| insulin-like growth factor-i regulates proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of calcifying vascular cells via extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways. | vascular calcification develops within atherosclerotic lesions and results from a process similar to osteogenesis. one of the paracrine regulators of bone-derived osteoblasts, insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i), is also present in atherosclerotic lesions. to evaluate its possible role in vascular calcification, we assessed its in vitro effects on proliferation and differentiation in calcifying vascular cells (cvcs), a subpopulation of bovine aortic medial cells. results showed that igf-i inhib ... | 2005 | 15692088 |
| antlers honestly advertise sperm production and quality. | evolutionary theory proposes that exaggerated male traits have evolved via sexual selection, either through female mate choice or male-male competition. while female preferences for ornamented males have been amply demonstrated in other taxa, among mammals sexual characters are commonly regarded as weapons whose main function is to enhance male competitiveness in agonistic encounters. one particularly controversial hypothesis to explain the function of male sexual characters proposes that they a ... | 2005 | 15695205 |
| clinical trials with complementary therapies. | as interest in complementary and alternative therapies grows, nurses can expect to be asked for advice regarding their use, but there are few clinical studies on which nurses can base their responses. conducting research with complementary therapies is therefore important for nursing, but there are some pitfalls in doing research with these products, particularly if one is using standard clinical-trials methods. in this article, the authors outline some of those pitfalls based on their experienc ... | 2005 | 15695580 |
| modulation of elk-dependent-transcription by gene33. | gene33 is a cytoplasmic protein expressed in many cell types, including those of renal and hepatic origin. its expression is regulated by a large number of mitogenic and stressful stimuli, both in cultured cells and in vivo. gene33 protein possesses binding domains for erbb receptors, 14-3-3 proteins, sh-3 domains, and gtp bound cdc42, suggesting that it may play a role in signal transduction. indeed, these regions of gene33 have been reported to modulate signaling through the erk, jnk, and nfka ... | 2005 | 15696545 |
| egf stimulates mesangial cell mitogenesis via pi3-kinase-mediated mapk-dependent and akt kinase-independent manner: involvement of c-fos and p27kip1. | epidermal growth factor (egf) is a potent mitogen for mesangial cells. the mechanism by which egf induces dna synthesis is not precisely understood. we investigated the role of phosphatidylinositol (pi)3-kinase in regulating mitogenesis. egf increased pi3-kinase activity resulting in stimulation of pdk-1 and akt kinase activities. blocking of pi3-kinase activity using ly-294002 or adenoviral expression of pten, which dephosphorylates pi3,4,5-tris-phosphate and thus inactivates pi3-kinase signali ... | 2005 | 15701816 |
| overexpression of tropomysin-related kinase b in metastatic human pancreatic cancer cells. | pancreatic adenocarcinoma is currently the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the united states, and most pancreatic cancers develop locally advanced disease or metastasis at the time of diagnosis. the mechanisms by which it invades and metastasizes are not known. | 2005 | 15701826 |
| paratuberculosis and avian tuberculosis infections in one red deer farm studied by is900 and is901 rflp analysis. | as the attempt to eradicate paratuberculosis in one red deer (cervus elaphus) farm failed, all 167 red deer of different age groups were slaughtered and examined by culture for mycobacteria, and the farm was closed down. spleen and hepatic lymph nodes, mediastinal lymph node, ileocecal lymph node, and ileum were collected from each animal and examined (a total of 835 organs). neither tuberculosis lesions nor pathognomic signs of paratuberculosis were detected. among all microscopically negative ... | 2005 | 15708824 |
| prediction of cis-regulatory elements of coregulated genes. | we present a computational pipeline to predict cis-regulatory elements composing results based on different algorithms: clover, cluster-buster, an own implementation of human/rat/mouse sequence identity and our itb algorithm. the procedure uses information from the human genome sequence, ncbi gene annotations, verified eukaryotic promoters (epd), experimentally proven binding sites (transfac) and homologies to mouse and rat (homgl/homologene). we test the approach on 18 upstream regions of exper ... | 2004 | 15712115 |
| specific inactivation and nuclear anchoring of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 by the inducible dual-specificity protein phosphatase dusp5. | the mechanisms which determine the nuclear accumulation and inactivation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (erk1) or erk2 mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases are poorly understood. here we demonstrate that dusp5, an inducible nuclear phosphatase, interacts specifically with erk2 via a kinase interaction motif (kim) within its amino-terminal noncatalytic domain. this binding determines the substrate specificity of dusp5 in vivo, as it inactivates erk2 but not jun n-terminal prote ... | 2005 | 15713638 |
| the spry domain-containing socs box protein 1 (ssb-1) interacts with met and enhances the hepatocyte growth factor-induced erk-elk-1-serum response element pathway. | the suppressor of cytokine signaling (socs) protein family includes a spry (repeats in spla and ryr) domain-containing socs box protein (ssb) subfamily, which consists of four members, ssb-1, ssb-2, ssb-3, and ssb-4. these proteins contain a central spry domain and a c-terminal socs box. although some of the socs protein subfamilies function as adaptors for a large family of ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligases to regulate certain signaling pathways, the function of the ssb subfamily remains to ... | 2005 | 15713673 |
| abomasal parasites in wild sympatric cervids, red deer, cervus elaphus and fallow deer, dama dama, from three localities across central and western spain: relationship to host density and park management. | a survey of abomasal parasites in cervids from central spain was conducted at 3 sites, quintos de mora (toledo), maluéñez de arriba (cáceres), and la herguijuela (cáceres). commonly occurring helminths belonged to 3 polymorphic species of the ostertagiinae: spiculopteragia asymmetricals. quadrispiculata, ostertagia leptospicularis/o. kolchida, and o. drozdzi/o. ryjikovi. trichostrongylus axei was found in very few cases. ostertagia drozdzi/o. ryjikovi and the minor male morphotype, s. quadrispic ... | 2004 | 15715232 |
| role of ras/pkczeta/mek/erk1/2 signaling pathway in angiotensin ii-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. | the role of protein kinase c (pkc) and its cross talk with extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) cascade in angiotensin ii (angii)-elicited vascular smooth muscle cell (vsmc) proliferation are still unclear. in this study, the pkc pathway of angii to activate erk1/2 and induce cell proliferation was investigated in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. the proliferation of vsmcs was tested by [3h]-thymidine incorporation assay. phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated pkczeta, erk1/2, elk-1, and mi ... | 2005 | 15721486 |
