| freund adjuvant induces tlr2 but not tlr4 expression in the liver of mice. | freund adjuvants are used extensively to establish experimental animal models of autoimmune diseases and to produce antibodies. however, studies on their mechanisms of action have been largely neglected, particularly their effects on liver, the primary target organ for host-microbe interaction. here we show that treatment with either complete (cfa) or incomplete (ifa) freund adjuvant induced a 5-10-fold increase in toll-like receptor (tlr) 2 mrna but not tlr4 mrna in livers of mice. since cfa is ... | 2003 | 12538041 |
| t cell accumulation in b cell follicles is regulated by dendritic cells and is independent of b cell activation. | we investigated the mechanism of cd4 t cell accumulation in b cell follicles after immunization. follicular t cell numbers were correlated with the number of b cells, indicating b cell control of the niche that t cells occupy. despite this, we found no role for b cells in the follicular migration of t cells. instead, t cells are induced to migrate into b cell follicles entirely as a result of interaction with dendritic cells (dcs). migration relies on cd40-dependent maturation of dcs, as it did ... | 2003 | 12538659 |
| unique resistance of i/lnj mice to a retrovirus is due to sustained interferon gamma-dependent production of virus-neutralizing antibodies. | selection of immune escape variants impairs the ability of the immune system to sustain an efficient antiviral response and to control retroviral infections. like other retroviruses, mouse mammary tumor virus (mmtv) is not efficiently eliminated by the immune system of susceptible mice. in contrast, mmtv-infected i/lnj mice are capable of producing igg2a virus-neutralizing antibodies, sustain this response throughout their life, and secrete antibody-coated virions into the milk, thereby preventi ... | 2003 | 12538662 |
| the shift of th1 to th2 immunodominance associated with the chronicity of mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette-guérin infection does not affect the memory response. | in the present study we investigated the shaping and evolution of the immunodominance of the t cell response during a chronic mycobacterial infection. using a recombinant bacille calmette-guérin expressing a reporter ag, the escherichia coli male protein, we analyzed the peptide specificity and the cytokine profile of the t cell response to the reporter ag by elispot. during the early steps of infection, the t cell response was focused on two dominant male epitopes and was characterized by a pur ... | 2003 | 12538699 |
| [complete freund's adjuvant-induced splenic t cell apoptosis in the prevention of diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice]. | to study the apoptosis of t lymphocytes in the spleen and its role in complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) preventing diabetes in non-obese diabetic (nod) mice. | 2002 | 12575330 |
| [clinical and experimental study on multiple sclerosis with bushen gusui tablet]. | to observe the therapeutic effect of bushen gusui tablet (bsgs) in treating multiple sclerosis (ms) and its effects on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (eae) in guinea pigs. | 2001 | 12577368 |
| particle characteristics responsible for effects on human lung epithelial cells. | some recent epidemiologic investigations have shown an association between increased incidence of respiratory symptoms and exposure to low levels of particulate matter (pm*) less than 10 microm or less than 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter (pm10 and pm2.5, respectively). if particulates are causally involved with respiratory symptoms, it is important to understand which components may be responsible. however, increasing evidence suggests that transition metals present in particles, especially ... | 2002 | 12578113 |
| the canine hmga1 gene maps to cfa 23. | | 2003 | 12580792 |
| suppression or exacerbation of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in lewis rats by pretreatment with or without an autoantigenic peptide in aluminum hydroxide. | aluminum hydroxide (al) is an adjuvant to induce th2 immune responses. the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of pretreatment with al on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (eau), a th1 disease model. | 2003 | 12586187 |
| effects of various adjuvants and a viral infection on the antibody specificity toward native or cryptic epitopes of a protein antigen. | an immunization protocol that induces antibodies (abs) directed to cryptic epitopes of a protein antigen (ag) reduces the efficacy of vaccines that ideally should induce abs against native epitopes. we have shown earlier that viral infections concomitant with immunization against a protein tend to shift the ab specificity toward cryptic epitopes and tend to induce the production of autoantibodies (autoabs). here, we show the effects of three adjuvants on the ab specificity in the absence or pres ... | 2003 | 12588660 |
| antibody-inducing properties of a prototype bivalent herpes simplex virus/enterotoxigenic escherichia coli dna vaccine. | the antibody-inducing properties of a bacterial/viral bivalent dna vaccine (precfa), expressing a peptide composed of n- and c-terminal amino acid sequences of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) glycoprotein d (gd) fused with an inner segment encoding the major structural subunit of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) cfa/i fimbriae (cfa/i), was evaluated in balb/c mice following intramuscular immunization. the bivalent precfa vaccine elicited serum antibody responses, belonging mainly ... | 2003 | 12589954 |
| the humoral immune response in melioidosis patients during therapy. | this study was undertaken to identify and quantify the class and subclass antibody responses to the culture filtrate antigen (cfa) of burkholderia pseudomallei in melioidosis patients under long-term maintenance or eradication therapy. | 2003 | 12590329 |
| prevention of arthritis by interleukin 10-producing b cells. | in this study we have shown that activation of arthritogenic splenocytes with antigen and agonistic anti-cd40 gives raise to a b cell population that produce high levels of interleukin (il)-10 and low levels of interferon (ifn)-gamma. transfer of these b cells into dba/1-tcr-beta-tg mice, immunized with bovine collagen (cii) emulsified in complete freund's adjuvant inhibited t helper type 1 differentiation, prevented arthritis development, and was also effective in ameliorating established disea ... | 2003 | 12591906 |
| interleukin 1 receptor dependence of serum transferred arthritis can be circumvented by toll-like receptor 4 signaling. | inflammatory arthritis is associated with the release of a network of key cytokines. in t cell receptor transgenic k/bxn mice interleukin (il)-1 plays a key role in joint swelling and destruction, as suggested by the ability of anti-il-1receptor (il-1r) antibody treatment to delay the onset and slow the progression of this disease. this mechanism is dependent on the signaling pathway intermediary myeloid differentiation factor 88 (myd88), such that neither il-1r nor myd88-deficient mice develope ... | 2003 | 12591910 |
| the purine salvage enzyme hypoxanthine guanine xanthine phosphoribosyl transferase is a major target antigen for cell-mediated immunity to malaria. | although there is good evidence that immunity to the blood stages of malaria parasites can be mediated by different effector components of the adaptive immune system, target antigens for a principal component, effector cd4(+) t cells, have never been defined. we generated cd4(+) t cell lines to fractions of native antigens from the blood stages of the rodent parasite, plasmodium yoelii, and identified fraction-specific t cells that had a th1 phenotype (producing il-2, ifn-gamma, and tumor necros ... | 2003 | 12594331 |
