| characterization of a novel human t cell receptor beta chain variable region family by transspecies dna hybridization. | one essential component in the generation of diversity of t cell receptor (tcr) alpha and beta chains is the existence of multiple tandemly arranged variable regions in the germ line which are subsequently rearranged to form functional units. in attempting to establish the extent of the human tcr alpha and beta chain repertoire an approach of randomly sequencing cdna for rearranged receptors has been generally pursued. so far, 24 human v beta families have been characterized and they encompass s ... | 1994 | 8125133 |
| 1-((7,7-dimethyl-2(s)-(2(s)-amino-4-(methylsulfonyl)butyramido)bicyclo [2.2.1]-heptan-1(s)-yl)methyl)sulfonyl)-4-(2-methylphenyl)piperaz ine (l-368,899): an orally bioavailable, non-peptide oxytocin antagonist with potential utility for managing preterm labor. | modifications to the previously reported spiroindenylpiperidine camphor-sulfonamide oxytocin (ot) antagonist l-366,509 have produced a new series of o-tolylpiperazine (tp) camphor-sulfonamides. a number of analogues in the tp series that incorporate a modified or unmodified l-methionine sulfone amide at the c2 endo position on the camphor ring exhibit high affinity for ot receptors (ic50 = 1.3-15 nm) and good selectivity for binding to ot versus arginine vasopressin v1a and v2 receptors. several ... | 1994 | 8126695 |
| comparative cephalometric study of nasal cavity growth patterns in seven animal models. | although primates have been the craniofacial growth models of choice, recent circumstances have stimulated the search for nonprimate models. in a series of studies we have described changes in various regions of the craniofacial complex for seven commonly used animal models. the present study examined the bony nasal cavity. one hundred and forty-four serial and cross-sectional lateral head x-rays were obtained for unoperated controls from previous growth studies. the sample consisted of data fro ... | 1994 | 8130238 |
| platelet-activating factor antagonist tcv-309 attenuates the induction of the cytokine network in experimental endotoxemia in chimpanzees. | platelet-activating factor (paf) has been postulated to play a role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. additionally, in vitro studies have revealed tight interactions between paf and the cytokine network, and paf is considered to be an important stimulator of neutrophil functions. to assess the intermediate role of paf in the induction of cytokines and neutrophil degranulation in endotoxemia in vivo, 12 healthy adult chimpanzees were i.v. injected with a bolus dose of escherichia coli endotoxin (4 n ... | 1994 | 8133055 |
| comparison of anti-hiv-1 adcc reactivities in infected humans and chimpanzees. | despite its shortcomings as a disease model, the chimpanzee is still the most relevant animal model for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection. previous studies have revealed qualitative differences between human and chimpanzee anti-hiv-1 responses. in this study, the development of specific anti-hiv-1 antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic (adcc) reactivities was evaluated in chronically infected chimpanzees and compared to the human response, because anti-hiv-1 adcc represents a ... | 1994 | 8133445 |
| a subterminal satellite located adjacent to telomeres in chimpanzees is absent from the human genome. | one of the significant unresolved differences between the karyotypes of humans and african apes is the presence of positively staining g-bands at the ends of many chromosome arms in the chimpanzee and gorilla but absent from human chromosomes. using a telomere anchored pcr strategy, we have isolated dna from a subterminal satellite, composed of a 32 basepair a-t rich repeat, from the chimpanzee genome that hybridizes to all the additional terminal bands and at two interstitial sites. the satelli ... | 1994 | 8136835 |
| ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characteristics of hepatocytes from hepatitis b virus infected chimpanzees. | liver tissue samples from four chimpanzees submitted to viral challenge in order to test a recombinant anti-hepatitis b virus vaccine, were studied by electron microscopy. the vaccinated monkeys showed no evidences of acute viral hepatitis (avh), demonstrating the protection against an infective viral dose; on the contrary, the non-vaccinated chimps developed signs of avh in hepatocytes such as: different size and shape, slight dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, disappearance of the ... | 1993 | 8140581 |
| metatarsophalangeal joint function and positional behavior in australopithecus afarensis. | recent discussions of the pedal morphology of australopithecus afarensis have led to conflicting interpretations of australopithecine locomotor behavior. we report the results of a study using computer aided design (cad) software that provides a quantitative assessment of the functional morphology of australopithecine metatarsophalangeal joints. the sample includes a. afarensis, homo sapiens, pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, and pongo pygmaeus. angular measurements of the articular surfaces rel ... | 1994 | 8141243 |
