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infection with brainworm (elaphostrongylus rangiferi) in reindeer (rangifer tarandus ssp.) in fennoscandia.sami reindeer herders have considerable traditional knowledge about a neurological reindeer disease resembling elaphostrongylosis, but the causative agent was not identified prior to the description of the brainworm elaphostrongylus rangiferi in russia in 1958. elaphostrongylosis was quickly recognised as a serious cause of reindeer morbidity and mortality. the ecology, epidemiology and pathophysiology of the disease were studied in sweden and norway during the 1960s and in particular the 1970s ...202032460832
state-dependent foraging by caribou with different nutritional requirements.foraging by animals is hypothesized to be state-dependent, that is, varying with physiological condition of individuals. state often is defined by energy reserves, but state also can reflect differences in nutritional requirements (e.g., for reproduction, lactation, growth, etc.). testing hypotheses about state-dependent foraging in ungulates is difficult because fine-scale data needed to evaluate these hypotheses generally are lacking. to evaluate whether foraging by caribou (rangifer tarandus) ...202032454534
energy efficiency of respiration in mature and newborn reindeer.reindeer (rangifer tarandus) have evolved elaborate nasal turbinate structures that are perfused via a complex vascular network. these are subject to thermoregulatory control, shifting between heat conservation and dissipation, according to the animal's needs. the three-dimensional design of the turbinate structures is essential in the sense that they determine the efficiency with which heat and water are transferred between the structure and the respired air. the turbinates have already a relat ...202032451612
behavioral, physiological, demographic and ecological impacts of hematophagous and endoparasitic insects on an arctic ungulate.animals that deliver a toxic secretion through a wound or to the body surface without a wound are considered venomous and toxungenous, respectively. hematophagous insects, such as mosquitoes (aedes spp.), meet the criteria for venomous, and some endoparasitic insects, such as warble flies (hypoderma tarandi), satisfy the definition for toxungenous. the impacts of these insects on their hosts are wide ranging. in the arctic, their primary host is the most abundant ungulate, the caribou (rangifer ...202032443701
the onset in spring and the end in autumn of the thermal and vegetative growing season affect calving time and reproductive success in reindeer.a developing trophic mismatch between the peak of energy demands by reproducing animals and the peak of forage availability has caused many species' reproductive success to decrease. the match-mismatch hypothesis (mmh) is an appealing concept that can be used to assess such fitness consequences. however, concerns have been raised on applying the mmh on capital breeders such as reindeer because the reliance on maternal capita rather than dietary income may mitigate negative effects of changing ph ...202032440272
can reindeer husbandry management slow down the shrubification of the arctic?rapid climate change is threatening the stability and functioning of arctic ecosystems. as the arctic warms, shrubs have been widely observed to expand, which has potentially serious consequences for global climate regulation and for the ecological processes characterising these ecosystems. however, it is currently unclear why this shrubification has been spatially uneven across the arctic, with herbivory being suggested as a key regulating factor. by taking advantage of freely available satelli ...202032421670
non-destructive zooms identification reveals strategic bone tool raw material selection by neandertals.five nearly identical fragments of specialized bone tools, interpreted as lissoirs (french for "smoothers"), have been found at two middle paleolithic sites in southwest france. the finds span three separate archaeological deposits, suggesting continuity in the behavior of late neandertals. using standard morphological assessments, we determined that the lissoirs were produced on ribs of medium-sized ungulates. however, since these bones are highly fragmented and anthropogenically modified, spec ...202032385291
caribou in the cross-fire? considering terrestrial lichen forage in the face of mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae) expansion.mountain pine beetle (mpb) has become an invasive forest pest of mature pine in western north america as it spreads beyond its former endemic range. management actions such as timber harvest can reduce the spread of mpb but may affect species of conservation concern like woodland caribou. our goal was to inform mpb management within caribou ranges by exploring the impacts of mpb on caribou habitat-focusing on terrestrial lichens, an important winter food for caribou. we evaluated differences in ...202032353088
suicide among reindeer herding sámi in sweden, 1961-2017.this study analyses suicides amongst reindeer herding sámi in sweden using information from the database of the national board of forensic medicine. suicides were identified using registers (39 suicides from 1961-2000) and key informants (11 suicides from 2001-2017). a great majority of cases were males (43 males, 7 females), and 50% occurred in the northernmost region. the mean age was 37.4 years with a peak in the group 20-29 years of age. shooting was the most common (56%) method, followed by ...202032310737
the economics of conservation debt: a natural capital approach to revealed valuation of ecological dynamics.some species are valued for their direct usefulness to society, through immediate financial returns from market activities such as harvesting or ecotourism. but many are valued for their passive usefulness, i.e., their mere existence contributes to supporting, regulating or cultural environmental services that support human well-being. hence, there is inherent social value to conserving such species as natural assets. however, such species are seldom priced as natural assets, and thus not accoun ...202032297391
renal trace elements in barren-ground caribou subpopulations: temporal trends and differing effects of sex, age and season.caribou (rangifer tarandus) are a culturally significant food resource for communities in northern canada and greenland. many barren-ground caribou subpopulations are currently in decline, some dramatically; understanding the influence of stressors, such as toxic trace metals, is important. these contaminants enter arctic terrestrial environments via atmospheric transport from industrialized areas and from local sources, accumulating there in the environment. understanding how trace element conc ...202032272411
radiocarbon chronology and environmental context of last glacial maximum human occupation in switzerland.central europe during the last glacial maximum (lgm) was dominated by polar desert and steppe-tundra biomes. despite this, a human presence during this time period is evident at several locations across the region, including in switzerland, less than 50 km from the alpine ice sheet margin. it has been hypothesised that such human activity may have been restricted to brief periods of climatic warming within the lgm, but chronological information from many of these sites are currently too poorly r ...202032170159
