| pcr survey of vectorborne pathogens in dogs living in and around barcelona, an area endemic for leishmaniasis. | blood samples from 153 dogs living in and around barcelona were assayed for leishmania infantum and ehrlichia, anaplasma, rickettsia, bartonella, hepatozoon, babesia and theileria species by pcr amplification of dna, and the amplicons obtained were sequenced. the prevalence of the infectious agents was l infantum (29.4 per cent), ehrlichia and anaplasma species (4.0 per cent), hepatozoon canis (3.3 per cent), babesia canis vogeli (2.0 per cent), babesia gibsoni (2.0 per cent), babesia canis cani ... | 2009 | 19168881 |
| [detection of co-infection with lyme spirochetes and spotted fever group rickettsiae in a group of haemaphysalis longicornis]. | the present study was conducted to investigate the infection of lyme disease, spotted fever, ehrlichiosis (anaplasmosisin) in wild animals and ticks in the mountain areas of zhejiang province. | 2008 | 19173967 |
| attenuated vaccines for animal diseases. | | 2008 | 19178885 |
| experimental use of the attenuated ehrlichia ruminantium (welgevonden) vaccine in merino sheep and angora goats. | the attenuated ehrlichia ruminantium (welgevonden) stock provides protection against a virulent homologous needle challenge in merino sheep and boer goats against heartwater. in this study, cryopreserved stabilates were tested for their suitability as a vaccine in merino sheep. vaccination did not produce disease and upon challenge with the virulent homologous stock all animals were fully protected. the vaccination protected all except one animal out of 5 challenged 12 months after immunization. ... | 2008 | 19178891 |
| optimization of proteomic sample preparation procedures for comprehensive protein characterization of pathogenic systems. | mass spectrometry-based proteomics is a powerful analytical tool for investigating pathogens and their interactions within a host. the sensitivity of such analyses provides broad proteome characterization, but the sample-handling procedures must first be optimized to ensure compatibility with the technique and to maximize the dynamic range of detection. the decision-making process for determining optimal growth conditions, preparation methods, sample analysis methods, and data analysis technique ... | 2008 | 19183792 |
| short report: serologic evidence of human ehrlichiosis in peru. | a serosurvey for human ehrlichiosis caused by ehrlichia chaffeensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum was performed in different regions of peru by using indirect immunofluorescence assays (ifas). regions included an urban community in a shantytown in lima (pampas) and three rural communities located on the northern coast of peru (cura mori), in the southern peruvian andes (cochapata), and in the peruvian jungle region (santo tomas). an overall e. chaffeensis seroprevalence of 13% (21 of 160) was fo ... | 2009 | 19190221 |
| natural co-infection of ehrlichia chaffeensis and anaplasma bovis in a deer in south korea. | both ehrlichioses and anaplasmoses are zoonotic, fatal infectious diseases that caused by ticks. white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) are important hosts for ehrlichia chaffeensis, anaplasma phagocytophilum and anaplasma-like organisms. in the present study, an evaluation of infection with tick-borne pathogens was conducted using a pcr assay on the blood of a deer that expressed anorexia and decreased activity. the results of the pcr assay revealed natural co-infection of e. chaffeensis an ... | 2009 | 19194084 |
| clinical outcomes of solid organ transplant recipients with ehrlichiosis. | because of our experience with severe ehrlichia infections in lung transplant recipients, we reviewed all cases of ehrlichiosis in solid organ transplant recipients at barnes-jewish hospital in st. louis, missouri. between 1996 and 2007, 25 cases of ehrlichiosis were identified. we retrospectively collected demographic, clinical, laboratory, and outcomes data, and we compared the 5 cases in lung transplant recipients with 20 cases in other solid organ transplant recipients (heart, 2; kidney, 13; ... | 2009 | 19228344 |
| what is your diagnosis? blood smear from an injured red-tailed hawk. | an injured juvenile red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis) was evaluated at the veterinary medical teaching hospital at the university of california, davis. the hawk was quiet, alert, and emaciated, and had a closed comminuted, mid-diaphyseal ulnar fracture. cbc results included heterophilia with a left shift, monocytosis, and increased plasma fibrinogen concentration. the blood smear included rare heterophils containing small, dark blue inclusions approximately 1-2 mum in diameter that ranged from ... | 2009 | 19228359 |
| indices of urine n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities in clinically normal adult dogs. | to establish reference ranges for indices of urine n-acetyl-b-d-glucosaminidase (nag) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (ggt) activities in clinically normal adult dogs. | 2009 | 19231965 |
| molecular detection and identification of ehrlichia and anaplasma species in ixodid ticks. | a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay followed by partial sequencing of the 16s ribosomal rna gene was performed for the presence of ehrlichia and/or anaplasma. a total of 242 ixodid ticks were collected from domestic ruminants and their shelters, as well as humans, and their individual salivary glands were dissected out for dna. from the 242 ticks analyzed, six (2.47%), comprising three hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, one rhipicephalus bursa, and two rhipicephalus sanguineus, were positive. o ... | 2009 | 19247690 |
| tick-borne ehrlichiosis infection in human beings. | human monocytic ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne infectious disease transmitted by several tick species, especially amblyomma spp caused by ehrlichia chaffeensis. e. chaffeensis is an obligatory intracellular, tick-transmitted bacterium that is maintained in nature in a cycle involving at least one and perhaps several vertebrate reservoir hosts. two additional ehrlichia spp, anaplasma (formerly ehrlichia) phagocytophila (the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis [hge]) and e. ewingii (a cause of ... | 2008 | 19248653 |
| a suspected case of lyme borreliosis in a hunting dog in korea. | a two-year-old male pointer had been presented with anorexia, cachexia, and weight loss of 10-day duration. upon physical examination, fever, lethargy, superficial lymph node enlargement, and tick infestation were noted. the only abnormality in cbc and serum chemistry analyses was mild hyperglobulinemia. spleen was enlarged by radiography, and the lymph nodes showed neutrophilic lymphadenitis by cytological examination. a polymerase chain reaction test for babesiosis and commercial elisa tests f ... | 2009 | 19255531 |
