| the selection pressure analysis of classical swine fever virus envelope protein genes erns and e2. | classical swine fever virus, one member of the family flaviviridae, is the pathogen of csf, an economically important and highly contagious disease of pigs. knowledge of virus genes under positive selection pressure can help identify molecular determinants of virulence or pathogenesis without prior knowledge of the mechanisms governing virulence and pathogenesis and clarify the driving force of classical swine fever virus evolution. the positive selection pressure acting on envelope protein gene ... | 2008 | 17928086 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of middelburg virus, isolated from the spleen of a horse with severe clinical disease in zimbabwe. | the complete nucleotide sequence of middelburg virus (midv) was determined for strain midv-857 from zimbabwe. the isolation of this virus in 1993 from a horse that died showing severe clinical signs represents the first indication that midv can cause severe disease in equids. full-length cdna copies of the viral genome were successfully synthesized by an innovative rt-pcr amplification approach using an 'anchor primer' combined with the smart methodology described previously for the synthesis of ... | 2007 | 17947533 |
| isolation and characterization of broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies to the e1 glycoprotein of hepatitis c virus. | the relative importance of humoral and cellular immunity in the prevention or clearance of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection is poorly understood. however, there is considerable evidence that neutralizing antibodies are involved in disease control. here we describe the detailed analysis of human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against hcv glycoprotein e1, which may have the potential to control hcv infection. we have identified two mabs that can strongly neutralize hcv-pseudotyped particle ... | 2008 | 17977972 |
| effect of antiviral treatment and host susceptibility on positive selection in hepatitis c virus (hcv). | we have conducted a large sequence study of the e1-e2 and ns5a regions of the hcv, subtypes 1a and b, both in patients previously treated with interferon, and untreated patients, who later responded, or not, to a combination therapy based on interferon plus ribavirin. we have examined the role played by the number of positively selected sites on disease progression and its relationship with several variables such as patients' age, sex and their risk of acquiring the disease. we have detected thr ... | 2008 | 17980926 |
| virus-mediated oncolysis induces danger signal and stimulates cytotoxic t-lymphocyte activity via proteasome activator upregulation. | dendritic cells (dcs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells and acquire cellular antigens and danger signals from dying cells to initiate antitumor immune responses via direct cell-to-cell interaction and cytokine production. the optimal forms of tumor cell death for priming dcs for the release of danger signals are not fully understood. obp-301 (telomelysin) is a telomerase-specific replication-competent adenovirus that induces selective e1 expression and exclusively kills human cancer c ... | 2008 | 17982491 |
| robust hepatitis c genotype 3a cell culture releasing adapted intergenotypic 3a/2a (s52/jfh1) viruses. | recently, full viral life cycle hepatitis c virus (hcv) cell culture systems were developed for strain jfh1 (genotype 2a) and an intragenotypic 2a/2a genome (j6/jfh). we aimed at exploiting the unique jfh1 replication characteristics to develop culture systems for genotype 3a, which has a high prevalence worldwide. | 2007 | 17983807 |
| identification of a broadly cross-reacting and neutralizing human monoclonal antibody directed against the hepatitis c virus e2 protein. | identification of anti-hepatitis c virus (anti-hcv) human antibody clones with broad neutralizing activity is important for a better understanding of the interplay between the virus and host and for the design of an effective passive immunotherapy and an effective vaccine. we report the identification of a human monoclonal fab (e137) able to bind the hcv e2 glycoprotein of all hcv genotypes but genotype 5. the results of antibody competition assays and testing the reactivity to alanine mutant e2 ... | 2008 | 17989176 |
| anticancer activity of oncolytic adenovirus vector armed with ifn-alpha and adp is enhanced by pharmacologically controlled expression of trail. | we have previously described oncolytic adenovirus (ad) vectors kd3 and kd3-interferon (ifn) that were rendered cancer-specific by mutations in the e1a region of ad; these mutations abolish binding of e1a proteins to p300/cbp and prb. the antitumor activity of the vectors was enhanced by overexpression of the adenovirus death protein (adp, e3-11.6k) and by replication-linked expression of ifn-alpha. we hypothesized that the anticancer efficacy of the kd3-ifn vector could be further improved by ex ... | 2008 | 17992200 |
| two chikungunya isolates from the outbreak of la reunion (indian ocean) exhibit different patterns of infection in the mosquito, aedes albopictus. | a chikungunya (chik) outbreak hit la réunion island in 2005-2006. the implicated vector was aedes albopictus. here, we present the first study on the susceptibility of ae. albopictus populations to sympatric chikv isolates from la réunion island and compare it to other virus/vector combinations. | 2007 | 18000540 |
| isolation of rna aptamers specific for the hcv minus-ires domain i. | the minus-ires ((-)ires), corresponding to the 3'-terminal end of the negative strand of hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna, is well conserved among hcv subtypes. the higher order structure of (-)ires is essential for hcv replication, because the viral rna dependent rna polymerase, ns5b, recognizes it as the initiation site for plus-strand synthesis of the hcv genome. to inhibit the "de novo" synthesis of plus-strand rna molecules, we performed an in vitro selection procedure that is specific for the ( ... | 2007 | 18029752 |
| calpain 1 and 2 are required for rna replication of echovirus 1. | calpains are calcium-dependent cysteine proteases that degrade cytoskeletal and cytoplasmic proteins. we have studied the role of calpains in the life cycle of human echovirus 1 (ev1). the calpain inhibitors, including calpeptin, calpain inhibitor 1, and calpain inhibitor 2 as well as calpain 1 and calpain 2 short interfering rnas, completely blocked ev1 infection in the host cells. the effect of the inhibitors was not specific for ev1, because they also inhibited infection by other picornavirus ... | 2008 | 18032503 |
| bovine viral diarrhea virus core is an intrinsically disordered protein that binds rna. | pestiviruses, including bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), are important animal pathogens and close relatives of hepatitis c virus. pestivirus particles are composed of an rna genome, a host-derived lipid envelope, and four virion-encoded structural proteins, core (c), e(rns), e1, and e2. core is a small, highly basic polypeptide that is processed by three enzymatic cleavages before its incorporation into virions. little is known about its biological properties or its role in virion assembly an ... | 2008 | 18032507 |