| allergic contact dermatitis from salicyl alcohol and salicylaldehyde in aspen bark (populus tremula). | salicyl alcohol or 2-methylolphenol is a well-known allergen in phenol-formaldehyde resins and a strong sensitizer in guinea pigs. there is 1 previous report of allergic contact dermatitis from salicyl alcohol in aspen bark. we describe a second case with concomitant allergy to salicylaldehyde. an elk researcher who had handled leaves from various trees presented with eczema of the hands, face, flexures, trunk and extremities. patch testing showed sensitivity to salicyl alcohol, salicylaldehyde, ... | 2005 | 15725287 |
| mycobacterial diseases of deer. | the most significant mycobacterial diseases of free-living, captive and farmed deer are bovine tuberculosis, caused by mycobacterium bovis, johne's disease (paratuberculosis), caused by mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (basonym m. paratuberculosis), and avian tuberculosis, caused principally by m. avium subsp avium. the first case of m. bovis infection in farmed deer was identified in new zealand in 1978. in 1983, a voluntary scheme was introduced in new zealand to control tuberculosis ... | 2004 | 15726126 |
| cutting edge: il-4 induces suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 expression in b cells by a mechanism dependent on activation of p38 mapk. | the signaling cascade initiated by il-4 is classically divisible into two major pathways: one mediated by stat6, and the other by insulin receptor substrates-1 and -2 via activation of pi3k. in murine splenic b cells, the suppressor of cytokine signaling (socs)3 is inducible by il-4 via a mechanism independent of stat6 and pi3k. socs3 expression increases 9-fold within 5 h of il-4 treatment. this induction occurs normally in b cells deficient in stat6 and is unaffected by pretreatment with the p ... | 2005 | 15728454 |
| the effect of copper-amended fertiliser and copper oxide wire particles on the copper status of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) and their progeny. | to determine changes in serum and liver copper concentrations in postnatal, weaner, yearling, and mature deer after grazing pasture topdressed with copper (cu) at two rates of application of copper sulphate (cuso4(.)5h2o), and following oral administration of copper oxide (cuo) wire particles to some of the deer. | 2005 | 15731832 |
| estimation of fluoride distribution in the mandible and teeth of the red deer (cervus elaphus l.) from industrially polluted areas in poland. | animals from areas contaminated by industrial emissions containing fluoride may accumulate it predominantly in hard tissues. therefore, an analysis was performed for the determination of fluoride content in mandibles and teeth of deer living at large in different areas in western pomerania (poland). samples of hard tissues obtained with a dental drill, were dissolved in perchloric acid and analyzed for fluoride content with an ion-selective electrode. using the generalized regression neural netw ... | 2005 | 15740709 |
| prolactin and estrogen enhance the activity of activating protein 1 in breast cancer cells: role of extracellularly regulated kinase 1/2-mediated signals to c-fos. | despite the important roles of both prolactin (prl) and 17beta-estradiol (e2) in normal mammary development as well as in breast cancer, and coexpression of the estrogen receptor (er) and prl receptor in many mammary tumors, the interactions between prl and e2 in breast cancer have not been well studied. the activating protein 1 (ap-1) transcription factor, a known regulator of processes essential for normal growth and development as well as carcinogenesis, is a potential site for cross-talk bet ... | 2005 | 15746191 |
| accumulation of selenium and lack of severe effects on productivity of american dippers (cinclus mexicanus) and spotted sandpipers (actitis macularia). | selenium has been found at elevated concentrations in water, sediments, and aquatic biota in the elk river (british columbia, canada) and some of its tributaries downstream of several coal mines. selenium water concentrations in those areas exceed canadian and british columbia guidelines and are above levels at which adverse effects to fish and waterfowl could occur. we compared selenium concentrations in the eggs of two riverine waterbirds, american dippers and spotted sandpipers, with measures ... | 2005 | 15750773 |
| induction of a cell stress response gene rtp801 by dna damaging agent methyl methanesulfonate through ccaat/enhancer binding protein. | rtp801 is a newly discovered stress response gene that is induced by hypoxia and other cell stress signals. here, we investigated the mechanism by which a dna damaging agent, methyl methanesulfonate (mms), induces rtp801 transcription. in hacat human keratinocytes, mms was able to induce a rapid increase in the mrna level of rtp801. correspondingly, mms treatment was capable of stimulating a 2.5 kb rtp801 promoter. deletion studies with the promoter demonstrated a critical region between -1057 a ... | 2005 | 15751966 |
| comparative genomics on wnt7a orthologs. | wnt and hedgehog signaling pathways network together during carcinogenesis and embryogenesis. wnt7a mrna is expressed in human gastric and pancreatic cancer cells. wnt7a mrna expression is relatively high in the temporal, occipital and parietal lobes, paracentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, medulla oblongata and putamen within the adult human brain. here, we identified and characterized the rat wnt7a gene using bioinformatics. the rat wnt7a gene, consisting of fou ... | 2005 | 15756457 |
| distribution of cadmium and lead in liver and kidney of some wild animals in slovakia. | the content of cadmium and lead, as risk factors of environment, in liver and kidneys of wild animals as brown hare (lepus europaeus), yellow-necked mouse (apodemus flavicollis), wood mouse (cleithrionomys glareolus), and red deer (cervus elaphus) were studied. samples were analyzed by the atomic absorption spectrophotometry method (aas). the highest levels of cadmium were found in kidneys (0.213-2.387 mg/kg) of all animal species. the concentration of cadmium in liver was 0.032-0.258 mg/kg. the ... | 2005 | 15756970 |
| the scaffold protein homer1b/c links metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 to extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase cascades in neurons. | group i metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglurs) increase cellular levels of inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (ip3) and thereby trigger intracellular ca2+ release. also, group i mglurs are organized with members of homer scaffold proteins into multiprotein complexes involved in postreceptor signaling. in this study, we investigated the relative importance of the ip3/ca2+ signaling and novel homer proteins in group i mglur-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 ... | 2005 | 15758184 |
| inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor in apple juice extract. | the polyphenol-rich extract of a consumer-relevant apple juice blend was found to potently inhibit the growth of the human colon cancer cell line ht29 in vitro. the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) and its subsequent signaling cascade play an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation in ht29 cells. the protein tyrosine kinase activity of an egfr preparation was effectively inhibited by the polyphenol-rich apple juice extract. treatment of intact cells with this extract result ... | 2005 | 15759309 |
| comparison of analgesic techniques for antler removal in halothane-anaesthetized red deer (cervus elaphus): electroencephalographic responses. | to provide evidence for an analgesic effect of antler pedicle compression or lidocaine 'ring block' by comparing changes in median and spectral edge frequencies and total electroencephalographic (eeg) power during the application of each technique followed by antler removal. | 2005 | 15762911 |
| comparison of analgesic techniques for antler removal in halothane-anaesthetized red deer (cervus elaphus): cardiovascular and somatic responses. | to compare changes in heart rate and arterial pressures resulting from compression of the antler pedicle or lidocaine 'ring block' and during subsequent antler removal during minimal halothane anaesthesia. | 2005 | 15762912 |
| influence of level of nutrition during late pregnancy on reproductive productivity of red deer i. adult and primiparous hinds gestating red deer calves. | the present study aimed to relate feed intake of red deer hinds during late pregnancy to dam body condition, foetal development and calf growth. across 3 years, multiparous (n=33) or primiparous (n=18) hinds with known conception dates were housed in individual pens from days 150-220 of pregnancy, during which time they were each offered one of three daily allowances of pelletised rations (11 mjme/kg dm; 16% cp): high (h; ad libitum), medium (m; approximately 30% less; multiparous hinds only) an ... | 2005 | 15766805 |
| influence of level of nutrition during late pregnancy on reproductive productivity of red deer (2) adult hinds gestating wapitixred deer crossbred calves. | the present study aimed to relate feed intake of red deer hinds in the later stages of gestating wapitixred deer crossbred foetuses on dam body condition, gestation length, birth weight and calf growth. multiparous hinds (n=18) conceiving at known dates to either wapiti (n=12) or red deer (n=6) sires were housed in individual pens from days 150-220 of pregnancy, during which time they were offered either ad libitum access to pelletised rations (n=6 crossbred-bearing hinds [hh] and n=6 red deer-b ... | 2005 | 15766806 |
| bilateral ovarian teratoma in a free-living iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus). | a 8.5 x 5.7 x 5 cm irregularly shaped mass was detected in the location of the left ovary of a 9-year-old iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) hind shot during a hunting drive. pathological findings: on the cut surface, the mass consisted of numerous fluid- or keratin-filled inter-communicating cysts, separated by connective tissue containing solid nodules of dark-coloured foci and hairy skin. the right ovary was of normal size, but contained a 1.5 cm mass of hairy skin and spongy struct ... | 2004 | 15768082 |
| x- and y-chromosome specific variants of the amelogenin gene allow sex determination in sheep (ovis aries) and european red deer (cervus elaphus). | simple and precise methods for sex determination in animals are a pre-requisite for a number of applications in animal production and forensics. however, some of the existing methods depend only on the detection of y-chromosome specific sequences. therefore, the abscence of a signal does not necessarily mean that the sample is of female origin, because experimental errors can also lead to negative results. thus, the detection of y- and x-chromosome specific sequences is advantageous. | 2005 | 15771775 |
| the effects of different cryoprotectants and the temperature of addition on the survival of red deer epididymal spermatozoa. | with the aim of finding an ideal cryoprotectant in a suitable concentration for red deer epididymal spermatozoa conservation, we evaluated the effects of four most commonly used cryoprotectants (cpas), glycerol (g), ethylene glycol (eg), propylene glycol (pg), and dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), on the sperm survival. besides, the effects of two temperatures of cpa addition--22 degrees c (ambient temperature) and 5 degrees c--on sperm quality were also tested. for each temperature tested, sperm sampl ... | 2005 | 15772710 |
| reduced phosphorylation of transcription factor elk-1 in cultured fibroblasts of a patient with premature aging syndrome and insulin resistance. | the effect of insulin and growth factor mediated signaling to gene regulation was investigated in cultured fibroblasts of a patient with a premature aging syndrome (metageria) and severe insulin resistance. insulin receptor structure and function as well as major pathways activated by insulin, i.e. phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase (pi-3 k) cascade or mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades, were functional. inducibility of the proto-oncogene cfos, a representative endpoint of signaling pa ... | 2005 | 15772901 |
| beneficial effects of pomegranate juice on oxidation-sensitive genes and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity at sites of perturbed shear stress. | atherosclerosis is enhanced in arterial segments exposed to disturbed flow. perturbed shear stress increases the expression of oxidation-sensitive responsive genes (such as elk-1 and p-jun) in the endothelium. evidence suggests that polyphenolic antioxidants contained in the juice derived from the pomegranate can contribute to the reduction of oxidative stress and atherogenesis. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of intervention with pomegranate juice (pj) on oxidation-sens ... | 2005 | 15781875 |
| p44/42 map kinase-dependent regulation of catalase by autocrine human growth hormone protects human mammary carcinoma cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. | previous microarray expression analyses have indicated autocrine human growth hormone (hgh) regulation of genes involved in the oxidative stress response. expression analysis of antioxidant enzymes revealed that autocrine hgh increased both the mrna and protein levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase 1 (sod1), glutathione peroxidase and glutamylcysteine synthetase but not that of sod2. as a consequence, autocrine hgh increased the antioxidant capacity of mammary carcinoma cells and protected ag ... | 2005 | 15782123 |
| silibinin up-regulates dna-protein kinase-dependent p53 activation to enhance uvb-induced apoptosis in mouse epithelial jb6 cells. | in the present study, we employed a well established jb6 mouse epithelial cell model to define the molecular mechanism of efficacy of a naturally occurring flavonoid silibinin against ultraviolet b (uvb)-induced skin tumorigenesis. uvb exposure of cells caused a moderate phosphorylation of erk1/2 and akt and a stronger phosphorylation of p53 at ser(15), which was enhanced markedly by silibinin pretreatment. kinase activity of erk1/2 for elk-1 and akt for glycogen synthase kinase-3beta was also p ... | 2005 | 15792956 |