| molecular characterization of ehrlichia interactions with tick cells and macrophages. | several tick-transmitted anaplasmataceae family rickettsiales of the genera ehrlichia and anaplasma have been discovered in recent years. some species are classified as pathogens causing emerging diseases with growing health concern for people. they include human monocytic ehrlichiosis, human granulocytic ewingii ehrlichiosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis which are caused by ehrlichia chaffeensis, e. ewingii and anaplasma phagocytophilum, respectively. despite the complex cellular environm ... | 2009 | 19273271 |
| an ehrlichia chaffeensis tandem repeat protein interacts with multiple host targets involved in cell signaling, transcriptional regulation, and vesicle trafficking. | ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligately intracellular bacterium that exhibits tropism for mononuclear phagocytes forming cytoplasmic membrane-bound microcolonies called morulae. to survive and replicate within phagocytes, e. chaffeensis exploits the host cell by modulating a number of host cell processes, but the ehrlichial effector proteins involved are unknown. in this study, we determined that p47, a secreted, differentially expressed, tandem repeat (tr) protein, interacts with multiple host p ... | 2009 | 19273555 |
| presence of a novel ehrlichia sp. in ixodes granulatus found in okinawa, japan. | ehrlichia-specific dna fragments of ehrlichia omp-1 and groel genes were found in two i. granulatus ticks which had been collected from wild small mammals in a subtropical zone in japan. the dna sequences of groel and 16srdna of the suspected ehrlichia were clustered into a group of e. chaffeensis, e. muris, and ehrlichia sp. hf565 found in i. ovatus, but were distinctly different. therefore the ehrlichia strain was designated as a novel ehrlichia sp. 360. the ehrlichia sp. 360 was detected in i ... | 2009 | 19291093 |
| diversity of ehrlichia ruminantium major antigenic protein 1-2 in field isolates and infected sheep. | proteins expressed from the map1 multigene family of ehrlichia ruminantium are strongly recognized by immune t and b cells from infected animals or from animals that were infected and have recovered from heartwater disease (although still remaining infected carriers). analogous multigene clusters also encode the immunodominant outer membrane proteins (omps) in other ehrlichial species. recombinant protein analogs of the expressed genes and dna vaccines based on the multigene clusters have been s ... | 2009 | 19307215 |
| development of multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of ehrlichia canis, babesia spp and hepatozoon canis in canine blood. | a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) has been developed for simultaneous detection of canine blood parasites, ehrlichia canis, babesia spp and hepatozoon canis, from blood samples in a single reaction. the multiplex pcr primers were specific to e. canis virb9, babesia spp 16s rrna and h. canis 16s rrna genes. specificity of the amplicons was confirmed by dna sequencing. the assay was evaluated using normal canine and infected blood samples, which were detected by microscopic examination. ... | 2009 | 19323031 |
| effects of therapy on haemostasis in dogs infected with leishmania infantum, ehrlichia canis, or both combined. | | 2009 | 19346544 |
| diagnosis of ehrlichia ewingii infection by pcr in a puppy from ohio. | an 8-week-old, male, german shepherd-cross puppy found in southeastern ohio was presented to the ohio state university veterinary teaching hospital for evaluation of lameness and lethargy. fever and joint effusion involving multiple joints were identified on physical examination. results of a cbc included mild anemia, mature neutrophilia, monocytosis, and hyperglobulinemia. rickettsial morulae were identified within neutrophils in joint fluid and peripheral blood. both initial and convalescent s ... | 2009 | 19351337 |
| human ehrlichiosis: a case study. | ehrlichiosis is an infection of white blood cells that affects various mammals, including mice, cattle, dogs, and humans. it was first reported in dogs in 1935, and the first human case was documented in the united states in 1986. ehrlichia are obligate, intracellular bacteria that are transmitted by ticks to humans. they grow as a cluster (morula) in neutrophils (anaplasma phagocytophilum and e. ewingii) and in monocytes (e. chaffeensis). the infection may cause prolonged fever and general ache ... | 2009 | 19354021 |
| serology, pcr and culture of ehrlichia/anaplasma species in asymptomatic and symptomatic cats from central spain. | | 2009 | 19374640 |
| molecular detection of ehrlichia canis in cats in brazil. | | 2009 | 19374643 |
| microbial communities and interactions in the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum. | to quantify microbial composition and interactions, we identified prokaryotic communities in the lone star tick (amblyomma americanum) based on 16s rrna gene sequences and direct probing. the lone star tick is the vector of emerging diseases and host to additional symbionts of unknown activity, and is representative of other blood-sucking arthropods. we evaluated the potential for vertical (transovarial) transmission by molecular analysis of microbial symbionts from egg and larval clutches. dire ... | 2008 | 19378409 |
| ticks and tick-borne pathogens from wildlife in the free state province, south africa. | eight ixodid tick species, associated with 59 free-ranging mammals belonging to 10 species, were collected at five different localities in the free state province, south africa. four of the study areas were nature reserves (willem pretorius, sandveld, tussen-die-riviere, and soetdoring), and one site was a private farm located in senekal district. the collection was performed from march 2006 until june 2006. ticks (n=569) and tissues from animals (n=52) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction ... | 2009 | 19395753 |
| clinical relevance of annual screening using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (snap 3dx) for canine ehrlichiosis. | eighty-six dogs were selected based upon ehrlichia (e.) canis snap 3dx positive results to determine clinical relevance of annual e. canis screening. immunofluorescence assay showed 72 (84%) of 86 dogs were seroreactive for e. canis. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) revealed that 12 (14%) of 86 dogs had ehrlichia deoxyribonucleic acid; seven had e. canis, four had e. ewingii, and one was coinfected with e. chaffeensis and e. ewingii. thrombocytopenia (<164,000 platelets/microl) was found in 28 (3 ... | 2009 | 19411647 |
