| [transmission and circulation of tick borne pathogens (tbe and lyme borreliosis) and the role of changing environment]. | ixodes ricinus is regarded as a species with great medical and veterinary meaning. transmission of tick borne pathogens in mammals depends not only on systemic infection. transmission of b. burgdorferi and tick-borne encephalitis virus in an infected organism differs, because of different location in tick, the differences in dissemination of the virus and bacteria (own motility) as well as mechanisms supporting bacterial infection. the mechanisms governing the transmission of these pathogens in ... | 2010 | 21473069 |
| prevalence of lyme disease agents and several emerging pathogens in questing ticks from the german baltic coast. | in summer 2008, a total of 512 ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) ticks was collected from vegetation in four areas at the baltic coast of germany and tested for the presence of lyme disease spirochetes. among them, 293 ticks from three areas were screened for anaplasma phagocytophilum (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae), rickettsiae of the spotted fever group (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae), and babesia spp. (piroplasmida: babesiidae), respectively. borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies (spiro ... | 2011 | 21485387 |
| the immunopathology of canine vector-borne diseases. | abstract: the canine vector-borne infectious diseases (cvbds) are an emerging problem in veterinary medicine and the zoonotic potential of many of these agents is a significant consideration for human health. the successful diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these infections is dependent upon firm understanding of the underlying immunopathology of the diseases in which there are unique tripartite interactions between the microorganism, the vector and the host immune system. although signific ... | 2011 | 21489234 |
| babesiosis due to the canine babesia microti-like small piroplasm in dogs - first report from portugal and possible vertical transmission. | abstract: | 2011 | 21489238 |
| tick-borne encephalitis virus in dogs - is this an issue? | abstract: the last review on tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) in dogs was published almost ten years ago. since then, this zoonotic tick-borne arbovirus has been geographically spreading and emerging in many regions in eurasia and continues to do so. dogs become readily infected with tbe virus but they are accidental hosts not capable to further spread the virus. they seroconvert upon infection but they seem to be much more resistant to the clinical disease than humans. apart from their use as sent ... | 2011 | 21489255 |
| correlation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence in questing ixodes ricinus ticks with specific abiotic traits in the western palearctic. | this meta-analysis of reports examining ticks throughout the western palearctic region indicates a distinct geographic pattern for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence in questing nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks. the greatest prevalence was reported between the 5°e and 25°e longitudes based on an analysis of 123 collection points with 37,940 nymphal tick specimens (87.43% of total nymphs; 56.35% of total ticks in the set of reports over the target area). climatic traits, such as temperature a ... | 2011 | 21498767 |
| absence of zoonotic bartonella species in questing ticks: first detection of bartonella clarridgeiae and rickettsia felis in cat fleas in the netherlands. | abstract: | 2011 | 21501464 |
| functional characterization of two defensin isoforms of the hard tick ixodes ricinus. | abstract: | 2011 | 21504572 |
| temporal characterisation of the organ-specific rhipicephalusmicroplus transcriptional response to anaplasma marginale infection. | arthropods transmit important infectious diseases of humans and animals. importantly, replication and the development of pathogen infectivity are tightly linked to vector feeding on the mammalian host; thus analysis of the transcriptomes of both vector and pathogen during feeding is fundamental to understanding transmission. using anaplasma marginale infection of rhipicephalusmicroplus as the experimental model, we tested three hypotheses exploring the temporal and organ-specific nature of the t ... | 2011 | 21514300 |
| investigating the persistence of tick-borne pathogens via the r0 model. | summaryin the epidemiology of infectious diseases, the basic reproduction number, r0, has a number of important applications, most notably it can be used to predict whether a pathogen is likely to become established, or persist, in a given area. we used the r0 model to investigate the persistence of 3 tick-borne pathogens; babesia microti, anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in an apodemus sylvaticus-ixodes ricinus system. the persistence of these pathogens was also det ... | 2011 | 21518464 |
| detection and differentiation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks collected from sheep and cattle in china. | abstract: | 2011 | 21529349 |
| tick-borne encephalitis virus, kyrgyzstan. | tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is an emerging pathogen in europe and asia. we investigated tbev in kyrgyzstan by collecting small mammals and ticks from diverse localities and analyzing them for evidence of tbev infection. we found tbev circulating in kyrgyzstan much farther south and at higher altitudes than previously reported. | 2011 | 21529400 |
| spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks, germany. | to explore increased risk for human rickettsia spp. infection in germany, we investigated recreational areas and renatured brown coal surface-mining sites (also used for recreation) for the presence of spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks. r. raoultii (56.7%), r. slovaca (13.3%), and r. helvetica (>13.4%) were detected in the respective tick species. | 2011 | 21529404 |
| babesia sp. eu1 infection in a forest reindeer, the netherlands. | to the editor: fatal piroplasmosis in domestic reindeer (rangifer spp.) was first reported by kertzelli in 1909; he named the piroplasm piroplasma tarandi rhangferis. similar piroplasms also were observed in blood smears of reindeer that had a condition known as spleen disease, which occurred in the second part of summer in the arctic tundra and was characterized by clinical signs such as splenomegaly, icterus, pale mucous membranes, and death (1). hemoglobinuria, a characteristic sign of babesi ... | 2011 | 21529420 |
| rodents as sentinels for the prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus. | abstract introduction: tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) causes one of the most important flavivirus infections of the central nervous system, affecting humans in europe and asia. it is mainly transmitted by the bite of an infected tick and circulates among them and their vertebrate hosts. until now, tbe risk analysis in germany has been based on the incidence of human cases. because of an increasing vaccination rate, this approach might be misleading, especially in regions of low virus circu ... | 2011 | 21548766 |