| detection of hepatitis c virus natural recombinant rf1_2k/1b strain among intravenous drug users in uzbekistan. | aim: a series of recent studies have indicated the presence of natural intergenotypic recombinant hepatitis c virus (hcv) strains in distinct parts of the world. the majority of the current genotyping methods are based on analysis of either 5'utr, structural (core/e1/e2) or non-structural (ns5b) genomic regions of the virus. methods: in the present study, based on both structural and non-structural regions, we determined the genotype of 55 anti-hcv-positive intravenous drug users (idus) in uzbek ... | 2008 | 18034826 |
| cloning, expression and purification of envelope proteins e1 and e2 of western equine encephalitis virus and potential use of them as antigens in immunoassays. | the genes encoding envelope proteins e1 and e2 of western equine encephalitis virus (weev) were respectively cloned into a prokaryotic t7 rna polymerase-regulated expression vector. the recombinant c-terminal 6xhis-tagged weev e1 and e2 were expressed in bacteria as inclusion bodies that were subsequently solubilized with 8m urea, purified by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography and finally refolded using an arginine system. the purified 6xhis-tagged proteins showed 50kda bands as revea ... | 2008 | 18054449 |
| infection with chikungunya virus in italy: an outbreak in a temperate region. | chikungunya virus (chikv), which is transmitted by aedes spp mosquitoes, has recently caused several outbreaks on islands in the indian ocean and on the indian subcontinent. we report on an outbreak in italy. | 2007 | 18061059 |
| using evolutionary tools to refine the new hypervariable region 3 within the envelope 2 protein of hepatitis c virus. | the envelope 2 protein of hepatitis c virus (hcv) presents three hypervariable regions, named hvr1, hvr2 and hvr3, in which the presence of antigenic sites has been described. genetic variability in these regions may reflect the generation of escape mutants as a consequence of the immune response. therefore, these regions would tend to accumulate amino acid changes along the infection process, an effect that could be accelerated by antiviral treatments. in this study, we have analyzed the e1-e2 ... | 2008 | 18063425 |
| a single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential. | chikungunya virus (chikv) is an emerging arbovirus associated with several recent large-scale epidemics. the 2005-2006 epidemic on reunion island that resulted in approximately 266,000 human cases was associated with a strain of chikv with a mutation in the envelope protein gene (e1-a226v). to test the hypothesis that this mutation in the epidemic chikv (strain lr2006 opy1) might influence fitness for different vector species, viral infectivity, dissemination, and transmission of chikv were comp ... | 2007 | 18069894 |
| [virological and carcinogenic aspects of hpv]. | human papillomaviruses are small viruses belonging to the papillomaviridae. more than 100 genotypes have been identified, causing benign (low-risk hpv) or malignant (high-risk hpv) cutaneous or mucosal lesions. the low-risk hpv6 and hpv11 provoke genital warts, while the high-risk hpv16 and hpv18 can cause cervical cancer. the hpvgenome includes several open reading frames that encode proteins involved in viral dna replication (e1 and e2), viral gene expression regulation (e2), virus assembly (e ... | 2007 | 18072657 |
| establishment of hybrid cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies to a synthetic peptide from the e1 region of the hepatitis c virus. | we aimed at establishing hybridoma cells secreting monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against e1 synthetic peptide of hcv. balb/c mice were immunized with hcv e1-synthetic peptide (ghrmawdmm) and its spleenocytes were fused with the p3ns1 myeloma cell line. two highly reactive and specific mabs (10c7 igg2b mab, and 10b2 igg1 mab) were generated. the target hcv e1 antigen was identified at approximately 38 kda in serum of infected individuals. a newly developed elisa detected the target antigen in 90% ... | 2008 | 18080883 |
| immunological thresholds in neurological gene therapy: highly efficient elimination of transduced cells might be related to the specific formation of immunological synapses between t cells and virus-infected brain cells. | first-generation adenovirus can be engineered with powerful promoters to drive expression of therapeutic transgenes. numerous clinical trials for glioblastoma multiforme using first generation adenoviral vectors have either been performed or are ongoing, including an ongoing, phase iii, multicenter trial in europe and israel (ark therapeutics, inc.). although in the absence of anti-adenovirus immune responses expression in the brain lasts 6-18 months, systemic infection with adenovirus induces i ... | 2006 | 18084640 |
| effect of n-glycosylation inhibition on the synthesis and processing of classical swine fever virus glycoproteins. | classical swine fever virus (csfv) is often used as a surrogate model in molecular studies of the closely related hepatitis c virus. in this report we have examined the effect of the inhibition of glycosylation on the survival and maturation of csfv. viral glycoproteins (e(rns), e1, e2) form biologically active complexes - homo- and heterodimers, which are indispensable for viral life cycle. those complexes are highly n-glycosylated. we studied the influence of n-glycosylation on dimer formation ... | 2007 | 18084653 |
| aav-2 rep78 and hpv-16 e1 interact in vitro, modulating their atpase activity. | adeno-associated virus (aav) is a nonpathogenic single-stranded human parvovirus which usually requires the presence of a "helper" virus for strong dna replication. in addition to adeno- and herpes viruses, human papillomavirus (hpv) can serve as an aav helper. we recently published that hpv type 16 (hpv-16) e1 protein contributes significantly as an individual helper gene for aav-2 dna replication and transcription. as rep78 and e1 are the corresponding dna helicase/replication proteins of aav ... | 2008 | 18092809 |
| transdominant inhibition of bovine viral diarrhea virus entry. | bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is a positive-strand rna virus and a member of the genus pestivirus in the family flaviviridae. to identify and characterize essential factors required for bvdv replication, a library expressing random fragments of the bvdv genome was screened for sequences that act as transdominant inhibitors of viral replication by conferring resistance to cytopathic bvdv-induced cell death. we isolated a bvdv-nonpermissive mdbk cell clone that harbored a 1.2-kb insertion spa ... | 2008 | 18094189 |
| evolutionary study of hepatitis c virus envelope genes during primary infection. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) envelope genes encoding glycoproteins e1 and e2 exhibits a high degree of variability that gives rise to differing phenotypic traits; including alterations in receptor-binding affinity and immune recognition and escape. this study aims to elucidate the relationship of the evolutionary patterns for hcv envelope glycoproteins to viral persistence. | 2007 | 18167197 |
| mass spectrometric characterization of glycosylation of hepatitis c virus e2 envelope glycoprotein reveals extended microheterogeneity of n-glycans. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) causes acute and chronic liver disease in humans, including chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. the polyprotein encoded in the hcv genome is co- and post-translationally processed by host and viral peptidases, generating the structural proteins core, e1, e2, and p7, and five nonstructural proteins. the two envelope proteins e1 and e2 are heavily glycosylated. studying the glycan moieties attached to the envelope e2 glycoprotein is important because ... | 2008 | 18187336 |