| elimination of interleukin 6 attenuates coagulation activation in experimental endotoxemia in chimpanzees. | the role of interleukin 6 (il-6) in the toxic sequelae of sepsis is controversial. to assess the part of il-6 in inflammatory responses to endotoxin, we investigated eight chimpanzees after either a bolus intravenous injection of escherichia coli endotoxin (n = 4; 4 ng/kg) or after the same dose of endotoxin with a simultaneous bolus intravenous injection of an anti-il-6 mab (30 mg; n = 4). anti-il-6 did not affect the induction of the cytokine network (tumor necrosis factor [tnf], soluble tnf r ... | 1994 | 8145042 |
| sulindac-induced immune hemolytic anemia. | sulindac, a nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory, indene-derived drug, caused life-threatening immune hemolytic anemia in an individual with back pain. | 1994 | 8146901 |
| the genomic synteny at dna level between human and chimpanzee chromosomes. | the evolutionary relationship between human (homo sapiens) and chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) has been the subject of debate and scrutiny for over two decades. the close relationship established by numerous parameters may or may not reflect homology at the dna level. the recent advent of a molecular method termed the chromosome in situ suppression hybridization (ciss)-technique has prompted us to explore the phylogenetic relationship at the dna sequence level. cross-hybridization data using human- ... | 1993 | 8156160 |
| tumor necrosis factor is involved in the appearance of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in endotoxemia. | to assess the role of tumor necrosis factor (tnf) in the appearance of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (il-1ra) in endotoxemia, 4 healthy humans were studied after a bolus intravenous injection of recombinant human tnf (50 micrograms/m2). in addition, 8 healthy chimpanzees were investigated after a bolus intravenous injection of escherichia coli endotoxin (4 ng/kg) with (n = 4) or without (n = 4) a simultaneous intravenous injection of a monoclonal anti-tnf antibody (15 mg/kg). tnf induced a p ... | 1994 | 8158047 |
| [correlations between feet posture and muscle fiber size in mammals--comparison of the anterior tibial muscle fiber among plantigrade type, digitigrade type and unguligrade type]. | the size (micron2) of red muscle fibers (type 1), white muscle fibers (type 2) and intermediate muscle fibers (type 3) was quantitatively determined in cross-sectional areas of the venter of the anterior tibial muscle in the plantigrade type, digitigrade type and unguligrade type using 122 individuals of 15 species in 5 orders, and correlations between the type of locomotion and muscle fiber size were analyzed from a comparative anatomical viewpoint. regardless of species, red muscle fibers with ... | 1993 | 8160529 |
| ancestry of sine-r.c2 a human-specific retroposon. | we have reported previously that a retroposon, containing a variable number of tandemly repeated nucleotide sequences, is present in the third intron of the human c2 gene. this element, termed sine-r.c2, is a member of a large retroposon family derived from the endogenous retrovirus herv-k10 and estimated to include a few thousand copies per haploid human genome. in the present study we analyzed genomic dna from 175 humans from several ethnic groups including americans of european and african de ... | 1994 | 8168832 |
| lipoprotein[a] in the chimpanezee: relationship of apo[a] phenotype to elevated plasma lp[a] levels. | several studies have documented the presence of lp[a] in nonhuman primates. however, data are lacking in great apes such as the chimpanzee. we have studied the quantitative distribution of lp[a], as well as the frequency of apo[a] phenotypes, in a population of chimpanzees living in gabon. monoclonal antibody 14a12, directed against human apo[a], failed to recognize chimpanzee lp[a]. therefore, lp[a] was assayed using an elisa involving two polyclonal antibodies, an anti-human apo[a] and an anti ... | 1994 | 8169530 |
| lack of susceptibility of various primates and woodchucks to hepatitis c virus. | five different species of primates including cynomolgus monkey, rhesus monkey, green monkey, japanese monkey, and doguera baboon and woodchucks were inoculated intravenously with infectious serum from a chimpanzee infected with hepatitis c. serum samples obtained weekly from these animals were negative for hepatitis c virus rna and anti-hcv during six months following inoculation. furthermore, serum alanine aminotransferase remained within normal limits, and normal liver histology was seen. this ... | 1993 | 8169947 |
| detection of dna sequence variation via deliberate heteroduplex formation from genomic dnas amplified en masse in "population tubes". | we have developed the population tube (poptube) system for sensitive detection and large-scale sampling of dna sequence variation in several human populations of wide geographic distribution. in this methodology, genomic dnas from five individuals in a population are pcr amplified en masse to maximize deliberately the chances of forming heteroduplexes among allelic variants. interpopulation mixing is performed in a separate set of tubes containing one individual from each of five populations as ... | 1994 | 8173512 |
| the detection, transmission, and outcome of hepatitis c virus infection. | hepatitis c virus (hcv), the primary etiologic agent of parenterally transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis, is a major cause of acute and chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis worldwide. the most efficient transmission of hcv is associated with percutaneous exposures to blood, but such exposures account for less than half of reported cases. sexual, household, and perinatal transmission also seem to occur, but the risks associated with these types of exposures are still unknown. virtually all persons with ... | 1993 | 8173786 |