| nkt cells are dispensable in the induction of oral tolerance but are indispensable in the abrogation of oral tolerance by prostaglandin e. | nk1.1(+) alpha beta t cells (nkt cells) regulate the th1/th2 balance in response to dietary ag, which may be involved in regulation of oral tolerance. ova-specific ige and igg(1) ab levels were significantly lower following an i.p. injection of ova (in cfa) in c57bl/6 mice orally given a single, high dose (25 mg) of ova than in those orally given pbs. the oral tolerance was normally induced in jalpha281(-/-) mice which lack valpha14(+) nkt cells, suggesting that nkt cells are dispensable for ind ... | 2003 | 12594847 |
| analysis of the role of bphs/hrh1 in the genetic control of responsiveness to pertussis toxin. | in vivo intoxication with bordetella pertussis toxin (ptx) elicits a variety of physiological responses including a marked leukocytosis, disruption of glucose regulation, adjuvant activity, alterations in vascular function, hypersensitivity to vasoactive agents, and death. we recently identified bphs, the locus controlling ptx-induced hypersensitivity to the vasoactive amine histamine, as the histamine h(1) receptor (hrh1). in this study bphs congenic mice and mice with a disrupted hrh1 gene wer ... | 2003 | 12595443 |
| genetic characterization and immunogenicity of coli surface antigen 4 from enterotoxigenic escherichia coli when it is expressed in a shigella live-vector strain. | the genes that encode the enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) cs4 fimbriae, csaa, -b, -c, -e, and -d', were isolated from strain e11881a. the csa operon encodes a 17-kda major fimbrial subunit (csab), a 40-kda tip-associated protein (csae), a 27-kda chaperone-like protein (csaa), a 97-kda usher-like protein (csac), and a deleted regulatory protein (csad'). the predicted amino acid sequences of the cs4 proteins are highly homologous to structural and assembly proteins of other etec fimbriae, ... | 2003 | 12595452 |
| severe anaphylactic reactions to glutamic acid decarboxylase (gad) self peptides in nod mice that spontaneously develop autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus. | insulin dependent (i.e., "type 1") diabetes mellitus (t1dm) is considered to be a t cell mediated disease in which th1 and tc autoreactive cells attack the pancreatic islets. among the beta-cell antigens implicated in t1dm, glutamic acid decarboxylase (gad) 65 appears to play a key role in the development of t1dm in humans as well as in non-obese diabetic (nod) mice, the experimental model for this disease. it has been shown that shifting the immune response to this antigen from th1 towards th2, ... | 2003 | 12597780 |
| [the role of activation of nuclear factor-kappa b of rat brain in the pathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis]. | to investigate the role of activated nuclear factor-kappab (nf-kappab) in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (eae), the activity and protein expression of nf-kappab p65 in rat brain tissues, which were extracted from eae rats at 1, 7, 14 and 21 d respectively after eae was induced by cfa-gpsch, were measured with electrophoretic mobility shift assay and immunohistochemistry. the relationship between activated nf-kappab and symptoms of eae was also investigated. the results showed that prote ... | 2003 | 12598936 |
| cytokine-chemokine networks in experimental mycobacterial and schistosomal pulmonary granuloma formation. | type-1 and type-2 lung granulomas, respectively, elicited by bead immobilized mycobacteria bovis and schistosoma mansoni egg antigens (ags) display different patterns of chemokine expression. this study tested the hypothesis that chemokine expression patterns were related to upstream cytokine signaling. using quantitative transcript analysis, we defined expression profiles for 16 chemokines and then examined the in vivo effects of neutralizing antibodies against interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma), int ... | 2003 | 12600821 |
| complete analysis of the b-cell response to a protein antigen, from in vivo germinal centre formation to 3-d modelling of affinity maturation. | somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin variable region genes occurs within germinal centres (gcs) and is the process responsible for affinity maturation of antibodies during an immune response. previous studies have focused almost exclusively on the immune response to haptens, which may be unrepresentative of epitopes on protein antigens. in this study, we have exploited a model system that uses transgenic b and cd4+ t cells specific for hen egg lysozyme (hel) and a chicken ovalbumin peptide, r ... | 2003 | 12603593 |
| interactions between the transmembrane segments of the alphavirus e1 and e2 proteins play a role in virus budding and fusion. | the alphavirus envelope is built by heterodimers of the membrane proteins e1 and e2. the complex is formed as a p62e1 precursor in the endoplasmic reticulum. during transit to the plasma membrane (pm), it is cleaved into mature e1-e2 heterodimers, which are oligomerized into trimeric complexes, so-called spikes that bind both to each other and, at the pm, also to nucleocapsid (nc) structures under the membrane. these interactions drive the budding of new virus particles from the cell surface. th ... | 2003 | 12610119 |
| development and evaluation of genotypic assays for the detection and characterization of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli. | we developed and evaluated a method to genotypically identify enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) and to characterize these organisms with respect to 18 of 21 known colonization factors (cfs). the method, which is based on polynucleotide dna-dna colony hybridization, includes a pooled toxin probe assay to identify etec, and individual probe assays to detect the enterotoxins stp, sth, and lt, and the cfs cfa/i, cs1-cs8, cs12-cs15, cs17-cs19, cs21, and cs22. we evaluated the pooled toxin probe ... | 2003 | 12614980 |
| il-12 is required for differentiation of pathogenic cd8+ t cell effectors that cause myocarditis. | cardiac antigen-specific cd8(+) t cells are involved in the autoimmune component of human myocarditis. here, we studied the differentiation and migration of pathogenic cd8(+) t cell effector cells in a new mouse model of autoimmune myocarditis. a transgenic mouse line was derived that expresses cardiac myocyte restricted membrane-bound ovalbumin (cmy-mova). the endogenous adaptive immune system of cmy-mova mice displays tolerance to ovalbumin. adoptive transfer of naive cd8(+) t cells from the o ... | 2003 | 12618521 |
| inducible costimulator is essential for collagen-induced arthritis. | cd4(+) helper th cells play a major role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. th cell activation, differentiation, and immune function are regulated by costimulatory molecules. inducible costimulator (icos) is a novel costimulatory receptor expressed on activated t cells. we, as well as others, recently demonstrated its importance in th2 cytokine expression and ab class switching by b cells. in this study, we examined the role of icos in rheumatoid arthritis using a collagen-induced arth ... | 2003 | 12618524 |
| anti-allodynic effect of nw-1029, a novel na(+) channel blocker, in experimental animal models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. | nw-1029, a benzylamino propanamide derivative, was selected among several molecules of this chemical class on the basis of its affinity for the [(3)h]batracotoxin ligand displacement of the na(+) channel complex and also on the basis of its voltage and use-dependent inhibitory action on the na(+) currents of the rat drg (dorsal root ganglia) sensory neuron. this study evaluated the analgesic activity of nw-1029 in animal models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain (formalin test in mice, complet ... | 2003 | 12620593 |
