1993 to a 1.8 ha enclosure, within a larger field study site known to contain tuberculous possums, and kept there for 9 months. a mycobacterium bovis-infected possum was found in the vicinity of the deer enclosure 3 weeks after the introduction. subsequently, a further eleven infected possums were found in the area. the deer were monitored by repeated composite antibody detection elisa and lymphocyte transformation assays for ... | 1997 | 16031943 |
| persistent anthelmintic activity of topically administered ivermectin in red deer (cervus elaphus l.) against lungworms (dictyocaulus viviparus). | a controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the persistent anthelmintic effect of ivermectin as a topical treatment at 500 microg/kg against induced infection with lungworm (dictyocaulus viviparus) in red deer (cervus elaphus). the results showed a highly significant (p <0.01) anthelmintic activity for at least 28 days against a newly acquired infection with dictyocaulus viviparus (>99% efficacy). | 1997 | 16031960 |
| neuroleptic treatment of red deer calves at weaning. | to determine whether neuroleptic drugs could be useful in reducing weaning stress in red deer, two groups of 30 calves were studied following separation from their dams for weaning at 3-4 months of age. | 1998 | 16032030 |
| observations of leptospirosis in farmed deer. | slaughterhouse and on-farm surveys were undertaken to investigate some aspects of leptospirosis (leptospira interrogans) in farmed deer in the lower north island of new zealand. | 1998 | 16032037 |
| epidemiology and pathogenesis of mycobacterium bovis infection of red deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand. | this study was initiated to investigate aspects of the epidemiology, pathogenesis and transmission of tuberculosis in wild red deer, with the aim of determining whether this species may be considered a reservoir host of mycobacterium bovis in new zealand. | 1998 | 16032039 |
| the efficacy of a pour-on formulation of moxidectin in young red and wapiti-hybrid deer. | to measure the efficacy of a pour-on formulation of moxidectin against lungworm and abomasal parasites in weaner wapiti x red deer and to compare this with its efficacy in weaner red deer. | 1998 | 16032046 |
| a survey of internal parasites and parasite control on north island deer farms. | to evaluate internal parasite control practices and their effectiveness, and to investigate relationships between indices of parasitism and production outcomes by analysis of data collected during a deer herd health and production profiling project. | 1998 | 16032051 |
| activities and social relationships of red deer at pasture. | to provide baseline data for research into behaviourally appropriate management systems for deer. | 1999 | 16032078 |
| the effect of long-acting injectable selenium formulations on blood and liver selenium concentrations and liveweights of red deer (cervus elaphus). | to evaluate the efficacy of a new long acting injectable selenium ( se ) formulation to increase the se status and prevent se deficiency in red deer. | 2000 | 16032118 |
| transmission of brucella ovis from rams to red deer stags. | to determine whether b. ovis will transmit from infected rams to non-infected red deer stags (cervus elaphus) grazing together in the same paddock. | 2000 | 16032119 |
| attempted transmission of brucella ovis between red deer stags by successive grazing or adjacent-paddock grazing. | to determine whether brucella ovis can be transmitted from stag to stag by successive grazing of infected and noninfected stags in the same paddock, or by grazing infected and non-infected stags in adjacent paddocks. | 2000 | 16032138 |
| evaluation of techniques for lignocaine hydrochloride analgesia of the velvet antler of adult stags. | to evaluate the effectiveness of various routes of administration and doses of local anaesthetic (la) to provide analgesia of the velvet antler of adult stags. | 2000 | 16032150 |
| dictyocaulus eckerti, lungworm infecting farmed red deer in new zealand. | | 2001 | 16032160 |
| isolation and characterisation of cervine herpesvirus-1 from red deer semen. | this communication describes the isolation of herpesvirus during routine export examination of semen collected from red deer stags in new zealand. | 2001 | 16032173 |
| a review of tissue reference values used to assess the trace element status of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus). | aims: this paper reviews the principles for the establishment of biochemical reference criteria for assessing the trace element status of farmed livestock and summarises data for copper, selenium, vitamin b12 and iodine for farmed red deer. copper: enzootic ataxia and osteochondrosis occur when liver copper concentrations are below 60 micromol/kg fresh tissue, and serum copper concentrations are below 3-4 micromol/l. growth responses to copper supplementation have been equivocal when blood coppe ... | 2001 | 16032179 |
| effects of brucella ovis infection on semen characteristics of 16-month-old red deer stags. | to determine the effects of brucella ovis infection on semen characteristics of 16-month-old red deer stags (cervus elaphus). | 2002 | 16032204 |
| liver copper, selenium and vitamin b12 concentrations in farmed and feral red deer (cervus elaphus). | to compare liver copper, selenium and vitamin b12 concentrations in red deer of farmed and feral origin. | 2002 | 16032221 |
