| laboratory diagnosis of influenza--virology or serology? | although classical influenza is a clinically typical illness ("unchanging disease due to a changing agent"), laboratory investigations are essential at the beginning of each influenza epidemic. they should confirm suspected influenza cases and exclude "flu-like illnesses" which may be caused by numerous other viral and bacterial agents. different virological as well as serological methods are available. for early diagnosis of acute influenza virus infections, virus detection using rapid procedur ... | 2002 | 12458351 |
| neuraminidase inhibitors in the management of influenza--experience of an outpatient practice. | the neuraminidase inhibitors signifies a breakthrough in the treatment of influenza. we compared the outcomes of influenza in 56 patients treated with zanamivir or oseltamivir to a group of 52 influenza patients from the time before these drugs were available. the duration of illness was reduced by 45%, the severity of symptoms by 40% and the administration of antibiotics by 32%. the data from this small group of patients of our ambulatory practice correspond to the results of large randomized p ... | 2002 | 12458352 |
| efficacy and safety of zanamivir in patients with influenza--impact of age, severity of infections and specific risk factors. | influenza infections occur primarily in the winter season and may lead to serious morbidity and mortality, predominantly in patients with increased risk of complications; these include those with advanced age or with chronic clinical conditions. in this group, the rate of influenza-related hospitalization or death is considerably increased. new treatment options have been introduced for treatment of influenza infection, with the neuraminidase inhibitors zanamivir and oseltamivir being the most p ... | 2002 | 12458354 |
| drug under test: influenza--relenza in daily practice. experience during the influenza season 1999/2000. | a total of 5-7 million cases of the disease, 4.5 million medical certificates, 25,000 admissions to hospital, 15,000 mortalities and direct and indirect costs amounting to several billions - that is the outcome of a "normal" influenza season (data provided by the influenza study group, agi, of germany on the 1998/99 season). with zanamivir (relenza), a selective inhibitor of the influenza-specific neuraminidase, a pharmaceutical product against influenza a and b is now available in germany for t ... | 2002 | 12458355 |
| experience with the clinical development of influenza vaccines for potential pandemics. | during normal interpandemic influenza seasons, immune responses to vaccines are quite predictable and meet the licensing criteria of the european union (eu) committee for proprietary medicinal products (cpmp). in a pandemic situation, large sections, if not all of the community will be immunologically naïve and therefore new immunisation strategies will be needed. in 1976 and 1977 h1n1 vaccines were prepared and tested clinically. to stimulate 'protective' antibody responses, two doses of vaccin ... | 2002 | 12458360 |
| pandemic preparedness: lessons learnt from h2n2 and h9n2 candidate vaccines. | vaccination against influenza is considered to be one of the key interventions in case of a pandemic. unfortunately, shortages in vaccine supplies will occur because of the substantial increase in vaccine demands worldwide and the limited available supply resources. the recommended use of monovalent--instead of current trivalent--vaccines containing 15 micro g hemagglutinin (ha) per dose can theoretically triple vaccine volumes but is unlikely to meet the demand. furthermore, previous experience ... | 2002 | 12458361 |
| [is influenza vaccination required?]. | | 2002 | 12469397 |
| outbreak of influenza, madagascar, july-august 2002. | | 2002 | 12476644 |
| safety and immunogenicity of influenza vaccination in individuals infected with hiv. | influenza can cause severe complications in hiv infected individuals leading to increases in hospitalisation and mortality. vaccination is recommended for such individuals, but some studies reported that immunisation against influenza may stimulate an increase of hiv viral load and decrease of cd4+ cells count. a review of published studies, including our study carried out in hiv former drug addicts, indicates that vaccination against influenza is well tolerated in both children and adult indivi ... | 2002 | 12477415 |
| clustering of cases of insulin dependent diabetes (iddm) occurring three years after hemophilus influenza b (hib) immunization support causal relationship between immunization and iddm. | the hemophilus vaccine has been linked to the development of autoimmune type 1 diabetes, insulin dependent diabetes (iddm) in ecological studies. | 2002 | 12482192 |
| reappearance and global spread of variants of influenza b/victoria/2/87 lineage viruses in the 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 seasons. | two antigenically and genetically distinct lineages of influenza b viruses, represented by the reference strains b/victoria/2/1987 and b/yamagata/16/1988, have cocirculated in humans since at least 1983. between 1992 and 2000, victoria lineage viruses were detected only in eastern asia. from march to september of 2001 and during the 2001-2002 influenza season, victoria lineage viruses were detected for the first time in a decade in several countries including canada, usa, italy, netherlands, nor ... | 2002 | 12482653 |
| early administration of oral oseltamivir increases the benefits of influenza treatment. | our objective was to evaluate the benefit of early treatment of influenza illness using oral oseltamivir. this open-label, multicentre international study investigated the relationship between the interval from illness onset to first dose (time-to-treatment) and illness duration in the intent-to-treat infected population using accelerated failure time (aft) modelling. a total of 1426 patients (12-70 years) presenting within 48 h of the onset of influenza symptoms were treated with oseltamivir 75 ... | 2003 | 12493796 |