| paracoccus yeeii sp. nov. (formerly cdc group eo-2), a novel bacterial species associated with human infection. | cdc eugonic oxidizer group 2 (eo-2) is a group of unclassified gram-negative bacterial strains isolated from various human sources. as determined by biochemical tests and analyses of fatty acid compositions, these organisms form a homogeneous group that appears to be distinct from but related to other paracoccus species. molecular studies were performed on a set of 13 eo-2 strains from various clinical sources and geographic locations in the united states and canada to determine their relationsh ... | 2003 | 12624070 |
| filaria dance sign and subclinical hydrocoele in two east african communities with bancroftian filariasis. | during population-wide cross-sectional surveys for wuchereria bancrofti microfilaremia, circulating antigenaemia, and clinical disease in a high and a low endemicity community in east africa in 1998, a portable ultrasound scanner was used simultaneously to examine the scrotal tissue of the male populations (n = 422 and 328, respectively) for signs of adult worms. the overall microfilaria (mf) and circulating filarial antigen (cfa) prevalences in the scanned males were 30.8% and 53.6% in the high ... | 2002 | 12625143 |
| il-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 regulates susceptibility to organ-specific autoimmunity. | infections often precede the development of autoimmunity. correlation between infection with a specific pathogen and a particular autoimmune disease ranges from moderately strong to quite weak. this lack of correspondence suggests that autoimmunity may result from microbial activation of a generic, as opposed to pathogen-specific host-defense response. the toll-like receptors, essential to host recognition of microbial invasion, signal through a common, highly conserved pathway, activate innate ... | 2003 | 12626533 |
| influence of peripheral inflammation on growth-associated phosphoprotein (gap-43) expression in dorsal root ganglia and on nerve recovery after crush injury. | an experimental study was performed to investigate the influence of the inflammation in peripheral target tissue on growth-associated phosphoprotein (gap-43) expression in dorsal root ganglia (drg) and on recovery of crushed nerve. fifty-four male wistar rats were used for this study. the sciatic nerve was operatively crushed unilaterally with an aneurysm clip. inflammation in peripheral target tissue was induced by injection of complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) at 1 week before crush. in crushed ... | 2003 | 12631465 |
| down-regulation of th1-mediated pathology in experimental arthritis by stimulation of the th2 arm of the immune response. | to assess whether systemic administration of recombinant interferon-gamma (rifn gamma), a proinflammatory cytokine that influences the differentiation of naive t cells into th1 cells, promotes the induction of arthritis in dba/1 mice immunized with type ii collagen (cii) in freund's incomplete adjuvant (ifa) and to determine the antiarthritic effect of treatment with cii in ifa. | 2003 | 12632440 |
| electrophysiological changes in adult rat dorsal horn neurons after neonatal peripheral inflammation. | neonatal peripheral inflammation has been shown to produce profound anatomical changes in the dorsal horn of adult rats. in this study, we explored whether parallel physiological changes exist. neonatal rats were injected with complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) into the left hind paw. at 8-10 wk of age, single dorsal horn neurons were recorded in response to graded intensities of mechanical stimuli delivered to the receptive field. in addition, cord dorsum potentials, produced by electrical stimul ... | 2003 | 12634281 |
| acceleration of type 1 diabetes mellitus in proinsulin 2-deficient nod mice. | accumulating evidence favors a role for proinsulin as a key autoantigen in diabetes. in the mouse, two proinsulin isoforms coexist. most studies point to proinsulin 2 as the major isoform recognized by t cells in the nod mouse. we studied mice in which a null proinsulin 2 mutation was transferred from proinsulin 2-deficient 129 mice onto the nod background along with 16 genetic markers (including i-a(g7) mhc molecule) associated with diabetes. intercross mice from the fourth backcross generation ... | 2003 | 12639991 |
| gab3-deficient mice exhibit normal development and hematopoiesis and are immunocompetent. | gab proteins are intracellular scaffolding and docking molecules involved in signaling pathways mediated by various growth factor, cytokine, or antigen receptors. gab3 has been shown to act downstream of the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor, c-fms, and to be important for macrophage differentiation. to analyze the physiological role of gab3, we used homologous recombination to generate mice deficient in gab3. gab3(-/-) mice develop normally, are visually indistinguishable from their ... | 2003 | 12640125 |
| vaccination against neisseria meningitidis using three variants of the lipoprotein gna1870. | sepsis and meningitis caused by serogroup b meningococcus are devastating diseases of infants and young adults, which cannot yet be prevented by vaccination. by genome mining, we discovered gna1870, a new surface-exposed lipoprotein of neisseria meningitidis that induces high levels of bactericidal antibodies. the antigen is expressed by all strains of n. meningitidis tested. sequencing of the gene in 71 strains representative of the genetic and geographic diversity of the n. meningitidis popula ... | 2003 | 12642606 |
| sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonism impairs the efficiency of the local immune response by altering trafficking of naive and antigen-activated cd4+ t cells. | fty720 (2-amino-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol hydrochloride) is an immunosuppressive agent that inhibits allograft rejection. we recently demonstrated that fty-phosphate, the active metabolite of fty720, acts as a full agonist for sphingosine-1-phosphate (s1p) receptors. furthermore, activation of s1p receptors with their natural ligand, s1p, as well as pharmacological ligands leads to lymphopenia, probably due to sequestration of lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs. in the pres ... | 2003 | 12646631 |
| relevance of differential immunogenicity of human and mouse recombinant desmoglein-3 for the induction of acantholytic autoantibodies in mice. | pemphigus vulgaris (pv) is an antibody-mediated autoimmune disease of the skin and mucous membranes. desmoglein-3 (dsg-3) expressed in the suprabasal layer of the skin serves as an autoantigen in pv. passive transfer of sera, either from patients with pv or from experimental animals immunized with a recombinant human dsg3 (hdsg3) into neonatal balb/c mice results in blister formation, suggesting strongly that there is significant cross-reactivity between the mouse dsg3 (mdsg3) and the hdsg3. how ... | 2003 | 12653831 |
| afa/dr diffusely adhering escherichia coli infection in t84 cell monolayers induces increased neutrophil transepithelial migration, which in turn promotes cytokine-dependent upregulation of decay-accelerating factor (cd55), the receptor for afa/dr adhesins. | ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease are inflammatory bowel diseases thought to involve strains of escherichia coli. we report here that two wild-type afa/dr diffusely adhering e. coli (daec) strains, c1845 and ih11128, which harbor the fimbrial f1845 adhesin and the dr hemagglutinin, respectively, and the e. coli laboratory strain hb101, transformed with the psss1 plasmid to produce afa/dr f1845 adhesin, all induced interleukin-8 (il-8) production and transepithelial migration of polymorphonu ... | 2003 | 12654791 |