| targeting of antigen to the herpesvirus entry mediator augments primary adaptive immune responses. | interactions between the herpesvirus entry mediator (hvem) and the b- and t-lymphocyte attenuator (btla) inhibit b and t cell activation. hvem-btla interactions are blocked by herpes simplex virus (hsv) glycoprotein d (gd) through binding of its n-terminal domain to the btla binding site of hvem. in this study, we inserted viral antigens into the c-terminal domain of gd and expressed these antigens with plasmid or e1-deleted (replication-defective) adenovirus vectors. viral antigens fused to gd ... | 2008 | 18193057 |
| development of jfh1-based cell culture systems for hepatitis c virus genotype 4a and evidence for cross-genotype neutralization. | efficient in vitro systems to study the life cycle of hepatitis c virus (hcv) were recently developed for jfh1 (genotype 2a), which has unique replication capacity in huh7 cells. we developed 4a/jfh1 intergenotypic recombinants containing the structural genes (core, e1, and e2), p7, and all or part of ns2 of the 4a prototype strain ed43 that, after transfection of huh7.5 cells with rna transcripts, produced infectious viruses. compared with the j6/jfh control virus, production of viruses was del ... | 2008 | 18195353 |
| hepatitis c virus proteins interfere with the activation of chemokine gene promoters and downregulate chemokine gene expression. | the hepatitis c virus (hcv) non-structural (ns) 3/4a protein complex inhibits the retinoic acid inducible gene i (rig-i) pathway by proteolytically cleaving mitochondria-associated card-containing adaptor protein cardif, and this leads to reduced production of beta interferon (ifn-beta). this study examined the expression of ccl5 (regulated upon activation, normal t-cell expressed and secreted, or rantes), cxcl8 (interleukin 8) and cxcl10 (ifn-gamma-activated protein 10, or ip-10) chemokine gene ... | 2008 | 18198374 |
| immunization with a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing a hepatitis c virus core-e1 polyprotein variant, protects mice and african green monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) against challenge with a surrogate vaccinia virus. | hcv (hepatitis c virus) is a worldwide health problem nowadays. no preventive vaccine is available against this pathogen, and therapeutic treatments currently in use have important drawbacks, including limited efficacy. in the present work a recombinant fowlpox virus, fpcoe1, expressing a truncated hcv core-e1 polyprotein, was generated. fpcoe1 virus generally failed to elicit a humoral immune response against hcv antigens in balb/c mice. by contrast, mice inoculated with fpcoe1 elicited a posit ... | 2008 | 18215116 |
| hepatitis c virus antibody-positive patients with hiv infection have a high risk of insulin resistance: a cross-sectional study. | the aim of the study was to characterize and compare insulin resistance (ir) in hepatitis c virus (hcv)-antibody (ab)-positive and hcv-ab-negative patients with hiv infection. | 2008 | 18218000 |
| molecular characterization of chikungunya virus from andhra pradesh, india & phylogenetic relationship with central african isolates. | chikungunya virus has caused numerous large outbreaks in india. suspected blood samples from the epidemic were collected and characterized for the identification of the responsible causative from rayalaseema region of andhra pradesh. | 2007 | 18219080 |
| association of antibodies to hepatitis c virus glycoproteins 1 and 2 (anti-e1e2) with hcv disease. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) causes acute and chronic liver diseases in humans. its two envelope glycoproteins, e1 and e2, provide a target for host immune recognition. hcv genotypes are classified into six genetic groups. to study the role of anti-hcv e1 and e2 (anti-e1e2) in hcv disease, the correlation between antibody level and viral load, genotype, disease severity and response to treatment was investigated. the levels of antibodies to hcv glycoproteins e1 and e2 antibodies were evaluated in 230 ... | 2008 | 18221305 |
| structural elucidation of critical residues involved in binding of human monoclonal antibodies to hepatitis c virus e2 envelope glycoprotein. | human monoclonal antibodies derived from b cells of hcv-infected individuals provide information on the immune response to native hcv envelope proteins as they are recognized during infection. monoclonal antibodies have been useful in the determination of the function and structure of specific immunogenic domains of proteins and should also be useful for the structure/function characterization of hcv e1 and e2 envelope glycoproteins. the hcv e2 envelope glycoprotein has at least three immunodist ... | 2008 | 18230369 |
| [development and clinical trial of fluorescence real time pcr to detect rubella virus]. | to establish a novel rapid, convenient, sensitive and specific method applicable to quantitative analysis of the rubella virus extensively, rv total rna was extracted with trizol. the envelope glycoprotein e1 gene was amplified from rubella virus by pcr, and the pcr products were cloned into the pmd18-t cloning vector and transfected into dh5alpha. after amp selection and analysis of restriction enzyme, the clones carrying the e1 gene were identified. after quantitation and serial dilution, the ... | 2007 | 18232492 |
| sequence uniqueness and sequence variability as modulating factors of human anti-hcv humoral immune response. | we recently compared the hcv polyprotein to the human proteome in order to test whether amino acid sequences unique to the virus could represent immunodominant epitopic determinants of the human humoral immune response against hcv. we identified a relatively limited number of hcv fragments with no/low similarity to the human host that represented exclusive hcv motifs. in this study, the peptides corresponding to low/zero similarity sequences were synthesized and assayed with hcv-infected sera. w ... | 2008 | 18256830 |
| [expression and study of the functional proteins of hepatitis c virus in cho cell line]. | recently, the interactions between hepatitis c virus (hcv) genes and the host cell factors were the focus of this field. cell factors in the different biochemical pathway were approved to be interfered when hcv infection. to make sure which hcv gene(s) was the major factor during the interaction process, ten eukaryotic expression plasmids containing different functional genes of hcv: core, e1, e2, p7, ns2, ns3, ns4a, ns4b, ns5a and ns5b were transfected into the cho-k1 cells respectively. then t ... | 2007 | 18257225 |
| molecular and bioinformatic evidence of hepatitis c virus evolution in brain. | neurocognitive deficits in patients with hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection prompted a search for hcv in brain. | 2008 | 18275278 |
| [genotyping of rubella virus circulating in western siberia of russia during 2004-2006 epidemic period]. | twenty one strains of rubella virus were isolated in the western siberia during 2004-2006 epidemic period. genotyping of isolated strains was performed by partial sequencing of glycoprotein e1 gene. phylogenetic analysis showed that 20 out of 21 isolated in the western siberia strains of rubella virus belonged to genotype 1g, and 1 strain (isolated in altai region in 2006)--to genotype 1e. | 2007 | 18277537 |
| potent oncolytic activity of human enteroviruses against human prostate cancer. | oncolytic virotherapy offers a unique treatment modality for prostate cancer, especially stages that are resistant to current therapies, with the additional benefit of preferentially targeting tumor cells amongst an environment of healthy tissue. herein, the low pathogenic enteroviruses; coxsackievirus a21 (cva21), as well as a bio-selected variant of coxsackievirus a21 (cva21-dafv) and echovirus 1 (ev1) are evaluated as novel oncolytic agents against human prostate cancer. | 2008 | 18288643 |