| structural basis for ubiquitin-like isg 15 protein binding to the ns1 protein of influenza b virus: a protein-protein interaction function that is not shared by the corresponding n-terminal domain of the ns1 protein of influenza a virus. | the n-terminal domains of the ns1 protein of influenza b virus (ns1b protein) and the ns1 protein of influenza a virus (ns1a protein) share one function: binding double-stranded rna (dsrna). here we show that the n-terminal domain of the ns1b protein possesses an additional function that is not shared by its ns1a counterpart: binding the ubiquitin-like isg15 protein that is induced by influenza b virus infection. homology modeling predicts that the dimeric six-helical n-terminal domain of the ns ... | 2002 | 12504570 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: influenza activity--united states, 2002-03 season. | | 2003 | 12515266 |
| mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the united states. | influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) cause substantial morbidity and mortality. statistical methods used to estimate deaths in the united states attributable to influenza have not accounted for rsv circulation. | 2003 | 12517228 |
| update: influenza activity--united states, 2002-03 [corrected] season. | this report summarizes influenza activity in the united states during the weeks ending october 5-november 23, 2002. influenza activity was low during this period but is expected to increase during the coming weeks. vaccine supplies are plentiful this year, and vaccination should continue throughout december and the remainder of the influenza season, particularly among persons at high risk for complications from influenza. | 2002 | 12528922 |
| an office-based approach to influenza: clinical diagnosis and laboratory testing. | vaccination is the primary measure for preventing morbidity and mortality from influenza. during the influenza season, family physicians must distinguish influenza from the common cold and other flu-like illnesses. signs and symptoms of influenza include abrupt onset of fever, severe myalgias, anorexia, sore throat, headache, cough, and malaise. clinical diagnosis can be difficult or nonspecific when patients have other symptoms (e.g., stuffy nose, sneezing, cough, sore throat) that can be cause ... | 2003 | 12537174 |
| influenza a and b virus infections in children. | to obtain data on the clinical manifestations of infection, the age distribution, and the underlying conditions of children with influenza severe enough to lead to hospital referral, we performed a retrospective study of children treated at turku university hospital (turku, finland) in 1980-1999. influenza a or b antigen was detected in the nasopharyngeal aspirates of 683 of the 15,420 children studied. the median age of children with influenza a was 2.0 years (n=544), and that of children with ... | 2003 | 12539071 |
| effect of yearly vaccinations with live, attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenza vaccines on antibody responses in children. | the cold-adapted, trivalent influenza vaccine (caiv-t) may become an option for annual vaccination. however, there is little information regarding the immune response to repeated immunization with caiv-t. | 2003 | 12544405 |
| effect of priming on subsequent response to inactivated influenza vaccine. | although shown to be a potent stimulator of serum antibody responses in animal models, the adjuvant immuno-stimulating complexes (iscoms) showed little adjuvant effect for inactivated influenza vaccines in a volunteer study. the result may be the non-comparability of the studies: animal studies were carried out chiefly in unprimed mice, while volunteers are mostly primed by previous infection and/or immunization. to test this, balb/c mice were infected with influenza viruses or immunized with in ... | 2003 | 12547606 |
| the incidence of influenza-associated hospitalizations in children in germany. | since new vaccines and anti-viral drugs for influenza have become available, collation of actual and country-specific epidemiological data is essential. since respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a well known paediatric airway pathogen and some epidemiological data exist already, a comparison between influenza and rsv seems warranted. from july 1996 to june 2001 the naso-pharyngeal aspirates (npa) of children from birth to 16 years of age, admitted to one of the two paediatric hospitals in kiel, ... | 2002 | 12558335 |
| local and systemic immune response in nursing-home elderly following intranasal or intramuscular immunization with inactivated influenza vaccine. | intramuscular (im) influenza vaccines are only 30-40% effective in preventing clinical illness among the elderly, and their effectiveness in eliciting mucosal response may be even lower. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunological effect of a novel inactivated intranasal (in) trivalent whole influenza virus vaccine among nursing-home elderly. twenty-one institutionalized elderly subjects were vaccinated in with an inactivated novel vaccine, twice, 21 days apart, and with no ad ... | 2003 | 12559796 |
| safety and immunogenicity of a live-attenuated influenza vaccine blended and filled at two manufacturing facilities. | this study was designed to compare the safety and immunogenicity of a trivalent live-attenuated, cold-adapted influenza vaccine (caiv-t) blended and filled at two different manufacturing facilities (medeva and aviron-pa). the vaccines contained approximately 10(7) tcid(50) (median tissue culture infectious dose) of each of the three recommended 1997-1998 influenza vaccine components, a/shenzhen/227/95 (h1n1) (a/bayern/7/95 (h1n1)-like strain), a/wuhan/359/95 (h3n2), and b/ann arbor/1/94 (b/beiji ... | 2003 | 12559802 |
| comparison of the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a split and a subunit-adjuvanted influenza vaccine in elderly subjects. | a randomised, open study was carried out among an elderly population in order to compare the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of an inactivated, split virion influenza vaccine (vaxigrip, aventis pasteur msd, lyon, france) with that of an mf59-adjuvanted, subunit vaccine (fluad, chiron vaccines, siena, italy). both vaccines contained the three strains: a/sydney/5/97 (h3n2), a/beijing/262/95 (h1n1) and b/beijing/184/93, recommended by the who for the 1998-1999 influenza season. a total of 2150 su ... | 2003 | 12559808 |
| [the feature of influenza virus activity and genetic characterization of ha1 gene of influenza a h3n2 viruses isolated from 1994-1997 in shenzhen]. | to understand the feature of influenza virus activity and genetic characterization of ha1 gene of influenza a h3n2 viruses isolated in recently years in shenzhen. | 1999 | 12569759 |