| protective efficacy of anti-helicobacter pylori immunity following systemic immunization of neonatal mice. | helicobacter pylori infection of the gastric mucosa is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality because of its etiologic role in symptomatic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric adenocarcinoma. infection occurs in young children; therefore, a prophylactic vaccine would have to be administered within the first year of life, a period thought to be immunologically privileged. we investigated vaccine formulations administered by different routes to confer protective anti-h. pylori immu ... | 2003 | 12654796 |
| induction of murine thyroiditis by a non dominant e(k)-restricted peptide of human thyroglobulin. | we have previously shown that the human thyroglobulin (htg) 20-mer peptide p2340 (aa 2340-2359) contains an epitope recognized by tg-reactive b cells in patients with graves' disease. the presence of several ek-binding motifs within p2340 prompted us to examine whether this peptide can stimulate a t-cell response and elicit experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (eat) in akr/j (h-2k) mice. the peptide was found to be immunogenic at the t-cell level since it induced specific proliferative responses ... | 2003 | 12667218 |
| therapeutic vaccine for acute and chronic motor neuron diseases: implications for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. | therapeutic vaccination with copaxone (glatiramer acetate, cop-1) protects motor neurons against acute and chronic degenerative conditions. in acute degeneration after facial nerve axotomy, the number of surviving motor neurons was almost two times higher in cop-1-vaccinated mice than in nonvaccinated mice, or in mice injected with pbs emulsified in complete freund's adjuvant (p < 0.05). in mice that express the mutant human gene cu/zn superoxide dismutase g93a (sod1), and therefore simulate the ... | 2003 | 12668759 |
| ribavirin reduces clinical signs and pathological changes of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in dark agouti rats. | the effect of ribavirin on development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) was investigated. the disease was induced in genetically susceptible dark agouti rats with syngeneic spinal cord homogenate in complete freund's adjuvant (sch-cfa). depending on the amount of mycobacteria in cfa, the animals developed either moderate or severe eae. ribavirin (1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) was applied i.p. at a daily dosage of 30 mg/kg in two treatment protocols: from ... | 2003 | 12672002 |
| dendritic cell responses to early murine cytomegalovirus infection: subset functional specialization and differential regulation by interferon alpha/beta. | differentiation of dendritic cells (dcs) into particular subsets may act to shape innate and adaptive immune responses, but little is known about how this occurs during infections. plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdcs) are major producers of interferon (ifn)-alpha/beta in response to many viruses. here, the functions of these and other splenic dc subsets are further analyzed after in vivo infection with murine cytomegalovirus (mcmv). viral challenge induced pdc maturation, their production of high ... | 2003 | 12682109 |
| detection, differentiation, and quantitation of pathogenic leishmania organisms by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based real-time pcr assay. | real-time technology eliminates many of the pitfalls of diagnostic pcr, but this method has not been applied to differentiation of leishmania organisms so far. we have developed a real-time pcr that simultaneously detects, quantitates, and categorizes leishmania organisms into three relevant groups causing distinct clinical pictures. the analytical sensitivity (detection rate of >or=95% at 94.1 parasites/ml of blood) was within a range that has been determined previously to facilitate the confir ... | 2003 | 12682141 |
| b7-1 costimulatory molecule is critical for the development of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. | following immunization with acetylcholine receptor (achr), mhc class ii-restricted, achr-specific cd4 cell activation is critical for the development of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (eamg) in c57bl/6 mice. to study the contributions of b7-1 and b7-2 costimulatory molecules in eamg, b7-1, b7-2, and b7-1/b7-2 gene knockout (ko) mice were immunized with torpedo achr in cfa. compared with wild-type c57bl6 mice, b7-1 and b7-1/2 ko mice were resistant to eamg development. b7-1 ko mice had ... | 2003 | 12682276 |
| mapping of lymphatic filariasis in nepal. | background: human infection with wuchereria bancrofti causes a disabling parasitic disease known as lymphatic filariasis, which is a major public health and socio-economic problem in many parts of the world. at the onset of the study, little was known of the distribution of filariasis and its current importance as a public health problem in nepal. methods: epidemiological mapping was undertaken to determine the prevalence of infection by wuchereria bancrofti in 37 districts of nepal between july ... | 2003 | 12694630 |
| a humanized model of experimental autoimmune uveitis in hla class ii transgenic mice. | experimental autoimmune uveitis (eau) is a disease of the neural retina induced by immunization with retinal antigens, such as interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (irbp) and arrestin (retinal soluble antigen, s-ag). eau serves as a model for human autoimmune uveitic diseases associated with major histocompatibility complex (hla) genes, in which patients exhibit immunological responses to retinal antigens. here we report the development of a humanized eau model in hla transgenic (tg) mice ... | 2003 | 12697736 |
| n-methyl-d-aspartate-induced excitation and sensitization of normal and inflamed nociceptors. | the present study investigates the contribution of peripheral n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptors to acute nociception and persistent inflammatory pain in the rat. immunohistochemical localization of the nmda receptor one (nmdar1) subunit demonstrates that 47% of unmyelinated axons in the normal digital nerve are positively labeled. in concert with the overall progression of inflammation following injection of complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) in the hind paw, a significant increase in the prop ... | 2003 | 12699789 |
| a 1-mb resolution radiation hybrid map of the canine genome. | the purebred dog population consists of >300 partially inbred genetic isolates or breeds. restriction of gene flow between breeds, together with strong selection for traits, has led to the establishment of a unique resource for dissecting the genetic basis of simple and complex mammalian traits. toward this end, we present a comprehensive radiation hybrid map of the canine genome composed of 3,270 markers including 1,596 microsatellite-based markers, 900 cloned gene sequences and ests, 668 canin ... | 2003 | 12700351 |
| oral immunization with a recombinant malaria protein induces conformational antibodies and protects mice against lethal malaria. | the increasing death toll from malaria, due to the decreasing effectiveness of current prophylactic and therapeutic regimens, has sparked a search for alternative methods of control, such as vaccines. although several single proteins have shown some promise as subunit vaccines against sexual blood stages in experimental systems, it is clear that multicomponent vaccines are required. many logistic difficulties make such an approach prohibitively expensive. in an effort to try to overcome some of ... | 2003 | 12704105 |