| viral safety of solvent-detergent treated blood products. | laboratory research commencing in 1982 led to licensing in the united states in 1985 of a solvent/detergent (sd)-treated anti-haemophilic factor (ahf) concentrate. licensing was based on (a) studies demonstrating the inactivation of several marker viruses [vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), sindbis virus, sendai virus], human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hepatitis b virus (hbv), and non-a, non-b hepatitis virus [nanbhv; now known to be principally hepatitis c virus (hcv)] added to ahf just befor ... | 1993 | 8174797 |
| isolation, cloning, and sequencing of simian foamy viruses from chimpanzees (sfvcpz): high homology to human foamy virus (hfv). | several independent isolates of simian foamy viruses (sfv) were recovered from chimpanzee b-cell lines. one isolate, designated sfvcpz, was molecularly cloned and sequenced. in addition, the genome of sfv type 6 (sfv-6), an independent chimpanzee foamy virus isolate, was partially cloned. the sfvcpz provirus is 13,246 base pairs (bp) long. it is flanked by long terminal repeats (ltrs) and encodes the genes gag, pol, env, the transcriptional transactivator taf, and a second 3' open reading frame ... | 1994 | 8184531 |
| the middle hepatitis b virus envelope protein is not necessary for infectivity of hepatitis delta virus. | the hepatitis delta virus (hdv) envelope contains the large (l), middle (m), and small (s) surface proteins encoded by coinfecting hepatitis b virus. although hdv-like particles can be assembled with only the s protein in the envelope, the l protein is essential for infectivity in vitro (c. sureau, b. guerra, and r. lanford, j. virol. 67:366-372, 1993). here, we demonstrate that the m protein, previously described as carrying a site for binding to polymerized human albumin, is not necessary for ... | 1994 | 8189544 |
| capacity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to infect chimpanzee monocytes in vitro. | | 1994 | 8195628 |
| evolutionary divergence of human chromosome 9 as revealed by the position of the abl protooncogene in higher primates. | attempts to solve the fundamental questions regarding the descent of man are dogged by superstitions and unexamined orthodoxies. the origin of humans, established a decade ago based upon cytological analysis of ape chromosomes, continues to be called into question. although molecular methods have provided a framework for tracing the paths of human evolution, conclusive evidence remains elusive. we have used a single abl gene probe derived from human chromosome 9 to assess the direction of change ... | 1994 | 8202081 |
| plasmodium ovale: observations on the parasite development in saimiri monkey hepatocytes in vivo and in vitro in contrast with its inability to induce parasitemia. | exoerythrocytic stage parasites of the human malaria parasite plasmodium ovale were cultured in vitro by inoculating primary cultures of hepatocytes from saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys with sporozoites. morphology and size of the liver stages were similar to previous in vivo descriptions in humans and chimpanzees. saimiri monkeys did not develop parasitemia after repeated inoculations with p. ovale sporozoites. however, liver-stage parasites were observed in liver biopsies performed 7 days ... | 1994 | 8206138 |
| immortalization of differentiated human hepatocytes by a combination of a viral vector and collagen gel culture. | adult human and chimpanzee hepatocytes, which have no proliferative potential in vitro, were immortalized by introducing an oncogene encoding simian virus 40 large tumor(t) antigen by means of infection with a recombinant adenovirus vector. the frequency of immortalization was enhanced by a suspension method for virus adsorption and especially by using a collagen gel culture. the replicating hepatocyte colonies were isolated and selected by albumin secretion which is specific for parenchymal hep ... | 1993 | 8217951 |
| lack of t cell dysfunction and programmed cell death in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected chimpanzees correlates with absence of monocytotropic variants. | in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in humans, disturbed t cell functions such as anergy and programmed cell death, thought to result from inappropriate signaling by antigen-presenting cells due to hiv infection, precede increase in virus load, decline in cd4+ t cell numbers, and subsequent disease progression. here, in 3 long-term hiv-1-infected asymptomatic chimpanzees, antigen-presenting cell function was intact and t cells had normal proliferative capacity with no ev ... | 1993 | 8228347 |
| hepatocellular carcinoma associated with chronic schistosoma mansoni infection in a chimpanzee. | hepatocellular carcinoma associated with chronic schistosoma mansoni infection in a chimpanzee, estimated to be a 12-year-old and born in west africa, is reported. the hepatic tumor appeared as a solitary firm nodule, and histological examination revealed well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma with a trabecular pattern. hepatitis b virus and hepatitis c virus infections were excluded by serological testing in that animal. this is the first report of hepatocellular carcinoma in the chimpanz ... | 1993 | 8230173 |