| the current perspective on tick-borne encephalitis awareness and prevention in six central and eastern european countries: report from a meeting of experts convened to discuss tbe in their region. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a potentially life-threatening disease in humans and is caused by a flavivirus spread by infected ticks (ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus). tbe is endemic across much of central and eastern europe and the incidence is increasing, with numbers estimated to be as many as 8755 cases per year. the reasons for this increase are multi-faceted and may involve improvements in diagnosis and reporting of tbe cases, increases in recreational activities in areas inhabit ... | 2011 | 21549781 |
| prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection and effect on lamb growth. | abstract: background: a major challenge in sheep farming during the grazing season along the coast of south-western norway is tick-borne fever (tbf) caused by the bacteria anaplasma phagocytophilum that is transmitted by the tick ixodes ricinus. methods: a study was carried out in 2007 and 2008 to examine the prevalence of a. phagocytophilum infection and effect on weaning weight in lambs. the study included 1208 lambs from farms in sunndal ram circle in more and romsdal county in mid-norway, wh ... | 2011 | 21569524 |
| multi-source analysis reveals latitudinal and altitudinal shifts in range of ixodes ricinus at its northern distribution limit. | abstract: background: there is increasing evidence for a latitudinal and altitudinal shift in the distribution range of ixodes ricinus. the reported incidence of tick-borne disease in humans is on the rise in many european countries and has raised political concern and attracted media attention. it is disputed which factors are responsible for these trends, though many ascribe shifts in distribution range to climate changes. any possible climate effect would be most easily noticeable close to th ... | 2011 | 21595949 |
| a snapshot of the ixodes scapularis degradome. | parasitic encoded proteases are essential to regulating interactions between parasites and their hosts and thus they represent attractive anti-parasitic druggable and/or vaccine target. we have utilized annotations of ixodes scapularis proteases in gene bank and version 9.3 merops database to compile an index of at least 233 putatively active and 150 putatively inactive protease enzymes that are encoded by the i. scapularis genome. the 233 putatively active protease homologs hereafter referred t ... | 2011 | 21596113 |
| [tick-borne diseases in the republic of croatia]. | this study analyses occurence, trendline, occurence by months and geographical distribution of tick-transmitted diseases: lyme borreliosis, tick-borne meningoencephalitis (tbm) and mediterranean spotted fever in the republic of croatia in the period between 1999 and 2008. the vector for lyme borreliosis and tick-borne meningoencephalitis is ixodes ricinus, while mediterranean spotted fever is transmitted by the rhipicephalus sanguineus. lyme disease is endemic in entire continental croatia and c ... | 2011 | 21612103 |
| genetic variability of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes persulcatus ticks and small mammals in the asian part of russia. | abstract the specimens of 3552 questing adult ixodes persulcatus and 1698 blood/tissue samples of small mammals collected in ural, siberia, and far east of russia were assayed for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum by nested pcr based on the 16s rrna gene. totally, a. phagocytophilum was detected in 112 tick and 88 mammalian samples. the nucleotide sequences of the 16s rrna gene and groesl operon (1244-1295 bp) were determined for a. phagocytophilum samples from 65 ticks and 25 small mamm ... | 2011 | 21612528 |
| the importance of ixodes arboricola in transmission of rickettsia spp., anaplasma phagocytophilum, and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the czech republic, central europe. | abstract wild birds are known to be a reservoir of infectious disease agents and disseminatory hosts of ticks. the purpose of this work was to obtain information about the occurrence of rickettsial, anaplasmal, and borrelial infections in some ticks that parasitize wild birds in the czech republic. a total of 549 subadult ticks of three species ixodes arboricola (75.0%), ixodes ricinus (23.1%), and haemaphysalis concinna (1.8%) were collected from 20 species of birds (passeriformes). rickettsiae ... | 2011 | 21612531 |
| breakdown of the blood-brain barrier during tick-borne encephalitis in mice is not dependent on cd8 t-cells. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus causes severe encephalitis with serious sequelae in humans. the disease is characterized by fever and debilitating encephalitis that can progress to chronic illness or fatal infection. in this study, changes in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (bbb) in two susceptible animal models (balb/c, and c57bl/6 mice) infected with tbe virus were investigated at various days after infection by measuring fluorescence in brain homogenates after intraperitoneal inje ... | 2011 | 21629771 |
| temporal anomalies in immunological gene expression in a time series of wild mice: signature of an epidemic? | although the ecological importance of coinfection is increasingly recognized, analyses of microbial pathogen dynamics in wildlife usually focus on an ad hoc subset of the species present due to technological limitations on detection. here we demonstrate the use of expression profiles for immunological genes (pattern recognition receptors, cytokines and transcription factors) as a means to identify, without preconception, the likelihood of important acute microbial infections in wildlife. using a ... | 2011 | 21629775 |
| characterisation of the transcriptome of a wild great tit parus major population by next generation sequencing. | abstract: background: the recent development of next generation sequencing technologies has made it possible to generate very large amounts of sequence data in species with little to no genome information. combined with the vast phenotypic databases available for wild and non-model species, these data will provide an unprecedented opportunity to "genomicise" ecological model organisms and establish the genetic basis of quantitative traits in natural populations. results: this paper describes the ... | 2011 | 21635727 |
| host-pathogen o-methyltransferase similarity and its specific presence in highly virulent strains of francisella tularensis suggests molecular mimicry. | whole genome comparative studies of many bacterial pathogens have shown an overall high similarity of gene content (>95%) between phylogenetically distinct subspecies. in highly clonal species that share the bulk of their genomes subtle changes in gene content and small-scale polymorphisms, especially those that may alter gene expression and protein-protein interactions, are more likely to have a significant effect on the pathogen's biology. in order to better understand molecular attributes tha ... | 2011 | 21637805 |
| vector competence of the tick ixodes ricinus for transmission of bartonella birtlesii. | bartonella spp. are facultative intracellular vector-borne bacteria associated with several emerging diseases in humans and animals all over the world. the potential for involvement of ticks in transmission of bartonella spp. has been heartily debated for many years. however, most of the data supporting bartonellae transmission by ticks come from molecular and serological epidemiological surveys in humans and animals providing only indirect evidences without a direct proof of tick vector compete ... | 2011 | 21655306 |