| potential of lipid core peptide technology as a novel self-adjuvanting vaccine delivery system for multiple different synthetic peptide immunogens. | this study demonstrates the effectiveness of a novel self-adjuvanting vaccine delivery system for multiple different synthetic peptide immunogens by use of lipid core peptide (lcp) technology. an lcp formulation incorporating two different protective epitopes of the surface antiphagocytic m protein of group a streptococci (gas)--the causative agents of rheumatic fever and subsequent rheumatic heart disease--was tested in a murine parenteral immunization and gas challenge model. mice were immuniz ... | 2003 | 12704107 |
| immunization with cdna expressed by amastigotes of trypanosoma cruzi elicits protective immune response against experimental infection. | immunization of mice with plasmids containing trypanosoma cruzi genes induced specific antibodies, cd4(+) th1 and cd8(+) tc1 cells, and protective immunity against infection. in most cases, plasmids used for dna vaccination contained genes encoding antigens expressed by trypomastigotes, the nonreplicative forms of the parasite. in this study, we explored the possibility of using genes expressed by amastigotes, the form of the parasite which replicates inside host cells, for experimental dna vacc ... | 2003 | 12704149 |
| mucosal immunization of balb/c mice using enterotoxigenic escherichia coli colonization factors cfa/i and cs6 administered with and without a mutant heat-labile enterotoxin. | mice (balb/c) were intranasally (in) and intragastrically (ig) administered the etec colonization factors (cf), cfa/i and cs6, with and without the r192g mutant heat-labile enterotoxin (mlt), and immunogenicity and efficacy measured. the in administration of cfa/i to mice induced strong serum and fecal igg and iga responses. the ig administration of cfa/i to mice induced serum igg and fecal iga responses, but only when mlt was co-administered with cfa/i were serum iga titers detected. the in adm ... | 2003 | 12706673 |
| phenotypic diversity of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) isolated from cases of travelers' diarrhea in kenya. | the aim of this study was to characterize phenotypically enterotoxins, colonization factors (cfs) and the antibiotic susceptibility of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) strains isolated from cases of acute diarrhea that occurred in europeans traveling to resorts in mombasa, kenya; this information is critical for the development of vaccines and empirical treatment. | 2003 | 12718808 |
| adeno-associated viral transfer of opioid receptor gene to primary sensory neurons: a strategy to increase opioid antinociception. | to develop a genetic approach for the treatment of pain, we introduced a recombinant adeno-associated viral (raav) vector containing the cdna for the mu-opioid receptor (muor) into primary afferent neurons in dorsal root ganglia (drgs) of rats, which resulted in a long-lasting (>6 months) increase in muor expression in drg neurons. the increase greatly potentiated the antinociceptive effects of morphine in raav-muor-infected rats with and without inflammation. perforated patch recordings indicat ... | 2003 | 12719538 |
| infection-triggered regulatory mechanisms override the role of stat 4 in control of the immune response to influenza virus antigens. | accurate control of the balance of the t1 and t2 cells during antiviral immunity is essential for optimizing immune effector functions and for avoiding potentially severe immunopathology. we examined the in vivo role of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat) 4 in regulating the t1/t2 balance during the response to live influenza virus and isolated viral proteins. we found that the differentiation of gamma interferon (ifn-gamma)-producing th1 and tc1 cells after inoculation o ... | 2003 | 12719572 |
| the pathogenic role of anti-thyroglobulin antibody on pregnancy: evidence from an active immunization model in mice. | the presence of antibodies to thyroglobulin (tg) is associated with fetal loss even in the absence of thyroid dysfunction. the aim of this study was to examine whether active immunization with tg could elicit anti-tg autoantibodies and reproductive failure without interfering with thyroid function. | 2003 | 12721190 |
| administration of the 5-hydroxytryptamine(1a) receptor antagonist way100635 suppresses acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in lewis rats. | experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (eae) is a t-cell inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (cns) widely considered as an animal model of multiple sclerosis. in lewis rats, myelin basic protein-complete freund's adjuvant (mbp-cfa)-induced eae is an acute monophasic disease from which animals recover fully. in our experiments, daily treatment (since day 1 after mbp-cfa inoculation) with the 5-hydroxytryptamine((1a)) (5-ht(1a)) receptor agonist (r)-(+)-8-hydroxy-2-(dipropylamino)- ... | 2003 | 12727311 |
| induction of immune tolerance to coagulation factor ix antigen by in vivo hepatic gene transfer. | gene replacement therapy is an attractive approach for treatment of genetic disease, but may be complicated by the risk of a neutralizing immune response to the therapeutic gene product. there are examples of humoral and cellular immune responses against the transgene product as well as absence of such responses, depending on vector design and the underlying mutation in the dysfunctional gene. it has been unclear, however, whether transgene expression can induce tolerance to the therapeutic anti ... | 2003 | 12727926 |
| disabling an integral ctl epitope allows suppression of autoimmune diabetes by intranasal proinsulin peptide. | insulin is a major target of the autoimmune response associated with destruction of pancreatic beta cells in type 1 diabetes. a peptide that spans the junction of the insulin b chain and the connecting (c) peptide in proinsulin has been reported to stimulate t cells from humans at risk for type 1 diabetes and autoimmune diabetes-prone nod mice. here we show that proinsulin b24-c36 peptide binds to i-a(g7), the mhc class ii molecule of the nod mouse, and, after intranasal administration, induces ... | 2003 | 12727928 |
| allodynia and hyperalgesia in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats: time course of progression and efficacy of analgesics. | the complete freund's adjuvant (cfa)-induced arthritic rat model has extensively served as a laboratory model in the study of arthritic pain. however, the time courses of allodynia and hyperalgesia and the efficacies of different analgesics have not fully been analyzed in this model. mechanical allodynia, thermal and joint hyperalgesia, and other disease development parameters (body weight, mobility, paw volume, and joint stiffness) were measured on postinoculation days (pids) 0 to 28 in rats. a ... | 2003 | 12730275 |
| expression of a cloned cyclopropane fatty acid synthase gene reduces solvent formation in clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824. | the cyclopropane fatty acid synthase gene (cfa) of clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824 was cloned and overexpressed under the control of the clostridial ptb promoter. the function of the cfa gene was confirmed by complementation of an escherichia coli cfa-deficient strain in terms of fatty acid composition and growth rate under solvent stress. constructs expressing cfa were introduced into c. acetobutylicum hosts and cultured in rich glucose broth in static flasks without ph control. overexpress ... | 2003 | 12732555 |