| evaluation of neuraminidase enzyme assays using different substrates to measure susceptibility of influenza virus clinical isolates to neuraminidase inhibitors: report of the neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility network. | the increasing use of influenza virus neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nis) necessitates the development of reliable methods for assessing the ni susceptibility of clinical isolates. we evaluated three na inhibition assays against a panel of five clinical isolates each of influenza virus a/h1n1, a/h3n2, and b strains and four viruses with a defined resistance genotype (r292k, h274y, r152k, and e119v). for fluorometric enzyme assay (fa) 1 (fa-1), 2'-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-alpha-d-n-acetylneuraminic ... | 2003 | 12574276 |
| influenza vaccination and antiviral therapy: is there a role for concurrent administration in the institutionalised elderly? | influenza vaccination is estimated to be 50-68% efficacious in preventing pneumonia, hospitalisation or death in nursing home residents. large culture-proven outbreaks may occur despite high resident vaccination rates. there is, therefore, a significant role for concurrent administration of influenza vaccination and antiviral therapy. the use of antiviral treatment and chemoprophylaxis requires community reporting of viral isolates, and contingency plans for rapid case identification and applica ... | 2003 | 12578397 |
| indirect fluorescent antibody testing of nasopharyngeal swabs for influenza diagnosis in lung transplant recipients. | rapid and reliable diagnosis of respiratory viral infections (rvi) in lung transplant recipients is essential to direct therapy of acute graft dysfunction and identify epidemic trends. traditional techniques of serology and viral culture are limited by the lack of antibody response and delay in diagnosis. | 2003 | 12581764 |
| anti-influenza virus activity of crude extract of ribes nigrum l. | this experiment was designed to detect the antiviral activities of crude fruit extracts of wild ribes nigrum l. (kurokarin extract) against influenza virus types a and b. kurokarin extract was prepared as follows: fruits of ribes nigrum l. were heated at 50 degrees c in a heating tank, and then ground under anaerobic conditions. the extracts were centrifuged, and the supernatant fluid was filtered and sterilized by infrared rays. the crude extract was diluted with eagle's minimum essential mediu ... | 2003 | 12601672 |
| immunogenicity and safety of a novel liposomal influenza subunit vaccine (influsome-vac) in young adults. | influenza and its complications account for substantial morbidity and mortality among young adults and especially among the elderly. in young adults, immunization provides 70-90% protection, while among the elderly the vaccine may be only 30-40% effective; hence the need for new, more immunogenic vaccines. we compared the safety and immunogenicity of a novel il-2-supplemented liposomal influenza vaccine (designated influsome-vac) with that of a commercial subunit vaccine and a commercial split v ... | 2003 | 12601765 |
| update: influenza activity--united states, 2002-03 season. | although overall influenza activity in the united states remained low from late september through early january, it is expected to increase during the coming weeks. laboratory-confirmed influenza infections have been reported from 25 states. influenza viruses isolated this season are antigenically well matched by this season's influenza vaccine. this report summarizes influenza activity in the united states during september 29, 2002-january 4, 2003, and updates the previous summary. | 2003 | 12608716 |
| detection of type and subtypes of influenza virus by hybrid formation of fret probe with amplified target dna and melting temperature analysis. | fluorescence resonance energy transfer probes were selected for three sets of reverse transcription -polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), each in duplex format to detect: (1). influenza virus type a or b; (2). neuraminidase subtypes n1 or n2; and (3). hemagglutinin subtypes h1 or h3 using lightcycler instrument. a pair of probes targeted a type or subtype specific rt-pcr amplified gene segment. the presence of a target in a set of amplification reaction was detected by increased fluorescence over ... | 2003 | 12609682 |
| influenza b virus bm2 protein is an oligomeric integral membrane protein expressed at the cell surface. | the influenza b virus bm2 protein contains 109 amino acid residues and it is translated from a bicistronic mrna in an open reading frame that is +2 nucleotides with respect to the matrix (m1) protein. the amino acid sequence of bm2 contains a hydrophobic region (residues 7-25) that could act as a transmembrane (tm) anchor. analysis of properties of the bm2 protein, including detergent solubility, insolubility in alkali ph 11, flotation in membrane fractions, and epitope-tagging immunocytochemist ... | 2003 | 12620792 |
| chemoenzymatic synthesis and application of glycopolymers containing multivalent sialyloligosaccharides with a poly(l-glutamic acid) backbone for inhibition of infection by influenza viruses. | highly water-soluble glycopolymers with poly(alpha-l-glutamic acid) (pga) backbones carrying multivalent sialyl oligosaccharides units were chemoenzymatically synthesized as polymeric inhibitors of infection by human influenza viruses. p-aminophenyl disaccharide glycosides were coupled with gamma-carboxyl groups of pga side chains and enzymatically converted to neu5acalpha2-3galbeta1-4glcnacbeta-, neu5acalpha2-6galbeta1-4glcnacbeta-, neu5acalpha2-3galbeta1-3galnacalpha-, and neu5acalpha2-3galbet ... | 2003 | 12626382 |
| n-terminus of m2 protein could induce antibodies with inhibitory activity against influenza virus replication. | new influenza vaccines have been designed based on the fact that the extracellular domain of m2 protein (m2e) is nearly invariant in all influenza a strains. to clarify which exact region of m2e could induce antibodies with inhibitory activities against influenza virus replication, four overlapping peptides covering m2e were synthesized and then coupled to the carrier protein bovine serum albumin through the cysteine of the peptides. after a vaccination course, all these four peptide vaccines co ... | 2003 | 12628550 |