| effects of vaginal brucella ovis infection of red deer hinds on reproductive performance, and venereal transmission to stags. | to investigate the effects of vaginal brucella ovis infection on the reproductive performance of red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds. to determine whether stags may become infected with b. ovis by venereal transmission from mating infected hinds. | 2002 | 16032258 |
| copper supplementation, velvet antler production and growth of rising 2-year-old red deer stags. | to investigate whether copper supplementation to rising 2-year-old red deer stags (cervus elaphus) in winter and/or spring improved velvet antler weight, grade and financial value, and liveweight gain. | 2002 | 16032267 |
| novel forages for growth and health in farmed deer. | aims: this paper reviews recent research on the use of new forages in deer farming that may be useful for increasing growth in weaner deer for venison production, increasing the trace element status of deer, and for developing systems less reliant on chemical inputs, notably of anthelmintics used to control internal parasites. growth: grazing on pure swards of red clover (trifolium pratense) or chicory (chicorium intybus) increased weaner growth during autumn by 26-47% and during spring by 10-14 ... | 2002 | 16032280 |
| dictyocaulus species: cross infection between cattle and red deer. | aim: to discover whether cross infection between red deer (cervus elaphus) and cattle is possible with either a bovine isolate of the cattle lungworm, dictyocaulus viviparus, or with a cervine isolate of the lungworm, dictyocaulus eckerti which is thought to be maintained primarily in deer. method: twelve cattle and 12 red deer were reared parasite-free from birth. at 3-4 months of age, half of each species (n=6) were experimentally infected with d. viviparus and the other half with d. eckerti. ... | 2003 | 16032306 |
| cloning of the elk common glycoprotein alpha-subunit and the fsh and lh beta-subunit cdnas. | we report the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the pituitary glycoprotein hormone common alpha-subunit, and the fsh and lh beta-subunits of the elk (cervus elaphus). these sequences were obtained by rt-pcr of pituitary gland polyadenylated rna. a partial genomic fragment of the elk follicle stimulating hormone beta-subunit was also amplified from genomic dna and sequenced. these sequences show high similarity to other related domestic species, including sika deer, ovine, bovine, po ... | 2005 | 16034197 |
| interleukin-10 suppresses tissue factor expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages via inhibition of egr-1 and a serum response element/mek-erk1/2 pathway. | atherosclerosis is considered to be an inflammatory disease. tissue factor (tf), a prothrombotic molecule expressed by various cell types within atherosclerotic plaques, is thought to play an essential role in thrombus formation after atherosclerotic plaque rupture. recent studies suggest that the antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (il-10) has many antiatherosclerotic properties. therefore, the effects of il-10 on tf expression in response to inflammation were investigated. mouse macrophag ... | 2005 | 16037570 |
| the effect of johne's vaccination on tuberculin testing in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus). | to assess the degree of interference with bovine tuberculin testing in farmed red deer that vaccination of young deer with an oil-adjuvanted vs aqueous formulation of live attenuated mycobacterium paratuberculosis strain 316f vaccines would be likely to cause, and to compare immunological responses between vaccine formulations. | 2005 | 16044180 |
| an epidemiological evaluation of mycobacterium bovis infections in wild game animals of the spanish mediterranean ecosystem. | recreational hunting of indigenous wild artiodactyls has been one of the most lucrative and rapidly growing industries in western spain over the last five years. in the absence of careful ecological management, one consequence of the commercial exploitation of this natural resource has been the appearance of outbreaks of infectious disease; most notably bovine tuberculosis. from the outset of the study in 1997, we have observed a steady increase in prevalence of mycobacterium bovis (m. bovis) in ... | 2006 | 16045949 |
| [mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in wild animal species and cattle in styria/austria]. | infections with mycobacterium ovium ssp. paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis) are increasingly recognised worldwide. in addition to an increased prevalence of paratuberculosis in austrian cattle herds, recent years have also shown a rise in infections with m. paratuberculosis in wild red and roe deer, chamois and mouflon. during the period from june 2002 to september 2004, mesenteric lymph nodes were taken from a total of 483 wild animals hunted or found dead and from 338 deceased cattle. samp ... | 2005 | 16048043 |