| cytosolic phospholipase a2alpha-deficient mice are resistant to collagen-induced arthritis. | pathogenic mechanisms relevant to rheumatoid arthritis occur in the mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis (cia). cytosolic phospholipase a2alpha (cpla2alpha) releases arachidonic acid from cell membranes to initiate the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. these inflammatory mediators have been implicated in the development of cia. to test the hypothesis that cpla2alpha plays a key role in the development of cia, we backcrossed cpla2alpha-deficient mice on the dba/1lacj background ... | 2003 | 12743172 |
| a dual altered peptide ligand down-regulates myasthenogenic t cell responses by up-regulating cd25- and ctla-4-expressing cd4+ t cells. | immunization of mice with two myasthenogenic peptides, p195-212 and p259-271, which are sequences of the human acetylcholine receptor, resulted in myasthenia gravis (mg)-associated immune responses. a dual altered peptide ligand (apl) composed of the two apls of the myasthenogenic peptides inhibited, in vitro and in vivo, those responses. the aims of this study were to further elucidate the mechanism/s by which the dual apl down-regulates mg-associated responses in vivo and characterize the cell ... | 2003 | 12743364 |
| safety and immunogenicity of an oral, inactivated enterotoxigenic escherichia coli plus cholera toxin b subunit vaccine in bangladeshi children 18-36 months of age. | a phase ii safety and immunogenicity study of an oral-formalin inactivated enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) vaccine containing six colonization factors (cfa/i, cs1, cs2, cs3, cs4, cs5) and 1mg of recombinant cholera toxin b subunit (the cf-bs-etec vaccine) was carried out in an urban slum of dhaka city in bangladesh. the study was carried out in a double blinded, placebo controlled design in 158 children, 18-36 months of age. children were given two doses of the cf-bs-etec vaccine or the ... | 2003 | 12744870 |
| mycobacterium bovis an5 antigens vary in their ability to induce nitric oxide production in blood monocytes of experimentally infected cattle. | reactive nitrogen intermediates (rni) are the principal effector molecules of activated monocyte/macrophage populations, responsible for killing and inhibiting the growth of virulent mycobacteria. in vitro nitrite production by blood monocytes of cattle inoculated with live mycobacterium bovis an5 was assessed from 0 day through 45 weeks post inoculation (pi). high in vitro nitrite production was observed at the 8th and 12th weeks pi in sensitized cattle but reactivity had fallen by the 20th wee ... | 2003 | 12753776 |
| isolation of a new flavivirus related to cell fusing agent virus (cfav) from field-collected flood-water aedes mosquitoes sampled from a dambo in central kenya. | cell fusing agent virus (cfav) is an rna insect virus that was isolated from a line of aedes aegypti mosquito cells and has been assigned to the family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus. we report here the first isolation of a cfa-like virus from field-collected mosquitoes. mosquito larvae and pupae were sampled from flooded dambos in central province, kenya during the short rain season of 1999. specimens were reared to adults, identified and pooled by species and were tested for the presence of vi ... | 2003 | 12756616 |
| genetic and phenotypic characterization of the newly described insect flavivirus, kamiti river virus. | we have described in the accompanying paper by sang, et al., ([57], arch virol 2003, in press) the isolation and identification of a new flavivirus, kamiti river virus (krv), from ae. macintoshi mosquitoes that were collected as larvae and pupae from flooded dambos in central province, kenya. among known flaviviruses, krv was shown to be most similar to, but genetically and phenotypically distinct from, cell fusing agent virus (cfav). krv was provisionally identified as an insect-only flavivirus ... | 2003 | 12756617 |
| the response of some common egyptian plants to ozone and their use as biomonitors. | relative sensitivity of five common egyptian plant species namely, senecio vulgaris, malva parviflora, sonchus oleraceus, medicago sativa and melilotus indicus to elevated levels of ozone has been studied. the plants were exposed to charcoal filtered air (cfa) and different levels of o3 (50 and 100 ppb) for 5 h per day. the studied parameters were recorded for five consecutive days after fumigation. the foliar injury varied significantly among species in a dose-dependent manner. severe injury sy ... | 2003 | 12758022 |
| meal pattern changes associated with temporomandibular joint inflammation/pain in rats; analgesic effects. | establishing a valid animal model to study temporomandibular joint (tmj) pain has proven extremely difficult. using complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) to induce tmj inflammation, we recently showed that meal pattern analysis could be used as a noninvasive biological marker to study tmj pain in an animal model. the purpose of this study was to further validate our animal model by determining whether aspects of cfa-induced tmj inflammation/pain are reversed with ibuprofen (ibu) treatment. in the fir ... | 2003 | 12759126 |
| animal models of copper-associated liver disease. | recent advances in molecular biology have made possible the identification of genetic defects responsible for wilson's disease, indian childhood cirrhosis and copper toxicosis in long evans cinnamon rats, toxic milk mice, and bedlington terriers. the wilson's disease gene is localized on human chromosome 13 and codes for atp7b, a copper transporting p-type atpase. a genetic defect similar to that of wilson's disease occurs in long evans cinnamon rats and toxic milk mice. familial copper storage ... | 2003 | 12769823 |
| evidence for intramolecular b-cell epitope spreading during experimental immunization with an immunogenic thyroglobulin peptide. | thyroglobulin (tg) is a target autoantigen in autoimmune thyroid diseases, such as graves' disease (gd) and hashimoto's thyroiditis. in a previous study we identified three 20mer tg peptides bearing epitopes of autoantibodies associated with gd (tgp15, tgp26 and tgp41: sequences 2339-2358, 2471-2490 and 2651-2670 of human tg, respectively). in the present study, we investigated the antigenicity of the above peptides in experimental immunization with tg, the immunogenicity of antigenic peptides a ... | 2003 | 12780685 |
| oral administration of type ii collagen suppresses pro-inflammatory mediator production by synoviocytes in rats with adjuvant arthritis. | the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the oral administration of type ii collagen (cii) on pro-inflammatory mediator production by synoviocytes in rats with adjuvant arthritis (aa). sprague-dawley rats were fed with bovine cii either before immunization with complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) or after initiation of arthritis. hind paw secondary swelling was measured and synoviocytes were harvested. sera from portal vein of oral tolerized rats were collected and in vitro syno ... | 2003 | 12780687 |
| identification and characterization of coenzyme b12-dependent glycerol dehydratase- and diol dehydratase-encoding genes from metagenomic dna libraries derived from enrichment cultures. | to isolate genes encoding coenzyme b(12)-dependent glycerol and diol dehydratases, metagenomic libraries from three different environmental samples were constructed after allowing growth of the dehydratase-containing microorganisms present for 48 h with glycerol under anaerobic conditions. the libraries were searched for the targeted genes by an activity screen, which was based on complementation of a constructed dehydratase-negative escherichia coli strain. in this way, two positive e. coli clo ... | 2003 | 12788698 |