| mild to moderate influenza activity in europe and the detection of novel a(h1n2) and b viruses during the winter of 2001-02. | influenza activity in europe during the 2001-02 influenza season was mild to moderate. compared to historical data, the intensity was low in six countries, medium in eleven and high in one country (spain). the dominant virus circulating in europe was influenza a(h3n2). two novel influenza virus strains were isolated during the 2001-02 season: influenza a(h1n2) viruses (mainly isolated in the united kingdom and ireland, but also in belgium, france, germany, the netherlands, portugal, sweden, swit ... | 2002 | 12631987 |
| quality control assessment of influenza and rsv testing in europe: 2000-01 season. | the quality control assessment (qca) was initiated to evaluate the quality of the influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) testing in the national reference centres belonging to the european influenza surveillance scheme (eiss) network. samples were coded and sent in two panels of 12 samples within a two week interval to 16 laboratories during the 2000-01 winter season. the antibodies titration by hi test was reported by 60% of the laboratories (n=16), and the results were correct for 56% ... | 2002 | 12631989 |
| use of induced sputum for the diagnosis of influenza and infections in asthma: a comparison of diagnostic techniques. | influenza (flu) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are important viral pathogens that cause lower respiratory tract infections and severe exacerbations of asthma. molecular biological techniques are permitting a rapid and accurate diagnosis of infections caused by respiratory pathogens, and have typically been applied to upper respiratory samples. sputum induction provides an opportunity to directly sample secretions from the lower respiratory tract. objectives/study design: to determine the ... | 2003 | 12637083 |
| [consensus recommendations for influenza therapy. proper administration of new influenza drugs]. | | 2003 | 12638432 |
| population analysis of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rwj-270201 (bcx-1812) in treating experimental influenza a and b virus in healthy volunteers. | our objective was to assess the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rwj-270201 (bcx-1812), an oral neuraminidase inhibitor for the treatment of influenza a and b virus in healthy volunteers. | 2002 | 12645994 |
| use of a pharmacophore model to discover a new class of influenza endonuclease inhibitors. | data from both our own and literature studies of the biochemistry and inhibition of influenza virus endonuclease was combined with data on the mechanism of action and the likely active site mechanism to propose a pharmacophore. the pharmacophore was used to design a novel structural class of inhibitors, some of which were found to have activities similar to that of known influenza endonuclease inhibitors and were also antiviral in cell culture. | 2003 | 12646026 |
| encephalitis associated with influenza b virus infection in 2 children and a review of the literature. | two children with influenza b-associated encephalitis (ibae) presented to our hospital during the winter of 2000-2001, both of whom had cases notable for mutism in association with encephalitis. a review of the literature identified 13 additional reports consistent with ibae that contained sufficient data for analysis. eleven of 15 reported cases occurred in children aged <or=18 years; of these, more than one-half occurred in children <11 years of age. neurologic symptoms appeared within the fir ... | 2003 | 12652406 |
| neutralizing epitopes specific for influenza b virus yamagata group strains are in the 'loop'. | to study the neutralizing epitopes of influenza b virus yamagata group strains, two monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were used to select escape mutants of the virus. mabs 5h4 and 3a12 were found to react with b/yamagata group strains in haemagglutination inhibition and neutralization tests; no reactivity with b/victoria group strains was observed. most of the mutants reacted poorly to polyclonal ferret antibody against the 1998 isolate. analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences identified a singl ... | 2003 | 12655076 |
| ecological and immunological determinants of influenza evolution. | in pandemic and epidemic forms, influenza causes substantial, sometimes catastrophic, morbidity and mortality. intense selection from the host immune system drives antigenic change in influenza a and b, resulting in continuous replacement of circulating strains with new variants able to re-infect hosts immune to earlier types. this 'antigenic drift' often requires a new vaccine to be formulated before each annual epidemic. however, given the high transmissibility and mutation rate of influenza, ... | 2003 | 12660783 |
| update: influenza activity--united states, 2002-03 season. | this report summarizes influenza activity in the united states during september 29, 2002-march 8, 2003, and updates the previous summary. influenza activity was mild in the united states overall but varied by region. preliminary data collected through the four components of the cdc influenza surveillance system suggest that national influenza activity peaked during the week ending february 8, 2003. | 2003 | 12665114 |
| [a novel test for diagnosis of influenza]. | to set up a novel, simple, sensitive, specific, repeatable and rapid assay for diagnosis of influenza. | 2002 | 12665920 |
| [characterization of ha1 gene of influenza b virus circulated in 1990 through 2000 in china]. | to characterize ha1 gene of influenza b virus circulated in 1990 through 2000 in china. | 2002 | 12665940 |
| recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2003-2004 influenza season. | | 2003 | 12666272 |
| rapid antigen testing for the surveillance of influenza epidemics. | to assess the use of a 'near patient' test for rapid antigen detection to obtain the more timely acquisition of data for the surveillance of influenza epidemics. | 2003 | 12667239 |
| [influenza activity in china from 2000 to 2001]. | to understand the epidemics and antigenic drift of influenza viruses in china from 2000 to 2001. | 2003 | 12678953 |
| [application of molecular biological techniques in the surveillance of influenza viruses in infants and young children]. | to establish a rapid, specific and effective technique for identifying subtyping a(1), a(3) and b of influenza virus isolates and clinical specimens as well as to analyze the sequences of nucleotides and deduced amino acids of ha1 regions from isolates of influenza virus a(3) isolated from 1996 to 2002. | 2003 | 12678954 |