| cysteine proteases from bloodfeeding arthropod ectoparasites. | cysteine proteases have been discovered in various bloodfeeding ectoparasites. here, we assemble the available information about the function of these peptidases and reveal their role in hematophagy and parasite development. while most of the data shed light on key proteolytic events that play a role in arthropod physiology, we also report on the association of cysteine proteases with arthropod vectorial capacity. with emphasis on ticks, specifically ixodes ricinus, we finally propose a model ab ... | 2011 | 21660665 |
| microclimate and the zoonotic cycle of tick-borne encephalitis virus in switzerland. | the focal distribution of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev; flaviviridae, flavivirus) appears to depend mainly on cofeeding transmission between infected ixodes ricinus l. nymphs and uninfected larvae. to better understand the role of cofeeding ticks in the transmission of tbev, we investigated tick infestation of rodents and the influence of microclimate on the seasonality of questing i. ricinus ticks. a 3-yr study was carried out at four sites, including two confirmed tbev foci. free-living ... | 2011 | 21661323 |
| diversity and coexistence of tick-borne pathogens in central germany. | in total, 1000 ixodes ricinus l. ticks were collected from a small recreational forest area in central germany (thuringia) and investigated for the presence of borrelia spp., babesia spp., anaplasma spp., rickettsia spp., coxiella burnetii, and francisella tularensis. overall, 43.6% of the ticks were infected with at least one pathogen. in 8.4% of ticks double infections were detected, and 1.6% harbored more than two pathogens. in this study, we present data on the coexistence of established and ... | 2011 | 21661327 |
| functional genomics of tick thioester-containing proteins reveal the ancient origin of the complement system. | ticks are important ectoparasites and vectors of multiple human and animal diseases. the obligatory hemophagy of ticks provides a formidable route for parasite transmission from one host to another. parasite survival inside the tick relies on the ability of a pathogen to escape or inhibit tick immune defenses, but the molecular interactions between the tick and its pathogens remain poorly understood. here we report that tick genomes are unique in that they contain all known classes of the α(2)-m ... | 2011 | 21811049 |
| [study of the heterogeneity of 16s rrna gene and groesl operone in the dna samples of anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia muris, and "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" determined in the ixodes persulcatus ticks in the area of urals, siberia, and far east of russia]. | a total of 3552 ixodes persulcatus from sverdlovsk, chelyabinsk, novosibirsk, irkutsk regions and khabarovsk territory were examined on the ehrlichia and anaplasma presence by nested pcr based on the 16s rrna gene. both anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia muris dna were found in i. persulcatus in all studied regions. a. phagocytophilum was detected in 1.3-6.3% of ticks and e. muris - in 2.0-14.1% of ticks. moreover, "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" dna was found in 8 ticks collected in n ... | 2011 | 21786632 |
| diplorickettsia massiliensis as a human pathogen. | diplorickettsia massiliensis has been recently isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks. we screened 13,872 serum samples from patients in france with suspected tick-borne diseases and found three cases that had serological evidence of d. massiliensis infection; for one of these three cases, we obtained molecular evidence of an infection as well. | 2011 | 21785920 |
| efficacy of a novel combination of fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene for treatment and control of tick species infesting dogs in europe. | four studies were conducted to show the effectiveness of a novel combination of fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene in a spot-on formulation (certifect™, merial limited, ga, usa) for the therapeutic and preventive control of ixodid tick species affecting dogs in europe: ixodes ricinus, dermacentor reticulatus and rhipicephalus sanguineus. in each, untreated control dogs were compared to others treated with the novel combination. all dogs were infested with 50 adult, unfed ticks prior to treatme ... | 2011 | 21777735 |
| emergence of bovine ehrlichiosis in belgian cattle herds. | bovine ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne rickettsial disease caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum. the disease can also be transmitted to humans. outbreaks in cattle have been described in many european countries. in belgium, infections caused by a. phagocytophilum have been reported in humans and dogs; however, this paper details the first report of ehrlichiosis in cattle herds in belgium. the first case described was in a dairy herd located in eastern belgium. clinical signs included hyperthermia, p ... | 2011 | 21771546 |
| reproducibility of local environmental factors for the abundance of questing ixodes ricinus nymphs on pastures. | in ecology and epidemiology, exploratory field studies based on multivariate statistical models commonly are used to identify factors that are associated with a phenomenon. the challenge is to evaluate whether these factors are indeed correlated to the phenomenon or if the statistical significance results from fortuitous association or type 1 statistical error (probability of rejecting a null hypothesis when it is true). this is particularly the case when the phenomenon is linked to environmenta ... | 2011 | 21771544 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ricinus ticks collected from moose (alces alces) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in southern norway. | as part of a larger survey, ears from 18 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and 52 moose (alces alces) shot in the 2 southernmost counties in norway were collected and examined for ixodes ricinus ticks. seventy-two adult ticks, 595 nymphs, and 267 larvae from the roe deer, and 182 adult ticks, 433 nymphs, and 70 larvae from the moose were investigated for infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.). the results showed the presence of b. burgdorferi s.l. dna in 2.9% of the nymphs collected ... | 2011 | 21771543 |
| molecular detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ricinus ticks from istanbul metropolitan area and rural trakya (thrace) region of north-western turkey. | we demonstrated the presence of the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga), anaplasma phagocytophilum, and the agent of lyme borreliosis, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, in north-western turkey. a total of 241 questing ixodes ricinus adult ticks were sampled by flagging from recreational parks of the asiatic and european sides of the heavily populated istanbul metropolitan area and rural forests of kirklareli located in the thrace region in 2008. both tick-borne pathogens were detected ... | 2011 | 21771542 |
| tick (ixodes ricinus) abundance and seasonality at recreational sites in the uk: hazards in relation to fine-scale habitat types revealed by complementary sampling methods. | the seasonal risk to humans of picking up ixodes ricinus ticks in different habitats at 3 recreational sites in the uk was assessed. a comprehensive range of vegetation types was sampled at 3-weekly intervals for 2 years, using standard blanket-dragging complemented by woollen leggings and square 'heel flags'. ticks were found in all vegetation types sampled, including short grass close to car parks, but highest densities were consistently found in plots with trees present. blankets picked up th ... | 2011 | 21771540 |