| high viral load in lymph nodes and latent human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in peripheral blood cells of hiv-1-infected chimpanzees. | we have examined human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection in chimpanzees by analyzing hiv-1 dna and rna in lymph nodes and peripheral mononuclear cells (pbmcs). like certain asymptomatic hiv-infected persons, these chimpanzees had no detectable viral replication in their pbmcs. however, viral replication and a high viral load were observed in the lymphatic tissue. despite the absence of viral replication in pbmcs, 1/1,000 to 1/10,000 of the pbmcs contained hiv-1 proviral dna, and hi ... | 1993 | 8230463 |
| evolution of the tyrosinase related gene (tyrl) in primates. | tyrosinase is the major enzyme responsible for the formation of melanin pigment and is found throughout the animal kingdom. in humans, the tyrosinase gene (tyr) maps to the long arm of chromosome 11 at band q14-->q21, while a tyrosinase related gene (tyrl) maps to the short arm of chromosome 11 at p11.2-->cen. we and others have found that the tyrl locus contains sequences that are similar to exons iv and v of the authentic tyrosinase gene but lacks sequences of exons i, ii, and iii. in an attem ... | 1993 | 8234203 |
| meningeal arterial patterns in great apes: implications for hominid vascular evolution. | arterial meningeal patterns were observed for 100 hemispheres from great ape endocasts (pan paniscus, pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, and pongo pygmaeus). eight patterns emerged based on the relative contributions to the walls and dura mater of the middle part of the braincase of meningeal arteries that stem from two sources. these arteries enter the braincase through either the orbit (delivering blood from the internal carotid artery) or through the base of the middle cranial fossa (via the m ... | 1993 | 8238293 |
| resolution of the hla-drb6 puzzle: a case of grafting a de novo-generated exon on an existing gene. | hla-drb6, one of the human major histocompatibility complex genes, lacks exon 1, which normally codes for the leader and the first four amino acid residues of the mature protein. because it also lacks the hla promoter, it was surprising to find that the gene is transcribed at a low level in a chimpanzee b-lymphoblastoma cell line, in which the drb6 homolog is truncated as in humans. the study designed to resolve the paradox has revealed that a retrovirus related to the mouse mammary tumor viruse ... | 1993 | 8248165 |
| nucleotide sequence of wild-type hepatitis a virus gbm in comparison with two cell culture-adapted variants. | in order to study cell tropism and attenuation of hepatitis a virus (hav), the genome of hav wild-type gbm and two cell culture-adapted variants, gbm/frhk and gbm/hfs, were cloned and sequenced after amplification by reverse transcriptase-pcr. during virus cultivation, the hav variant gbm/frhk had a strict host range for frhk-4 cells, in contrast to gbm/hfs, which can be grown in hfs and frhk-4 cells. the hav variant gbm/hfs was shown to be attenuated when inoculated into chimpanzees (b. flehmig ... | 1994 | 8254770 |
| chimpanzee rh-like blood group genes map to chromosome region 1p36.1-->p34.2 by in situ hybridization. | a human rh cdna probe was used to map the rh-like genes in the chimpanzee. the data gathered made it possible to uniquely localize these genes to chimpanzee chromosome region 1p36.1-->p34.2. this chromosomal localization is homologous to the location of the rh genes in the human genome. | 1994 | 8258298 |
| complete nucleotide sequences of six hepatitis b viral genomes encoding the surface antigen subtypes ayw4, adw4q-, and adrq- and their phylogenetic classification. | the complete nucleotide sequences of six hepatitis b viral (hbv) genomes were determined by dideoxy chain termination sequencing of ten overlapping nucleotide fragments obtained by the polymerase chain reaction. four of the genomes belonged to the two genomic groups e and f of hbv which have been previously identified by us on the basis of sequence divergences within the s gene. genomic group e encodes the hbsag subtype ayw4, group f adw4q-. the other two genomes were of pacific origin within gr ... | 1993 | 8260864 |
| bc200 rna: a neural rna polymerase iii product encoded by a monomeric alu element. | we demonstrate that the bc200 rna gene, which encodes a neural small cytoplasmic rna, is a member of the most prodigious family of interspersed repetitive dna and that its product represents an example of a primate tissue-specific rna polymerase iii transcript. the bc200 rna gene is an early monomeric member and one of the few postulated transcriptionally active alu sequences in this family of nearly half a million retropositionally amplified elements dispersed throughout the human genome. furth ... | 1993 | 8265590 |
| transmission of human spongiform encephalopathies to experimental animals: comparison of the chimpanzee and squirrel monkey. | the agents of kuru and creutzfeldt-jakob disease have been consistently transmitted from patients with those diseases to chimpanzees and squirrel monkeys, as well as to other new-world primates, with average incubation periods of two or three years. no other animals have been found so consistently susceptible to the agents in human tissues. more rapid and convenient assays for the infectious agents would greatly facilitate research on the spongiform encephalopathies of humans. | 1993 | 8270119 |