| [analysis on the aetiology of influenza in children in tianjin]. | to analyse the pathogen of child patients with influenza in tianjin area. | 2003 | 12678956 |
| an outbreak of coronavirus oc43 respiratory infection in normandy, france. | the 2 groups of human coronaviruses (hcovs) represented by the prototype strains hcov 229e and hcov oc43 are mostly known as viruses responsible for common cold syndrome. hcovs are difficult to detect, and epidemiological data are rare. from october 2000 through april 2001, we tested 1803 respiratory samples for hcov by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. from 8 february through 27 march 2001, hcov oc43 was detected in samples obtained from 30 (6%) of 501 patients. the other viruses ... | 2003 | 12684910 |
| treatment and prevention of influenza: swedish recommendations. | the introduction of the 2 neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) zanamivir and oseltamivir has offered new options for the prevention and treatment of influenza. this article summarizes a swedish consensus guidance document on the rational use of antiviral drugs in the management of influenza virus infections. vaccination remains the cornerstone for influenza prophylaxis. target groups for the annual vaccination programme are the 'at-risk' individuals, i.e. elderly patients ( > or = 65 y) and patients ... | 2003 | 12685876 |
| elevated anticardiolipin antibodies in acute liver failure. | antibodies to cardiolipin (acla), a phospholipid primarily localized in inner mitochondrial membranes, were transiently elevated (p<0.01) when mice were exposed to an industrial surfactant and then infected with influenza b virus, a model of acute liver failure (alf). children with alf also had elevated levels of acla. | 2003 | 12697298 |
| zstatflu-ii test: a chemiluminescent neuraminidase assay for influenza viral diagnostics. | the zstatflu-ii test is a highly sensitive, specific, rapid, point-of-care chemiluminescent diagnostic test for influenza infection. influenza viral neuraminidase-specific substrate, spiroadamantyl-1,2-dioxetane-4,7-dimethoxy-n-acetyl-neuraminic acid, is at the core of the zstatflu-ii test. the enzymatic reaction was carried out at 25 degrees c and neutral ph, representing the optimum assay conditions for influenza types a and b viral neuraminidases. the results were outputted on a polaroid trad ... | 2003 | 12701088 |
| the nb protein of influenza b virus is not necessary for virus replication in vitro. | the nb protein of influenza b virus is thought to function as an ion channel and therefore would be expected to have an essential function in viral replication. because direct evidence for its absolute requirement in the viral life cycle is lacking, we generated nb knockout viruses by reverse genetics and tested their growth properties both in vitro and in vivo. mutants not expressing nb replicated as efficiently as the wild-type virus in cell culture, whereas in mice they showed restricted grow ... | 2003 | 12719596 |
| a large outbreak of influenza a and b on a cruise ship causing widespread morbidity. | in september 2000 an outbreak of influenza-like illness was reported on a cruise ship sailing between sydney and noumea with over 1,100 passengers and 400 crew on board. laboratory testing of passengers and crew indicated that both influenza a and b had been circulating on the ship. the cruise coincided with the peak influenza period in sydney. morbidity was high with 40 passengers hospitalized, two of whom died. a questionnaire was sent to passengers 3 weeks after the cruise and 836 of 1,119 (7 ... | 2003 | 12729195 |
| comparison of lateral-flow immunoassay and enzyme immunoassay with viral culture for rapid detection of influenza virus in nasal wash specimens from children. | the performance of two commercially available rapid test kits for influenza virus detection was compared to that of viral culture by using 356 nasal wash specimens collected during the 2001 to 2002 influenza season. overall, the two rapid tests were easy to perform and showed comparable sensitivities (70.4 and 72.2%) and specificities (97.7 and 98.3%); for both test kit groups, most of the specimens that yielded false-negative results were found to be growing influenza b virus. | 2003 | 12734259 |
| comparison of the denka-seiken influ a.b-quick and bd directigen flu a+b kits with direct fluorescent-antibody staining and shell vial culture methods for rapid detection of influenza viruses. | the influ a.b-quick and directigen flu a+b enzyme immunoassays were compared with direct immunofluorescence and cell culture for detection of influenza a and b viruses in a total of 255 patient specimens. both assays identified 23 of 42 influenza a viruses (sensitivity, 54.8%; specificity, 100%; positive predictive value [ppv], 100%; negative predictive value [npv], 91.8%). the influ a.b-quick assay identified 10 of 16 influenza b viruses (sensitivity, 62.5%; specificity, 99.6%; ppv, 90.9%; npv, ... | 2003 | 12734274 |
| optimized detection of respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal secretions. | nasopharyngeal secretions (nps) from 121 (110 pediatric) patients with acute respiratory infections were examined for respiratory virus detection by: i) conventional virus isolation in cell cultures (cc) using hep-2, llc-mk2, and mdck cells; ii) rapid virus isolation using shell vial cultures (svc) of a mixture (mix) of mink lung epithelial cells (mv1lu) and human lung carcinoma (a549) cells in comparison to llc-mk2 and mdck cells; iii) direct fluorescent antibody (dfa) assay on nps cells. a poo ... | 2003 | 12737194 |
| detection of influenza virus from throat and pharyngeal swabs with a nested duplex light cycler rt-pcr. | a rapid duplex rt-pcr method was developed using the roche lightcycler technology for detection of influenza type a and influenza type b viruses. ninety-seven clinical specimens were analyzed using the lightcycler method compared with conventional viral culture. thirty-seven specimens (38.1%) were positive by rt-pcr using matrix protein (mp) primers for influenza a or b virus, compared to thirteen culture positive specimens (13.4%). all culture positive specimens were also positive by rt-pcr. a ... | 2003 | 12742317 |