analysis of genetic information from the antlers of rangifer tarandus (reindeer) at the rapid growth stage.reindeer is the only deer species in which both males and females regularly grow antlers, providing an excellent model for studying the rapid growth and annual regeneration of antlers. the study of genetic information from reindeer is the basis for revealing the unique mechanism of antler growth. in the present study, we obtained 18.86 gb of clean reads, which were assembled to obtain 94,575 unigenes (average length: 704.69). among these reads, 30,980 sequences were identified by searching a dat ...202032168333
wild ruminants as reservoirs of domestic livestock gastrointestinal nematodes.gastrointestinal nematode (gin) infections in cattle cause appetite suppression which leads to poor feed conversion, reduced weight gain and reduced milk production. overuse and exclusive reliance on anthelmintic drugs has resulted in widespread resistance in many parasitic nematode species infecting livestock making control increasingly difficult. wild ruminants are competent hosts of a number of nematode species that typically infect and are best adapted for cattle, sheep, and goats. thus, the ...202032160579
when the protection of a threatened species depends on the economy of a foreign nation.a significant challenge of conservation biology is to preserve species in places where their critical habitat also attracts significant economic interest. the problem is compounded when species distributions occur across large spatial extents. threatened boreal caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) epitomize this problem: their critical habitat encompasses a vast expanse of forest that also supplies much of canada's merchantable timber. boreal caribou were protected under the canada species at ris ...202032160207
watershed, climate, and stable isotope data (oxygen-18 and deuterium) for 50 boreal lakes in the oil sands region, northeastern alberta, canada, 2002-2017.watershed data, climate and stable data collected over a 16-year period from a network of 50 lakes in northeastern alberta, are provided to allow for broader incorporation into regional assessments of environmental impacts, particularly hydrologic and geochemical processes under changing climate and land use development. oxygen-18 and deuterium analyses of water samples are provided from late summer surveys of 50 lakes with varying land cover and permafrost conditions. six sub-groups of lakes ar ...202032154345
potential impact of restricted caribou (rangifer tarandus) consumption on anemia prevalence among inuit adults in northern canada.caribou (rangifer tarandus) is the top dietary source of iron and several micronutrients necessary for red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) in the contemporary diet of inuit adults across canada. many caribou populations across the circumpolar north, however, have experienced dramatic declines in recent decades. restricted access to caribou may negatively impact the nutrition and health of inuit communities.201932153943
when does weather synchronize life-history traits? spatiotemporal patterns in juvenile body mass of two ungulates.theory predicts that animal populations will be synchronized over large distances by weather and climatic conditions with high spatial synchrony. however, local variation in population responses to weather, and low synchrony in key weather variables or in other ecological processes may reduce the population synchrony. we investigated to what extent temperature and precipitation during different periods of the year synchronized juvenile body mass of moose and reindeer in norway. we expected high ...202032108334
arctic design: revisiting traditional fur clothing within the daily routine of reindeer nomads.this research investigates the domain of indigenous fur clothing for the extreme conditions of the arctic. the main goal is to reveal the principles of personal wellbeing through observing and analyzing traditional nenets fur coat and footwear together with the actual experiences of making and using clothing items. for that, we draw from the existing pool of research on functional parameters tested and evaluated in a lab and our empirical data (interviews and participant observations 2013-2016), ...202032099916
neonatal mortality and temperature in two northern swedish rural parishes, 1860-1899-the significance of ethnicity and gender.the aim of this study was to analyze the association between season of birth and daily temperature for neonatal mortality in two swedish rural parishes between 1860 and 1899. further, we aimed to study whether the association varied according to ethnicity (indigenous sami reindeer herders and non-sami settlers) and gender. the source material for this study comprised digitized parish records from the demographic data base, umeå university, combined with local weather data provided by the swedish ...202032070044
factors contributing to anthrax outbreaks in the circumpolar north.a 2016 outbreak of anthrax on the yamal peninsula in siberia that led to the culling of more than two hundred thousand reindeer and killed one human, resulted in significant media interests and in the reporting was often linked to thawing permafrost and ultimately climate change. here, we review the historic context of anthrax outbreaks in the circumpolar north and explore alternative explanations for the anthrax outbreak in western siberia. further, we propose a convergence model where multiple ...202032006181
response of barren-ground caribou to advancing spring phenology.phenological shifts are occurring in many ecosystems around the world. the capacity of species to adapt to changing phenology will be critical to their success under climate change scenarios. failure to adjust migratory and reproductive timing to keep pace with the earlier onset of spring has led to negative demographic effects for populations of species across a variety of taxa. for caribou, there have been concerns that earlier spring green-up on calving areas might not be matched by earlier m ...202031982951
the biogeography of the caribou lungworm, varestrongylus eleguneniensis (nematoda: protostrongylidae) across northern north america.varestrongylus eleguneniensis (nematoda; protostrongylidae) is a recently described species of lungworm that infects caribou (rangifer tarandus), muskoxen (ovibos moschatus) and moose (alces americanus) across northern north america. herein we explore the geographic distribution of v. eleguneniensis through geographically extensive sampling and discuss the biogeography of this multi-host parasite. we analyzed fecal samples of three caribou subspecies (n = 1485), two muskox subspecies (n = 159), ...202031970056
microbiota in foods from inuit traditional hunting.the foods we eat contain microorganisms that we ingest alongside the food. industrialized food systems offer great advantages from a safety point of view, but have also been accused of depleting the diversity of the human microbiota with negative implications for human health. in contrast, artisanal traditional foods are potential sources of a diverse food microbiota. traditional foods of the greenlandic inuit are comprised of animal-sourced foods prepared in the natural environment and are ofte ...202031935269
climate change and reindeer management in finland: co-analysis of practitioner knowledge and meteorological data for better adaptation.we studied interannual variability and changes over time in selected climate indices in the reindeer management area (rma) in northern finland. we present together the knowledge possessed by reindeer herders with information from meteorological measurements over three decades. the practitioner knowledge was gathered via a survey questionnaire addressing herder observations of long-term changes (approximately during the past 30 years) in climatic conditions and their impacts on herding during the ...202031926410