| liver microsomal biotransformation of albendazole in deer, cattle, sheep and pig and some related wild breeds. | albendazole (abz) biotransformation was studied in vitro in liver microsomes of adult noncastrated male farm animals (ram, buck, bull and boar), castrated adult males (wether, billy and hog), and free living males (fallow buck, red deer stag, mouflon ram, roe buck and wild boar). liver microsomal fractions were incubated with either abz or racemic albendazole sulphoxide (abzso). abz was extensively metabolized to the (+) and (-) enantiomers of abzso, whereas abzso underwent a slow oxidation to a ... | 2005 | 16050818 |
| spatially separate docking sites on erk2 regulate distinct signaling events in vivo. | inhibitors of the oncogenic ras-mapk pathway have been intensely pursued as therapeutics. targeting this pathway, however, presents challenges due to the essential role of mapk in homeostatic functions. the phosphorylation and activation of mapk substrates is regulated by protein-protein interactions with mapk docking sites. active erk1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2)-mapks localize to effectors containing def (docking site for erk, (f)/(y) -x-(f)/(y) -p)- or d-domain (docking doma ... | 2005 | 16051177 |
| post mortem time and season alter subpopulation characteristics of iberian red deer epididymal sperm. | we have studied the effect of post mortem time and season on sperm subpopulation pattern and characteristics. we used epididymal samples from free-ranging iberian red deers harvested during the hunting season. we studied samples at different moments of the year (rut, transition period and post-rut), and at different times post mortem (up to 4 days). sperm were extracted from the cauda epididymis and their motility was evaluated by means of a casa system. a principal component and clustering anal ... | 2005 | 16054499 |
| phylogeny and antigenic relationships of three cervid herpesviruses. | elk herpesvirus (elkhv) from north american elk (wapiti, cervus elaphus nelsoni) is a recently identified alphaherpesvirus related to bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1). in this study, we determined its relationship with european cervid herpesviruses: cervid herpesvirus-1 (cerhv-1) from red deer and rangiferine herpesvirus (ranhv) from reindeer. for phylogenetic analysis, genes for the gc and gd proteins of these viruses were sequenced. these genes demonstrated an extremely high gc content (76-79%). g ... | 2005 | 16061301 |
| skeleton of a late glacial elk associated with barbed points from poulton-le-fylde, lancashire. | | 1971 | 16077546 |
| challenges facing sex preselection of stallion spermatozoa. | since the production of the first live offspring from sex-sorted spermatozoa in 1989, there have been many developments in the fluorescence-activated cell separation (facs) procedures to preselect x- and y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa prior to insemination. during this time, facs technology has been applied to a range of species and has resulted in offspring from rabbits, cattle, sheep, elk and horses. in horses, satisfactory fertility rates have been achieved after hysteroscopic insemination ... | 2005 | 16084041 |
| factors influencing the protective efficacy of a bcg homologous prime-boost vaccination regime against tuberculosis. | tuberculosis due to mycobacterium spp. continues to represent a major threat to human and animal health, prompting the search for effective vaccines. we have previously reported a sequential prime and boost homologous vaccination regime, using live avirulent m. bovis bacille calmette-guerin (bcg) strain 1173p2, that can provide significant protection to red deer (cervus elaphus) against virulent m. bovis infection. here, we have investigated the influence of varying the time-periods during and f ... | 2006 | 16098638 |
| prescribed burning effects on summer elk forage availability in the subalpine zone, banff national park, canada. | the effects of prescribed burning on forage abundance and suitability for elk (cervus elaphus) during the snow-free season was evaluated in east-central banff national park, canada. six coniferous forest and mixed shrub-herb plant communities (n=144 plots), and 5223ha of burned (n=131) vegetation <12 years old were sampled using a stratified semi-random design. sampling units represented various combinations of vegetation, terrain conditions, and stand ages that were derived from digital biophys ... | 2005 | 16102891 |
| efficacy of immobilizing free-ranging elk with telazol and xylazine hydrochloride using transmitter-equipped darts. | from january 1999 to april 2002, 14 free-ranging elk were darted with a mixture of telazol reconstituted with xylazine hydrochloride (hcl) in a forested habitat in southwestern oklahoma and north-central arkansas. elk were darted from ground blinds, tree stands, or a vehicle at distances of 14-46 m and were recovered 37-274 m from the dart site. elk were located using radiotelemetry with 3-cc disposable pneu-dart transmitter darts. mean+/-sd dose of telazol and xylazine hcl was 590+/-192 mg/ml a ... | 2005 | 16107675 |
| cilia-associated respiratory (car) bacillus infection in adult red deer, chamois, and roe deer. | cilia-associated respiratory (car) bacillus is an unclassified bacterium that colonizes the ciliated epithelium of airways in laboratory rats, laboratory mice, and laboratory and conventionally reared rabbits, cattle, goats, and pigs. data on the prevalence of car bacillus infection in wild animals are lacking. the present study demonstrated the occurrence of the organism in wild red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus), chamois (rupicapra rupicapra), and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) from the val ... | 2005 | 16107685 |