| ticks and tick-borne pathogens and putative symbionts of black bears (ursus americanus floridanus) from georgia and florida. | ticks were collected from 38 black bears (ursus americanus floridanus) from northwestern florida (n = 18) from 2003 to 2005 and southern georgia (n = 20) in 2006. five species (amblyomma americanum, a. maculatum, dermacentor variabilis, ixodes scapularis, and i. affinis) were collected from florida bears, and 4 species (a. americanum, a. maculatum, d. variabilis, i. scapularis) were collected from bears in georgia. ixodes scapularis was the most frequently collected tick, followed by d. variabil ... | 2009 | 19413369 |
| first report of ehrlichia ewingii detected by molecular investigation in dogs from brazil. | | 2009 | 19416280 |
| ehrlichia canis and leishmania infantum co-infection: a 3-year longitudinal study in naturally exposed dogs. | | 2009 | 19416288 |
| evaluation of a serum-based pcr assay for the diagnosis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. | the aim of this study was to estimate the relative diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay in the serum of dogs with naturally occurring non-myelosuppressive canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (cme), and to investigate the association between pcr positivity and immunofluorescence antibody (ifa) titres for ehrlichia canis. serum samples obtained from 38 dogs with non-myelosuppressive cme and 12 healthy dogs were analyzed retrospectively. each serum sample was ... | 2009 | 19419823 |
| major species-specific antibody epitopes of the ehrlichia chaffeensis p120 and e. canis p140 orthologs in surface-exposed tandem repeat regions. | ehrlichia chaffeensis and e. canis have a small subset of tandem repeat (tr)-containing protein orthologs, including p120/p140, which elicit strong antibody responses. the tr regions of these protein orthologs are immunoreactive, but the molecular characteristics of the p120/p140 epitopes have not been determined. in this study, the immunodeterminants of the e. chaffeensis p120 and e. canis p140 were identified and molecularly defined. major antibody epitope-containing regions of both p120 and p ... | 2009 | 19420187 |
| a confusing case of canine vector-borne disease: clinical signs and progression in a dog co-infected with ehrlichia canis and bartonella vinsonii ssp. berkhoffii. | abstract : bartonella spp. are important pathogens in human and veterinary medicine, and bartonellosis is considered as an emerging zoonosis that is being reported with increasing frequency. of 22 known species and subspecies of bartonella, seven have been isolated from dogs, causing disease manifestations similar to those seen in human beings. the wide variety of clinical signs and the possible chronic progression of disease manifestations are illustrated in the case of an infected labrador ret ... | 2009 | 19426442 |
| attenuation of ehrlichia canis by multiple passages in two different cultures. | | 2009 | 19438628 |
| rapid screening and cultivation of ehrlichia canis from refrigerated carrier blood. | | 2009 | 19438630 |
| diminished hematopoietic activity associated with alterations in innate and adaptive immunity in a mouse model of human monocytic ehrlichiosis. | human monocytic ehrlichiosis (hme) is a tick-borne disease caused by ehrlichia chaffeensis. patients exhibit diagnostically important hematological changes, including anemia and thrombocytopenia, although the basis of the abnormalities is unknown. to begin to understand these changes, we used a mouse model of ehrlichiosis to determine whether the observed hematological changes induced by infection are associated with altered hematopoietic activity. infection with ehrlichia muris, a pathogen clos ... | 2009 | 19451243 |
| promoter analysis of macrophage- and tick cell-specific differentially expressed ehrlichia chaffeensis p28-omp genes. | ehrlichia chaffeensis is a rickettsial agent responsible for an emerging tick-borne illness, human monocytic ehrlichiosis. recently, we reported that e. chaffeensis protein expression is influenced by macrophage and tick cell environments. we also demonstrated that host response differs considerably for macrophage and tick cell-derived bacteria with delayed clearance of the pathogen originating from tick cells. | 2009 | 19454021 |
| a molecular and serological study of exposure to tick-borne pathogens in sick dogs from italy. | | 2009 | 19456799 |
| ehrlichia canis phylogenetic analysis of the borgo (corsica) strain. | | 2009 | 19456800 |
| sub-clinical infection of dogs from the ivory coast and gabon with ehrlichia, anaplasma, mycoplasma and rickettsia species. | | 2009 | 19456802 |
| spotted fever rickettsiae, ehrlichia and anaplasma, in ticks from peridomestic environments in panama. | | 2009 | 19456809 |
| gammaifn ehrlichia canis-specific cell responses. | | 2009 | 19456819 |
| high prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in dogs from an indian reservation in northeastern arizona. | we evaluated the serological and molecular prevalence of selected organisms in 145 dogs during late spring (may/june) of 2005 and in 88 dogs during winter (february) of 2007 from the hopi indian reservation. additionally, in 2005, 442 ticks attached to dogs were collected and identified as rhipicephalus sanguineus. infection with or exposure to at least one organism was detected in 69% and 66% of the dogs in may/june 2005 and february 2007, respectively. exposure to spotted fever group (sfg) ric ... | 2010 | 19469667 |
| a survey of antibodies against rickettsia rickettsii and ehrlichia chafeensis in domestic animals from a rural area of colombia. | in a rural area of colombia endemic for rocky mountain spotted fever, we performed indirect immunofluorescent antibody assays for rickettsia spp. and ehrlichia spp. using sera from randomly sampled dogs and horses to test the use of domestic animals as possible sentinels. antibodies against ehrlichia spp. were detected in 8 dogs (31.8%). antibody titers against rickettsia rickettsii antigen were positive in 4 dogs (18.2%) and 26 horses (16.3%). these values, albeit not directly comparable, are l ... | 2009 | 19478270 |