| analysis of lidocaine and its major metabolite, monoethylglycinexylidide, in elk velvet antler by liquid chromatography with uv detection and confirmation by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. | a sensitive liquid chromatographic (lc) method with uv detection was developed for the determination of residues of lidocaine (lid) and its major metabolite, monoethylglycinexylidide (megx), in elk velvet antler. the drugs were extracted from alkaline velvet antler homogenates, cleaned up on a c(18) solid-phase extraction cartridge, and separated on an inertsil ods-3 (3.0 x 250 mm, 5 microm) column using an isocratic mobile phase made up of 0.05 m phosphate buffer (ph 4.0)/acetonitrile (88:12, v ... | 2005 | 15796567 |
| p75-ras-grf1 is a c-jun/ap-1 target protein: its up regulation results in increased ras activity and is necessary for c-jun-induced nonadherent growth of rat1a cells. | the c-jun/ap-1 transcription complex is associated with diverse cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, transformation, and apoptosis. these different biological endpoints are likely achieved by the regulation of specific target gene expression. we describe the identification of ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1, ras-grf1, by microarray analysis as a c-jun/ap-1 regulated gene essential for anchorage-independent growth of immortalized rat fibroblasts. increased ras-grf1 ... | 2005 | 15798216 |
| modulating the dna affinity of elk-1 with computationally selected mutations. | in order to regulate gene expression, transcription factors must first bind their target dna sequences. the affinity of this binding is determined by both the network of interactions at the interface and the entropy change associated with the complex formation. to study the role of structural fluctuation in fine-tuning dna affinity, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of two highly homologous proteins, elk-1 and sap-1, that exhibit different sequence specificity. simulation studies show ... | 2005 | 15808854 |
| cloning of the elk tsh beta-subunit cdna and seasonal expression of the pituitary glycoprotein hormone genes. | we report the elk (cervus elaphus) thyroid stimulating hormone (tsh) beta-subunit cdna cloning, nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences. the tsh beta-subunit cdna was obtained by rt-pcr of polyadenylated pituitary rna. the deduced elk tsh beta-subunit peptide chain shares between 93 to 99% sequence similarities with the reported tsh beta-subunit of a sub-set of related species. the tsh beta-subunit gene is expressed in the elk pituitary gland as a mature transcript of approximately 600 bases ... | 2005 | 15812144 |
| csf-1 induces fos gene transcription and activates the transcription factor elk-1 in mature osteoclasts. | mice with targeted deletion of the fos gene fail to develop mature osteoclasts, reflecting an absolute requirement for the c-fos proto-oncogene in osteoclast precursors. c-fos is also expressed in mature osteoclasts; however, the regulation of fos in these cells has not been studied. by using cultured murine osteoclast-like cells (ocls) we found that treatment with colony-stimulation factor 1 (csf-1) induced a 3.9-fold increase in c-fos rnrna at 30 minutes and a 2.6-fold increase at 60 minutes. ... | 2005 | 15812575 |
| sequestration of serum response factor in the hippocampus impairs long-term spatial memory. | the formation of long-term memory has been shown to require protein kinase-mediated gene expression. one such kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (mapk/erk), can lead to the phosphorylation of serum response factor (srf) and elk-1, enhancing the expression of target genes. however, a direct involvement of these transcription factors in memory storage has not been demonstrated. we have employed an oligonucleotide decoy technique to interrogate srf and el ... | 2005 | 15816850 |
| season effect on genitalia and epididymal sperm from iberian red deer, roe deer and cantabrian chamois. | seasonality deeply affects the physiology and behavior of many species, and must be taken into account when biological resource banks (brbs) are established. we have studied the effect of seasonality on many reproductive parameters of free-ranging iberian red deer, roe deer and cantabrian chamois, living in spain. testicles from hunted animals were collected and sent to our laboratory at different times during the year. we recorded the weight and volume of testis, the weight of the epididymis an ... | 2005 | 15823344 |
| concentrations of heavy metals in the tissues of red deer (cervus elaphus) from the region of warmia and mazury, poland. | cadmium, lead, copper and zinc were quantified using a validated icp/ms method in the tissues and organs of 82 specimens of red deer of different sexes and ages, which had been hunted at the great lakes land region in the north-eastern of poland in 2000-01. copper and zinc occurred in liver, kidney and muscle tissue of red deer at concentrations of 6.4-29, 3.3-7.2 and 1.9-6.4, and of 19-43, 17-41 and 19-64 mg kg(-1), respectively, which are considered typical for the species, age and gender comp ... | 2005 | 15824004 |
| mortality of rocky mountain elk in michigan due to meningeal worm. | mortality from cerebrospinal parelaphostrongylosis caused by the meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) has been hypothesized to limit elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) populations in areas where elk are conspecific with white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). elk were reintroduced into michigan (usa) in the early 1900s and subsequently greatly increased population size and distribution despite sympatric high-density (>or=12/km2) white-tailed deer populations. we monitored 100 radio-collared ... | 2005 | 15827219 |
| phosphorylation of the human fhit tumor suppressor on tyrosine 114 in escherichia coli and unexpected steady state kinetics of the phosphorylated forms. | the human tumor suppressor fhit is a homodimeric histidine triad (hit) protein of 147 amino acids which has ap(3)a hydrolase activity. we have recently discovered that fhit is phosphorylated in vivo and is phosphorylated in vitro by src kinase [pekarsky, y., garrison, p. n., palamarchuk, a., zanesi, n., aqeilan, r. i., huebner, k., barnes, l. d., and croce, c. m. (2004) proc. natl. acad. sci. u.s.a. 101, 3775-3779]. now we have coexpressed fhit with the elk tyrosine kinase in escherichia coli to ... | 2005 | 15835917 |
| impact of molybdenum on the copper status of red deer (cervus elaphus). | to determine the effect of increasing molybdenum (mo) intakes on serum and liver copper (cu) concentrations and growth rates of grazing red deer (cervus elaphus). | 2005 | 15846398 |
| activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase by complement c5b-9. | extracellular signals may be transmitted to nuclear or cytoplasmic effectors via the mitogen-activated protein kinases. in the passive heymann nephritis (phn) model of membranous nephropathy, complement c5b-9 induces glomerular epithelial cell (gec) injury, proteinuria, and activation of phospholipases and protein kinases. this study addresses the complement-mediated activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk). c5b-9 induced erk threonine202/tyrosine204 phosphorylation (which c ... | 2005 | 15855657 |