| clinicopathologic correlates of hepatitis c virus in brain: a pilot study. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) has been detected in the brain tissues of 10 individuals reported to date; it is unclear what clinical factors are associated with this, and with what frequency it occurs. accordingly, a pilot analysis utilizing reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt- pcr) to detect and sequence hcv in premortem plasma and postmortem brain and liver from 20 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected and 10 hiv-naive individuals was undertaken. rna encoding the first 126 amin ... | 2008 | 18300072 |
| configurations of a two-tiered amplified gene expression system in adenoviral vectors designed to improve the specificity of in vivo prostate cancer imaging. | effective treatment for recurrent, disseminated prostate cancer is notably limited. we have developed adenoviral vectors with a prostate-specific two-step transcriptional amplification (tsta) system that would express therapeutic genes at a robust level to target metastatic disease. the tsta system employs the prostate-specific antigen (psa) promoter/enhancer to drive a potent synthetic activator, which in turn activates the expression of the therapeutic gene. in this study, we explored differen ... | 2008 | 18305574 |
| molecular characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 isolate originating from a native indian sheep (ovies aries). | the wide spread prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (bvdv-1) in cattle and recent identification of bvdv-2 in goats in india warranted pestivirus surveillance in sheep. nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was used to detect bvdv-2 in one of 1561 blood samples collected randomly from 78 sheep flocks in 11 states of india. antigenic characterization of the isolated pestivirus using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies typed the isolate as bvdv-2. when analy ... | 2008 | 18308487 |
| [molecular epidemiology of echo 6 virus, the causative agent of the 2006 outbreak of serous meningitis in khabarovsk]. | a total of 3194 cases of enterovirus meningitis were notified in the russian federation in 2005, of them there were 1434 cases in the khabarovsk territory. enteroviruses were isolated from 1020 out of the virologically studied 1362 patients from the khabarovsk territory. viruses e6 and e30 were isolated in 80 and 14.7% of cases, respectively. e1, e3, e7, e33, coxsackie virus b1, b4, b5, and a10 were sporadically detected. the e6 strains isolated in komsomolsk-on-amur were identical while e6 stra ... | 2008 | 18318129 |
| inhibition of hepatitis c virus (hcv) core protein- induced cell growth by non-structural protein 4a (ns4a) is mediated by mitochondrial dysregulation. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a significant health problem facing the world. more than 170 million people are infected with hcv worldwide. hcv encodes a large polyprotein precursor that is processed into at least 10 distinct products including structural (core, e1 and e2) and non-structural (ns2, ns3, ns4a, ns4b, ns5a and ns5b). besides its importance in virus replication, ns4a functions as a cofactor for ns3 and contributes to viral pathogenesis by influencing cellular functions. here, we investig ... | 2008 | 18318665 |
| [genetic characterization of chinese rubella virus isolates from 2003 to 2007]. | 57 rubella virus strains were isolated using vero cell line or vero/slam cell line from patients' throat swabs during rubella outbreaks and sporadics in 10 provinces of china from 2003 to 2007. fragments of 1107 nucleotides of e1 genes of the isolates were amplified by rt-pcr, the pcr products were directly sequenced and analyzed. the phylogenetic analysis based on 739 nucleotides showed that out of 57 chinese rubella virus strains, 55 belong to a distinguish branch of 1e genotype when comparing ... | 2008 | 18320816 |
| chaperone-aided in vitro renaturation of an engineered e1 envelope protein for detection of anti-rubella virus igg antibodies. | the envelope glycoproteins of rubella virus, e1 and e2, mediate cell tropism, and e1 in particular plays a pivotal role in the fusion of the virus with the endosomal membrane. both are the prime targets of the humoral immune response. recombinant variants of the e1 ectodomain as well as e1 antigen preparations from virus lysates are commonly used to detect anti-rubella immunoglobulins in human sera. hitherto, recombinant e1 for diagnostic applications has been produced chiefly in eukaryotic expr ... | 2008 | 18330994 |
| cd81 and claudin 1 coreceptor association: role in hepatitis c virus entry. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) is an enveloped positive-stranded rna hepatotropic virus. hcv pseudoparticles infect liver-derived cells, supporting a model in which liver-specific molecules define hcv internalization. three host cell molecules have been reported to be important entry factors or receptors for hcv internalization: scavenger receptor bi, the tetraspanin cd81, and the tight junction protein claudin-1 (cldn1). none of the receptors are uniquely expressed within the liver, leading us to hypo ... | 2008 | 18337570 |
| combination of oncolytic adenovirotherapy and bax gene therapy in human cancer xenografted models. potential merits and hurdles for combination therapy. | cancer gene therapy and oncolytic virotherapy have been studied extensively. however, their clinical application is hampered by their weak anticancer activity. we previously constructed a replicating adenovirus (obp-301, telomelysin), in which the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (htert) promoter drives expression of the adenoviral e1 genes, and causes selective lysis of human cancer cells. we hypothesized that combination adenoviral therapy containing obp-301 and a nonreplicating adenovir ... | 2008 | 18338751 |
| interaction of the most membranotropic region of the hcv e2 envelope glycoprotein with membranes. biophysical characterization. | the previously identified membrane-active regions of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) e1 and e2 envelope glycoproteins led us to identify different segments that might be implicated in viral membrane fusion, membrane interaction, and/or protein-protein binding. hcv e2 glycoprotein contains one of the most membranotropic segments, segment 603-634, which has been implicated in cd81 binding, e1/e2 and e2/e2 dimerization, and membrane interaction. through a series of complementary experiments, we have ca ... | 2008 | 18339752 |
| hepatitis c virus structural proteins do not prevent human dendritic cell maturation. | infection with hepatitis c virus (hcv) results in chronic hepatitis in more than 70% of cases. alterations in the maturation of dendritic cells (dc) might play a role in the immune system's inability to eliminate the virus, although viral factors that could be involved have not been identified. this study in vitro investigated whether hcv structural proteins affect maturation of monocyte-derived dc. | 2008 | 18341978 |
| hepatitis c virus envelope glycoprotein co-evolutionary dynamics during chronic hepatitis c. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) envelope glycoprotein co-evolution was studied in 14 genotype 1-infected and treatment-naive subjects, including 7 with mild and 7 with severe liver disease. cassettes encoding the envelope 1 gene (e1) and hypervariable region (hvr1) of the envelope 2 gene were isolated at 38 different time points over 81 follow-up years. there were no significant differences in age, gender, alcohol use, or viral load between the mild and severe disease groups. virus from subjects with se ... | 2008 | 18343477 |