| antigenic protein modifications in ehrlichia. | to develop effective vaccination strategies against ehrlichia, we have previously reported developing an animal model of cross-protection in which c57bl/6 mice primed with e. muris were resistant to lethal infection with ixodes ovatus ehrlichia (ioe). polyclonal antibody produced in mice after priming with e. muris and later injected with ioe-detected antigenic proteins in e. muris and ioe cell lysates. cross-reaction of antigenic proteins was observed when we probed both the e. muris and ioe ce ... | 2009 | 19493209 |
| transovarial transmission of francisella-like endosymbionts and anaplasma phagocytophilum variants in dermacentor albipictus (acari: ixodidae). | dermacentor albipictus (packard) is a north american tick that feeds on cervids and livestock. it is a suspected vector of anaplasmosis in cattle, but its microbial flora and vector potential remain underevaluated. we screened d. albipictus ticks collected from minnesota white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) for bacteria of the genera anaplasma, ehrlichia, francisella, and rickettsia using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) gene amplification and sequence analyses. we detected anaplasma phagoc ... | 2009 | 19496436 |
| the differential interaction of brucella and ochrobactrum with innate immunity reveals traits related to the evolution of stealthy pathogens. | during evolution, innate immunity has been tuned to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. however, some alpha-proteobacteria are stealthy intracellular pathogens not readily detected by this system. brucella members follow this strategy and are highly virulent, but other brucellaceae like ochrobactrum are rhizosphere inhabitants and only opportunistic pathogens. to gain insight into the emergence of the stealthy strategy, we compared these two phylogenetically close but biologically ... | 2009 | 19529776 |
| type iv secretion system of anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia chaffeensis. | the intracellular bacterial pathogens ehrlichia chaffeensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum have evolved to infect leukocytes and hijack biological compounds and processes of these host defensive cells. bacterial type iv secretion (t4s) system transports macromolecules across the membrane in an atp-dependent manner and is increasingly recognized as a virulence factor delivery mechanism that allows pathogens to modulate eukaryotic cell functions for their own benefit. genes encoding t4s system homo ... | 2009 | 19538269 |
| ixodes ovatus ehrlichia exhibits unique ultrastructural characteristics in mammalian endothelial and tick-derived cells. | tick-borne pathogens in the genus ehrlichia cause emerging zoonoses. although laboratory mice are susceptible to ehrlichia infections, many isolates do not cause clinical illness. in contrast, the ixodes ovatus ehrlichia-like agent (ioe) causes disease and immune responses in mice comparable to the human illness caused by ehrlichia chaffeensis. no culture system had been developed for ioe, however, which limited studies of this pathogen. we reasoned that endothelial and tick cell lines could pot ... | 2009 | 19538270 |
| an acute severe ehrlichiosis in a dog experimentally infected with a new virulent strain of ehrlichia canis. | | 2009 | 19548986 |
| occurrence of dirofilaria immitis and tick-borne infections caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and ehrlichia canis in domestic dogs in france: results of a countrywide serologic survey. | the occurrence of dirofilaria immitis antigen and antibodies against tick-borne pathogens in french dogs has been analysed based on 1,050 blood samples. serum samples of 919 dogs (group a) were sent for a variety of diagnostic investigations, further 131 dogs (group b) were tested for a tentative diagnosis of heartworm disease. all samples were tested for d. immitis antigen. samples in group a were also tested for specific antibodies against three tick-borne pathogens (anaplasma phagocytophilum, ... | 2009 | 19575231 |
| management of tick infestation of the eyelid. | tick infestation of ocular tissues is not common. tick inoculation of the skin can locally lead to granuloma and abscess formation. more concerning, however, is the potential systemic sequelae that can result from transmission of zoonoses such as lyme disease, rocky mountain spotted fever, ehrlichia, and tularemia. to avoid these complications, it is critical that the tick is completely removed. the authors present a case of tick infestation in the eyelid of a 55-year-old woman and review the ma ... | 2009 | 19617802 |
| comparison of two clinic-based immunoassays with the immunofluorescence antibody test for the field diagnosis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. | the aim of this study was to compare a clinic-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (immunocomb-eliza, biogal, israel) and a field-based dot-blot enzyme-linked immunoassay (dbelia) with the indirect immunofluoresence antibody test (ifat) used for the field diagnostics of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (cme). the total test samples was 60; out of them 52 serum samples came from naturally exposed police german shepherd dogs and 8 from adult mongrels infected with viable ehrlichia canis propagated ... | 2009 | 19621766 |
| use of chimeric dna-rna primers in quantitative pcr for detection of ehrlichia canis and babesia canis. | to overcome the problem of nonspecific by-products in quantitative pcr (qpcr) assays, we constructed dna-rna chimeric primers and evaluated their use in the detection and quantification of the ehrlichia canis 16s rrna, babesia canis hsp70, and canine beta-actin genes. several rna bases were incorporated into specific positions in the dna primers, while no rna stretches were allowed. qpcr reactions were carried out without preamplification steps. this resulted in decreased formation of undesirabl ... | 2009 | 19633128 |
| antigen display, t-cell activation, and immune evasion during acute and chronic ehrlichiosis. | how spatial and temporal changes in major histocompatibility complex/peptide antigen presentation to cd4 t cells regulate cd4 t-cell responses during intracellular bacterial infections is relatively unexplored. we have shown that immunization with an ehrlichial outer membrane protein, omp-19, protects mice against fatal ehrlichial challenge infection, and we identified a cd4 t-cell epitope (ia(b)/omp-19(107-122)) that elicited cd4 t cells following either immunization or infection. here, we have ... | 2009 | 19635826 |