| fixation times of retroposons in the ribosomal dna spacer of human and other primates. | we have investigated the presence/absence of two types of retroposed sequences found in human ribosomal dna in equivalent positions in chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, gibbon, and rhesus monkey rdna. these sequences are one pseudogene derived from the single-copy cdc27hs gene and seven complete alu elements. the 2-kb pseudogene is present in the apes but not in old world monkeys, indicating fixation in an ape ancestor. five of the alu elements are shared by the whole set of primates studied, indi ... | 1993 | 8276415 |
| mitochondrial coii sequences and modern human origins. | the aim of this study is to measure human mitochondrial sequence variability in the relatively slowly evolving mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit ii (coii) and to estimate when the human common ancestral mitochondrial type existed. new coii gene sequences were determined for five humans (homo sapiens), including some of the most mitochondrially divergent humans known; for two pygmy chimpanzees (pan paniscus); and for a common chimpanzee (p. troglodytes). coii sequences were analyzed w ... | 1993 | 8277847 |
| inhibition of endotoxin-induced activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis by pentoxifylline or by a monoclonal anti-tissue factor antibody in chimpanzees. | knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for the activation of the coagulation system associated with endotoxemia is important for the development of improved modalities for prevention and treatment. we analyzed the appearance in plasma of tnf, il-6, and indices of coagulation and fibrinolytic system activation in normal chimpanzees after intravenous infusion of endotoxin. endotoxin infusion elicited reproducible and dose-dependent elevations in serum tnf and il-6, as well as marked ... | 1994 | 8282778 |
| effect of nonprotective vaccination on antibody response to subsequent human immunodeficiency virus infection. | we have investigated the systemic anti-hiv antibody response in chimpanzees who were immunized with live vaccinia containing either the hiv envelope glycoprotein (gp160iiib) or a control antigen (herpes simplex virus glycoprotein d) and then challenged with either a high dose (300,000 tcid50) or low dose (100 tcid50) of hiviiib. hiv was subsequently isolated from all animals, indicating failure of the vaccination to protect against hiv infection. serum antibody responses were evaluated before im ... | 1994 | 8282780 |
| differential effects of anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibodies on systemic inflammatory responses in experimental endotoxemia in chimpanzees. | tumor necrosis factor (tnf) is considered to be a pivotal mediator of endotoxin-induced lethality. to assess the intermediate role of tnf in specific systemic inflammatory responses known to contribute to tissue injury in endotoxemia, eight healthy adult chimpanzees were intravenously injected with escherichia coli endotoxin (4 ng/kg). in four of these animals the administration of endotoxin was followed immediately by a bolus intravenous injection of an anti-tnf monoclonal antibody (15 mg/kg). ... | 1994 | 8286742 |
| cloning and comparative mapping of a human chromosome 4-specific alpha satellite dna sequence. | we have isolated and characterized two human alphoid dna clones: p4n1/4 and pz4.1. clone p4n1/4 identifies specifically the centromeric region of chromosome 4; pz4.1 recognizes a subset of alphoid dna shared by chromosomes 4 and 9. the specificity was determined using fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments on metaphase spreads and southern blotting analysis of human-hamster somatic cell hybrids. the genomic organization of both subsets was also investigated. comparative mapping on chimpa ... | 1993 | 8288224 |
| comparative high-resolution mapping of human and primate chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization. | a molecular cytogenetic approach that facilitates high-resolution comparative mapping of defined human genes in different primate species is presented. fluorescence in situ hybridization and digital imaging microscopy were used to visualize human dna probes on simultaneously banded or "painted" metaphase chromosomes of great apes (pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, pongo pygmaeus), hylobatids (hylobates lar and hylobates syndactylus), and old world monkeys (macaca fuscata and cercopithecus aethio ... | 1993 | 8288242 |
| complete genomes, phylogenetic relatedness, and structural proteins of six strains of the hepatitis b virus, four of which represent two new genotypes. | the genomes of six hepatitis b viral (hbv) strains were sequenced from 10 overlapping amplificates obtained by the polymerase chain reaction. four of the strains, specifying subtypes ayw4 and adw4q-, represented on the basis of divergency within the s gene two new genomic groups identified by us. the other two strains, encoding adrq- and of pacific origin, belonged to genomic group c. the relation of these genomes to 21 published human, 1 chimpanzee, and 4 rodent hepadnaviral genomes was analyze ... | 1994 | 8291231 |
| infectious aids--stretching the germ theory beyond its limits. | the hypothesis that human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) causes aids was advanced in 1984, based only on circumstantial evidence. to this date, the primary evidence are correlations between the presence of antibody against hiv and aids. but these correlations are biased by proponents of the hiv hypothesis in favour of hiv. they ignore hiv-free aids and they base correlations on selected studies because there are no national hiv-aids statistics. the hiv-aids hypothesis has made the following predic ... | 1994 | 8292899 |