| the closure of pak1-dependent macropinosomes requires the phosphorylation of ctbp1/bars. | membrane fission is an essential process in membrane trafficking and other cellular functions. while many fissioning and trafficking steps are mediated by the large gtpase dynamin, some fission events are dynamin independent and involve c-terminal-binding protein-1/brefeldina-adp ribosylated substrate (ctbp1/bars). to gain an insight into the molecular mechanisms of ctbp1/bars in fission, we have studied the role of this protein in macropinocytosis, a dynamin-independent endocytic pathway that c ... | 2008 | 18354494 |
| dissecting the role of putative cd81 binding regions of e2 in mediating hcv entry: putative cd81 binding region 1 is not involved in cd81 binding. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) encodes two transmembrane glycoproteins e1 and e2 which form a heterodimer. e1 is believed to mediate fusion while e2 has been shown to bind cellular receptors including cd81. in this study, alanine substitutions in e2 were generated within putative cd81 binding regions to define residues critical for viral entry. the effect of each mutation was tested by challenging susceptible cell lines with mutant hcv e1e2 pseudotyped viruses generated using a lentiviral system (hcvpp ... | 2008 | 18355410 |
| detection and analysis of protein isgylation. | isg15 is a ubiquitin-like modifi er that is conjugated to target proteins by a sequential reaction catalyzed by e1/e2/e3 enzymes (protein isgylation). isg15 and protein isgylation are upregulated by interferon stimuli. isg15 functions as an antiviral protein against sindbis virus and hiv-1, but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. here we describe in detail methods for detecting and analyzing protein isgylation. the methods consist of plasmid transfection and affi nity purifi cation of isgyl ... | 2008 | 18373255 |
| multiple genotypes and subtypes of hepatitis b and c viruses in belarus: similarities with russia and western european influences. | the republic of belarus reports a seroprevalence of 4.8% for hepatitis b virus (hbv) and 1.26% for hepatitis c virus (hcv), but little is known about the molecular characteristics of the circulating viruses. this study analysed 69 hbv surface antigen (hbsag)-positive and 113 anti-hcv-positive donors attending a national reference hospital in minsk. among the hcv patients, 70% were co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). phylogenetic analysis of 12 complete genomes and 31 partial hbv ... | 2008 | 18373690 |
| diagnostics of pogosta disease: antigenic properties and evaluation of sindbis virus igm and igg enzyme immunoassays. | sindbis virus (sinv) is a mosquito-borne causative agent of a fever-rash arthritis, pogosta disease, as verified recently by virus isolation from acutely ill patients. pogosta disease occurs annually, but it emerges as unique epidemics every 7 years in finland; over 10,000 patient samples have been analyzed for sinv antibodies, with over 2000 diagnosed acute sinv infections. however, the performance of these serological tests with a large number of samples has not been described before. the aim ... | 2008 | 18380591 |
| comparative full genome analysis revealed e1: a226v shift in 2007 indian chikungunya virus isolates. | the resurgence of chikungunya virus (chikv) in the form of unprecedented explosive epidemic after a gap of 32 years in india is a point of major public health concern. in 2007 again there was outbreak in kerala, india, affecting more than 25,000 cases with many reported mortalities. to understand the molecular basis of this high virulence and its implication in large-scale epidemic, a detailed systematic serological, virological and molecular investigation was undertaken with the epidemic sample ... | 2008 | 18384900 |
| ultrafiltration-based techniques for rapid and simultaneous concentration of multiple microbe classes from 100-l tap water samples. | this study focused on ultrafiltration as a technique for simultaneously concentrating and recovering viruses, bacteria and parasites in 100-l drinking water samples. a chemical dispersant, sodium polyphosphate, and tween 80 were used to increase microbial recovery efficiencies. secondary concentration was performed to reduce sample volumes to 3-5 ml for analysis using tissue culture, microscopy, and real-time pcr and rt-pcr. at seeding levels of 100-1000 (cfu, pfu, oocysts, or particles), a "hig ... | 2008 | 18395278 |
| immunoglobulin allotypes influence igg antibody responses to hepatitis c virus envelope proteins e1 and e2. | immunoglobulin (ig) gm and km allotypes-genetic markers of gamma and kappa chains, respectively-are associated with the outcome of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. we hypothesized that gm and km allotypes could contribute to the outcome of hcv infection by influencing the levels of igg antibodies to the hcv glycoproteins e1e2. we serologically allotyped 100 african american individuals with persistent hcv infection for gm and km markers an ... | 2008 | 18396207 |
| proteomics analysis of differential expression of cellular proteins in response to avian h9n2 virus infection in human cells. | we present the first proteomic analysis on the cellular responses to avian influenza virus (h9n2) infection in a human cell line in different time courses in order to search for target proteins for viral pathogenesis/adaptation studies. by using 2-de coupled with maldi-tof ms and nano-esi-ms/ms, we identified a set of differentially expressed cellular proteins, including cytoplasmic actin, cytokeratin, prohibitin, enoyl-coa hydratase, peptide-prolyl cis-trans isomerase a (ppiase a), chloride int ... | 2008 | 18398875 |
| definition of a conserved immunodominant domain on hepatitis c virus e2 glycoprotein by neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies. | development of a successful hepatitis c virus (hcv) vaccine requires the definition of neutralization epitopes that are conserved among different hcv genotypes. five human monoclonal antibodies (hmabs) are described that cross-compete with other antibodies to a cluster of overlapping epitopes, previously designated domain b. each hmab broadly neutralizes retroviral pseudotype particles expressing hcv e1 and e2 glycoproteins, as well as the infectious chimeric genotype 1a and genotype 2a viruses. ... | 2008 | 18400849 |
| sindbis virus conformational changes induced by a neutralizing anti-e1 monoclonal antibody. | a rare sindbis virus anti-e1 neutralizing monoclonal antibody, sin-33, was investigated to determine the mechanism of in vitro neutralization. a cryoelectron microscopic reconstruction of sindbis virus (svhr) neutralized with fab from sin-33 (fab-33) revealed conformational changes on the surface of the virion at a resolution of 24 a. fab-33 was found to bind e1 in less than 1:1 molar ratios, as shown by the absence of fab density in the reconstruction and stoichiometric measurements using radio ... | 2008 | 18417595 |
| hepatitis c virus (hcv)-induced immunoglobulin hypermutation reduces the affinity and neutralizing activities of antibodies against hcv envelope protein. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) often causes persistent infection despite the presence of neutralizing antibodies against the virus in the sera of hepatitis c patients. hcv infects both hepatocytes and b cells through the binding of its envelope glycoprotein e2 to cd81, the putative viral receptor. previously, we have shown that e2-cd81 interaction induces hypermutation of heavy-chain immunoglobulin (v(h)) in b cells. we hypothesize that if hcv infects antibody-producing b cells, the resultant hypermuta ... | 2008 | 18417597 |