| [virus in sheep's skin]. | in a double sense, the ovine gamma herpesvirus type 2 (ovhv-2) is a virus in sheep's skin. not only is it present world wide in all sheep breeds but also it causes malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) in cattle pigs, elk, and bison. ovhv-2 cannot be propagated in cell culture. therefore, new results from ovhv-2 research are based on molecular techniques and may be summarized as follows. ovhv-2 is transmitted by respiratory routes as well as by sexual intercourse. lambs are infected within the first f ... | 2005 | 15861922 |
| screening for children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in a pediatric primary care setting. | the american academy of pediatrics (elk grove village, ill) has recommended that pediatricians assess their patients' environmental tobacco smoke (ets) exposure, but the specific questions most likely to identify children with high ets exposure are not known. cotinine is a nicotine metabolite, present in hair, that can be used to quantify months of ets exposure. | 2005 | 15867119 |
| serological evidence of latency in cattle experimentally infected with elk herpesvirus. | | 2005 | 15879542 |
| tgf-beta3 regulates anchoring junction dynamics in the seminiferous epithelium of the rat testis via the ras/erk signaling pathway: an in vivo study. | recent studies have shown that transforming growth factor (tgf)-beta3 regulates blood-testis barrier (btb) dynamics in vivo, plausibly by determining the steady-state levels of occludin and zonula occludens-1 (zo-1) at the btb site via the p38 map kinase signaling pathway. since btb is composed of coexisting tjs and basal ectoplasmic specializations [es, a testis-specific adherens junction (aj) type] in the seminiferous epithelium of the rat testis, we sought to examine if tgf-beta3 would also r ... | 2005 | 15882576 |
| intrapopulation variation in gray wolf isotope (delta(15)n and delta(13)c) profiles: implications for the ecology of individuals. | trophic relationships among organisms in terrestrial boreal ecosystems define ecological communities and are important in determining dynamics of energy flow and ecosystem function. we examined trophic relationships between the gray wolf (canis lupus) and 18 mammalian species from the boreal forest of central saskatchewan, canada, using delta(13)c and delta(15)n stable isotope values measured in guard hair samples. variance in isotope values for wolves and other carnivores was investigated as a ... | 2005 | 15883848 |
| expression pattern of matrilins and other extracellular matrix proteins characterize distinct stages of cell differentiation during antler development. | deer antler regeneration is a uniquely intense and complex process, which involves chondrogenic and intramembranous ossification. cell differentiation in the developing antler of red deer, cervus elaphus, was characterized with extracellular matrix markers. expression of the four matrilin genes was monitored by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization and compared to cartilage markers collagen ii and cartilage link protein, the bone component collagen i, and the endothelial basement membra ... | 2005 | 15890263 |
| successful use of oviduct epithelial cell coculture for in vitro production of viable red deer (cervus elaphus) embryos. | techniques for in vitro production (ivp) of viable embryos have been thoroughly developed in several domestic species in view to improve breeding efficiency. when applied to wild life, these techniques may also help the maintenance of biodiversity through amplification of sparse animals offspring and facilitation of genetic material exchange. during the successive steps of ivp, i.e. oocyte in vitro maturation (ivm), fertilization (ivf) and early embryo development (ivd) to the blastocyst stage, ... | 2005 | 15890398 |
| prion biology relevant to bovine spongiform encephalopathy. | bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and chronic wasting disease (cwd) of deer and elk are a threat to agriculture and natural resources, as well as a human health concern. both diseases are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse), or prion diseases, caused by autocatalytic conversion of endogenously encoded prion protein (prp) to an abnormal, neurotoxic conformation designated prpsc. most mammalian species are susceptible to tse, which, despite a range of species-linked names, is caus ... | 2005 | 15890824 |
| presenilin acts as a positive regulator of basal level activity of erk through the raf-mek1 signaling pathway. | presenilins (ps) have been reported to be functionally involved in amyloid precursor protein processing, notch receptor signaling, and programmed cell death, or apoptosis. to understand the role of ps1 in the signaling events, we investigated in this study the role of ps1 in the basal level of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways using ps1(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblast (mef) cells from ps1-null mice. interestingly, the basal level of erk activity, but not jnk or p38 activity, is lo ... | 2005 | 15896720 |
| the noncatalytic amino terminus of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 directs nuclear targeting and serum response element transcriptional regulation. | the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) phosphatase 1 (mkp-1) is an immediate-early gene comprised of a dual-specificity phosphatase domain and a noncatalytic nh(2) terminus. here, we show that the nh(2) terminus of mkp-1, containing the cdc25 homology domains a (ch2a) and b (ch2b), mediates mkp-1 nuclear targeting and modulates mapk-mediated gene expression. an lxxll motif which is known to mediate protein-protein interactions with nuclear-targeted hormone receptors was identified proximal ... | 2005 | 15899879 |
| transcriptional activation of the egr-1 gene mediated by tetradecanoylphorbol acetate and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase. | activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (erk) triggers the biosynthesis of egr-1, a zinc finger transcription factor. likewise, the tumor promoter 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (tpa) strongly upregulates egr-1 biosynthesis. here, we have analyzed the genetic elements involved in the regulation of egr-1 gene transcription by erk and tpa in human hepatoma cells. expression experiments using mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 or a dominant-negative mutant of t ... | 2005 | 15910736 |
| distribution of egf and its receptor in growing red deer antler. | autografts of the osteogenic part of early antler buds placed elsewhere on the skull have been shown by others to give rise to an antler at the site of grafting. this antler becomes covered in velvet skin, is shed at the end of the growing season and will regrow the following year. thus, it can be concluded that the nature of antler velvet skin is primarily determined by the underlying osteogenic antler tissue to which it is attached. we hypothesise that a paracrine mechanism operates here and i ... | 2005 | 15914038 |
| regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase by homocysteine in hippocampus. | in several neurological disorders including hyperhomocysteinemia, homocysteine (hcy) accumulates in the brain, and acts as a potent neurotoxin. however, the molecular mechanisms induced by increased levels of hcy in brain are not well understood. here we show an activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erk1 and erk2) and the downstream nuclear targets elk-1 and calcium/camp response element binding protein, in the hippocampus of cystathionine beta synthase deficient mice, a muri ... | 2005 | 15916860 |
| dyrk1a enhances the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in pc12 cells by forming a complex with ras, b-raf, and mek1. | dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylated and regulated kinase 1a (dyrk1a) is the human homologue of the drosophila mnb (minibrain) gene. in drosophila, mnb is involved in postembryonic neurogenesis. in human, dyrk1a maps within the down syndrome critical region of chromosome 21 and is overexpressed in down syndrome embryonic brain. despite its potential involvement in the neurobiological alterations observed in down syndrome patients, the biological functions of the serine/threonine kinase dyrk1 ... | 2005 | 15917294 |
| piasx acts as an elk-1 coactivator by facilitating derepression. | the ets-domain transcription factor elk-1 is a map kinase-inducible transcriptional activator protein. however, in the basal state, its activity is repressed by sumo-dependent histone deacetylase (hdac) recruitment. relief of this repression accompanies the activation process. here, we demonstrate that piasx(alpha) acts to facilitate this derepression process. members of the pias family of proteins can act as e3 enzymes that enhance the sumoylation status of a variety of substrates. however, pia ... | 2005 | 15920481 |
| activation of the erk1/2 signaling cascade by excitotoxic spinal cord injury. | the role of the erk1/2 signal transduction pathway and related transcription factors in the regulation of gene expression and pain behavior following excitotoxic spinal cord injury (sci) was examined. specifically, phosphorylation of erk1/2, activation of transcription factors nf-kb, elk-1, and creb, and gene expression of the neurokinin-1 receptor and nmda receptor subunits nr1 and nr-2a were investigated. excitotoxic injury was produced by intraspinal injection of quisqualic acid (quis) in mal ... | 2005 | 15922485 |
| seroprevalence of pestivirus in four species of alpine wild ungulates in the high valley of susa, italy. | wildlife, once infected, can serve as a reservoir of infectious diseases that form a constant threat to domestic livestock. to make control and eradication programs successful in the long-term, presence of pestivirus in wildlife populations should be monitored. the goal of this study was to investigate seroprevalence of pestivirus in four alpine wild ungulates in the high valley of susa, north-west italy. species studied were: red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), wild boar ... | 2005 | 15922522 |
| comparison of three different staining methods for the assessment of epididymal red deer sperm morphometry by computerized analysis with isas. | when collection of ejaculated sperm samples is not possible, as is the case with wild species, the epididymides of sacrificed wild males become the only possible source of spermatozoa. mature cauda epididymal spermatozoa display characteristics similar to those of ejaculated sperm cells. the present work proposes a sperm staining technique suitable for the morphometric evaluation of red deer epididymal sperm using a new computerized system. epididymides from wild animals were extracted no later ... | 2005 | 15923029 |
| activation of the mapk pathway is a common event in uveal melanomas although it rarely occurs through mutation of braf or ras. | in contrast to cutaneous melanoma, there is no evidence that braf mutations are involved in the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway in uveal melanoma, although there is increasing evidence that this pathway is activated frequently in the latter tumours. in this study, we performed mutation analysis of the ras and braf genes in a panel of 11 uveal melanoma cell lines and 19 primary uveal melanoma tumours. in addition, western blot and immunohistochemical analyses wer ... | 2005 | 15928660 |
| microplate subtractive hybridization to enrich for bacteroidales genetic markers for fecal source identification. | the ability to identify sources of fecal pollution plays a key role in the analysis of human health risk and the implementation of water resource management strategies. one approach to this problem involves the identification of bacterial lineages or gene sequences that are found exclusively in a particular host species or group. we used subtractive hybridization to enrich for target host-specific fecal bacteroidales rrna gene fragments that were different from those of very closely related refe ... | 2005 | 15933019 |
| host distributions of uncultivated fecal bacteroidales bacteria reveal genetic markers for fecal source identification. | the purpose of this study was to examine host distribution patterns among fecal bacteria in the order bacteroidales, with the goal of using endemic sequences as markers for fecal source identification in aquatic environments. we analyzed bacteroidales 16s rrna gene sequences from the feces of eight hosts: human, bovine, pig, horse, dog, cat, gull, and elk. recovered sequences did not match database sequences, indicating high levels of uncultivated diversity. the analysis revealed both endemic an ... | 2005 | 15933020 |
| a retrospective study of the diagnoses and survival of elk admitted to a large animal referral clinic. | information for veterinarians regarding diseases of farmed elk remains scarce despite an increase in the size of the industry. this retrospective study examines all (n=245) elk cases admitted to the western college of veterinary medicine over an 11-year period (1991 to 2001). age, gender, date of admission, diagnosis, and outcome were examined. diarrhea, fractures, and other musculoskeletal problems were most common. most (76%) cases involved elk under 1 y of age; these were more commonly diagno ... | 2005 | 15943118 |
| deer ked-induced occupational allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. | deer keds (elk fly) have not previously been described as a cause of respiratory or conjunctival sensitization. | 2005 | 15945565 |
| deer antlers as a model of mammalian regeneration. | deer antlers are cranial appendages that develop after birth as extensions of a permanent protuberance (pedicle) on the frontal bone. pedicles and antlers originate from a specialized region of the frontal bone; the 'antlerogeneic periosteum' and the systemic cue which triggers their development in the fawn is an increase in circulating androgen. these primary antlers are then shed and regenerated the following year in a larger, more complex form. antler growth is extremely rapid-an adult red de ... | 2005 | 15949530 |
| morphometric and immunohistochemical study of the omasum of red deer during prenatal development. | the red deer is an important study species because of its value in the national economy and because it provides a wealth of genetic material. to date, there has been little research into the prenatal development of the stomach of ruminants, and none of the red deer. we therefore performed a histological evaluation of the ontogenesis of the omasum in the red deer. histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out on 50 embryos and fetuses of deer from the initial stages of prena ... | 2005 | 15960765 |