| phylogenetic subtypes of human t-lymphotropic virus type i and their relations to the anthropological background. | isolates of human t-lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-i) were phylogenetically analyzed from native inhabitants in india and south america (colombia and chile) and from ainu (regarded as pure japanese descendants from the preagricultural "jomon" period). their genomes were partially sequenced together with isolates from gabon in central africa and from ghana in west africa. the phylogenetic tree was constructed from the sequence data obtained and those of previously reported htlv-i isolates and si ... | 1994 | 8302841 |
| primary in vitro sensitization of human t-helper lymphocytes by peptides derived from the v3 loop of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope glycoprotein. | to generate cd4+ t-helper cell lines, lymphocytes from hiv-seronegative subjects were primed in vitro with peptides derived from the v3 loop of hiv-1 gp120. antigen-specific reactivity was inhibited by an anti-dr monoclonal antibody, indicating hla-class ii dependency, but peptides could be recognized in different hla-class ii contexts. three sites on v3lai and two on v3mn were identified as targets of the respective v3lai- and v3mn-specific lines. recognition of v3 peptides was isolate-specific ... | 1994 | 8303940 |
| the china i/cdc strain of plasmodium malariae in aotus monkeys and chimpanzees. | five aotus monkeys and two chimpanzees were infected with plasmodium malariae isolated from a patient who acquired her infection approximately 50 years ago. all animals were splenectomized. the chimpanzees supported the highest parasite densities of 22,271/microliters and 18,544/microliters. three aotus monkeys with a previous history of infection with p. vivax had maximum parasite counts of from 1,818/microliters to 2,909/microliters, whereas two monkeys not previously infected had maximum para ... | 1994 | 8304570 |
| forensic study on stains of blood and saliva in a chimpanzee bite case. | a case of a boy bitten by a chimpanzee is reported. forensic investigations were carried out on his t-shirt which had been torn open at the right armpit. by presumptive tests using chemical reagents and definitive tests using antisera against human hemoglobin a (hbao), human serum and human saliva amylase, it was demonstrated that stains scattered around the torn portion of the shirt consisted of saliva or both blood and saliva. though the blood was immunologically assumed to be human, the saliv ... | 1993 | 8307519 |
| differences in the central major histocompatibility complex between humans and chimpanzees. implications for development of autoimmunity and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. | chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and humans are closely related and belong to the same subfamily, homininae. the approximately 1.8% genetic difference that exists between humans and the chimpanzees must be responsible for observed differences between these two species. it has been shown that chimpanzees can be infected with hiv, but aids has not been reported. furthermore, the prevalence of autoimmune diseases may be low in this species. for instance, type ii diabetes occurs, but type i (autoimmune ... | 1993 | 8307785 |
| methodological approaches to disinfection of human hepatitis b virus. | three commercial disinfectants (two quaternary formulations and one phenolic) were tested against human hepatitis b virus (hhbv). the treated virus was assayed for infectivity by the chimpanzee assay and for morphological alteration by the morphological alteration and disintegration test. the same agents were tested against duck hepatitis b virus in a duck hepatocyte infectivity assay. it is apparent that human and duck hepatitis viruses were relatively susceptible to disinfection, becoming noni ... | 1993 | 8308123 |
| comparison between the complete mtdna sequences of the blue and the fin whale, two species that can hybridize in nature. | the sequence of the mitochondrial dna (mtdna) molecule of the blue whale (balaenoptera musculus) was determined. the molecule is 16,402 bp long and its organization conforms with that of other eutherian mammals. the molecule was compared with the mtdna of the congeneric fin whale (b. physalus). it was recently documented that the two species can hybridize and that male offspring are infertile whereas female offspring may be fertile. the present comparison made it possible to determine the degree ... | 1993 | 8308901 |
| toward a more accurate time scale for the human mitochondrial dna tree. | several estimates of the time of occurrence of the most recent common mitochondrial dna (mtdna) ancestor of modern humans have been made. estimates derived from noncoding regions based on a model that classifies sites into two categories (variable and invariable) have been consistently older than those derived from the third positions of codons. this discrepancy can be attributed to a violation of the assumption of rate homogeneity among variable sites when analyzing the noncoding regions. addit ... | 1993 | 8308904 |
| evolution of protamine p1 genes in primates. | protamine p1 genes have been sequenced by pcr amplification and direct dna sequencing from 9 primates representing 5 major families, cebidae (new world monkeys), cercopithecidae (old world monkeys), hylobatidae (gibbons), pongidae (gorilla, orangutan, and chimpanzee), and hominidae (human). in this recently diverged group of primates these genes are clearly orthologous but very variable, both at the dna level and in their expressed amino acid sequences. the rate of variation amongst the protamin ... | 1993 | 8308910 |