a multi-pathogen screening of captive reindeer (rangifer tarandus) in germany based on serological and molecular assays.captive reindeer in german zoos and wildlife parks live outside their natural geographic range and are exposed to a variety of viral, bacterial and protozoan pathogens, some host-specific and some which they are not exposed to in their native habitat. reindeer blood samples and ticks collected in 2013 from 123 reindeer at 16 different zoological facilities were available from a previous study. the aims of this study were to assess the serological status of these animals with regards to various m ...201931921918
pestivirus infections in semi-domesticated eurasian tundra reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus): a retrospective cross-sectional serological study in finnmark county, norway.members of the pestivirus genus (family flaviviridae) cause severe and economically important diseases in livestock. serological studies have revealed the presence of pestiviruses in different cervid species, including wild and semi-domesticated eurasian tundra reindeer. in this retrospective study, serum samples collected between 2006 and 2008 from 3339 semi-domesticated eurasian reindeer from finnmark county, norway, were tested for anti-pestivirus antibodies using an enzyme linked immunosorbe ...201931888097
chronic wasting disease associated with prion protein gene (prnp) variation in norwegian wild reindeer (rangifer tarandus).the emergence of cwd in europe in 2016 and the first natural infection in wild reindeer warranted disease management. this led to the testing of 2424 hunted or culled reindeer during 2016-2018, from the infected subpopulation in the nordfjella mountain range in southern norway. to identify any association between prnp variation and cwd susceptibility, we characterized the open reading frame of the prnp gene in 19 cwd positive reindeer and in 101 age category- and sex-matched cwd negative control ...202031852336
sea ice loss increases genetic isolation in a high arctic ungulate metapopulation.sea ice loss may have dramatic consequences for population connectivity, extinction-colonization dynamics, and even the persistence of arctic species subject to climate change. this is of particular concern in face of additional anthropogenic stressors, such as overexploitation. in this study, we assess the population-genetic implications of diminishing sea ice cover in the endemic, high arctic svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) by analyzing the interactive effects of landscape ...201931849126
a screening of select toxic and essential elements and persistent organic pollutants in the fur of svalbard reindeer.reindeers play an important role in the polar ecosystem, being long-lived sole vegetarians feeding on local vegetation. they can be used as a valuable bioindicator, helping us to understand contaminants' impact on the polar terrestrial ecosystem. still, scarce data exist from research in which polar herbivores (especially those from the european parts of the arctic) were a major study subject for trace elements and persistent organic pollutant determination. here, svalbard reindeer fur has been ...202031846790
partnering with taxidermists for improved chronic wasting disease surveillance.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a neurodegenerative disease of cervids caused by a misfolded protein called a prion. this disease affects captive and free-ranging deer, moose, elk, and reindeer, and has been detected in 26 states. cervids infected with cwd may be asymptomatic for months or years. in most areas, older male deer have higher prevalence rates. prior to 2013, cwd surveillance in new york state focused on testing samples of convenience, by collecting deer heads from meat processors. ...201931835654
transfer of transuranium elements along the food chain lichen-reindeer-man - a review of investigations in finnish lapland.following the atmospheric nuclear tests in the '50s and early '60s radioecological research on the (sub)arctic food chain lichen-reindeer/caribou-man was initiated in finland among other northern countries. the enrichment of radionuclides in this food chain can lead to exceptionally high body burdens among the indigenous sami and inuit populations consuming large quantities of the meat and edible organs of reindeer and caribou. in finland, first fission and activation products and natural radion ...202031818734
genetic diversity of aoluguya reindeer based on d-loop region of mtdna and its conservation implications.aoluguya reindeer is the only reindeer population in china. in recent years, habitat loss and inbreeding have led to population decline, and population growth has been slow, maintaining a thousand or so. to better protect the aoluguya reindeer and improve its fecundity, we have introduced reindeer from finland, crossbreeding help us to reach this goal. however, it is lacking in the study of genetic diversity of reindeer in china and finland. therefore, we used the partial sequences of the d-loop ...202031809841
stabilizing selection and adaptive evolution in a combination of two traits in an arctic ungulate.stabilizing selection is thought to be common in wild populations and act as one of the main evolutionary mechanisms, which constrain phenotypic variation. when multiple traits interact to create a combined phenotype, correlational selection may be an important process driving adaptive evolution. here, we report on phenotypic selection and evolutionary changes in two natal traits in a semidomestic population of reindeer (rangifer tarandus) in northern finland. the population has been closely mon ...202031808544
dietary patterns of adults and their associations with sami ethnicity, sociodemographic factors, and lifestyle factors in a rural multiethnic population of northern norway - the saminor 2 clinical survey.few population-based studies have assessed dietary behaviors in the rural multiethnic population of northern norway. the present study determined dietary patterns and investigated their association with sami ethnicity, sociodemographic factors, and lifestyle factors in a multiethnic population in rural northern norway.201931801498
measuring faecal glucocorticoid metabolites to assess adrenocortical activity in reindeer.several non-invasive methods for assessing stress responses have been developed and validated for many animal species. due to species-specific differences in metabolism and excretion of stress hormones, methods should be validated for each species. the aim of this study was to conduct a physiological validation of an 11-oxoaetiocholanolone enzyme immunoassay (eia) for measuring faecal cortisol metabolites (fcms) in male reindeer by administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (acth; intramuscu ...201931752137
investigating reindeer pastoralism and exploitation of high mountain zones in northern mongolia through ice patch archaeology.in interior eurasia, high mountain zones are crucial to pastoral subsistence, providing seasonally productive pastures and abundant wild resources. in some areas of northern mongolia, mountainous tundra zones also support a low-latitude population of domestic reindeer herders-a lifestyle whose origins are poorly characterized in the archaeological record of early mongolia. traditionally, reindeer pastoralists make significant seasonal use of munkh mus (eternal ice) for their domestic herds, usin ...201931747407