| detection of rna viruses in sudden infant death (sid). | continuing previous work, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction approaches for the detection of rna viruses (influenza a+b, parainfluenza virus 3, respiratory syncytial virus) were developed. a total of 118 infant deaths, including 13 cases of non-natural death (nnd), 78 cases of natural death (nd) without morphological signs of interstitial pneumonia (ip), 27 cases showing ip (nd+ip), were investigated using frozen lung tissue ( n=100) and paraffin-embedded material ( n=18). in five o ... | 2003 | 12750907 |
| occurrence of influenza b/hong kong-like strains in brazil, during 2002. | through the influenza virus surveillance from january to october 2002, influenza b/hong kong-like strains circulating in the southeast and centre east regions of brazil have been demonstrated. this strain is a variant from b/victoria/02/88 whose since 1991 and until recently have been isolated relatively infrequently and have been limited to south-eastern asia. a total of 510 respiratory secretions were collected from patients 0 to 60 years of age, with acute respiratory illness, living in the s ... | 2003 | 12751324 |
| differences in clinical features between influenza a h1n1, a h3n2, and b in adult patients. | the differences in clinical features between influenza a h1n1, a h3n2, and b in the past three influenza seasons were examined. | 2003 | 12753540 |
| a rapid method for immunotitration of influenza viruses using flow cytometry. | reliable assays for accurate titration of influenza virus in infectious samples are pivotal to both influenza research and vaccine development. a titration assay adopted commonly for this purpose is the plaque assay on madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells, despite it being time and labour consuming. a novel assay is described for titration of influenza viruses based on the detection of intracellular viral nucleoprotein (np) by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (facs). by using a panel of vir ... | 2003 | 12757922 |
| intracellular warfare between human influenza viruses and human cells: the roles of the viral ns1 protein. | | 2003 | 12758165 |
| [the detection of virus antigen in the lower respiratory tract of the patients with lung cancer]. | to find out about the viral infection situation of lower respiratory tract of the patients with lung cancer. | 1999 | 12759981 |
| molecular characterization of influenza b viruses circulating in northern italy during the 2001-2002 epidemic season. | during the 2001-2002 influenza season, virological surveillance highlighted the predominant circulation of b viruses (86% of isolates) in italy, in contrast to many other countries in europe and north america where ah3n2 viruses were isolated most frequently, and in contrast to the infrequent isolation of b viruses in italy during the previous two years. associated with this predominance of influenza b was the re-emergence of b/victoria/2/87-lineage viruses, closely related to b viruses prevalen ... | 2003 | 12767012 |
| pyrrolidinobenzoic acid inhibitors of influenza virus neuraminidase: modifications of essential pyrrolidinone ring substituents. | we recently reported the first benzoic acid, 1-[4-carboxy-2-(3-pentylamino)phenyl]-5,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one (8), that is a potent inhibitor of avian influenza a neuraminidase (n9) and, unlike other reported potent neuraminidase inhibitors, does not contain a basic aliphatic amine or guanidine nor a simple n-acetyl grouping. however, 8 was a poor inhibitor of influenza b neuraminidase. in the present study we further evaluated 8 as an inhibitor of human influenza a na isolates, and ... | 2003 | 12788348 |
| localization of influenza virus proteins to nuclear dot 10 structures in influenza virus-infected cells. | we studied influenza virus m1 protein by generating hela and mdck cell lines that express m1 genetically fused to green fluorescent protein (gfp). gfp-m1 was incorporated into virions produced by influenza virus infected mdck cells expressing the fusion protein indicating that the fusion protein is at least partially functional. following infection of either hela or mdck cells with influenza a virus (but not influenza b virus), gfp-m1 redistributes from its cytosolic/nuclear location and accumul ... | 2003 | 12788628 |
| effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors in treatment and prevention of influenza a and b: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. | to review the clinical effectiveness of oseltamivir and zanamivir for the treatment and prevention of influenza a and b. | 2003 | 12791735 |
| non-responders to egg grown influenza vaccine seroconvert after booster immunization with mdck cell grown vaccine. | we have investigated whether 'at risk' subjects who did not respond serologically during a pre-study vaccination with a commercial egg grown influenza sub-unit vaccine would respond to a subsequent vaccination with either a single dose of mdck cell grown influenza vaccine or a standard egg grown influenza vaccine containing the same virus strains. we studied 48 non-responder subjects with a mean age 67.5, range: 34-82 years. in this non-responder group the increased immune response that was dete ... | 2003 | 12798612 |
| the immunogenicity of oral poliomyelitis vaccine in a primary vaccination series at 2, 4 and 6 months given concurrently with hib, hepatitis b and diphtheria, tetanus and whole-cell pertussis vaccines administered as three separate injections or as a combination pentavalent vaccine. | the increasing number of infant immunisations has spurred development of novel combination vaccines. this investigation assesses the immunogenicity of oral poliomyelitis vaccine (opv) under current and possible new conditions, to help ensure vaccination regimes continue to provide optimal protection against polio in the final stages of polio eradication. neutralising antibody titres were measured in approximately 200 infants immunised with opv at 2, 4 and 6 months in tandem with either a combine ... | 2003 | 12798634 |
| febrile respiratory tract illness in a 3-month old infant. | | 2003 | 12803175 |
| update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, 2002-03 season, and composition of the 2003-04 influenza vaccine. | in collaboration with the world health organization (who), its collaborating laboratories, state and local health departments, health-care providers, and vital statistic registries, cdc conducts surveillance to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in the circulating strains of influenza viruses. during the 2002-03 influenza season, influenza a (h1), a (h3n2), and b viruses co-circulated in the northern hemisphere. human infections with avian influenza a (h5n1) and a (h7n7) ... | 2003 | 12803198 |