| campylobacter spp., salmonella spp., verocytotoxic escherichia coli, and antibiotic resistance in indicator organisms in wild cervids. | faecal samples were collected, as part of the national health surveillance program for cervids (hop) in norway, from wild red deer, roe deer, moose and reindeer during ordinary hunting seasons from 2001 to 2003. samples from a total of 618 animals were examined for verocytotoxic e. coli (vtec); 611 animals for salmonella and 324 animals for campylobacter. a total of 50 samples were cultivated from each cervid species in order to isolate the indicator bacterial species e. coli and enterococcus fa ... | 2005 | 16108210 |
| long-term estradiol deprivation in breast cancer cells up-regulates growth factor signaling and enhances estrogen sensitivity. | deprivation of estrogen causes breast tumors in women to adapt and develop enhanced sensitivity to this steroid. accordingly, women relapsing after treatment with oophorectomy, which substantially lowers estradiol for a prolonged period, respond secondarily to aromatase inhibitors with tumor regression. we have utilized in vitro and in vivo model systems to examine the biologic processes whereby long-term estradiol deprivation (lted) causes cells to adapt and develop hypersensitivity to estradio ... | 2005 | 16113100 |
| rapid and transient activation of the erk mapk signalling pathway by macrophage migration inhibitory factor (mif) and dependence on jab1/csn5 and src kinase activity. | macrophage migration inhibitory factor (mif) is a 12.5 kd polypeptide that serves as a critical regulator of cell functions such as gene expression, proliferation or apoptosis. however, the signal transduction pathways through which mif takes part in cellular regulation are only incompletely understood. mif leads to cd74-dependent "sustained" activation of erk1/2 mapk, but mif's role in "transient" erk activation and the involved upstream pathways are unknown. here we report that the transient e ... | 2006 | 16122907 |
| a novel protein depp, which is induced by progesterone in human endometrial stromal cells activates elk-1 transcription factor. | decidualization of the endometrial stromal cells (esc), considered to be stimulated by progesterone and/or camp, is crucial for embryo implantation and placentation. in this study, we isolated a novel clone encoding decidual protein induced by progesterone (depp) from a human esc cdna library enriched with progesterone-inducible genes. depp mrna was expressed in various human tissues including placenta, ovary and kidney. increased expression of depp was observed in endometria during mid- and lat ... | 2005 | 16123073 |
| chronic wasting disease of elk: transmissibility to humans examined by transgenic mouse models. | chronic wasting disease (cwd), a prion disease affecting free-ranging and captive cervids (deer and elk), is widespread in the united states and parts of canada. the large cervid population, the popularity of venison consumption, and the apparent spread of the cwd epidemic are likely resulting in increased human exposure to cwd in the united states. whether cwd is transmissible to humans, as has been shown for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (the prion disease of cattle), is unknown. we generat ... | 2005 | 16135751 |
| molecular epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in wild animals in spain: a first approach to risk factor analysis. | in human tuberculosis (mycobacterium tuberculosis), molecular epidemiology has accurately indicated the risk factors involved in active transmission of the disease, by comparing individuals whose isolates belong to a cluster with patients whose strains are considered unique. nevertheless, this application has not been used in bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis). our study describes the integration of epidemiological data into molecular classification data on m. bovis isolates. these were i ... | 2005 | 16143470 |
| definitive differentiation between single and mixed mycobacterial infections in red deer (cervus elaphus) by a combination of duplex amplification of p34 and f57 sequences and hpy188i enzymatic restriction of duplex amplicons. | severe emaciation and mortalities suggestive of mycobacterial infections were recently reported for both adult and young wild red deer (cervus elaphus) in the southeastern part of belgium. in deer, tuberculous lesions are not pathognomonic of mycobacterium bovis infection due to gross and microscopic similarities with lesions caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis or m. avium subsp. avium. the aim of this study was to improve molecular methods for the species-specific identificati ... | 2005 | 16145120 |
| chronic wasting disease. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a unique transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (o. virginianus), and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). the natural history of cwd is incompletely understood, but it differs from scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) by virtue of its occurrence in nondomestic and free-ranging species. cwd has many features in common with scrapie, including early widespread distribution of disease ... | 2005 | 16145200 |