| polymorphism of beauveria bassiana (deuteromycota: hyphomycetes) strains isolated from ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) in moldova. | polymorphism of 10 beauveria bassiana strains, isolated from ixodes ricinus in moldova, was evaluated using traditional (morphological and cultural properties) and molecular (rapd patterns and its sequences) methods. the isolates differed greatly in morphological and cultural features, such as color, consistence, and growth rate. four rapd-pcr markers were used to evaluate genetic diversity of the strains. phylogenetic neighbor-joining analysis of rapd patterns divided strains into 3 major clade ... | 2011 | 21771537 |
| the range of ixodes ricinus and the risk of contracting lyme borreliosis will increase northwards when the vegetation period becomes longer. | in sweden, the geographical distribution of lyme borreliosis corresponds to that of its vector ixodes ricinus. both tick activity and the length of the vegetation period are determined by daily mean temperatures ≥5°c. we analysed the correspondence between the distribution of i. ricinus in sweden, the start date, end date, and length of the vegetation period, and the distributions of tick habitat-associated plant species. the geographical distribution of i. ricinus in sweden corresponds to a veg ... | 2011 | 21771536 |
| transport of ixodes ricinus infected with borrelia species to norway by northward-migrating passerine birds. | birds are capable of transporting ticks and, consequently, tick-borne pathogens over long distances and across geographical barriers such as oceans and deserts. the purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of borrelia spp. in ticks transported by birds by using pcr. a total of 9768 northward-migrating passerine birds was examined for ticks at 4 bird observatories along the southern norwegian coast during their spring migration in 2003-2005. two of the bird observatories were located on ... | 2011 | 21771535 |
| prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in ixodes ricinus and dermacentor reticulatus ticks collected from the lublin region (eastern poland). | a total of 875 nymphal and adult ixodes ricinus ticks and 148 adult dermacentor reticulatus ticks were collected by flagging lower vegetation in the lublin region (eastern poland) and examined for the presence of rna of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) by nested rt-pcr. the minimum infection rate of i. ricinus ticks with tbev amounted to 1.6% while the infection rate of d. reticulatus ticks was 10.8%. the results suggest that d. reticulatus may be a potential vector of tbev in central europe ... | 2011 | 21771532 |
| occurrence of babesia spp., rickettsia spp. and bartonella spp. in ixodes ricinus in bavarian public parks, germany. | abstract: background: only limited information is available about the occurrence of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in public parks, which are areas strongly influenced by human beings. for this reason, ixodes ricinus were collected in public parks of different bavarian cities in a 2-year survey (2009 and 2010) and screened for dna of babesia spp., rickettsia spp. and bartonella spp. by pcr. species identification was performed by sequence analysis and alignment with existing sequences in genbank ... | 2011 | 21762494 |
| detection of bacteria related to candidatus midichloria mitochondrii in tick cell lines. | many ticks have been shown to be infected with intracellular bacteria. one of these bacteria is candidatus midichloria mitochondrii which is the only characterized bacterium that has the ability to invade the mitochondria within ovarian cells and consume them without any effect on the female tick's reproduction. in the present study, eight cell lines derived from the ticks ixodes ricinus, ixodes scapularis, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, and rhipicephalus (boophilus) decoloratus were exami ... | 2011 | 21748354 |
| saturation deficit and deer density affect questing activity and local abundance of ixodes ricinus (acari, ixodidae) in italy. | the wood tick ixodes ricinus, one of the most common arthropod-borne disease vectors, is of increasing relevance for human and animal health in europe. the aim of this study was to determine the relative contribution of several abiotic and biotic factors potentially affecting questing activity and local abundance of i. ricinus in italy, considering the scale at which these factors interact with the host-seeking ticks. within eden, a large-scale eu collaborative project on eco-epidemiology of vec ... | 2011 | 21820245 |
| lyme borreliosis in south-eastern poland: relationships with environmental factors and medical attention standards. | yhe aim of the study was the investigation of the dynamics of lb prevalence in central europe over a 12-year period and estimation of its dependence on the environmental factors and on the level of medical services. epidemiological studies of lb were conducted in the years 1996-2007 in 9 regions of the +üwi-ötokrzyskie province in south-eastern poland (central europe). on the basis of patient registry, the incidence, prevalence in various months of the year, the mean number of cases in various s ... | 2011 | 21736278 |
| nidicolous ticks of small mammals in anaplasma phagocytophilum-enzootic sites in northern california. | ixodes spp. tick-borne zoonotic diseases are present across the holarctic in humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. small mammals are reservoirs for the rickettsial pathogen anaplasma phagocytophilum and tick vectors may include catholic-feeding bridge vectors as well as host-specialist or nidicolous ticks. far western north american communities in which a. phagocytophilum is maintained are complex ecologically, with multiple reservoir host and tick species, multiple strains of the bacterial pa ... | 2011 | 21686062 |
| transport of babesia venatorum-infected ixodes ricinus to norway by northward migrating passerine birds. | bovine babesiosis is regarded as a limited health problem for norwegian cows, and the incidence has decreased markedly since the 1930s. rare cases of babesiosis in splenectomised humans from infection with babesia divergens and b.venatorum have been described. the objective of this study was to determine whether birds can introduce babesia-infected ticks. there are between 30 and 85 million passerine birds that migrate to norway every spring. | 2011 | 21699719 |
| seasonal and habitat variation in the prevalence of rickettsia helvetica in ixodes ricinus ticks from denmark. | a total of 704 unfed ticks of the species ixodes ricinus collected in denmark were screened for rickettsia dna by a genus-specific real-time pcr. of the nymphs, 4.7% (31/662) were positive for rickettsial dna. among the positive ticks, we observed a seasonal and habitat variation. the infection rate was highest in may as compared to july, august, and october. ecotone (high tick density) showed an elevated prevalence as compared to spruce or beech forests. sequencing revealed only dna from r. hel ... | 2010 | 21771515 |