| experimentally induced mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in chimpanzees. | eight chimpanzees were examined. two served as negative control and six inoculated with mycoplasma pneumoniae became colonized. colonization persisted for 28-68, 16-50 and 21 days with an average duration of 47, 32.5 and 21 days in the oropharyngeal, tracheal and lung tissues, respectively. mycoplasma titers ranged from 10(8) to 10(1) color-changing units per specimen during the course of the infections. seroconversion occurred within 12-15 days and peak antibody titers ranged from 1.256 to 1.10 ... | 1993 | 8309353 |
| a comparison in chimpanzees of the immunogenicity and efficacy of live attenuated respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) temperature-sensitive mutant vaccines and vaccinia virus recombinants that express the surface glycoproteins of rsv. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children. the present study compares the level of attenuation, genetic stability and efficacy of three conditional-lethal temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of the rsv a2 wild-type virus, designated ts-1, ts-1-ng1, and ts-4, in seronegative chimpanzees and also compares their efficacy with that of vaccinia virus recombinants that express the surface glycoproteins of rsv. each of the ts mutants was ... | 1993 | 8310760 |
| immunogenicity of recombinant human adenovirus-human immunodeficiency virus vaccines in chimpanzees. | recombinant human adenovirus (ad) type 4-, 5-, and 7-vectored vaccines expressing either the hiv env or gag-protease genes were tested for immunogenicity in three chimpanzees. the first phase of the vaccination protocol consisted of a primary and two booster immunizations with ad-hivs by the oral route of administration, followed by a single booster immunization with gag and/or env subunit vaccines. the second phase of the vaccination protocol consisted of intranasal administration of ad-hivs pr ... | 1993 | 8318268 |
| characterization of the patterns of polymorphism in a "cryptic repeat" reveals a novel type of hypervariable sequence. | alternating purine and pyrimidine repeats (ry(i)) are an abundant source of polymorphism. the subset with long tandem repeats of gt or ac (gt(i)) have been studied extensively, but cryptic ry(i) (i.e., no single tandem repeat predominates) have received little attention. the factor ix gene has a polymorphic cryptic ry(i) of 142-216 bp. previously, there were four known polymorphic alleles, of the form ab, a2b, a2b2, and a3b2, where a = (gt)(ac)3(at)3(gt)(at)4 and b = a with an additional 3' at d ... | 1993 | 8328460 |
| clinical detection of lps and animal models of endotoxemia. | the interest in the study of endotoxemia in the clinical area has increased recently as a result of a) improved and simplified endotoxin determination e.g. chromogenic-kinetic microplate methods (also an improved blood sampling tool is available), b) incidence of sepsis has increased due to improvement in early (e.g. posttraumatic) survival, c) interest in and good evidence for gut translocation as a source of endotoxemia, d) agents have developed, which can antagonize endotoxins. there is evide ... | 1993 | 8330902 |
| survival and development of larval onchocerca volvulus in diffusion chambers implanted in primate and rodent hosts. | third-stage larvae (l3) of onchocerca volvulus were implanted in diffusion chambers in chimpanzees, mangabey monkeys, rhesus monkeys, squirrel monkeys, and inbred strains of mice, jirds, and rats for 3-63 days. at different times during the experimental period, larvae were recovered and assessed for their viability and development. survival and growth rates were equal regardless of whether the implanted larvae were fresh or cryopreserved. survival and growth rates of the larvae did not differ am ... | 1993 | 8331478 |
| elisa for antibody to hepatitis e virus (hev) based on complete open-reading frame-2 protein expressed in insect cells: identification of hev infection in primates. | a recombinant baculovirus containing the complete open-reading frame (orf)-2 region of the hepatitis e virus (hev) genome was constructed. the major protein synthesized in insect cells infected with recombinant virus was about the size expected for the complete orf-2 product. this protein reacted in a western blot assay with plasma from an hev-infected chimpanzee. lysates of the recombinant virus-infected insect cells were used in elisa to monitor seroconversion of eight primate species (chimpan ... | 1993 | 8335973 |
| estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial dna in humans and chimpanzees. | examining the pattern of nucleotide substitution for the control region of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) in humans and chimpanzees, we developed a new mathematical method for estimating the number of transitional and transversional substitutions per site, as well as the total number of nucleotide substitutions. in this method, excess transitions, unequal nucleotide frequencies, and variation of substitution rate among different sites are all taken into account. application of this method to human an ... | 1993 | 8336541 |