| detection and identification of rickettsial agents in ticks from domestic mammals in eastern panama. | several outbreaks of rocky mountain spotted fever have occurred in recent years in colombian communities close to the border with panama. however, little is known about rickettsiae and rickettsial diseases in eastern panamanian provinces, the darien province and the kuna yala, located north of the endemic area in colombia. in 2007, 289 ticks were collected in several towns from dogs, horses, mules, cows, and pigs. dna was extracted from 124 dermacentor nitens, 64 rhipicephalus sanguineus, 43 amb ... | 2009 | 19645289 |
| new approaches to detection and identification of rickettsia africae and ehrlichia ruminantium in amblyomma variegatum (acari: ixodidae) ticks from the caribbean. | imported from africa in the 1700s and despite frequent modern eradication efforts, amblyomma variegatum (f.) spread through the caribbean by cattle transport, small ruminants, and migrating birds. a. variegatum is a vector for rickettsia africae, the causative agent of african tick bite fever, and ehrlichia ruminantium, the causative agent of heartwater. we examined 95 a. variegatum and six rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini) collected from cattle at an abattoir in antigua. engorged ... | 2009 | 19645301 |
| nuclear translocated ehrlichia chaffeensis ankyrin protein interacts with a specific adenine-rich motif of host promoter and intronic alu elements. | ehrlichiae are obligately intracellular bacteria that reside and replicate in phagocytes by circumventing host cell defenses and modulating cellular processes, including host cell gene transcription. however, the mechanisms by which ehrlichiae influence host gene transcription have largely remained undetermined. numerous ankyrin and tandem repeat-containing proteins associated with host-pathogen interactions have been identified in ehrlichia species, but their roles in pathobiology are unknown. ... | 2009 | 19651857 |
| current management of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, human monocytic ehrlichiosis and ehrlichia ewingii ehrlichiosis. | anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia ewingii are emerging tick-borne pathogens and are the causative agents of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, human monocytic ehrlichiosis and e. ewingii ehrlichiosis, respectively. collectively, these are referred to as human ehrlichioses. these obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens of the family anaplasmataceae are transmitted by ixodes spp. or amblyomma americanum ticks and infect peripherally circulating leukocytes to cause inf ... | 2009 | 19681699 |
| ehrlichia chaffeensis infections in drosophila melanogaster. | ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligate, intracellular bacterium, transmitted by the tick amblyomma americanum, and is the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis infections. we previously demonstrated that e. chaffeensis is capable of growing in drosophila s2 cells. therefore, we tested the hypothesis that e. chaffeensis can infect adult drosophila melanogaster. adult drosophila organisms were experimentally challenged with intra-abdominal injections of bacteria. ehrlichia-infected flies s ... | 2009 | 19687202 |
| predominance of ehrlichia chaffeensis in rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks from kennel-confined dogs in limbe, cameroon. | rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks (n = 63) collected from five dogs (two adults and three puppies) housed in a kennel were screened for ehrlichial agents (ehrlichia canis, e. chaffeensis, and e. ewingii) using a species-specific multicolor real-time taqman pcr amplification of the disulphide bond formation protein (dsb) gene. ehrlichia chaffeensis dna was detected in 33 (56%) ticks, e. canis dna was detected in four (6%) ticks, and one tick was coinfected. the e. chaffeensis and e. canis nucleotide ... | 2010 | 19693681 |
| mlst scheme of ehrlichia ruminantium: genomic stasis and recombination in strains from burkina-faso. | heartwater, caused by the intracellular bacterium ehrlichia ruminantium, is a major tick-borne disease of livestock in africa also introduced in the caribbean. the main problem encountered with the control of this disease is the lack of efficient vaccine in the field. this is thought to be related to the high genetic diversity of strains circulating in a same area. a set of eight circulating strains was isolated from a herd of cows in a small locality in burkina-faso and analyzed along with two ... | 2009 | 19712754 |
| ticks and haemoparasites of dogs from praia, cape verde. | in february 2008 an epidemiological field study on arthropod-borne infections in dogs was carried out in praia, the capital city of cape verde. for this purpose 130 dogs were included in the study. of these, 94.6% were infested with ticks. altogether, 1293 ticks of the genus rhipicephalus (in all evaluated cases r. sanguineus) were collected. examination for haemotropic parasites was performed via polymerase chain reaction (pcr). lymph node fine-needle aspirates were screened by pcr for leishman ... | 2009 | 19729247 |
| seroprevalence of tick-borne diseases in communal cattle reared on sweet and sour rangelands in a semi-arid area of south africa. | a survey was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of tick-borne diseases (tbd) in nguni and non-descript cattle on the sweet and sour communal rangelands across seasons. body condition scores, bodyweights, packed cell volume (pcv) and antibodies to b. bovis, b. bigemina, ehrlichiaruminatium and anaplasma marginale were determined seasonally in 144 cattle raised on communal rangelands from august 2007 to april 2008. approximately 45% of the cattle were seropositive for b. bovis, 46% for b. b ... | 2010 | 19733490 |
| ehrlichia ewingii in an immunocompetent adult. | the third ehrlichia infection described in humans in the united states is reviewed. this rare zoonosis was first published in 1999. this case report that expands the clinical paradigm is described. a 57-year-old immunocompetent adult, unlike previously published reports, did not cross react with ehrlichia chaffeensis. | 2009 | 19753925 |
| failure to demonstrate babesia, anaplasma or ehrlichia in thrombocytopenic dogs from st kitts. | thrombocytopenia is common in dogs on st kitts but there is no data on the possible etiological role played by infections with anaplasma, babesia and ehrlichia, other than e. canis, which are known to occur in the caribbean. | 2009 | 19762975 |