origins of chinese reindeer (rangifer tarandus) based on mitochondrial dna analyses.the most southern population of reindeer (rangifer tarandus) inhabits northeastern china, but the migration route and origin of this population have not been confirmed. the sequences of mitochondrial dna control regions from domestic and wild herds from eurasia and china were analysed. the results showed that the chinese reindeer population originated independently from north-central russian domestic herds, belonging to a large reindeer population that was present across beringia during the last ...201931721804
[the distinctive characteristics of the nutrient composition of reindeer meat from the vorkuta district determined by the conditions of the region of origin].reindeer meat is an important source of crucial nutrients (protein, fat, minerals) in nutrition of arctic indigenous people. the authentic meat properties are formed under the influence of many factors, the main of which are the lifetime factors including the region of production and peculiarities of keeping. the regional peculiarities of the reindeer meat composition are quite poorly reflected in the reference books on the chemical composition of food products and in the scientific publications ...202031710790
seroprevalence of pestivirus in eurasian tundra reindeer in finland, sweden, norway, iceland and russian federation.reindeer herding is of great importance for the indigenous people of the fennoscandia peninsula and northern russia. there are also free-ranging feral populations of reindeer in finland, iceland, norway and russian federation. the genus pestivirus contains several viral species that infect ungulates and often show capacity to transmit between different host species. sera from 520 eurasian tundra reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) from finland, sweden, norway, iceland and russian federation we ...201931700582
longest terrestrial migrations and movements around the world.long-distance terrestrial migrations are imperiled globally. we determined both round-trip migration distances (straight-line measurements between migratory end points) and total annual movement (sum of the distances between successive relocations over a year) for a suite of large mammals that had potential for long-distance movements to test which species displayed the longest of both. we found that caribou likely do exhibit the longest terrestrial migrations on the planet, but, over the course ...201931654045
corridors or risk? movement along, and use of, linear features varies predictably among large mammal predator and prey species.space-use behaviour reflects trade-offs in meeting ecological needs and can have consequences for individual survival and population demographics. the mechanisms underlying space use can be understood by simultaneously evaluating habitat selection and movement patterns, and fine-resolution locational data are increasing our ability to do so. we use high-resolution location data and an integrated step-selection analysis to evaluate caribou, moose, bear, and wolf habitat selection and movement beh ...202031648375
a review of climate change impacts on the ecosystem services in the saami homeland in finland.the aim of this work is (i) to review the recent studies on weather and climate change in finnish sápmi and to present the literature review findings alongside our survey on the observations made by local reindeer herders on the same phenomena, and, further, (ii) to review the impacts of climate change on the ecosystem services (es) in finnish sápmi. the focus of the study is on the impacts of climate change on those habitat, provisioning and cultural ecosystem services which are interconnected ...201931539939
structure, morphology and composition of fur on different parts of reindeer (rangifer tarandus) foot.in the long-distance migration of reindeer in winter, furs of reindeer foot, as the part in direct contacting with the external environment, can play the role of protection and heat preservation. with furs on different parts of the right posterior foot (fibular side, tibial side and planta pedis) as research objects, the microstructure of reindeer foot furs was observed with a scanning electron microscope. the image displayed that the reindeer foot furs was divided into 3 layers, namely cuticula ...201931525719
no evidence of inbreeding depression in fast declining herds of migratory caribou.identifying inbreeding depression early in small and declining populations is essential for management and conservation decisions. correlations between heterozygosity and fitness (hfcs) provide a way to identify inbreeding depression without prior knowledge of kinship among individuals. in northern quebec and labrador, the size of two herds of migratory caribou (rivière-george, rg and rivière-aux-feuilles, raf) has declined by one to two orders of magnitude in the last three decades. this raises ...201931514251
silver spoon effects are constrained under extreme adult environmental conditions.early-life environmental conditions may generate cohort differences in individual fitness, subsequently affecting population growth rates. three, nonmutually exclusive hypotheses predict the nature of these fitness differences: (1) silver spoon effects, where individuals born in good conditions perform better across the range of adult environments; (2) the "environmental saturation" hypothesis, where fitness differences only occur in intermediate adult environmental conditions; and (3) the "envi ...201931502296
the effects of short-term medroxyprogesterone acetate on rut related behaviors, semen characteristics and fertility in farmed reindeer bulls.the effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate (mpa) on velvet antler cleaning, hypophagia, aggressive behavior and fertility were evaluated in farmed reindeer bulls during a 2-year study. eight reindeer bulls aged 1-4 years were divided into 2 groups balanced for age. during each year, one group (mpa, n = 4) was treated with mpa 2 wk prior to the expected onset of rut while the other group (ctl, n = 4) served as untreated controls. feed consumption, behavior and antler cleaning were recorded daily ...201931491645
toxicological screening and dna sequencing detects contamination and adulteration in regulated herbal medicines and supplements for diet, weight loss and cardiovascular health.use of herbal medicines and supplements by consumers to prevent or treat disease, particularly chronic conditions continues to grow, leading to increased awareness of the minimal regulation standards in many countries. fraudulent, adulterated and contaminated herbal and traditional medicines and dietary supplements are a risk to consumer health, with adverse effects and events including overdose, drug-herb interactions and hospitalisation. the scope of the risk has been difficult to determine, p ...201931472365
spatial heterogeneity in climate change effects decouples the long-term dynamics of wild reindeer populations in the high arctic.the 'moran effect' predicts that dynamics of populations of a species are synchronized over similar distances as their environmental drivers. strong population synchrony reduces species viability, but spatial heterogeneity in density dependence, the environment, or its ecological responses may decouple dynamics in space, preventing extinctions. how such heterogeneity buffers impacts of global change on large-scale population dynamics is not well studied. here, we show that spatially autocorrelat ...201931435996