| locoweed (oxytropis sericea)-induced lesions in mule deer (odocoileius hemionus). | locoweed poisoning has been reported in wildlife, but it is unknown whether mule deer (odocoileius hemionus) are susceptible. in areas that are heavily infested with locoweed, deer and elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) have developed a spongiform encephalopathy, chronic wasting disease (cwd). although these are distinct diseases, no good comparisons are available. the purpose of this study was to induce and describe chronic locoweed poisoning in deer and compare it with the lesions of cwd. two groups ... | 2005 | 16145203 |
| the phylogenetic position of the 'giant deer' megaloceros giganteus. | the giant deer, or 'irish elk', has featured extensively in debates on adaptation, sexual selection, and extinction. its huge antlers--the largest of any deer species, living or extinct--formed a focus of much past work. yet the phylogenetic position of the giant deer has remained an enigma. on the basis of its flattened antlers, the species was previously regarded as closely related to the living fallow deer. recent morphological studies, however, have challenged that view and placed the giant ... | 2005 | 16148942 |
| rapidly declining fine-scale spatial genetic structure in female red deer. | a growing literature now documents the presence of fine-scale genetic structure in wild vertebrate populations. breeding population size, levels of dispersal and polygyny--all hypothesized to affect population genetic structure--are known to be influenced by ecological conditions experienced by populations. however the possibility of temporal or spatial variation in fine-scale genetic structure as a result of ecological change is rarely considered or explored. here we investigate temporal variat ... | 2005 | 16156811 |
| molecular substrates for retrieval and reconsolidation of cocaine-associated contextual memory. | relapse into drug taking among addicts often depends on learned associations between drug-paired cues and the rewarding effects of these drugs, such as cocaine (coc). memory for drug-paired cues resists extinction and contributes to the high rate of relapse; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these associations are not understood. we show that coc-conditioned place preference (cpp) activates erk, creb, elk-1, and fos in the nucleus accumbens core (acbc) but not shell. intra-acbc infusi ... | 2005 | 16157281 |
| l-citrulline and l-arginine supplementation retards the progression of high-cholesterol-diet-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of ingested l-arginine, l-citrulline, and antioxidants (vitamins c and e) on the progression of atherosclerosis in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet. the fatty diet caused a marked impairment of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in isolated thoracic aorta and blood flow in rabbit ear artery in vivo, the development of atheromatous lesions and increased superoxide anion production in thoracic aorta, and increased oxidation-sensitive g ... | 2005 | 16157883 |
| [regulatory effect of smad7 gene on mapk signal pathway in malignant transformation of immortalized human bronchial epithelial bep2d cells]. | smad7 is an inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) signal pathway. tgf-beta could induce the expression of several genes through activating smad and ras/mek/erk pathways. this study was to determine whether smad7 is involved in regulating mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signal pathway with tgf-beta in malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial bep2d cells. | 2005 | 16159429 |
| microsatellites with variation and heredity applicable to genetic studies of norwegian red deer (cervus elaphus atlanticus). | | 2005 | 16167997 |
| cloning of the human task-2 (kcnk5) promoter and its regulation by chronic hypoxia. | the tandem p domain potassium channel family includes five members of the acid-sensing subfamily, task. task channels are active at resting potential and are inhibited by extracellular protons, suggesting they function as acid sensors and control excitability/ion homeostasis. indeed, task-2 (kcnk5) has been shown to control excitability, volume regulation, bicarbonate handling, and apoptosis in a variety of tissues. with such diverse functions being ascribed to task-2, it is important to underst ... | 2005 | 16168386 |
| curcumin inhibits human colon cancer cell growth by suppressing gene expression of epidermal growth factor receptor through reducing the activity of the transcription factor egr-1. | high expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) is found in a variety of solid tumors, including colorectal cancer. egfr has been identified as a rational target for anticancer therapy. curcumin, the yellow pigment of turmeric in curry, has received attention as a promising dietary supplement for cancer prevention and treatment. we recently reported that curcumin inhibited the growth of human colon cancer-derived moser cells by suppressing gene expression of cyclind1 and egfr. the aim ... | 2006 | 16170359 |