| impact of hiv on host-virus interactions during early hepatitis c virus infection. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) may influence the outcome and natural history of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection through an impact on acute hcv-specific t cell responses. | 2008 | 18419344 |
| complete genome analysis of hepatitis c virus subtypes 6t and 6u. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) genomes exhibit high nucleotide sequence diversity. in this study, we performed complete genome sequence analysis of 11 hcv genotype 6 samples from vietnam and thailand. we identified nine hcv complete genomes belonging to subtypes 6a (d9), 6e (d42 and d88), 6f (th52), 6i (th24), 6l (d33), 6n (th22 and th31) and 6o (d85). phylogenetic analysis of the core/e1 and ns5b regions from unclassified genotype 6 isolates from asian immigrants in canada revealed that two other viru ... | 2008 | 18420806 |
| maturation of hepatitis c virus core protein by signal peptide peptidase is required for virus production. | complete maturation of hepatitis c virus (hcv) core protein requires coordinate cleavage by signal peptidase and an intramembrane protease, signal peptide peptidase. we show that reducing the intracellular levels of signal peptide peptidase lowers the titer of infectious virus released from cells, indicating that it plays an important role in virus production. proteolysis by the enzyme at a signal peptide between core and the e1 glycoprotein is needed to permit targeting of core to lipid droplet ... | 2008 | 18424431 |
| genotypes of varicella-zoster virus wild-type strains in germany. | surveillance of varicella-zoster virus (vzv) genotypes is indicated in germany after implementation of universal varicella vaccination. this article reports genotyping data of 77 vzv strains obtained from 54 patients with varicella, 1 newborn with congenital varicella syndrome, 2 fetuses with intrauterine vzv infection and 20 cases with zoster. fragments of the open reading frames (orf) 1, 21, 22, 37, 50, 54, and 60 were analyzed by sequencing. in addition, the psti polymorphism of the orf 38 wa ... | 2008 | 18428135 |
| trans-encapsidation of hepatitis c virus subgenomic replicon rna with viral structure proteins. | a trans-packaging system for hepatitis c virus (hcv) subgenomic replicon rnas was developed. hcv subgenomic replicon was efficiently encapsidated by the hcv structural proteins that were stably expressed in trans under the control of a mammalian promoter. infectious hcv-like particles (hcv-lps), established a single-round infection, were produced and released into culture medium in titers of up to 10(3) focus forming units/ml. expression of ns2 protein with structural proteins (core, e1, e2, and ... | 2008 | 18445476 |
| a raft-derived, pak1-regulated entry participates in alpha2beta1 integrin-dependent sorting to caveosomes. | we have previously shown that a human picornavirus echovirus 1 (ev1) is transported to caveosomes during 2 h together with its receptor alpha2beta1 integrin. here, we show that the majority of early uptake does not occur through caveolae. alpha2beta1 integrin, clustered by antibodies or by ev1 binding, is initially internalized from lipid rafts into tubulovesicular structures. these vesicles accumulate fluid-phase markers but do not initially colocalize with caveolin-1 or internalized simian vir ... | 2008 | 18448666 |
| immunogenicity of novel consensus-based dna vaccines against chikungunya virus. | chikungunya virus (chikv) is an emerging arbovirus and is an important human pathogen. infection of humans by chikv can cause a syndrome characterized by fever, headache, rash, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, arthralgia and occasionally neurological manifestations such as acute limb weakness. it is also associated with a fatal haemorrhagic condition. chikv is geographically distributed from africa through southeast asia and south america, and its transmission to humans is mainly through the aedes aeg ... | 2008 | 18471943 |
| [study on the distribution of hepatitis c virus genotypes in patients visiting one methadone maintenance clinic in wuhan]. | to study the prevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection and characteristics on molecular biology related to hcv among patients who were enrolled in a methadone maintenance clinic in wuhan. | 2007 | 18476583 |
| heterologous acidothermus cellulolyticus 1,4-beta-endoglucanase e1 produced within the corn biomass converts corn stover into glucose. | commercial conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars requires inexpensive bulk production of biologically active cellulase enzymes, which might be achieved through direct production of these enzymes within the biomass crops. transgenic corn plants containing the catalytic domain of acidothermus cellulolyticus e1 endo-1,4-beta glucanase and the bar bialaphos resistance coding sequences were generated after biolistic (biorad hercules, ca) bombardment of immature embryo-derived ce ... | 2007 | 18478390 |
| branched oligosaccharide structures on hbv prevent interaction with both dc-sign and l-sign. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) is a dna virus that infects the liver as primary target. currently, a high affinity receptor for hbv is still unknown. the dendritic cell specific c-type lectin dc-sign is involved in pathogen recognition through mannose and fucose containing carbohydrates leading to the induction of an anti-viral immune response. many glycosylated viruses subvert this immune surveillance function and exploit dc-sign as a port of entry and for trans-infection of target cells. the glycosyl ... | 2008 | 18482282 |
| in pursuit of the first recognized epigenetic signal--dna methylation: a 1976 to 2008 synopsis. | a synopsis will be presented of work on dna methylation, the first epigenetic signal to be recognized. in the author's laboratory, the following problems dealing with dna methylation have been addressed over the past 32 years: (1) the de novo methylation of foreign dna integrated into mammalian genomes. (2) inverse correlations between promoter methylation and activity. (3) the long-term inactivating effect of site-specific promoter methylation. (4) adenovirus e1 functions in trans and a strong ... | 2008 | 18487948 |
| reduction in intracellular hcv rna and virus protein expression in human hepatoma cells following treatment with 2'-o-methyl-modified anti-core deoxyribozyme. | hcv rna is gaining greater consideration as a principal target for newer hcv antivirals because its destruction has the potential of eliminating the virus. these newer antivirals include deoxyribozymes (dz), which are small single-stranded dna molecules that cleave homologous rna targets. using a liver cell model containing functional genomic-length hcv-1b rna we tested whether 2'-o-methyl-modified dz, designed to recognize a highly-conserved rna sequence located within the core-e1 coding region ... | 2008 | 18514249 |
| molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome of a hepatitis e virus from european swine. | hepatitis e virus (hev) has been detected in humans and in a broad range of animals, including pigs. for the first time the full-length genomic sequence of a hev of european porcine origin, termed swx07-e1, was determined. comparative analysis of 76 complete or nearly complete nucleotide sequences showed that swx07-e1 shares the highest nucleotide identity with japanese swine hev swj8-5 and swj12-4. the whole-genome phylogenetic analysis showed that swx07-e1 from europe belongs to genotype-3 hev ... | 2008 | 18535896 |