| flab gene as a molecular marker for distinct identification of borrelia species in environmental samples by the pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. | a new protocol employing nested pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) based on the flab gene and two restriction enzymes was worked out. this protocol allows the identification of all borrelia species transmitted by ixodes ricinus in europe, including borrelia miyamotoi and 3 genetic variants of b. garinii. a dendrogram of flab sequence similarity was in accordance with rflp variants. | 2011 | 21841027 |
| prevalence of coxiella burnetii in ticks after a large outbreak of q fever. | q fever has emerged as an important human and veterinary public health problem in the netherlands with major outbreaks in three consecutive years. goat farms are probably the prime source from which coxiella burnetii have spread throughout the environment, infecting people living in the vicinity. coxiella burnetii infection not only spilled over from animal husbandry to humans but could also have spread to neighbouring wildlife and pets forming novel reservoirs and consequently posing another an ... | 2011 | 21824373 |
| introduced siberian chipmunks (tamias sibiricus barberi) harbor more-diverse borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies than native bank voles (myodes glareolus). | little attention has been given in scientific literature to how introduced species may act as a new host for native infectious agents and modify the epidemiology of a disease. in this study, we investigated whether an introduced species, the siberian chipmunk (tamias sibiricus barberi), was a potentially new reservoir host for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the causative agent of lyme disease. first, we ascertained whether chipmunks were infected by all of the b. burgdorferi sensu lato genospe ... | 2011 | 21705536 |
| environmental conditioning of incidence of tick-borne encephalitis in the south-eastern poland in 1996-2006. | epidemiological studies of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) conducted in the swietokrzyskie province (south- eastern poland) in 1996-2006 demonstrated an increase in the number of registered tbe cases in the last 6 years of the study. the highest risk of tbe virus infections occurs in the summer-autumn period (seasonality factors 96.55% and 248.28%), i.e. in periods of the highest ixodes ricinus activity in this region. an increased number of registered tbe cases were noted in the regions which pro ... | 2011 | 21736276 |
| occurrence of bartonella henselae and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato co-infections in ticks collected from humans in germany. | bartonella (b.) henselae is the zoonotic agent of cat scratch disease. b. henselae has been associated with therapy-resistant lyme disease in humans suggesting that b. henselae and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato might be transmitted concurrently by ticks. in the present study we found that 16 (6.9%) of 230 ixodes ricinus collected from humans harboured dna of bartonella spp. fifteen positive ticks were infected with b. henselae and one tick with b. clarridgeiae. twenty-five percent of the 16 ba ... | 2011 | 21682805 |
| fibrinogen-related proteins in ixodid ticks. | fibrinogen-related proteins with lectin activity are believed to be part of the tick innate immune system. several fibrinogen-related proteins have been described and characterised mainly on the basis of their cdna sequences while direct biochemical evidence is missing. one of them, the haemolymph lectin dorin m from the tick ornithodoros moubata was isolated and characterised in more depth. | 2011 | 21729260 |
| isolation and molecular characterization of a tick-borne encephalitis virus strain from a new tick-borne encephalitis focus with severe cases in bavaria, germany. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is the most important viral infection transmitted by ticks in central europe. in germany, where tbe was classified as a notifiable disease in 2001, a highly variable number of clinically apparent human cases was reported in the last few years, ranging from the lowest number of 238 in 2007 to a maximum of 546 in 2006. the dynamics of the virus and its vector tick remain poorly understood. we investigated a highly active tbe focus in south-eastern germany where from 2 ... | 2010 | 21771510 |
| ixodid ticks of road-killed wildlife species in southern italy: new tick-host associations and locality records. | the present study aimed to identify ticks collected from road-killed wildlife species retrieved in several localities of southern italy and to assess the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma phagocytophilum and rickettsia spp. dna in ticks. collections were carried out from january 2000 to december 2009 on wild animals found dead within the territories of 11 municipalities from three regions (i.e., apulia, basilicata, and calabria). in total, 189 carcasses of wild animals belon ... | 2011 | 21728058 |
| differential virulence in two congeneric ticks infesting songbird nestlings. | virulence is part of the proximate base to the understanding of host-parasite interactions, and therefore it is crucial to interpret parasite-induced damage as an outcome of co-evolution between parasite and host. we experimentally investigated the impact of 2 congeneric ticks with contrasting transmission modes and host specificity, on the health of songbird nestlings (parus major). the nidicolous ixodes arboricola lives in tree holes where it obtains blood from adult birds and their nestlings, ... | 2011 | 21733259 |
| population genetics, taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. | in order to understand the population structure and dynamics of bacterial microorganisms, typing systems that accurately reflect the phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship of the agents are required. over the past 15years multilocus sequence typing schemes have replaced single locus approaches, giving novel insights into phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships of many bacterial species and facilitating taxonomy. since 2004, several schemes using multiple loci have been developed to bette ... | 2011 | 21843658 |
| detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasma phagocytophilum in small mammals and ectoparasites in hungary. | abstract the aim of our study was to investigate the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) and anaplasma phagocytophilum in small mammals and ticks using polymerase chain reaction and to gain information about the prevalence and possible coexistence of these pathogens at a selected site in hungary. two hundred seventy-seven small mammals were trapped in south-eastern hungary during 2009. tissue samples and a total of 831 ectoparasites (ixodes ricinus, ixodes acuminatus, haemaphysali ... | 2011 | 21736488 |
| emergence and genetic variability of anaplasma species in small ruminants and ticks from central europe. | anaplasmoses are common tick-borne zoonotic bacterial diseases of livestock and free-living ungulates from the genus anaplasma that are recently emerging in central europe. the main aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence and genetic variability of anaplasma phagocytophilum and anaplasma ovis in small ruminants and questing ticks from six different sites in slovakia and the czech republic using the pcr of the msp4 gene followed by the sequence analysis. at two farms from southeastern slo ... | 2011 | 21684091 |