early-life conditions determine the between-individual heterogeneity in plasticity of calving date in reindeer.phenotypic plasticity has become a key concept to enhance our ability to understand the adaptive potential of species to track the pace of climate change by allowing a relatively rapid adjustment of life-history traits. recently, population-level trends of an earlier timing of reproduction to climate change have been highlighted in many taxa, but only few studies have explicitly taken into consideration between-individual heterogeneity in phenotypic plasticity. using a long-term data of a semi-d ...202031429472
measuring the radiation exposure of norwegian reindeer under field conditions.models and approaches have been developed to predict radiation exposure of wildlife under field conditions. however, there have been few attempts to directly measure radiation exposure of wildlife in the field and confirm the doses predicted by models. this is a potential issue for stakeholder acceptance of modelling-based assessments. here is presented a comprehensive study comparing the results of different dosimeters fitted to free-ranging reindeer inhabiting an area that received comparative ...201931412467
spatial differences in genetic diversity and northward migration suggest genetic erosion along the boreal caribou southern range limit and continued range retraction.with increasing human activities and associated landscape changes, distributions of terrestrial mammals become fragmented. these changes in distribution are often associated with reduced population sizes and loss of genetic connectivity and diversity (i.e., genetic erosion) which may further diminish a species' ability to respond to changing environmental conditions and lead to local population extinctions. we studied threatened boreal caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) populations across their ...201931380031
effects of reindeer grazing and recovery after cessation of grazing on the ground-dwelling spider assemblage in finnish lapland.the effect of reindeer rangifer tarandus l. grazing on the ground-dwelling spider assemblage in northern finland was studied. changes in species richness, abundance and evenness of spider assemblages were analyzed in relation to changes in vegetation and environmental factors in long term grazed and ungrazed sites as well as sites that had recently switched from grazed to ungrazed and vice versa. grazing was found to have a significant impact on height and biomass of lichens and other ground veg ...201931346502
the caribou (rangifer tarandus) genome.rangifer tarandus, known as caribou or reindeer, is a widespread circumpolar species which presents significant variability in their morphology, ecology, and genetics. a genome was sequenced from a male boreal caribou (r. t. caribou) from manitoba, canada. both paired end and chicago libraries were constructed and sequenced on illumina platforms. the final assembly consists of approximately 2.205 gb, and has a scaffold n50 of 11.765 mb. busco (benchmarking universal single-copy orthologs) recons ...201931319535
gastrointestinal parasites in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus): a review focusing on fennoscandia.reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) are known to host a wide variety of parasites, including those in the gastrointestinal system. here, we review the current knowledge of the main gastrointestinal parasites of reindeer focusing on northern fennoscandia, which comprises parts of finland, sweden, norway and russia. we explore both the historical baseline data for diversity and distribution and recent advancements in our understanding of parasite faunas in reindeer across this region. it is evid ...201931303237
biological adaptations in the arctic cervid, the reindeer (rangifer tarandus).the reindeer is an arctic species that exhibits distinctive biological characteristics, for which the underlying genetic basis remains largely unknown. we compared the genomes of reindeer against those of other ruminants and nonruminant mammals to reveal the genetic basis of light arrhythmicity, high vitamin d metabolic efficiency, the antler growth trait of females, and docility. we validate that two reindeer vitamin d metabolic genes (cyp27b1 and por) show signs of positive selection and exhib ...201931221829
season of birth, stillbirths, and neonatal mortality in sweden: the sami and non-sami population, 1800-1899.seasonal patterns of neonatal mortality and stillbirths have been found around the world. however, little is known about the association between season of birth and infant mortality of pre-industrial societies in a subarctic environment. in this study, we compared how season of birth affected the neonatal and stillbirth risk among the sami and non-sami in swedish sápmi during the nineteenth century. using digitised parish records from the demographic data base at umeå university, we applied logi ...201931221048
using seasonal landscape models to predict space use and migratory patterns of an arctic ungulate.caribou in the western arctic herd undertake one of the longest, remaining intact migrations of terrestrial mammals in the world. they are also the most important subsistence resource for many northern rural residents, who rely on the caribou's migratory movements to bring them near for harvest. migratory geography has never been static, but subsistence harvesters have reported recent shifts in migration away from areas where they traditionally occurred. the reasons behind these changes are not ...201931183112
dna methylation and mrna expression of col6a3 in antler mesenchyme of female and male reindeer.reindeer is the only deer species that both male and female produce antlers, which provides a particularly interesting case in studying the differences between antlers of the two sexes. alpha 3(vi) collagen gene (col6a3), forms a microfibrillar network associated with the structural integrity and biomechanical properties, has been found to be one of the differentially expressed genes in antler mesenchyme of female and male reindeer.201931134592
space use and social association in a gregarious ungulate: testing the conspecific attraction and resource dispersion hypotheses.animals use a variety of proximate cues to assess habitat quality when resources vary spatiotemporally. two nonmutually exclusive strategies to assess habitat quality involve either direct assessment of landscape features or observation of social cues from conspecifics as a form of information transfer about forage resources. the conspecific attraction hypothesis proposes that individual space use is dependent on the distribution of conspecifics rather than the location of resource patches, wher ...201931110667
occurrence of yersinia rohdei among feral reindeer (rangifer t. tarandus) and kelp gulls (larus dominicanus) on the sub-antarctic island south georgia.introduction: during a research expedition in 2012, faecal samples were collected from feral reindeer and kelp gulls on the main island of south georgia in the sub-antarctic region of the atlantic. the samples were analysed for bacteria of the genus yersinia with the aim of identifying isolates to the species level. materials and methods: a total of 11 reindeer samples and 26 kelp gull samples were retrieved from the location of stromness, kept refrigerated and cultivated for gram-negative bacte ...201831105907