| prostaglandin e2 increases the expression of the neurokinin1 receptor in adult sensory neurones in culture: a novel role of prostaglandins. | (1) peripheral inflammation causes an increase in the proportion of primary afferent neurones that express neurokinin(1) (nk(1)) receptors for substance p (sp). this upregulation may contribute to the neuronal mechanisms of inflammatory pain. the aim of this study was to identify endogenous mediators that stimulate upregulation of nk(1) receptors in dorsal root ganglion (drg) neurones. cultured drg neurones from the adult normal rat were exposed for 2 days to media that contained specific mediat ... | 2003 | 12788827 |
| antigenemia is associated with low antibody response to carbohydrate determinants of a filarial surface antigen. | the igg response to a filarial surface antigen (dssdi) was evaluated in circulating antigen (og4c3 test) positive and negative individuals from the wuchereria bancrofti endemic region of orissa, india. circulating filarial antigen (cfa) positive individuals exhibited depressed antibody levels to dssdi and individuals with high antibody levels were invariably cfa negative. low igg levels to dssdi are associated with cfa positivity irrespective of microfilaraemia and clinical status. thus asymptom ... | 2003 | 12791107 |
| cpg oligodeoxynucleotide enhances immunity against blood-stage malaria infection in mice parenterally immunized with a yeast-expressed 19 kda carboxyl-terminal fragment of plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein-1 (msp1(19)) formulated in oil-based montanides. | the 19kda carboxyl-terminal fragment of plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein-1 (msp1(19)), an analog of the leading falciparum malaria vaccine candidate, induces protective immunity to challenge infection when formulated with complete/incomplete freund's adjuvant (cfa/ifa), an adjuvant unsuitable for use in humans. in this study, we investigate montanide isa51 and montanide isa720 as well as cpg oligodeoxynucleotide (odn) as adjuvants for induction of immunity to msp1(19). mice immunized ... | 2003 | 12798636 |
| a newly discovered cholesteryl galactoside from borrelia burgdorferi. | two major glycolipids, which comprise approximately 36% of the total lipid mass from borrelia burgdorferi, the etiological agent of lyme disease, were investigated. we determined the fatty acid type, sugar identity, anomeric configuration, and substituent type and position. the structures were identified as cholesteryl 6-o-acyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (b. burgdorferi glycolipid 1, bbgl-i), and 1,2-di-o-acyl-3-o-alpha-d-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (bbgl-ii). the major fatty acids were palmitate ... | 2003 | 12799465 |
| oestradiol regulation of antigen presentation by uterine stromal cells: role of transforming growth factor-beta production by epithelial cells in mediating antigen-presenting cell function. | we have previously shown that oestradiol treatment of ovariectomized rats for 3 days inhibits antigen presentation by uterine stromal cells at a time when oestradiol increases the numbers of antigen-presenting cells (apc) in the uterine stroma. in the present study, we found that oestradiol treatment for 1 day is sufficient to inhibit antigen presentation by stromal cells. to define the mechanism(s) of this inhibition, we examined the effect of cytokines and found that exogenous transforming gro ... | 2003 | 12807486 |
| impaired neuropathic pain responses in mice lacking the chemokine receptor ccr2. | mice lacking the chemokine receptor chemotactic cytokine receptor 2 (ccr2) have a marked attenuation of monocyte recruitment in response to various inflammatory stimuli and a reduction of inflammatory lesions in models of demyelinating disease. in the present study, we compared nociceptive responses in inflammatory and neuropathic models of pain in ccr2 knockout and wild-type mice. in acute pain tests, responses were equivalent in ccr2 knockout and wild-type mice. in models of inflammatory pain, ... | 2003 | 12808141 |
| oral administration of proteoglycan isolated from phellinus linteus in the prevention and treatment of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. | to examine whether oral administration of proteoglycan derived from phellinus linteus, which is known as the medicinal mushroom, can prevent or treat collagen-induced arthritis (cia) in mice as experimental model of autoimmune disease. cia was induced by intradermal injection of type ii collagen (cii) emulsified with complete freund's adjuvant (cfa) into the base of the tail (on day 7) followed by a booster injection on day 21 into the footpad. to examine the ability of proteoglycan to effect th ... | 2003 | 12808294 |
| signalling pathways involved in the sensitisation of mouse nociceptive neurones by nerve growth factor. | nerve growth factor (ngf) causes a rapid sensitisation of nociceptive sensory neurones to painful thermal stimuli owing to an action on the heat and capsaicin receptor trpv1 (formerly known as vr1). we have developed a new technique to study this rapid sensitisation of trpv1 by monitoring the effects of ngf on the increase in intracellular calcium concentration ([ca2+]i) following exposure to capsaicin. brief applications of capsaicin caused a rise in [ca2+]i, and ngf was found to enhance this r ... | 2003 | 12815188 |
| disruption of the icos-b7rp-1 costimulatory pathway leads to enhanced hepatic immunopathology and increased gamma interferon production by cd4 t cells in murine schistosomiasis. | morbidity and mortality in schistosomiasis are largely due to an immune response mediated by cd4 t lymphocytes. since lymphocyte activation is shaped by costimulatory signals, the specific functions of different costimulatory pathways are of increasing interest. we now examined the role of the inducible costimulatory molecule (icos) and its ligand b7-related protein 1 (b7rp-1) in the experimental murine schistosome infection by blocking this costimulatory pathway with monoclonal antibody against ... | 2003 | 12819093 |
| immunohistochemical localization of bcl-2 in the spinal cords of rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. | we examined the localization of the anti-apoptotic molecule bcl-2 in the spinal cords of lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae). western blot analysis showed that bcl-2 was constitutively expressed in normal spinal cords, and weakly increased in response to complete freund's adjuvant(cfa) immunization. in eae, with infiltration of inflammatory cells into spinal cords, bcl-2 declined during the peak stage and further decreased during the recovery stage. immunohistochemica ... | 2002 | 12819378 |
| dendritic cells, t cell tolerance and therapy of adverse immune reactions. | dendritic cells (dc) are uniquely able to either induce immune responses or to maintain the state of self tolerance. recent evidence has shown that the ability of dc to induce tolerance in the steady state is critical to the prevention of the autoimmune response. likewise, dc have been shown to induce several type of regulatory t cells including th2, tr1, ts and nkt cells, depending on the maturation state of the dc and the local microenvironment. dc have been shown to have therapeutic value in ... | 2003 | 12823271 |
| the canine frda gene maps to cfa 1q31.1-->q31.3. | | 2002 | 12826760 |
| anti-inflammatory activity of shikonin derivatives from arnebia hispidissima. | arnebia hispidissima ethanolic extract, after chromatography, yielded a number of shikonin derivatives, which were identified as arnebin-5, arnebin-6, teracryl shikonin, arnebinone and acetyl shikonin. all these compounds were firstly reported from this plant species and evaluated to the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract and isolated shikonin derivatives, models with carrageenan-induced paw edema and complete freund's adjuvant (cfa)-induced chronic arthritis in rats were conducted. ... | 2003 | 12834001 |