| elk winter foraging at fine scale in yellowstone national park. | the link between landscape properties and foraging decisions by herbivores remains unclear, but such knowledge is central to the understanding of plant-herbivore dynamics. our goal was to determine whether fine-scale foraging paths of free-ranging elk (cervus canadensis) respond to spatial structure of habitats in yellowstone national park. during winter 2002 we gathered elk-foraging information by following snow tracks in open habitats located on hillsides and flat terrain. the 21 snow paths su ... | 2005 | 15965755 |
| spoligotyping of mycobacterium bovis isolates found in manitoba. | spoligotyping was applied to 44 isolates of mycobacterium bovis obtained from the canadian province of manitoba. isolates were obtained from submissions of elk (n = 16), deer (n = 1), and cattle (n = 27) tissues spanning the period of 1990 to early 2003. two spoligotype profiles were obtained differing only in the reaction with oligonucleotide number 12. forty of the 44 isolates (90.9%) hybridized with oligonucleotide 12 (mb-1 type), while the remaining 4 of 44 (9.1%) did not show a signal at po ... | 2005 | 15971679 |
| comparison of two methods for obtaining spermatozoa from the cauda epididymis of iberian red deer. | we have compared two methods for salvaging epididymal sperm from post-mortem samples from iberian red deer. of each pair of testicles (29 samples), one cauda epididymis was processed by means of cuts (sperm was immediately diluted with extender) and the other was detached from the corpus and flushed from the vas deferens with 1 ml of extender. sperm was processed for cryopreservation, and analyzed just after recovery, pre-freezing and post-thawing. total spermatozoa recovered, contamination (con ... | 2006 | 15996726 |
| identification of novel extracellular signal-regulated kinase docking domain inhibitors. | the extracellular signal regulated kinase (erk1 and erk2) signal transduction pathways play a critical role in cell proliferation. hyperactivation of the erk proteins either through increased expression of membrane-bound growth factor receptors or genetic mutations of upstream proteins is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of many human cancers. thus, targeted inhibition of erk signaling is viewed as a potential approach to prevent cancer cell proliferation. currently, no specific inhibi ... | 2005 | 15999996 |
| rig1 inhibits the ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by suppressing the activation of ras. | the retinoid-inducible gene 1 (rig1) protein is a retinoid-inducible growth regulator. previous studies have shown that the rig1 protein inhibits the signaling pathways of ras/mitogen-activated protein kinases. however, neither the mode of action nor the site of inhibition of rig1 is known. this study investigated the effects of rig1, and the mechanisms responsible for these effects, on the activation of ras proteins in htta cervical cancer cells. rig1 reduced the levels of activated ras (ras-gt ... | 2006 | 16005186 |
| high levels of blood lead in griffon vultures (gyps fulvus) from cazorla natural park (southern spain). | the blood lead of 23 griffon vultures (gyps fulvus) trapped in 2003 was analyzed in order to evaluate exposure to lead in the vulture population of cazorla natural park (in southern spain). in 2001 the use of leaded gasoline in vehicles was banned in the european union; however, lead ammunition is still used in spain in big-game hunting for red deer, fallow deer, mouflon, and wild boar, which are ingested by vultures from september to march. the mean concentration of lead in blood was 43.07 +/- ... | 2005 | 16007647 |
| arsenite induces a cell stress-response gene, rtp801, through reactive oxygen species and transcription factors elk-1 and ccaat/enhancer-binding protein. | rtp801 is a newly discovered stress-response gene that is induced by hypoxia and other cell stress signals. arsenic is a heavy metal that is linked to carcinogenesis in humans. here, we investigated the mechanism by which arsenic induces rtp801 transcription. in hacat human keratinocytes, arsenite was able to induce a rapid rise in the rtp801 mrna level. correspondingly, arsenite treatment was capable of stimulating a 2.5 kb human rtp801 promoter. such a stimulatory effect was inhibited by co-ex ... | 2005 | 16008523 |
| isolation and characterisation of antimicrobial peptides from deer neutrophils. | the new zealand deer industry is the largest and most advanced in the world. antimicrobial peptides have been isolated from a wide range of organisms, but as yet there have been no reports on any from deer. this work investigates the antimicrobial activity and characterisation of peptides isolated from cervus elaphus blood. it was found that deer blood contains proline/arginine-rich cathelicidins, similar to bac5 peptides isolated from cattle, sheep and goats. a beta-defensin was also isolated t ... | 2005 | 16011891 |
| a cross-sectional study of reproductive indices and fawn mortality in farmed white-tailed deer. | data were obtained from a questionnaire administered to a random sample of canadian and united states white-tailed deer (wtd) farmers. reproductive indices and survival of fawns from birth until 1 y of age were examined. major factors in limiting herd increase were a low reproductive rate (88 fawns per 100 does exposed to bucks) and a 30% mortality of fawns from birth until 1 y of age. the latter figure differs from reported mortality rates in fallow deer and red deer/wapiti. the unacceptably hi ... | 2005 | 16018560 |
| characterization of the 5'-flanking region of the human transcription factor sp3 gene. | a fragment of 1079 bp from the 5'-flanking region of the human sp3 gene was isolated and characterized. the sp3 promoter is a gc-rich region that contains putative binding sites for elk-1, c-myb, nf-1, ap1, sp1, nf-y, ap2 and usf. several transcriptional start sites located between 70 and 132 bp upstream of the translational start site were identified. the proximal promoter was contained in the first 281 bp 5' of the translational start, whereas the region including up to -225 relative to the tr ... | 2005 | 16024108 |
| adaptive hypersensitivity to estrogen: mechanisms and clinical relevance to aromatase inhibitor therapy in breast cancer treatment. | breast tumors in women can adapt to endocrine deprivation therapy by developing hypersensitivity to estradiol. for this reason, aromatase inhibitors can be effective in women relapsing after treatment with tamoxifen or following oophorectomy. to understand the mechanisms responsible, we examined estrogenic stimulation of cell proliferation in a model system and provided in vitro and in vivo evidence that long-term estradiol deprivation (lted) causes "adaptive hypersensitivity". the primary mecha ... | 2005 | 16024245 |
| red deer stags use formants as assessment cues during intrasexual agonistic interactions. | while vocal tract resonances or formants are key acoustic parameters that define differences between phonemes in human speech, little is known about their function in animal communication. here, we used playback experiments to present red deer stags with re-synthesized vocalizations in which formant frequencies were systematically altered to simulate callers of different body sizes. in response to stimuli where lower formants indicated callers with longer vocal tracts, stags were more attentive, ... | 2005 | 16024350 |