infectious disease outbreak associated with supplementary feeding of semi-domesticated reindeer.supplementary winter feeding of semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) has become more common in sweden and norway due to reindeer pasture fragmentation and climatic conditions. with increased corralling and feeding, often associated with animal stress, increased animal-to-animal contact, and poor hygienic conditions, an altered range of health challenges and diseases may emerge. an outbreak of three different infectious diseases appeared simultaneously in a reindeer herd in nor ...201931058176
a zoonotic parasite, linguatula serrata, infection in a dog imported from ethiopia to the united states.a moderate number of oval-shaped, 114.7 × 61.3 μm in size, amber-colored, arthropod-like eggs that had chitinous, smooth, semi-thickened outer wall and 2-4 short appendages armed with 2 terminal hook-like structures were detected in multiple fecal samples from an approximately 9-month-old, intact female, collie-mixed dog that had been recently imported from ethiopia to oklahoma, united states. initially the unusual arthropod-like eggs were considered to be a pseudoparasite, most likely mite eggs ...201931027605
gastrointestinal parasites in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) calves from fennoscandia: an epidemiological study.reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) host numerous parasites. although there is a general knowledge about parasite diversity in reindeer, detailed baseline information about parasitic infections is limited. detailed knowledge of parasite prevalence and diversity provide a pathway for more targeted parasite control, an increasing need expected in the future. the main aim of our cross-sectional study was to estimate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in semidomesticated reindeer calves. ...201931027604
temporal trend of mercury in relation to feeding habits and food availability in arctic foxes (vulpes lagopus) from svalbard, norway.we investigated the temporal trend of mercury (hg) in arctic foxes from svalbard, norway sampled in the period 1997-2014 (n = 109, from 11 trapping seasons). we used linear models to investigate the effect of trapping season, feeding habits (δ13c), food availability from marine and terrestrial ecosystems (reindeer carcasses and sea ice cover), sex, age and body condition on liver total hg (thg) levels. liver thg levels increased in arctic foxes with 7.2% (95% ci: 2.3, 9.6) per year when the conc ...201931018428
web-based application for threatened woodland caribou population modeling.woodland caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) are threatened in canada, with population and distribution declines evident in most regions of the country. causes of declines are linked to landscape change from forest fires and human development, notably forestry oil and gas activities, which result in caribou habitat loss and affect ecosystem food webs. the federal species at risk act requires effective protection and restoration of caribou habitat, with actions to increase caribou survival. these ...201931007303
contrasting vegetation states do not diverge in soil organic matter storage: evidence from historical sites in tundra.ecosystems where severe disturbance has induced permanent shifts in vegetation and soil processes may represent alternative stable states. to date, little is known on how long-lasting changes in soil processes are following such disturbances, and how the changes in plant and soil processes between the alternative states eventually manifest themselves in soil organic matter (som) storage. here, we analyzed plant density, the shrub : forb ratio, microbial respiration, extracellular enzyme activiti ...201930991449
more frequent extreme climate events stabilize reindeer population dynamics.extreme climate events often cause population crashes but are difficult to account for in population-dynamic studies. especially in long-lived animals, density dependence and demography may induce lagged impacts of perturbations on population growth. in arctic ungulates, extreme rain-on-snow and ice-locked pastures have led to severe population crashes, indicating that increasingly frequent rain-on-snow events could destabilize populations. here, using empirically parameterized, stochastic popul ...201930962419
saving endangered species using adaptive management.adaptive management is a powerful means of learning about complex ecosystems, but is rarely used for recovering endangered species. here, we demonstrate how it can benefit woodland caribou, which became the first large mammal extirpated from the contiguous united states in recent history. the continental scale of forest alteration and extended time needed for forest recovery means that relying only on habitat protection and restoration will likely fail. therefore, population management is also n ...201930858314
prioritization of landscape connectivity for the conservation of peary caribou.adequate connectivity between discontinuous habitat patches is crucial for the persistence of metapopulations across space and time. loss of landscape connectivity is often a direct result of fragmentation caused by human activities but also can be caused indirectly through anthropogenic climate change. peary caribou (rangifer tarandus pearyi) are widely dispersed across the islands of the canadian arctic archipelago and rely on sea ice to move seasonally between island habitats throughout their ...201930847104
chlamydia pecorum associated with an outbreak of infectious keratoconjunctivitis in semi-domesticated reindeer in sweden.infectious keratoconjunctivitis (ikc), the most common ocular disease in ruminants worldwide, has affected semi-domesticated eurasian reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) for over 100 years, both as individual cases and in outbreaks affecting tens to hundreds of animals. recurrent ikc outbreaks have been affecting a semi-domesticated reindeer herd in östra kikkejaure (norrbotten county, sweden) from 2014. the latest episode of these recurrent outbreaks, in winter 2016/2017, was investigated in ...201930805351
mycoplasma ovipneumoniae associated with polymicrobial pneumonia in a free-ranging yearling barren ground caribou (rangifer tarandus granti) from alaska, usa.mycoplasma ovipneumoniae has been reported in association with respiratory disease in the wild only in members of the subfamily caprinae of the family bovidae. we identified m. ovipneumoniae in a cervid: a free-ranging barren ground caribou (rangifer tarandus granti) yearling with polymicrobial bronchopneumonia.201930768915
antler growth as a cost of reproduction in female reindeer.the costs of reproduction are important in shaping individual life histories, and hence population dynamics, but the mechanistic pathways of such costs are often unknown. female reindeer have evolved antlers possibly due to interference competition on winter-feeding grounds. here, we investigate if variation in antler size explains part of the cost of reproduction in late winter mass of female reindeer. we captured 440 individual svalbard reindeer a total of 1426 times over 16 years and measured ...201930725371
partitioning drivers of spatial genetic variation for a continuously distributed population of boreal caribou: implications for management unit delineation.isolation by distance (ibd) is a natural pattern not readily incorporated into theoretical models nor traditional metrics for differentiating populations, although clinal genetic differentiation can be characteristic of many wildlife species. landscape features can also drive population structure additive to baseline ibd resulting in differentiation through isolation-by-resistance (ibr). we assessed the population genetic structure of boreal caribou across western canada using nonspatial (struct ...201930680102