| enhancement of cytotoxic t-lymphocyte response in aged mice by a novel treatment with recombinant adil-12 and wild-type adenovirus in rapid succession. | a decrease in the expression of th1 cytokines has been associated with age-related decrease in cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) function. we utilized an e1-deleted adenovirus (ad) vector to deliver the murine interleukin-12 (il-12) gene in order to enhance the antivirus ctl response. wild-type (wt) ad was administered 3 days after adil-12 treatment, when il-12 production was at its peak and the anti-ad antibody response had not yet begun to develop. before receiving adil-12 treatment, aged (18 month ... | 2008 | 18545221 |
| inhibition of chikungunya virus infection in cultured human muscle cells by furin inhibitors: impairment of the maturation of the e2 surface glycoprotein. | chikungunya virus (chikv) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes in humans an acute infection characterized by polyarthralgia, fever, myalgia, and headache. since 2005 this virus has been responsible for an epidemic outbreak of unprecedented magnitude. by analogy with other alphaviruses, it is thought that cellular proteases are able to process the viral precursor protein e3e2 to produce the receptor-binding e2 protein that associates as a heterodimer with e1. destabilization of the he ... | 2008 | 18559340 |
| development and evaluation of a 1-step duplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for differential diagnosis of chikungunya and dengue infection. | dengue (den) and chikungunya (chik) have emerged as the 2 most important arboviral infections of global significance. the similarities in clinical presentations, their circulation in the same geographic area, and the transmission through the same vector necessitate an urgent need for the differential diagnosis of these 2 infections. so far, no single assay is reported for differential diagnosis of these 2 infections. in this study, we report the development and evaluation of a 1-step single-tube ... | 2008 | 18583086 |
| [molecular genetic analysis of a diversity of getah virus strains isolated from mosquitoes in the north-eastern asia]. | a molecular genetic study was performed of the getah virus strains isolated in russia (eastern siberia and far east) and mongolia. a phylogenetic analysis was made, by examining the nucleotide sequences of genome fragments that had been obtained by rt-pcr and that included the portions of the e1 and e2 surface glycoprotein genes and the 6k gene. a genetic diversity of getah virus strains in north-eastern asia is discussed. | 2008 | 18590127 |
| the dynamic envelope of a fusion class ii virus. e3 domain of glycoprotein e2 precursor in semliki forest virus provides a unique contact with the fusion protein e1. | in alphaviruses, here represented by semliki forest virus, infection requires an acid-responsive spike configuration to facilitate membrane fusion. the creation of this relies on the chaperone function of glycoprotein e2 precursor (p62) and its maturation cleavage into the small external e3 and the membrane-anchored e2 glycoproteins. to reveal how the e3 domain of p62 exerts its control of spike functions, we determine the structure of a p62 cleavage-impaired mutant virus particle (sql) by elect ... | 2008 | 18596032 |
| th1 cytokines are upregulated by adenoviral vectors in the brains of primed mice. | a major disadvantage of first generation adenoviral vectors for gene therapy in the brain is the immune response they elicit. human adenovirus is a common respiratory virus and earlier exposure to it has important implications for gene therapy. we show that the immune response against e1-deleted adenoviral vectors in the brain is more deleterious in animals previously exposed to the virus. analysis of cytokine mrna revealed enhanced and prolonged upregulation of the th1 proinflammatory cytokines ... | 2008 | 18628662 |
| differential cholesterol binding by class ii fusion proteins determines membrane fusion properties. | the class ii fusion proteins of the alphaviruses and flaviviruses mediate virus infection by driving the fusion of the virus membrane with that of the cell. these fusion proteins are triggered by low ph, and their structures are strikingly similar in both the prefusion dimer and the postfusion homotrimer conformations. here we have compared cholesterol interactions during membrane fusion by these two groups of viruses. using cholesterol-depleted insect cells, we showed that fusion and infection ... | 2008 | 18632857 |
| identification of an arginine-rich motif in human papillomavirus type 1 e1;e4 protein necessary for e4-mediated inhibition of cellular dna synthesis in vitro and in cells. | productive infections by human papillomaviruses (hpvs) are restricted to nondividing, differentiated keratinocytes. hpv early proteins e6 and e7 deregulate cell cycle progression and activate the host cell dna replication machinery in these cells, changes essential for virus synthesis. productive virus replication is accompanied by abundant expression of the hpv e4 protein. expression of hpv1 e4 in cells is known to activate cell cycle checkpoints, inhibiting g(2)-to-m transition of the cell cyc ... | 2008 | 18632869 |
| a226v mutation in virus during the 2007 chikungunya outbreak in kerala, india. | kerala state in india was gripped by a renewed and widespread outbreak of chikungunya virus (chikv) infection during 2007. here, we report the a226v mutation in the glycoprotein envelope 1 (e1) gene of the virus among isolates collected from the three worst-affected districts of the state during this outbreak. this mutation had already been suggested to be directly responsible for a significant increase in chikv infectivity in aedes albopictus. the badly affected districts in kerala state during ... | 2008 | 18632966 |
| canine adenovirus based rabies vaccines. | adenovirus based vectors are very attractive candidates for vaccination purposes as they induce in mammalian hosts potent humoral, mucosal and cellular immune responses to antigens encoded by the inserted genes. we have generated e1-deleted and replication-competent recombinant canine type-2 adenoviruses expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (g). the effectiveness of both vectors to express a native g protein has been characterized in vitro in permissive cell lines. we compared the humoral an ... | 2008 | 18634509 |
| structural and functional characterization of nonstructural protein 2 for its role in hepatitis c virus assembly. | the hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a flavivirus replicating in the cytoplasm of infected cells. the hcv genome is a single-stranded rna encoding a polyprotein that is cleaved by cellular and viral proteases into 10 different products. while the structural proteins core protein, envelope protein 1 (e1) and e2 build up the virus particle, most nonstructural (ns) proteins are required for rna replication. one of the least studied proteins is ns2, which is composed of a c-terminal cytosolic protease dom ... | 2008 | 18644781 |
| induction of multispecific th-1 type immune response against hcv in mice by protein immunization using cpg and montanide isa 720 as adjuvants. | recent studies demonstrate that th1-type immune responses against a broad spectrum of hepatitis c virus (hcv) gene products are crucial to the resolution of acute hcv infection. we investigated new vaccine approaches to augment the strength of hcv-specific th1-type immune responses. elispot assay revealed that single or multiple protein immunization using both cpg odn and montanide isa 720 as adjuvants induced much stronger ifn-gamma-producing th1 responses against core, ns3 and ns5b targets tha ... | 2008 | 18675871 |