| antitumor effect of e1a in ovarian cancer by cytoplasmic sequestration of activated erk by pea15. | the adenovirus type 5 gene e1a is known to suppress tumorigenicity by transcriptionally downregulating her-2/neu (her2) or by inducing apoptosis. we show here that e1a also suppressed the tumorigenicity of the low-her2-expressing ovarian cancer cell line ovcar-3 by decreasing cell proliferation. we further found that the mechanism responsible for this reduced proliferation is the presence of pea15 (phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes), which is upregulated by e1a in ovarian cancer; pea15 promo ... | 2006 | 16170361 |
| activation and mitogen-activated protein kinase regulation of transcription factors ets and nf-kappab in mycobacterium-infected macrophages and role of these factors in tumor necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide synthase 2 promoter function. | previous studies have shown that primary murine macrophages infected with mycobacterium avium produced lower levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) and inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (nos2) compared to cells infected with nonpathogenic mycobacterium smegmatis. tnf-alpha and nos2 levels correlated with and were dependent on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (erk1/2). to define the macrophage transcriptional ... | 2005 | 16177323 |
| heavy metal levels in tissues of red deer (cervus elaphus) from eastern croatia. | the aim of this study was to measure the levels of some toxic and essential metals in the kidney cortex and jawbone of red deer caught in baranja region, eastern croatia. kidneys and jawbones of 57 red deer (17 males, 40 females), aged six months to ten years, were collected and the concentrations of metals determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (aas). the median mass fraction of toxic cadmium, mercury, and lead in the kidney were 0.099 mg kg(-1), 0.362 mg kg(-1), and 0.578 mg kg(-1) (w ... | 2005 | 16180608 |
| characteristics of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) spermatozoa cryopreserved after storage at 5 degrees c in the epididymis for several days. | the aim of this study was to assess the influence of prolonged cold storage of iberian red deer epididymides on post-thaw sperm characteristics. thirty-seven pairs of testes, with attached epididymides, were collected during november and december. spermatozoa from one of each of the pairs were immediately recovered, evaluated and frozen (control group). the remaining epididymides were cooled to 5 degrees c and stored for 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h (experimental groups), after which spermatozoa were ... | 2005 | 16182871 |
| evaluation of western blotting methods using samples with or without sodium phosphotungstic acid precipitation for diagnosis of scrapie and chronic wasting disease. | the purpose of this study was to enhance the sensitivity of the western blot (wb) test for use as an alternative and confirmatory method for the diagnosis of scrapie and chronic wasting disease (cwd) in canada by comparing 2 sample preparation procedures: an abnormal prion protein (prpsc) concentration procedure using sodium phosphotungstic acid (pta) precipitation and a procedure using crude sample without precipitation. a total of 100 cerebrum samples (52 sheep and 48 elk), including 66 negati ... | 2005 | 16187549 |
| dismissing the family who refuses vaccines: a study of pediatrician attitudes. | parent refusal or deliberate delay of their child's vaccinations poses a challenge for pediatricians. some pediatricians may choose to dismiss these families from their practice. | 2005 | 16203937 |
| key gravity-sensitive signaling pathways drive t cell activation. | returning astronauts have experienced altered immune function and increased vulnerability to infection during spaceflights dating back to apollo and skylab. lack of immune response in microgravity occurs at the cellular level. we analyzed differential gene expression to find gravity-dependent genes and pathways. we found inhibited induction of 91 genes in the simulated freefall environment of the random positioning machine. altered induction of 10 genes regulated by key signaling pathways was ve ... | 2005 | 16210397 |
| regulation of cxcr4-mediated nuclear translocation of extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2. | activation of the chemokine receptor cxcr4 by its agonist stromal cell-derived factor 1 (sdf-1) has been associated with cell migration and proliferation in many cell types, but the intracellular signaling cascades are incompletely defined. here we show that cxcr4-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (erk1/2) phosphorylation was mediated through the ras/raf pathway, as demonstrated with a dominant-negative ras mutant and pharmacological inhibitors. the src inhibitor 4-amino-5 ... | 2006 | 16210428 |
| molecular phylogeny of megaloceros giganteus--the giant deer or just a giant red deer? | two fragments of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) of the cytochrome b gene (137 bp and 167 bp) were successfully isolated and sequenced from antlers and bones of five specimens of the giant deer (megaloceros giganteus) to examine the phylogenetic position of megaloceros giganteus within the family cervidae. this is the first report on ancient dna (adna) sequences from megaloceros giganteus. a phylogenetic analysis based on parameter-rich models describes the evolutionary relationships between five indi ... | 2005 | 16219984 |