evaluation of the use of reindeer droppings for monitoring essential and non-essential elements in the polar terrestrial environment.excess or toxic metals, non-metals and metalloids can be eliminated from the organism by deposition in inert tissue (e.g. fur) or excretion with body secretions, urine and faeces. droppings are one of the main routes for the elimination of multiple elements and they can be collected without direct contact with the animal. contaminant concentration has been examined in non-lethally collected tissues of several species (especially reptilian, avian and mammalian). however, studies on species residi ...201930677983
rapid identification of cervus antlers by species-specific pcr assay.a rapid pcr technology was developed to differentiate cervus antlers species and adulteration based on the difference in mitochondrial genome. three specifically designed primer sets were confirmed to have high inter-species specificity and good intra-species stability. limits of detection were estimated to be 1 ng of genomes for reindeer and 10 ng for the other species. especially, when the mixture of cervus antlers and reindeer or sambar was assayed, these primer sets still exhibited strong ca ...202030663383
functional responses in habitat selection: clarifying hypotheses and interpretations.a fundamental challenge in habitat ecology and management is understanding the mechanisms generating animal distributions. studies of habitat selection provide a lens into such mechanisms, but are often limited by unrealistic assumptions. for example, most studies assume that habitat selection is constant with respect to the availability of resources, such that habitat use remains proportional to availability. to the contrary, a growing body of work has shown the fallacy of this assumption, indi ...201930653797
moose and caribou as novel sources of functional lipids: fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids, diglycerides and monoacetyldiglycerides.fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (fahfa), diglycerides (dg) and monoacetyldiglycerides (macdg) are gaining interest as functional lipids in pharmaceuticals and functional food formulations for managing and treating metabolic or inflammatory diseases. herein, we investigated whether the antler and/or meat of two cervids (moose and caribou) are novel sources of fahfa, dg and macdg. we observed fahfa present in moose and caribou composed mainly of polyunsaturated families, and that the este ...201930634564
natal habitat preference induction in large mammals-like mother, like child?habitat selection has received considerable attention from ecologists during the last decades, yet the underlying forces shaping individual differences in habitat selection are poorly documented. some of these differences could be explained by the early experience of individuals in their natal habitat. by selecting habitat attributes like those encountered early in life, individuals could improve resource acquisition, survival, and ultimately fitness. this behavior, known as natal habitat prefer ...201830619569
health survey of boreal caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) in northeastern british columbia, canada.boreal woodland caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) are listed as threatened across canada, and a basic understanding of their health status is lacking. from december 2012 to april 2013, we investigated multiple health indices for adult female boreal caribou (n=163) captured from seven herds in ne british columbia, canada. health indices included physical characteristics, physiologic and trace mineral status, exposure to or infection with selected pathogens, and measures of chronic stress and in ...201930605390
examining management scenarios to mitigate wildfire hazard to caribou conservation projects using burn probability modeling.the boreal forests of alberta have extensive networks of legacy seismic exploration lines that have been linked to the decline of boreal woodland caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) populations throughout the region. in order to improve habitat quality for caribou, energy companies are investing significant resources in the restoration of many of these seismic lines in key areas, however, frequent large and intense wildfires may compromise the effectiveness of these conservation measures. to min ...201930580119
besnoitia tarandi in canadian woodland caribou - isolation, characterization and suitability for serological tests.in the present study, we report the first in vitro isolation of besnoitia tarandi from north america and the second of b. tarandi at all. the parasite was isolated directly from the skin of a canadian woodland caribou from the migratory ecotype. the animal belonged to the leaf river herd, in northern quebec, canada. the isolate was designated bt-ca-quebec1. sequencing of the 3'-end of the 18s rrna gene, the complete sequence of the its1 and the 5'-end of the 5.8s rrna gene of bt-ca-quebec1 revea ...201930555783
genome sequence of a single-stranded dna virus identified in gila monster feces.the gila monster (heloderma suspectum) is native to the sonoran desert. metagenomic analyses of a gila monster fecal sample revealed the presence of a small, circular, single-stranded dna virus that is most closely related to a gemykrogvirus (family genomoviridae) genome from caribou feces sharing 88% genome-wide pairwise identity.201830533904
snow and reindeer: large tricuspid valve mobile vegetation.a 20-year-old female with history of polysubstance abuse presented with fevers and lightheadness. blood cultures grew out streptococcus constellatus, which is known to form purulent infections when introduced in the body. evaluation with transesophageal echocardiogram showed a definite large, irregular, loosely organized, highly mobile vegetation.201830504520
genetic diversity and population structure of domestic and wild reindeer (rangifer tarandus l. 1758): a novel approach using bovinehd beadchip.reindeer (rangifer tarandus l. 1758) are an essential element of the russian far north, providing a significant source of nutrition for the representatives of 18 ethnicities. the species has wild and domestic forms, which are in constant interaction. the aim of our study was to characterize the genetic structure of domestic and wild reindeer populations, using a genome-wide bovine genotyping array (bovinehd beadchip). the wild reindeer samples were obtained from the western taymyr peninsula popu ...201830500861
soil humic acids degrade cwd prions and reduce infectivity.chronic wasting disease (cwd), an environmentally transmissible, fatal prion disease is endemic in north america, present in south korea and has recently been confirmed in northern europe. the expanding geographic range of this contagious disease of free-ranging deer, moose, elk and reindeer has resulted in increasing levels of prion infectivity in the environment. soils are involved in cwd horizontal transmission, acting as an environmental reservoir, and soil mineral and organic compounds have ...201830496301
mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in wildlife species beyond subfamily caprinae.elucidating the emergence of mycoplasma ovipneumoniae-associated respiratory disease in ruminants requires identification of the pathogen host range. this bacterium was thought to be host restricted to subfamily caprinae, but we describe its identification in healthy moose, caribou, and mule deer and diseased mule and white-tailed deer, all species in subfamily capreolinae.201830457547