| [ehrlichia canis in dogs attended in a veterinary hospital from botucatu, são paulo state, brazil]. | this study investigated the etiology of canine ehrlichiosis and possible clinical and epidemiological data associated with the infection in 70 dogs suspect of ehrlichiosis attended at the veterinary hospital of the são paulo state university in botucatu city during 2001 and 2002. dogs were evaluated by clinical-epidemiological and hematological data and molecular analysis by partial amplification and dna sequencing of the ehrlichial dsb gene. e. canis dna was amplified and sequenced in 28 (40.0% ... | 2009 | 19772777 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia muris induce cytopenias and global defects in hematopoiesis. | | 2009 | 19793126 |
| canine ehrlichiosis in the ivory coast and gabon: alteration of biochemical blood parameters based on ehrlichia canis serology. | | 2009 | 19793128 |
| pathogen prevalence and blood meal identification in amblyomma ticks as a means of reservoir host determination for ehrlichial pathogens. | | 2009 | 19793129 |
| persistent infection contributes to heterologous protective immunity against fatal ehrlichiosis. | human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (hme), an emerging and often life-threatening tick-transmitted disease, is caused by the obligately intracellular bacterium ehrlichia chaffeensis. hme is modeled in c57bl/6 mice using ehrlichia muris, which causes persistent infection, and ixodes ovatus ehrlichia (ioe), which is either acutely lethal or sublethal depending on the dose and route of inoculation. a persistent primary e. muris infection, but not a sublethal ioe infection, protects mice against an or ... | 2009 | 19805532 |
| the natural history of anaplasma phagocytophilum. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is the recently designated name replacing three species of granulocytic bacteria, ehrlichia phagocytophila, ehrlichia equi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, after the recent reorganization of the families rickettsiaceae and anaplasmataceae in the order rickettsiales. tick-borne fever (tbf), which is caused by the prototype of a. phagocytophilum, was first described in 1932 in scotland. a similar disease caused by a related granulocytic agent was first de ... | 2010 | 19811878 |
| a first case of ehrlichiosis in a horse in poland. | the study was aimed at determining the cause of a disease in a horse exhibiting symptoms of fever, joint effusion, weakness, and extravasations on the mucous membranes. blood was drawn from the animal for haematological and biochemical molecular tests. the pcr technique revealed the presence of 16s rna ehrlichia spp. genetic material in the blood samples. dna amplification by means of primers ehr 521 and ehr 747 gave a product with a volume of 247 bp.the sequence of the pcr product obtained show ... | 2009 | 19813450 |
| mining the genetic diversity of ehrlichia ruminantium using map genes family. | understanding bacterial genetic diversity is crucial to comprehend pathogenesis. ehrlichia ruminantium (e. ruminantium), a tick-transmitted intracellular bacterial pathogen, causes heartwater disease in ruminants. this model rickettsia, whose genome has been recently sequenced, is restricted to neutrophils and reticulo-endothelial cells of its mammalian host and to the midgut and salivary glands of its vector tick. e. ruminantium harbors a multigene family encoding for 16 outer membrane proteins ... | 2010 | 19819629 |
| natural history of ehrlichia chaffeensis: vertebrate hosts and tick vectors from the united states and evidence for endemic transmission in other countries. | ehrlichia chaffeensis, an intracellular gram-negative zoonotic bacterium, is the causative agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (hme). in humans, the disease can range from a mild, non-specific illness with few to no clinical signs to a moderately severe to fatal disease, especially those with compromised immune systems. e. chaffeensis is maintained in a complex cycle involving white-tailed deer (wtd; odocoileus virginianus) as a primary reservoir and the lone star tick (lst; amblyomma ame ... | 2010 | 19819631 |
| factors contributing to emergence of ehrlichia and anaplasma spp. as human pathogens. | ehrlichioses and anaplasmoses are caused by alpha-proteobacteria within the family of anaplasmataceae. these diseases have been known for a long time in veterinary medicine and recently in human medicine. these tick-borne zoonoses are considered as emerging diseases. the first case of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis occurred in 1986. human granulocytic anaplasmosis was described as a separate entity in 1994 and ehrlichiosis caused by ehrlichia ewingii was reported in humans in 1999. the number ... | 2010 | 19836890 |
| natural history of ehrlichia ruminantium. | ehrlichia ruminantium is an obligately intracellular proteobacterium which causes a disease known as heartwater or cowdriosis in some wild, and all domestic, ruminants. the organism is transmitted by ticks of the genus amblyomma, and it is of serious economic importance wherever the natural vectors occur, an area which includes all of sub-saharan africa, and several islands in the caribbean. the disease was first recognized in south africa in the 19th century, where its tick-borne nature was det ... | 2010 | 19836892 |
| molecular events involved in cellular invasion by ehrlichia chaffeensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum. | ehrlichia chaffeensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum are obligatory intracellular bacteria that preferentially replicate inside leukocytes by utilizing biological compounds and processes of these primary host defensive cells. these bacteria incorporate cholesterol from the host for their survival. upon interaction with host monocytes and granulocytes, respectively, these bacteria usurp the lipid raft domain containing gpi-anchored protein to induce a series of signaling events that result in inte ... | 2010 | 19836896 |
| babesia canis and other tick-borne infections in dogs in central poland. | vector-borne infections constitute increasing health problem in dogs worldwide, including sled dogs, dramatically decreasing the fitness of working dogs and even leading to death. in the period 2006-2008 eighty-two blood samples were collected from eight sled dog kennels in central poland. the prevalence of four vector-borne infections (babesia canis, bartonella sp., anaplasma/ehrlichia and borrelia burgdorferi) was estimated in 82 sled dogs using pcr and nested pcr for diagnosis and the same me ... | 2009 | 19837515 |
| transformation of anaplasma marginale. | the tick-borne pathogen, anaplasma marginale, has a complex life cycle involving ruminants and ixodid ticks. it causes bovine anaplasmosis, a disease with significant economic impact on cattle farming worldwide. the obligate intracellular growth requirement of the bacteria poses a challenging obstacle to their genetic manipulation, a problem shared with other prokaryotes in the genera anaplasma, ehrlichia, and rickettsia. following our successful transformation of the human anaplasmosis agent, a ... | 2010 | 19837516 |