| the potential role of migratory birds in transmission cycles of babesia spp., anaplasma phagocytophilum, and rickettsia spp. | babesia spp., anaplasma phagocytophilum, and rickettsia spp. are potentially emerging tick-borne pathogens, whereas many issues about their ecology, e.g. reservoir host specificity, are still unclear. in spring 2007, we collected 191 feeding ixodes ricinus ticks from 99 birds of 11 different species on a german bird conservation island in the baltic sea. babesia spp. were detected in 4.7% (9/191), a. phagocytophilum was present in 2.6% (5/191), and rickettsia spp. were identified in 7.3% (14/191 ... | 2010 | 21771516 |
| molecular detection of murine herpesvirus 68 in ticks feeding on free-living reptiles. | the mhv-68 (designed as murid herpesvirus 4 (muhv 4) strain 68) isolated from two rodents, myodes glareolus and apodemus flavicollis, is considered as a natural pathogen of free-living murid rodents. recently, the detection of mhv antibodies in the blood of animals living in the same biotope as mhv-infected mice has suggested that ticks may have a role in the transmission of this pathogen. ixodes ricinus is one the most abundant tick species in europe known to transmit multiple pathogens causing ... | 2011 | 21732020 |
| presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato antibodies in the serum of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. | infectious agents are likely to play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, including abdominal aortic aneurysms (aaas). the goal of this study was to determine if borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl), a microorganism responsible for lyme disease, is involved in the etiology of aaas. the presence of serum antibodies against b. burgdorferi sl was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and confirmed by western blotting in 96 aaa and 108 peripheral artery dise ... | 2011 | 21842293 |
| detection of new francisella-like tick endosymbionts in hyalomma spp. and rhipicephalus spp. (acari: ixodidae) from bulgaria. | we report on the identification of two new francisella-like endosymbionts (fles) found in three different tick species from bulgaria. the fles were characterized by 16s rrna and tul4 gene sequencing and seem to lack the molecular marker rd1. these two new taxa seem to be facultative secondary endosymbionts of ticks. | 2011 | 21705542 |
| mechanisms of obligatory intracellular infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum. | anaplasma phagocytophilum persists in nature by cycling between mammals and ticks. human infection by the bite of an infected tick leads to a potentially fatal emerging disease called human granulocytic anaplasmosis. a. phagocytophilum is an obligatory intracellular bacterium that replicates inside mammalian granulocytes and the salivary gland and midgut cells of ticks. a. phagocytophilum evolved the remarkable ability to hijack the regulatory system of host cells. a. phagocytophilum alters vesi ... | 2011 | 21734244 |
| plasmid profile analysis of portuguese borrelia lusitaniae strains. | plasmid profiles of 2 portuguese borrelia lusitaniae strains, one isolated from a human patient and the other one from an ixodes ricinus tick, were obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to evaluate the plasmid diversity in each strain. overall, a maximum of 6 plasmids were detected that ranged from 19 kb to 76 kb, revealing completely different plasmid profiles from those previously described for other genospecies of b. burgdorferi sensu lato, the causative agents of lyme borreliosis. the ... | 2010 | 21771519 |
| factor xi and xii as antithrombotic targets. | arterial and venous thrombosis are major causes of morbidity and mortality, and the incidence of thromboembolic diseases increases as a population ages. thrombi are formed by activated platelets and fibrin. the latter is a product of the plasma coagulation system. currently available anticoagulants such as heparins, vitamin k antagonists and inhibitors of thrombin or factor xa target enzymes of the coagulation cascade that are critical for fibrin formation. however, fibrin is also necessary for ... | 2011 | 21730835 |
| diversity of borrelia genospecies in ixodes ricinus ticks in a lyme borreliosis endemic area in switzerland identified by using new probes for reverse line blotting. | in europe, 7 borrelia species belonging to the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex have been reported in ixodes ricinus ticks. in addition, another borrelia, related to the relapsing fever spirochaetes, has also been described. in the present study, we designed probes for reverse line blotting allowing detection and identification of all these borrelia species after amplification of the variable spacer region between the 23s and 5s ribosomal genes. these new probes allowed us investigate the ... | 2010 | 21771508 |
| tick bites on humans in the agricultural and recreational areas in south-eastern poland. | the investigations were conducted in the lublin province (south-eastern poland) in areas of high agricultural and recreational value. among the 418 patients admitted to medical clinics due to arthropod bites in the years 2003-2005, 184 people (44%) had been bitten by ticks. as shown by the research, high-risk groups include people whose stay in tick habitats is connected with their occupational work (54.5%) as well as recreation and tourism (45.5%). as many as 78.7% of the patients were attacked ... | 2011 | 21736280 |
| detection of rickettsia spp. and anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus ticks in a region of middle germany (thuringia). | rickettsia spp. and anaplasma spp. are regarded as potentially emerging tick-borne pathogens, but so far data on prevalence rates in questing ticks and reports on human diseases in several parts of europe are rarely available. in this study, 430 nymphs and 570 adult ixodes (i.) ricinus ticks were collected from a frequently visited forest region of thuringia (zeitzgrund, near stadtroda) in 2006 (n=506) and 2007 (n=494). individual ticks were investigated for a part of the citrate synthase gene ( ... | 2010 | 21771511 |
| are birds reservoir hosts for borrelia afzelii? | it is known that birds are competent reservoir hosts of particular borrelia species like b. garinii and b. valaisiana but not for b. afzelii, a rodent-associated genospecies. since they can carry infected ticks over long distances, they are also important covectors for lyme borreliosis spirochaetes. to assess the role of different bird species in transmission and dispersal of borrelia ospa types, we examined 191 ixodes ricinus ticks from 99 birds, captured on a german conservation island in the ... | 2010 | 21771517 |
| IrCL1 - The haemoglobinolytic cathepsin L of the hard tick, Ixodes ricinus. | Intracellular proteolysis of ingested blood proteins is a crucial physiological process in ticks. In our model tick, Ixodes ricinus, cathepsin L (IrCL1) is part of a gut-associated multi-peptidase complex; its endopeptidase activity is important in the initial phase of haemoglobinolysis. We present the functional and biochemical characterisation of this enzyme. We show, by RNA interference (RNAi), that cathepsin L-like activity that peaks during the slow feeding period of females is associated w ... | 2011 | 21819989 |
| coinfections of rickettsia slovaca and rickettsia helvetica with borrelia lusitaniae in ticks collected in a safari park, portugal. | borrelia and rickettsia bacteria are the most important tick-borne agents causing disease in portugal. identification and characterization of these circulating agents, mainly in recreational areas, is crucial for the development of preventive measures in response to the gradually increasing exposure of humans to tick vectors. a total of 677 questing ticks including dermacentor marginatus, rhipicephalus sanguineus, ixodes ricinus, hyalomma lusitanicum, h. marginatum, and haemaphysalis punctata we ... | 2010 | 21771525 |