| [influenza]. | influenza (flu) is an acute contagious viral infection characterized by inflammation of the respiratory tract that every winter affects more than 100 million people in europe, japan and the united states of america, also being responsible for several thousand of excess deaths (data from the united states reveal between 20,000 to 40,000 excess deaths annually). the mixovirus influenzae is the agent that causes influenza, commonly called flu. there are 3 types of influenza virus: a, b, c, and only ... | 2003 | 12806464 |
| sensitivity of molecular docking to induced fit effects in influenza virus neuraminidase. | many proteins undergo small side chain or even backbone movements on binding of different ligands into the same protein structure. this is known as induced fit and is potentially problematic for virtual screening of databases against protein targets. in this report we investigate the limits of the rigid protein approximation used by the docking program, gold, through cross-docking using protein structures of influenza neuraminidase. neuraminidase is known to exhibit small but significant induced ... | 2002 | 12825619 |
| generation of influenza a viruses with chimeric (type a/b) hemagglutinins. | to gain insight into the intertypic incompatibility between type a and b influenza viruses, we focused on the hemagglutinin (ha) gene, systematically studying the compatibility of chimeric (type a/b) has with a type a genetic background. an attempt to generate a reassortant containing an intact type b ha segment in a type a virus background by reverse genetics was unsuccessful despite transcription of the type b ha segment by the type a polymerase complex. although a type a virus with a chimeric ... | 2003 | 12829842 |
| a point mutation in influenza b neuraminidase confers resistance to peramivir and loss of slow binding. | the influenza neuraminidase (na) inhibitors peramivir, oseltamivir, and zanamivir are potent inhibitors of nas from both influenza a and b strains. in general, these inhibitors are slow, tight binders of na, exhibiting time-dependent inhibition. a mutant of influenza virus b/yamagata/16/88 which was resistant to peramivir was generated by passage of the virus in tissue culture, in the presence of increasing concentrations (0.1-120 microm over 15 passages) of the compound. whereas the wild type ( ... | 2003 | 12834856 |
| antiviral activity of inonotus hispidus. | the antiviral activity of two phenolic compounds, hispolon and hispidin, isolated from the fruit bodies of the basidiomycete inonotus hispidus as well as of some extracts prepared from fruit bodies and mycelial cultures of this fungus was investigated in allantois on the shell-test system. ethanolic extracts, hispidin and hispolon showed considerable antiviral activity against influenza viruses type a and b. | 2003 | 12837367 |
| polysaccharide antibody responses are impaired post bone marrow transplantation for severe combined immunodeficiency, but not other primary immunodeficiencies. | established treatment of severe combined immunodeficiencies (scid) and other primary immunodeficiencies (pid) is bone marrow transplantation (bmt). normal lymphocyte numbers and protein antigen responses are present within 2 years of bmt, polysaccharide antibody responses appear last. streptococcus pneumoniae infection causes significant morbidity and mortality post-bmt. previous studies have shown good protein antigen responses post-bmt for scid and pid, but had not examined the polysaccharide ... | 2003 | 12838289 |
| suboptimal detection of influenza virus in adults by the directigen flu a+b enzyme immunoassay and correlation of results with the number of antigen-positive cells detected by cytospin immunofluorescence. | to provide 24-h influenza diagnosis for adults presenting to the emergency department, the directigen flu a+b enzyme immunoassay (eia) was performed in the chemistry laboratory during the night shift. nasopharyngeal swabs were retested by cytospin-enhanced direct immunofluorescence (dfa; simulfluor respiratory screen) when the virology laboratory opened. the influenza eia detected 16 influenza a virus infections, whereas cytospin-enhanced dfa detected 31 influenza a virus infections as well as 3 ... | 2003 | 12843105 |
| influenza b virus bm2 protein has ion channel activity that conducts protons across membranes. | successful uncoating of the influenza b virus in endosomes is predicted to require acidification of the interior of the virus particle. we report that a virion component, the bm2 integral membrane protein, when expressed in xenopus oocytes or in mammalian cells, causes acidification of the cells and possesses ion channel activity consistent with proton conduction. furthermore, coexpression of bm2 with hemagglutinin (ha) glycoprotein prevents ha from adopting its low-ph-induced conformation durin ... | 2003 | 12852861 |
| production and characterization of a human recombinant monoclonal fab fragment specific for influenza a viruses. | a human recombinant monoclonal fab fragment that specifically recognizes all the influenza a virus strains tested was produced in transformed escherichia coli using the phage display technique. no strain of influenza b virus reacted with it. it was purified after four cycles of panning and by a single passage through an immunoaffinity column. about 1 mg of pure monoclonal antibody was obtained from 1 liter of culture medium in 3 working days. the fab fragment reacted with a viral 27-kda protein, ... | 2003 | 12853404 |
| neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza a and b: study showed benefits of treatment are marginal. | | 2003 | 12855537 |
| neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza a and b: antivirals need to be protected from adverse conditions to retain effectiveness. | | 2003 | 12855538 |
| neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza a and b: prose may be as useful as poems. | | 2003 | 12855540 |