| molecular detection of ehrlichia chaffeensis and anaplasma bovis in the salivary glands from haemaphysalis longicornis ticks. | the salivary gland (sg) of tick plays an important role as a route in the dissemination of tick-borne pathogens to their hosts. we evaluated the presence of these pathogens in the sgs of haemaphysalis longicornis ticks, and these ticks were collected from grazing cattle in jeju island, korea. of total 463 one-side sgs, 56 (12.1%) sgs were positive for ehrlichia chaffeensis and 11 (2.4%) were positive for anaplasma bovis. in addition, two (0.4%) sgs were co-infected with both e. chaffeensis and a ... | 2010 | 19874189 |
| prevalence of ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia ewingii in ticks from tennessee. | human ehrlichiosis is the second most common tick-borne disease reported in tennessee after rocky mountain spotted fever. two closely related ehrlichiae, ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia ewingii, are both causative agents of human disease and are transmitted by amblyomma americanum, the lone star tick. prevalence rates and distribution patterns of these pathogens among ticks in tennessee are currently unknown. to understand prevalence and exposure risk of ehrlichia spp., we tested 616 ticks ( ... | 2010 | 19877819 |
| absence of myelofibrosis in dogs with myelosuppression induced by ehrlichia canis infection. | bone marrow (bm) pathology was assessed in 10 dogs with ehrlichia canis-induced aplastic pancytopenia. bm core biopsy sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and with haematoxylin/van gieson and gordon and sweets' reticulin stain for the detection of collagen and reticulin fibres, respectively. iron stores were assessed by perls' prussian blue staining. there was no significant deposition of collagen or reticulin in any sample, but in seven dogs the bm was depleted of haemosiderin. the ... | 2010 | 19906384 |
| detection of babesia canis subspecies and other arthropod-borne diseases in dogs from tirana, albania. | summary. the importance of arthropod-borne diseases increased in the recent past in particular due to frequent travel with dogs in or by importing of dogs from regions with endemic occurrence of these diseases. while the epidemiological situation is well known for the western parts of the mediterranean, only limited data is available for eastern europe and the balkans. thirty clinically healthy dogs from suburban areas of tirana, albania, were tested for babesia canis, hepatozoon spp., leishmani ... | 2009 | 19915816 |
| detection and identification of ehrlichia species in blood by use of pcr and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. | rapid detection and identification of ehrlichia species improves clinical outcome for patients suspected of ehrlichiosis. we describe an assay that employs multilocus pcr and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (pcr/esi-ms) to detect and identify ehrlichia species directly from blood specimens. the results were compared to those of a colorimetric microtiter pcr enzyme immunoassay (pcr-eia) used as a diagnostic assay. among 213 whole-blood samples collected from patients who were clinically ... | 2010 | 19955274 |
| molecular characterization of antibody epitopes of ehrlichia chaffeensis ankyrin protein 200 and tandem repeat protein 47 and evaluation of synthetic immunodeterminants for serodiagnosis of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis. | recently, major species-specific antibody epitopes in three immunoreactive tandem repeat proteins (trps) of ehrlichia chaffeensis, trp32, trp47, and trp120, have been identified and molecularly characterized within tandem repeat (tr) regions. in this study, we mapped the major immunodeterminants of the e. chaffeensis 200-kda ankyrin protein (ank200) and the minor immunodeterminants in the n- and c-terminal regions of e. chaffeensis trp47. major antibody epitopes of ank200 were localized to four ... | 2010 | 19955322 |
| [genetic diversity of ixodid tick-borne pathogens in tomsk city and suburbs]. | we studied two urban and two suburban biotypes of tomsk city for tick-transmitted diseases prevalence in naturally collected ticks. tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) was found in 6.5% of tick samples, west nile virus (wnv) in 2.2%, borrelia spp. in 8%, rickettsia spp. in 2.5%, and ehrlichia spp. in 1.7% of samples. genetic markers of powassan virus, bartonella spp., and balbesia spp. were not found. analysis of the genetic diversity of revealed pathogens resulted in the following conclusions: ... | 2009 | 19957906 |
| strains of ehrlichia chaffeensis in southern indiana, kentucky, mississippi, and north carolina. | rates of infection of amblyomma americanum (l.) by ehrlichia chaffeensis were compared in 100 ticks collected from sites in each of four states: indiana, north carolina, kentucky, and mississippi. the overall infection rates were similar among sites, ranging from 1 to 4%. because pathogenic differences may exist between e. chaffeensis strains, nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of the variable-length pcr target (vlpt), and sequencing of the amplicons were performed to different ... | 2009 | 19960699 |
| ehrlichia chaffeensis infection of sika deer, japan. | to determine whether ehrlichia chaffeensis exists in japan, we used pcr to examine blood from sika deer in nara, japan. of 117 deer, 36 (31%) were infected with e. chaffeensis. the e. chaffeensis 16s rrna base and groel amino acid sequences from japan were most closely related to those of e. chaffeensis arkansas. | 2009 | 19961683 |
| infection of the endothelium by members of the order rickettsiales. | the vascular endothelium is the main target of a limited number of infectious agents, rickettsia, ehrlichia ruminantium, and orientia tsutsugamushi are among them. these arthropod-transmitted obligately-intracellular bacteria cause serious systemic diseases that are not infrequently lethal. in this review, we discuss the bacterial biology, vector biology, and clinical aspects of these conditions with particular emphasis on the interactions of these bacteria with the vascular endothelium and how ... | 2009 | 19967137 |