| stat5 synergizes with t cell receptor/antigen stimulation in the development of lymphoblastic lymphoma. | signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat) proteins are latent transcription factors that mediate a wide range of actions induced by cytokines, interferons, and growth factors. we now report the development of thymic t cell lymphoblastic lymphomas in transgenic mice in which stat5a or stat5b is overexpressed within the lymphoid compartment. the rate of lymphoma induction was markedly enhanced by immunization or by the introduction of tcr transgenes. remarkably, the stat5 transgene p ... | 2003 | 12835478 |
| saprotrophic and mycoparasitic components of aggressiveness of trichoderma harzianum groups toward the commercial mushroom agaricus bisporus. | we examined the mycoparasitic and saprotrophic behavior of isolates representing groups of trichoderma harzianum to establish a mechanism for the aggressiveness towards agaricus bisporus in infested commercial compost. mycoparasitic structures were infrequently observed in interaction zones on various media, including compost, with cryoscanning electron microscopy. t. harzianum grows prolifically in compost in the absence or presence of a. bisporus, and the aggressive european (th2) and north am ... | 2003 | 12839799 |
| memory cd4+ t cells do not induce graft-versus-host disease. | graft-versus-host disease (gvhd) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allosct). donor t cells that accompany stem cell grafts cause gvhd by attacking recipient tissues; therefore, all patients receive gvhd prophylaxis by depletion of t cells from the allograft or through immunosuppressant drugs. in addition to providing a graft-versus-leukemia effect, donor t cells are critical for reconstituting t cell-mediated immunity. ideally, immunity to ... | 2003 | 12840064 |
| critical role of the programmed death-1 (pd-1) pathway in regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. | experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) is mediated by autoantigen-specific t cells dependent on critical costimulatory signals for their full activation and regulation. we report that the programmed death-1 (pd-1) costimulatory pathway plays a critical role in regulating peripheral tolerance in murine eae and appears to be a major contributor to the resistance of disease induction in cd28-deficient mice. after immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (mog) there was a progr ... | 2003 | 12847138 |
| cross-presentation of disialoganglioside gd3 to natural killer t cells. | gd3, a ganglioside expressed on human melanoma, can be recognized by the humoral immune system. in this paper, we demonstrate that immunizing mice with the human melanoma cell line sk-mel-28 (gd3+ gm2- cd1-) or with syngeneic apcs loaded with gd3 can induce a gd3-reactive natural killer t (nkt) cell response. gd3-reactive nkt cells were detected among splenocytes of immunized mice at frequencies of approximately 1:2000 both by elispot and gd3-loaded mouse cd1d tetramer analysis. gd3-reactive nkt ... | 2003 | 12847141 |
| mutagenicity of bitumen and asphalt fumes. | the mutagenicity of asphalt fumes was tested with the salmonella bioassays. the aim was to investigate if recycled additives modify the genotoxicity of emissions. recycling of old asphalt is increasing, and we studied also the mutagenicity of emissions sampled during the re-use of asphalt. the composition of vapours and fumes were analysed by gas chromatography and by liquid chromatography. bitumens containing coal fly ash (cfa) or waste plastics were heated to the paving temperatures in the lab ... | 2003 | 12849723 |
| infection with mycobacterium bovis bcg diverts traffic of myelin oligodendroglial glycoprotein autoantigen-specific t cells away from the central nervous system and ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. | infectious agents have been proposed to influence susceptibility to autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. we induced a th1-mediated central nervous system (cns) autoimmune disease, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) in mice with an ongoing infection with mycobacterium bovis strain bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) to study this possibility. c57bl/6 mice infected with live bcg for 6 weeks were immunized with myelin oligodendroglial glycoprotein peptide (mog(35-55)) to induce e ... | 2003 | 12853387 |
| inflammation-induced upregulation of ampa receptor subunit expression in brain stem pain modulatory circuitry. | our previous study demonstrated an increase in alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (ampa) receptor sensitivity in the rostral ventromedial medulla (rvm) associated with enhanced net descending inhibition after inflammatory hyperalgesia. the present study further studied the time-dependent changes in ampa-produced inhibition after inflammation and the underlying molecular mechanisms. inflammation was induced by intraplantar injection of complete freund's adjuvant (cfa, 0.2ml). th ... | 2003 | 12855351 |
| dose response study of conjugated fatty acid derived from safflower oil on mammary and colon carcinogenesis pretreated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (dmba) and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (dmh) in female sprague-dawley rats. | to clarify the chemopreventive effects of conjugated fatty acid derived from safflower oil (cfa-s), rich in conjugated linoleic acid (cla), on mammary and colon carcinogenesis, 6 week old female sprague-dawley (sd) rats received diet containing 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 1, or 2% cfa-s subsequent to five times subcutaneous injections of 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine (dmh) at a dose of 40 mg/kg b.w. and a single 50 mg/kg b.w. intragastric application of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (dmba) during the first 11 da ... | 2003 | 12860274 |
| essential role of the cryptic epitope slayglr within osteopontin in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis. | it has been shown that osteopontin (opn) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (ra). however, the molecular mechanism of opn action is yet to be elucidated. splenic monocytes obtained from arthritic mice exhibited a significant capacity for cell migration toward thrombin-cleaved opn but not toward full-length opn. migratory monocytes expressed alpha9 and alpha4 integrins. since cleavage of opn by thrombin exposes the cryptic epitope recognized by alpha9 and alpha4 inte ... | 2003 | 12865407 |
| protective effect of pasteurella multocida cell-free antigen and toxoid against challenge with toxigenic strains of pasteurella multocida in mice. | the cell-free antigen (cfa) obtained from the culture supernatant of pasteurella multocida (p. multocida) and the toxin (pmt) purified from cfa were inactivated and mixed with oil adjuvant to prepare a trial vaccine. both of the mice immunized with cfa and pmt toxoid vaccine were noticeably protected against intratracheal challenge with toxigenic strains of p. multocida. nevertheless, the protective indices of the mice immunized with cfa vaccine indicate that it is more protective and clears awa ... | 2003 | 12867737 |
| inhibition of b-cell death does not restore t-cell-dependent immune responses in cd40-deficient mice. | signalling through cd40 is essential for the development of immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody responses, germinal centres and b-cell memory against t-dependent antigens. in addition, engagement of cd40 in b cells promotes cell survival by inducing the expression of anti-apoptotic members of the bcl-2 family of cell-death regulators. in the present study we analysed whether t-dependent immune responses can be developed in mice deficient in cd40 if the anti-apoptotic activity mediated by the engagem ... | 2003 | 12871216 |