the annual, temporal and spatial pattern of setaria tundra outbreaks in finnish reindeer: a mechanistic transmission model approach.in northern finland (lapland), reindeer are reared as semi-domesticated animals. the region has a short summer season of 2-3 months, yet reindeer are infected with the mosquito-borne filarioid parasite setaria tundra. the infection causes peritonitis and perihepatitis, which cause significant economic losses due to reduced body weight of infected animals. the objective of this study was to: (i) describe the spatial and temporal pattern of outbreaks in three different areas across finnish lapland ...201830415639
compensatory conservation measures for an endangered caribou population under climate change.future human land use and climate change may disrupt movement behaviors of terrestrial animals, thereby altering the ability of individuals to move across a landscape. some of the expected changes result from processes whose effects will be difficult to alter, such as global climate change. we present a novel framework in which we use models to (1) identify the ecological changes from these difficult-to-alter processes, as well as (2) the potential conservation measures that are best able to com ...201830401921
recombinant prion protein vaccination of transgenic elk prp mice and reindeer overcomes self-tolerance and protects mice against chronic wasting disease.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects cervids in north america and now europe. no effective measures are available to control cwd. we hypothesized that active vaccination with homologous and aggregation-prone recombinant prion protein (prp) could overcome self-tolerance and induce autoantibody production against the cellular isoform of prp (prpc), which would be protective against cwd infection from peripheral routes. five groups of transgenic mice expre ...201830397182
out of sight of wind turbines-reindeer response to wind farms in operation.to meet the expanding land use required for wind energy development, a better understanding of the effects on terrestrial animals' responses to such development is required. using gps-data from 50 freely ranging female reindeer (rangifer tarandus) in the malå reindeer herding community, sweden, we determined reindeer calving sites and estimated reindeer habitat selection using resource selection functions (rsf). rsfs were estimated at both second- (selection of home range) and third-order (selec ...201830386585
annual variability of heavy metal content in svalbard reindeer faeces as a result of dietary preferences.during both winter and summer, svalbard reindeer selectively feed on different types of vegetation that are not only a source of nutritional value, but also a place of heavy metal accumulation. in the present study, the content of cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, nickel, manganese, and zinc in reindeer excrement was measured. the main aims were to determine the seasonal content of several heavy metals in svalbard reindeer faeces, and to compare their values in terms of dietary preferences ...201830377969
the holistic effects of climate change on the culture, well-being, and health of the saami, the only indigenous people in the european union.(1) to develop a framework for understanding the holistic effects of climate change on the saami people; (2) to summarize the scientific evidence about the primary, secondary, and tertiary effects of climate change on saami culture and sápmi region; and (3) to identify gaps in the knowledge of the effects of climate change on health and well-being of the saami.201830350264
biased estimation of trends in cohort effects: the problems with age-period-cohort models in ecology.environmental variation can generate life-long similarities among individuals born in the same breeding event, so-called cohort effects. studies of cohort effects have to account for the potentially confounding effects of current conditions (observation year) and age of individuals. however, estimation of such models is hampered by inherent collinearity, as age is the difference between observation year (period) and cohort year. the difficulties of separating linear trends in any of the three va ...201830347112
a determinants of health conceptual model for fish and wildlife health.our objectives were to establish if the determinant of health model used in the fields of human population and public health could be adapted to wildlife health; if it was applicable to more than one species; and if it reflected how fish and wildlife managers conceptualized health in practice. a conceptual model was developed using a scoping review on fish and wildlife health and resilience coupled with a participatory process with experts on barren ground caribou ( rangifer tarandus groenlandic ...201930289339
survey of arctic alaskan wildlife for influenza a antibodies: limited evidence for exposure of mammals.influenza a viruses (iavs) are maintained in wild waterbirds and have the potential to infect a broad range of species, including wild mammals. the arctic coastal plain of alaska supports a diverse suite of species, including waterfowl that are common hosts of iavs. mammals co-occur with geese and other migratory waterbirds during the summer breeding season, providing a plausible mechanism for interclass transmission of iavs. to estimate iav seroprevalence and identify the subtypes to which gees ...201930289331
the left temporal pole is a convergence region mediating the relation between names and semantic knowledge for unique entities: further evidence from a "recognition-from-name" study in neurological patients.prior research has implicated the left temporal pole (ltp) as a critical region for naming semantically unique items, including famous faces, landmarks, and musical melodies. most studies have used a confrontation naming paradigm, where a participant is presented with a stimulus and asked to retrieve its name. we have proposed previously that the ltp functions as a two-way, bidirectional convergence region brokering between conceptual knowledge and proper names for unique entities. under this hy ...201830273798
circadian rhythmicity persists through the polar night and midnight sun in svalbard reindeer.studies of locomotor activity in svalbard reindeer reported the temporary absence of diel rhythms under arctic photic conditions. however, using lomb-scargle periodogram analyses with high statistical power we found diel or circadian rhythmicity throughout the entire year in measures of behaviour, temperature in the rumen and heart rate in free-living svalbard reindeer. significant diel rhythmicity was only lacking during some of the 15-day intervals analysed in the less frequently measured hear ...201830262810
depo-provera increases neural activity in the central amygdala of reindeer bulls.reindeer bulls are difficult to manage and dangerous to handlers during the rutting period. progesterone agonists have been used anecdotally in the field to favorably influence behavior, but effects on reproductive signaling have not been determined. the objective of this study was to determine the effects of depo-provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate) on neural activity in the amygdala of reindeer bulls in the early (n = 4) and full (n = 4) rut. treated bulls (n = 4) were injected with a single ...201832704745
brucella infection at cardiac pacemaker site in a patient who had consumed raw caribou meat in northern canada. 201830224443
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