| genetic variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum from 14 equine granulocytic anaplasmosis cases. | equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (ega) is caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum, a tick-transmitted, obligate intracellular bacterium. in europe, it is transmitted by ixodes ricinus. a large number of genetic variants of a. phagocytophilum circulate in nature and have been found in ticks and different animals. attempts have been made to assign certain genetic variants to certain host species or pathologies, but have not been successful so far. the purpose of this study was to investigate the causi ... | 2011 | 21843364 |
| molecular characterization reveals distinct genospecies of anaplasma phagocytophilum from diverse north american hosts. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging tick-borne pathogen that infects humans, domestic animals and wildlife throughout the holarctic. in the far-western united states, multiple rodent species have been implicated as natural reservoirs for a. phagocytophilum. however, the presence of multiple a. phagocytophilum strains has made it difficult to determine which reservoir hosts pose the greatest risk to humans and domestic animals. here we characterized three genetic markers (23s-5s rrna interge ... | 2011 | 21921109 |
| New insights into the epidemiology of bovine piroplasmoses in Italy. | Few studies have been published on bovine piroplasmoses in Italy, and therefore a clear picture of the epidemiology of these infections is difficult to obtain. Vertebrate and invertebrate hosts in Central and Northern Regions of Italy were investigated in 2005 and 2006, when microscopy, molecular tools and serological tests were applied to 468 blood samples drawn from cattle in order to evaluate the presence of these protozoa and identify possible risk factors. Ticks were also collected, identif ... | 2011 | 21864982 |
| Borrelia afzelii ospC genotype diversity in Ixodes ricinus questing ticks and ticks from rodents in two Lyme borreliosis endemic areas: contribution of co-feeding ticks. | In Europe, the Lyme borreliosis (LB) agents like Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss), B. afzelii, and B. garinii are maintained in nature by enzoonotic transmission cycles between vertebrate hosts and Ixodes ricinus ticks. The outer surface protein C is a highly antigenic protein expressed by spirochaetes during transmission from ticks to mammals as well as during dissemination in the vertebrate hosts. Previous studies based on analysis of ospC gene sequences have led to the classification o ... | 2011 | 21890066 |
| The effects of flumethrin (Bayticol® pour-on) on European ticks exposed to treated hairs of cattle and sheep. | Tick infestations in cattle and sheep pose serious health problems when agents of diseases are transmitted. In addition, blood feeding of ticks induces enormous economic losses due to reduced weight gain of infested animals. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of exposure to hairs clipped from cattle and sheep treated with flumethrin (Bayticol®) on European ticks. The dose used was 10 ml/100 kg body weight for both animal species. At intervals of 7 days (days 7, 14, 21, 28 ... | 2011 | 22205348 |
| Ticks and the city: Ectoparasites of the Northern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus roumanicus) in an urban park. | The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) is known to host several ectoparasites and also tick-borne pathogens, but there is scant information on its eastern relative, the Northern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus roumanicus). We have studied an urban population of E. roumanicus in a city park of central Budapest, Hungary, for 2 years to investigate their tick and flea species. A total of 5063 ticks and 818 fleas were collected from 247 hedgehogs (including 46 recaptures). Ectoparasite preva ... | 2011 | 22108019 |
| An insight into the sialotranscriptome and proteome of the coarse bontlegged tick, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes. | Ticks are mites specialized in acquiring blood from vertebrates as their sole source of food and are important disease vectors to humans and animals. Among the specializations required for this peculiar diet, ticks evolved a sophisticated salivary potion that can disarm their host's hemostasis, inflammation, and immune reactions. Previous transcriptome analysis of tick salivary proteins has revealed many new protein families indicative of fast evolution, possibly due to host immune pressure. The ... | 2011 | 21851864 |
| prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum and coinfection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the hard tick ixodes ricinus in the city of hanover (germany). | the castor bean tick ixodes ricinus has been found to be the main vector for lyme borreliosis spirochetes and anaplasma phagocytophilum in central europe. 1646 i. ricinus ticks from hanover, a city located in northern germany, were examined for infection with a. phagocytophilum and coinfection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) to obtain so far missing prevalence data for this region. the total a. phagocytophilum infection rate was 3.2% (52/1646 ticks), divided into 4.1% (32/777) adults a ... | 2011 | 21919727 |
| application of medical and analytical methods in lyme borreliosis monitoring. | lyme borreliosis (lb) is one of the most common tick-borne diseases in the northern hemisphere. it is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi. in its early stages, pathological skin lesions, namely erythema chronicum migrans, appear. the lesions, usually localised at the site of the bite, may become visible from a few weeks up to 3 months after the infection. predominant clinical symptoms of the disease also involve joint malfunctions and neurological or car ... | 2011 | 22015476 |
| Effect of tick saliva on immune interactions between Borrelia afzelii and murine dendritic cells. | Interaction between mouse dendritic cells (DCs) and Borrelia afzelii spirochetes was monitored on three different levels: phagocytosis of spirochetes by DCs, production of cytokines by Borrelia-stimulated DCs and the ability of Borrelia-exposed DCs to activate specific CD4+ T lymphocytes. The effect of Ixodes ricinus tick saliva on each of these interactions was examined. Tick saliva was shown to decrease the number of phagocytosing DCs. The ability of Borrelia-exposed DCs to induce both prolife ... | 2011 | 21910742 |
| Future infectious disease threats to Europe. | We examined how different drivers of infectious disease could interact to threaten control efforts in Europe. We considered projected trends through 2020 for 3 broad groups of drivers: globalization and environmental change, social and demographic change, and health system capacity. Eight plausible infectious disease threats with the potential to be significantly more problematic than they are today were identified through an expert consultation: extensively drug-resistant bacteria, vector-borne ... | 2011 | 21940915 |
| spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks collected from wild animals in israel. | we report molecular evidence for the presence of spotted fever group rickettsiae (sfgr) in ticks collected from roe deer, addax, red foxes, and wild boars in israel. rickettsia aeschlimannii was detected in hyalomma marginatum and hyalomma detritum while rickettsia massiliae was present in rhipicephalus turanicus ticks. furthermore, a novel uncultured sfgr was detected in haemaphysalis adleri and haemaphysalis parva ticks from golden jackals. the pathogenicity of the novel sfgr for humans is unk ... | 2011 | 22049050 |
| The impact of climate change on the expansion of Ixodes persulcatus habitat and the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis in the north of European Russia. | The increase in tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) incidence is observed in recent decades in a number of subarctic countries. The reasons of it are widely discussed in scientific publications. The objective of this study was to understand if the climate change in Arkhangelsk Oblast (AO) situated in the north of European subarctic zone of Russia has real impact on the northward expansion of Ixodid ticks and stipulates the increase in TBE incidence. | 2011 | 22028678 |
| parasites of vectors - ixodiphagus hookeri and its wolbachia symbionts in ticks in the netherlands. | abstract: | 2011 | 22152674 |
| q fever: current state of knowledge and perspectives of research of a neglected zoonosis. | q fever is an ubiquitous zoonosis caused by an resistant intracellular bacterium, coxiella burnetii. in certain areas, q fever can be a severe public health problem, and awareness of the disease must be promoted worldwide. nevertheless, knowledge of coxiella burnetii remains limited to this day. its resistant (intracellular and environmental) and infectious properties have been poorly investigated. further understanding of the interactions between the infected host and the bacteria is necessary. ... | 2011 | 22194752 |
| natural isotope signatures of host blood are replicated in moulted ticks. | this proof-of-concept study demonstrates that stable isotope ratios of nitrogen and carbon (expressed as δ(13)c and δ(15)n) of host blood are faithfully reproduced in unfed nymphal ixodes ricinus that developed from larvae fed on that host. measured isotopic discrimination (i.e. the tick-blood spacing) was between -0.1 and 0.7‰ for δ(13)c and 3.8 and 3.9‰ for δ(15)n. both δ(13)c and δ(15)n increased significantly with tick ageing. the isotopic analysis of unfed ticks has potential for determinin ... | 2011 | 22108017 |
| wild rodents and novel human pathogen candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis, southern sweden. | we examined small mammals as hosts for anaplasmataceae in southern sweden. of 771 rodents, 68 (8.8%) were infected by candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis, but no other anaplasmataceae were found. candidatus n. mikurensis has recently been found in human patients in germany, switzerland, and sweden, which suggests that this could be an emerging pathogen in europe. | 2011 | 21888802 |
| life cycle, growth characteristics and host cell response of rickettsia helvetica in a vero cell line. | rickettsia helvetica, a spotted fever rickettsia and emerging pathogen with ixodes ricinus ticks as the main vector, is an agent of human disease and may cause febrile illness as well as meningitis. in three parallel series the isolated standard type of r. helvetica, obtained from a pcr-positive i. ricinus tick, was high-passaged and propagated in a vero cell line. by using quantitative real-time pcr, the generation time from inoculation to stationary phase of growth was calculated to 20-22 h. i ... | 2011 | 22116301 |
| nucleosides from phlebotomus papatasi salivary gland ameliorate murine collagen-induced arthritis by impairing dendritic cell functions. | among several pharmacological compounds, phlebotomine saliva contains substances with anti-inflammatory properties. in this article, we demonstrated the therapeutic activity of salivary gland extract (sge) of phlebotomus papatasi in an experimental model of arthritis (collagen-induced arthritis [cia]) and identified the constituents responsible for such activity. daily administration of sge, initiated at disease onset, attenuated the severity of cia, reducing the joint lesion and proinflammatory ... | 2011 | 21930966 |
| tick cell lines for study of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus and other arboviruses. | abstract continuous cell lines derived from many of the vectors of tick-borne arboviruses of medical and veterinary importance are now available. their role as tools in arbovirus research to date is reviewed and their potential application in studies of tick cell responses to virus infection is explored, by comparison with recent progress in understanding mosquito immunity to arbovirus infection. a preliminary study of propagation of the human pathogen crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cc ... | 2011 | 21955214 |
| prevalence of ectoparasitic arthropods on wild animals and cattle in the las merindades area (burgos, spain). | this paper reports the prevalence of ectoparasitic arthropods in sampled groups of wild (n = 128; 16 species) and domestic (n = 69; 3 species) animals in the las merindades area of the province of burgos, spain. the study revealed that wild animals were more infested and with a wider variety of ectoparasites than domestic animals. the parasitic prevalence was 67% for wild animals and 48% for livestock. in this way, 39% of animals were infected by ticks. ixodes ricinus and ixodes hexagonus were t ... | 2011 | 21894267 |
| molecular evidence for anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus ticks from greece. | human granulocytic anaplasmosis is increasingly being recognized in the united states and europe. ixodes ricinus tick is considered the primary vector of the causative pathogen, anaplasma phagocytophilum, in europe. although previous studies in humans support the presence of a. phagocytophilum in greece, detection of a. phagocytophilum dna in i. ricinus ticks has been not yet reported. a total of 405 i. ricinus ticks (45 pools) collected from goats in eight prefectures of northern greece were te ... | 2011 | 21923272 |
| prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes ricinus in bavarian public parks, germany. | previous studies have shown that public parks provide extraordinary habitats for ticks and tick-borne pathogens. therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the tick abundance (ticks/100 m(2)) in urban areas and the prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum. collection of ticks was performed by the flagging method in selected bavarian public parks in a 2-year survey. dna from 30 ticks of each developmental stage, sampling site and month was extracted and screened by specific real-time pcr ... | 2011 | 22108012 |
| first molecular detection of theileria ovis in rhipicephalus sanguineus tick in iran. | to determine tick infestation of domestic ruminants and their infection to ovine theileriosis in northern iran. | 2012 | 22182639 |
| Hard ticks (Ixodidae) in Romania: surveillance, host associations, and possible risks for tick-borne diseases. | Ticks and tick-borne diseases represent a great concern worldwide. Despite this, in Romania the studies regarding this subject has just started, and the interest of medical personnel, researchers, and citizens is increasing. Because the geographical range of many tick-borne diseases started to extend as consequences of different biological and environmental factors, it is important to study the diversity of ticks species, especially correlated with host associations. A total number of 840 ticks ... | 2011 | 22033737 |