| methods for the production of first generation adenoviral vectors. | adenoviruses (ads) possess several features that make them attractive mammalian gene transfer vectors. they can efficiently infect a wide variety of quiescent and proliferating cell types from various species to direct high level viral gene expression, their 36 kb double-stranded dna genome can be manipulated with relative ease by conventional molecular biology techniques, and they can be readily propagated and purified to yield high titer preparations of very stable virus. consequently, ads hav ... | 2008 | 18679617 |
| [advances in molecular biology of rubella virus structural proteins]. | rubella virus (rv), one of pathogens in torch syndrome, can lead to anisotropy of the fetus, and therefore it is of great significance to screen rv infection among women at child-bearing age. at the present, the screening of rv infection is mainly based on the elisa method, the specificity of rv antigens is very important for elisa tests. the antigenicity of rv is closely associated with its structural proteins, including capsid protein c, and envelope glycoproteins e1 and e2, which are importan ... | 2008 | 18686389 |
| plant-produced hepatitis b core protein chimera carrying anthrax protective antigen domain-4. | the hepatitis b core antigen (hbcag) can generate a strong immune response and is recognized as an effective carrier for foreign epitopes. the domain-4 epitope of the anthrax protective antigen (pa-d4) plays an essential role in generating protective immunity against virulent bacillus anthracis. here we report the successful production of a recombinant protein comprised of the antigenic pa-d4 integrated into the c/e1 loop of hbcag in transgenic low-alkaloid nicotiana tabacum. sera of mice inject ... | 2008 | 18707542 |
| lmp-1 retroviral gene therapy influences osteoblast differentiation and fracture repair: a preliminary study. | lim mineralization protein-1 (lmp-1) is a novel intracellular osteogenic factor associated with bone development that has been implicated in the bone morphogenetic protein (bmp) pathway. this preliminary study evaluated the possibility of lmp-1-based retroviral gene therapy to stimulate osteoblast differentiation in vitro and fracture repair in vivo. a moloney leukemia virus (mlv)-based retroviral vector to express lmp-1 with a hemagglutinin (ha) tag was developed, and its effects were evaluated ... | 2008 | 18709396 |
| molecular characterization of genotype 2 and 4 hepatitis c virus isolates in french blood donors. | the subtype distribution of 142 genotype 2 and 97 genotype 4 hepatitis c virus (hcv) isolates from the sera of 1,319 volunteer blood donors in france was determined by gene sequencing and by phylogenetic analysis of the ns5b region and e1 envelope. findings underlined a wide range of subtypes in both genotypes, that is, 20 in hcv-2 and 11 in hcv-4. eighteen of these 31 subtypes had not been defined previously. some subtypes, that is, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2i, 2k, 4a, and 4d, showed numerous strains while ... | 2008 | 18712846 |
| a duplex real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of st. louis encephalitis and eastern equine encephalitis viruses. | a duplex taqman real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was developed for the detection of st. louis encephalitis virus (slev) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev), for use in human and vector surveillance. the respective targets selected for the assay were the conserved ns5 and e1 genes of the 2 viruses. because of the insufficient number of ns5 sequences from slev strains in the genbank database, we determined the sequence of an approximately 1-kb region f ... | 2008 | 18715737 |
| midkine promoter-based conditionally replicative adenovirus therapy for midkine-expressing human pancreatic cancer. | to develop a novel therapeutic strategy for human pancreatic cancer using a midkine promoter-based conditionally replicating adenovirus. | 2008 | 18717994 |
| ongoing somatic hypermutation of the rearranged vh but not of the v-lambda gene in ebv-transformed rheumatoid factor-producing lymphoblastoid cell line. | epstein-barr virus (ebv) transforms human peripheral b cells into lymphoblastoid cell lines (lcls) that secrete specific antibodies. in contrast to peripheral blood b cells, lcls express the activation-induced cytidine deaminase (aid) gene, a key enzyme in the generation of somatic hypermutation (shm) in immunoglobulin variable genes. we have previously studied an lcl that secretes a rheumatoid factor (rf: an igm(lambda) anti-igg antibody) and identified the accumulation of shm at a frequency of ... | 2008 | 18718665 |
| neutralizing host responses in hepatitis c virus infection target viral entry at postbinding steps and membrane fusion. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis worldwide. viral attachment and entry, representing the first steps of virus-host cell interactions, are major targets of adaptive host cell defenses. the mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization by host neutralizing responses in hcv infection are only poorly understood. retroviral hcv pseudotypes (hcvpp) and recombinant cell culture-derived hcv (hcvcc) have been successfully used to study viral entry and antibody-mediated neu ... | 2008 | 18718838 |
| the complete genomic sequence of egg drop syndrome virus strain aav-2. | in the search for the genome of egg drop syndrome virus (edsv-76) chinese strain aav-2, part of restriction endonuclease physical map is analyzed, the complete genomic library is organized. on basis of this, the complete genome nucleotide sequences (32 838 bp in length, including terminal structures) are determined. the data analysis shows: compared with the other adenoviruses, strain aav-2 has more disparity on genomic structure and the distribution of open reading frame (orf). there are no cle ... | 1999 | 18726483 |
| the e8--e2 gene product of human papillomavirus type 16 represses early transcription and replication but is dispensable for viral plasmid persistence in keratinocytes. | a conserved e8(wedge)e2 spliced mrna is detected in keratinocytes transfected with human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv-16) plasmid dna. expression of hpv-16 e8--e2 (16-e8--e2) is independent of the major early promoter, p97, and is modulated by both specific splicing events and conserved cis elements in the upstream regulatory region in a manner that differs from transcriptional regulation of other early viral genes. mutations that disrupt the predicted 16-e8--e2 message also increase initial hpv- ... | 2008 | 18753207 |
| formation of bovine viral diarrhea virus e1-e2 heterodimers is essential for virus entry and depends on charged residues in the transmembrane domains. | the envelope of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) contains the glycoproteins erns, e1 and e2. complementation of a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) with bvdv glycoproteins resulted in infectious pseudotyped viruses. to elucidate the specific role of each of the single envelope glycoproteins during viral entry, pseudotypes were generated bearing the bvdv envelope proteins in different combinations. pseudoviruses that contained e1 and e2 but not erns were infectious, indicating that e ... | 2008 | 18753220 |