| winter respiratory viruses and health care use: a population-based study in the northwest united states. | to quantify health care use among adults during influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) seasons, we identified a cohort of veterans aged >or=18 years who used department of veterans affairs (va) facilities in oregon and washington states as their source of health care. during 1998-2000, veterans accrued 237,159 person-years of follow-up. using va data sources, we measured acute cardiopulmonary hospitalizations and primary care and urgent care visits. differences between rates of study ev ... | 2003 | 12856212 |
| respiratory tract viral infections in bone marrow transplant patients. | community respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), adenovirus, influenza a, influenza b, and the parainfluenza group are frequent causes of respiratory disease in bone marrow transplant (bmt) patients. | 2003 | 12865800 |
| [antigenic and genetic characterizations of victoria like strain of influenza b viruses isolated in china in 2001]. | to understand the antigenic and genetic characteristics of victoria like strain of influenza b virus isolated recently and to provide a scientific evidence for influenza surveillance and monitoring of influenza epidemic in future. | 2003 | 12870010 |
| a randomized controlled trial comparing split and subunit influenza vaccines in adults in colombia. | in a two-center, comparative trial, 344 adults were randomly assigned to receive a single dose of inactivated split-virion (imovax gripe) or sub-unit (agrippal s1) influenza vaccine (1999-2000 formulations). for analysis, study groups were subdivided into adult (18-60 years old) and elderly (over 60 years) subjects. blood was drawn immediately before and one month after vaccination, safety was evaluated using a blind-observer design based on reporting of solicited and unsolicited adverse events. ... | 2003 | 12876902 |
| influenza b acute necrotizing encephalopathy: a case report and literature review. | the case of a 9-year-old girl with acute encephalopathy with evidence of influenza b virus infection and bilateral basal ganglia lesions is reported. the literature on acute necrotizing encephalopathy is reviewed, and other causes of bilateral basal ganglia lesions are discussed. | 2003 | 12878304 |
| impact of oseltamivir treatment on influenza-related lower respiratory tract complications and hospitalizations. | influenza causes lower respiratory tract complications (lrtcs), particularly bronchitis and pneumonia, in both otherwise healthy adults and those with underlying conditions. the aim of this study was to assess the effect of oseltamivir treatment on the incidence of lrtcs leading to antibiotic treatment and hospitalizations following influenza illness. | 2003 | 12885681 |
| [differences in oligomerization of nucleocapsid protein of epidemic human influenza a(h1n1), a(h1n2) and b viruses]. | a comparative analysis of involving the nucleocapsid protein (np) into shaping-up of sds-resistant oligomers was carried out presently in circulating epidemic strains of human influenza, viruses a and b. the study results of viral isolates obtained from clinical samples and recent standard strains revealed that the involvement of np in the sds-resistant oligomers, which are different in various subtypes of influenza a viruses. according to this sign, the human viruses a(9h3n2) are close to the a ... | 2003 | 12894477 |
| comparison of the directigen flu a+b test, the quickvue influenza test, and clinical case definition to viral culture and reverse transcription-pcr for rapid diagnosis of influenza virus infection. | the diagnostic performances of the clinical case definition of influenza virus infection based on the combination of fever and cough and of two rapid influenza diagnostic tests, the directigen flu a+b test (directigen; bd diagnostic systems, sparks, md.) and the quickvue influenza test (quickvue; quidel, san diego, calif.), were compared to those of viral culture and an in-house reverse transcription (rt)-pcr during the 2000-2001 flu season. two hundred consecutive nasopharyngeal aspirates were ... | 2003 | 12904343 |
| estimating efficacy of trivalent, cold-adapted, influenza virus vaccine (caiv-t) against influenza a (h1n1) and b using surveillance cultures. | the authors report on a community-based, nonrandomized, open-label study, conducted during the 2000-2001 influenza season in temple-belton, texas, of the protective effectiveness of trivalent, cold-adapted, influenza virus vaccine (caiv-t) in children aged 18 months-18 years. the dominant circulating strains in 2000-2001 were influenza a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1) and influenza b/sichuan/379/99. children had access to caiv-t during the 1998-1999, 1999-2000, and 2000-2001 influenza seasons. the v ... | 2003 | 12915495 |
| chimeric influenza a viruses with a functional influenza b virus neuraminidase or hemagglutinin. | reassortment of influenza a and b viruses has never been observed in vivo or in vitro. using reverse genetics techniques, we generated recombinant influenza a/wsn/33 (wsn) viruses carrying the neuraminidase (na) of influenza b virus. chimeric viruses expressing the full-length influenza b/yamagata/16/88 virus na grew to titers similar to that of wild-type influenza wsn virus. recombinant viruses in which the cytoplasmic tail or the cytoplasmic tail and the transmembrane domain of the type b na w ... | 2003 | 12915528 |
| genetic and phenotypic analysis of reassortants of high growth and low growth strains of influenza b virus. | the yield of influenza virus in eggs is critical to influenza vaccine production and availability, but the contribution of specific genes to the growth properties of influenza b viruses is not well understood. influenza b/beijing/184/93 and b/shangdong/7/97 were chosen for study because b/shangdong/7/97 replicated to several fold higher titers in eggs than b/beijing/184/93 as demonstrated by hemagglutination titers and eid50. a reassortant with the ha, np and pb2 genes from b/beijing/184/93 and ... | 2003 | 12922121 |
| [development of a live culture of cold-adapted reassortant influenza vaccines]. | optimal conditions for the cultivation of the mdck cell lines in the laboratory spinner or by using the eagle-mem with or without fetal serum were worked out. the cold-adapted reassortant vaccine strains of virus influenza a/h1n1, a/h3n2 and b are well replicated in the mdck cells both in a monolayer and in the spinner by using the serum-free medium. a maximum virus titer depends on a multiplicity of infection used in a fetal medium and on the addition of trypsin. under the optimal conditions, t ... | 2003 | 12924092 |