| persistence mechanisms in tick-borne diseases. | the use of new, highly sensitive diagnostic methods has revealed persistent infections to be a common feature of different tick-borne diseases, such as babesiosis, anaplasmosis and heartwater. antigenic variation can contribute to disease persistence through the continual elaboration of new surface structures, and we know in several instances how this is achieved. known or suspected mechanisms of persistence in babesial parasites include cytoadhesion and rapid variation of the adhesive ligand in ... | 2009 | 19967928 |
| trends in the control of heartwater. | heartwater is an economically serious tick-borne disease of ruminants caused by the intracellular bacterium ehrlichia ruminantium. the disease has traditionally been controlled by four different approaches: controlling the tick vector by dipping, establishing endemic stability, performing immunisation by infection and treatment, and preventing the disease by regular administration of prophylactic antibiotics. the first three of these methods are subject to failure for various epidemiological rea ... | 2009 | 19967932 |
| [pandora's box: pathogens in ixodes ricinus ticks in central europe]. | among the various species of hard ticks, ixodes ricinus is the most frequently found tick throughout europe. as with other ixodid ticks, the developmental cycle runs through three stages. in each stage a blood meal is required in order to develop to the next stage. ixodes ricinus has been found to feed on more than 300 different vertebrate species. usually, larval ticks feed on small mammals such as mice and become infected with various microorganisms and viruses, of which some are substantial p ... | 2009 | 19998007 |
| molecular and clinical evidence of ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in cameroonian patients with undifferentiated febrile illness. | in the u.s.a., human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (hme) caused by ehrlichia chaffeensis is an emerging tick-transmitted zoonosis. in cameroon, where e. canis, e. chaffeensis and e. ewingii have recently been detected in dogs and/or ticks (rhipicephalus sanguineus), the potential exists for human infections. patients from the coastal region of cameroon who had acute fevers of unknown aetiology were therefore checked for ehrlichial infection, using a real-time pcr that amplifies part of a genus-spe ... | 2009 | 20030996 |
| innovative approach for transcriptomic analysis of obligate intracellular pathogen: selective capture of transcribed sequences of ehrlichia ruminantium. | whole genome transcriptomic analysis is a powerful approach to elucidate the molecular mechanisms controlling the pathogenesis of obligate intracellular bacteria. however, the major hurdle resides in the low quantity of prokaryotic mrnas extracted from host cells. our model ehrlichia ruminantium (er), the causative agent of heartwater, is transmitted by tick amblyomma variegatum. this bacterium affects wild and domestic ruminants and is present in sub-saharan africa and the caribbean islands. be ... | 2009 | 20034374 |
| [comparison of nested-pcr with blood smear examination in detection of ehrlichia canis and anaplasma platys in dogs]. | the clinical signs of ehrlichia canis and anaplasma platys infection are similar, and the diagnosis of these pathogens made by stained blood smears is poor due sensibility and specificity. on the other hand, the molecular diagnosis is highly sensitive and specific and nested-pcr have been optimized for accurate diagnosis these pathogens in dogs. at the veterinary teaching hospital, whole-blood samples with edta were obtained from 100 dogs and smears were made from blood samples for evaluation fo ... | 2009 | 20040193 |
| severe ehrlichia infection in pediatric oncology and stem cell transplant patients. | ehrlichiosis, a tickborne illness transmitted by tick vectors amblyomma americanum and ixodes scapularis, can be acquired in endemic areas. clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic to fulminant in nature. we report three cases of ehrlichiosis in pediatric oncology patients, one of whom was a stem cell transplant recipient. early symptoms included fever, malaise, and vague gastrointestinal symptoms. laboratory abnormalities were initially attributed to chemotherapy toxicity. illness was se ... | 2010 | 20052776 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia chaffeensis type iv secretion and ank proteins. | the obligatory intracellular bacterial pathogens anaplasma and ehrlichia infect leukocytes by hijacking host-cell components and processes. the type iv secretion system is up-regulated during infection. among type iv secretion candidate substrates, an ankyrin repeat protein of anaplasma phagocytophilum, anka, is delivered into the host cytoplasm via a complex that includes vird4. anka is highly tyrosine phosphorylated and binds to the abl interactor 1, shp-1, and nuclear dna fragments. ehrlichia ... | 2010 | 20053580 |
| science and popular participation in the investigation of heartwater in south africa, c. 1870-1950. | during the late nineteenth century, settler farmers in southern africa identified heartwater as a damaging disease of small stock and cattle. they advanced various explanations of the disease, including the theory that it was caused by the bite of ticks. around 1900, the american entomologist c.p. lousbury demonstrated that heartwater was transmitted by the bont tick. he also worked out the life cycle and life habits of the tick. subsequently, farmers developed methods of controlling ticks by di ... | 2008 | 20055238 |
| [cross-reaction evaluation of pcr-anaplasma platys positive dogs tested to anaplasma phagocytophilum antibodies by commercial elisa]. | anaplasma platys, agent of canine cyclic thrombocytopenia parasites exclusively dogs platelets. its probable vector is the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus. among the existent diagnostic methods, the most used include: morulae identification in blood smears; antibody detection by indirect immunofluorescence; or dna amplification by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). recently a new commercial elisa (idexx®), capable of detecting a. phagocytophilum antibodies, has been developed. according to the manuf ... | 2008 | 20059806 |
| [seasonal dynamics of amblyomma ticks (acari:ixodidae) in an urban park of londrina city, parana, brazil]. | ticks are important to public health due to diseases they transmit to animals and humans and, economic losses they cause to livestock production. among other agents, such as babesia, ehrlichia, anaplasma, the rickettsia are the most important pathogens transmitted by ticks in brazil. worldwide there are about 870 tick species described and, of these, 55 species were already reported in brazil, being the genus amblyomma the most numerous with 33 species. the a. cajennense is the principal tick in ... | 2008 | 20059815 |