| dark pulse suppression of p-erk and c-fos in the hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei. | it is well-established that light pulses regulate components of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases i/ii (erk) cascade in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (scn) circadian clock. these events are important for photic-resetting of the circadian clock. the scn circadian clock is also reset by pulses of dark, but it is unknown if this stimulus alters the activity of erk, the transcription factor elk-1 or expression of the immediate early gene c-fos in the scn. using syrian hamsters free-running in ... | 2005 | 16029205 |
| haemorrhagic enteropathies in red deer (cervus elaphus). | | 1982 | 16030822 |
| blood constituents of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus): i. haematological values. | approximately 100 farmed male and female red deer aged three months and over were blood-sampled and haematological parameters were measured. the deer were sampled by jugular venepuncture without tranquilization. mean values were haemoglobin (16.0 g/dl), packed cell volume (44.6%), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (35.8 g/dl), total plasma protein (66.0 g/l). fibrinogen (4.8 g/l) and white blood-cell numbers (5.80 x 10(9)/l). differential white blood-cell counts were neutrophils (53.9%) ... | 1982 | 16030838 |
| infectious epiphysitis and valvular endocarditis in a red deer (cervus elaphus). | a 10-month-old male red deer (cervus elaphus) was presented with severe lameness and enlargement of the fetlock areas of both front and one hind legs. radiographs demonstrated an epiphysitis and osteomyelitis of the distal metacarpal and metatarsal bones. post mortem revealed pus containing corynebacterium pyogenes and staphylococcus aureus in the lesions, and an accompanying valvular endocarditis of the right atrioventricular valve. | 1982 | 16030849 |
| urolithiasis in a wild red deer (cervus elaphus) population. | renal calculi were found in eight of 325 red deer kidney pairs examined, all eight were females and only one was infected in both kidneys. a further three deer badly infected with urolithiasis were found by chance, two were males. examples of the calculi found are illustrated to show their range of sizes and shapes. one calculus analysed for chemical composition comprised predominantly calcium carbonate. | 1982 | 16030852 |
| a malignant catarrhal fever-like disease in red deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand. | two case histories are presented to illustrate the clinical and pathological findings of a malignant catarrhal fever-like disease as seen in farmed red deer in new zealand. attention is drawn to the similarities with some exotic diseases and the suggestion is made that deer may act as a reservoir for the aetiological agent. | 1982 | 16030882 |
| anaemia and deaths in red deer (cervus elaphus) fawns associated with heavy infestations of cattle tick (haemaphysalis longicornis). | in late december/early january 1979/80, deaths occurred in 30 red deer (cervus elaphus) fawns. evidence is presented to suggest that these deaths most likely resulted from heavy infestations of ticks (haemaphysalis longicornis). | 1982 | 16030894 |
| blood constituents of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus). ii: biochemical values. | approximately 80 farmed male and female red deer aged three months and over were blood sampled and biochemical parameters measured. the deer were sampled by jugular venepuncture without tranquillization. mean values recorded were serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (19.5 iu/l), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (43.0 iu/l), creatine phosphokinase (197.9 iu/l), plasma pepsinogen (0.91 iu/i), blood urea nitrogen (8.56 mmol/l), serum glucose (6.9 mmol/l), phosphorus (1.75 mmol/l), calcium (2.13 mmol/l) ... | 1983 | 16030903 |
| experimental transmission of malignant catarrhal fever to red deer (cervus elaphus). | malignant catarrhal fever was transmitted from affected to recipient red deer (cervus elaphus) using blood or lymphoid suspension as inoculum. incubation periods ranged from 11 to 26 days. the disease was also transmitted using lymphoid suspension stored overnight at 4 degrees c or at -70 degrees c for 8 months. the experimental disease was characterised by fever, depression, anorexia, diarrhoea and dysentry. the course of the disease was approximately 96 hours. major lesions consisted of acute ... | 1983 | 16030936 |
| experimental tuberculosis in red deer (cervus elaphus). | this study was designed to investigate experimental mycobacterium bovis infection of red deer (cervus elaphus). three intravenously inoculated deer (dose 10 microg-1000 microg) developed miliary tuberculosis of the lungs and all died within 28 days of being infected. no clinical illnesses were observed in four subcutaneously (dose 1 microg-1000 microg) and three intratracheally (dose 10 microg-100 microg) inoculated deer. at the conclusion of the experiment six weeks post inoculation, these seve ... | 1983 | 16030937 |
| survey of internal parasitism and anthelmintic use in farmed deer. | faecal samples and questionnaires from 115 and 130 farms respectively were used to survey the internal parasite status of the national deer herd and examine current drenching practices. the survey included farms with red deer and wapiti-red deer crosses (cervus elaphus), and fallow deer (dama dama). gastrointestinal nematode eggs were recorded from 84% of all farms, dictyocaulus viviparus larvae from 85% of all farms, and elaphostrongylus cervi larvae from 35% of the farms with c. elaphus. faeca ... | 1983 | 16030938 |
| moniezia expansa in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus). | | 1983 | 16030941 |
| observations of a long-acting formulation of oxytetracycline in red deer (cervus elaphus). | six nine-month-old red deer were injected intramuscularly with a long-acting injectable solution of oxytetracycline (terramycin-la, pfizer ltd) at a dose rate of 20 mg/kg. four similar control deer were injected with saline. there was no significant pain response to injection, and only minor palpable swellings at the injection site were observed in three oxytetracycline-treated and one control animal. no statistically significant changes in white blood cell numbers, blood fibrinogen, creatine ph ... | 1983 | 16030964 |
| isolation of bacteroides nodosus from hoof lesions in a farmed red deer (cervus elaphus). | | 1983 | 16030972 |
| male genitalia of red deer (cervus elaphus). | | 1983 | 16030982 |
| pathogenicity of o. circumcincta, o. ostertagi and h. contortus in weanling stag fawns (cervus elaphus). | groups of four stag fawns, weighing 51 +/- 0.8 kg, were-infected with 30,000 larvae of one of three nematode parasites: o.circumcincta, o.ostertagia, or h.contortus. a further four remained as control. individual feed intake, body-weight, faecal egg count and plasma pepsinogen concentration were measured during seven weeks after infection. only infection with h.contortus caused significant elevation of pepsinogen concentration to 380ml/ l and consistent depression of feed intake (15%). worm egg ... | 1984 | 16031015 |