| mhc-drb and -dqa1 nucleotide sequences of three lowland gorillas. implications for the evolution of primate mhc class ii haplotypes. | mhc-drb and -dqa1 second-exon and -drb 3'-untranslated-region nucleotide sequences of three lowland gorillas with no known family relationship with each other and of two hla homozygous typing cell lines were determined and compared with published primate mhc-drb and -dqa1 sequences. eleven distinct mhcgogo-drb second-exon sequences were found, which represent the gorilla counterparts of the hla-drb1*03, -drb1*10, -drb3, -drb5, and -drb6 allelic lineages. one gogo-drb second-exon sequence does no ... | 1993 | 8340229 |
| alloactivated cytotoxic t cells recognize the carboxy-terminal domain of human immunodeficiency virus-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein. | infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) virus leads to clinical disease in humans but not in chimpanzees. progression to disease is associated with activation of the immune system followed by loss of t helper cell function and a slow decline in cd4-positive lymphocytes. the presence of autoreactive and cytotoxic cells in humans but not chimpanzees suggests that mechanisms other than, or in addition to, direct virus-induced cell killing, are required for disease to develop. the obse ... | 1993 | 8344368 |
| pentoxifylline attenuates neutrophil activation in experimental endotoxemia in chimpanzees. | costimulation of neutrophils and cytokines may play an important role in organ injury in sepsis. pentoxifylline inhibits various neutrophil functions in vitro, and attenuates endotoxin-induced production of tnf in both in vitro and in vivo models. to assess the effect of pentoxifylline on neutrophil activation in endotoxemia, nine adult chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) were i.v. injected with saline (n = 2), escherichia coli endotoxin (4 ng/kg; n = 4), or e. coli endotoxin (4 ng/kg) in combination ... | 1993 | 8345209 |
| duplication of the cd8 beta-chain gene as a marker of the man-gorilla-chimpanzee clade. | in earlier studies we have found that the gene encoding the cd8 beta chain is duplicated in man. we demonstrate here that the duplicated genes are both located on chromosome 2. we have also studied the moment of the duplication event relative to the evolution of higher primates by using genomic dna of a panel of primates. our data strongly suggest that duplication occurred after the orangutan lineage had split and before the chimpanzee, gorilla, and man clade diverged, some 8-9.5 million years a ... | 1993 | 8346216 |
| preliminary evaluation of recombinant onchocerca volvulus antigens for serodiagnosis of onchocerciasis. | serodiagnostic assays for onchocerciasis based on native antigens are hampered by the scarcity of antigen, and they suffer from poor specificity. the present study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of recently described recombinant onchocerca volvulus antigens oc 3.6 and oc 9.3 in enzyme immunoassays. the recombinant proteins were expressed as glutathione s-transferase fusions and were tested in several enzyme immunoassay formats to measure immunoglobulin g (igg) and igg4 antibodie ... | 1993 | 8349749 |
| long-term observations of human immunodeficiency virus-infected chimpanzees. | twenty-seven chimpanzees inoculated with material presumed to contain human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) between june 1983 and february 1985 were studied. the animals were examined on four to six occasions between 1989 and 1992 for serologic, virologic, hematologic, immunophenotypic, as well as clinical signs of hiv infection and compared to five uninfected control animals. the 19 animals that had seroconverted within 244 days of inoculation remained antibody positive, whereas those that did not ... | 1993 | 8352831 |
| assessment of hand preference in two language-trained chimpanzees (pan troglodytes): a multimethod analysis. | the nonhuman primate literature concludes that monkeys and apes do not exhibit handedness preferences at the population level. this discrepancy between human and nonhuman primate findings may be due to differences in the methods of assessment of handedness, lack of reliability between various measures of handedness, and a paucity of studies involving great apes. this paper presents the results of extensive hand preference studies with two language-trained chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). both natu ... | 1993 | 8354703 |
| experimental onchocerciasis in chimpanzees: cellular responses and antigen recognition after immunization and challenge with onchocerca volvulus infective third-stage larvae. | immunization of chimpanzees with radiation-attenuated infective 3rd-stage larvae (l3) of onchocerca volvulus did not induce strong protective immunity against a subsequent challenge infection; only 1 out of 4 immunized animals remained non-patent (i.e. microfilariae-negative) after challenge, and may have been protected. however, during immunization and before challenge, a broad range of adult o. volvulus-derived antigens (ovag) and also uterus-derived ovag were recognized by circulating antibod ... | 1993 | 8356001 |
| new host record for the entodiniomorphid ciliate, troglodytella abrassarti, from siamangs (hylobates syndactylus). | examination of faecal samples from several diarrhoeic siamangs hylobates syndactylus (anthropoidea: hylobatidae) revealed the presence of numerous entodiniomorphid ciliates whose morphological and ultrastructural characteristics were consistent with those of troglodytella abrassarti previously recorded from chimpanzees, orangutans and gorillas (anthropoidea: pongidae). | 1993 | 8359993 |
| human monoclonal anti-d-induced clearance of human d-positive red cells in a chimpanzee model. | two human monoclonal anti-rh0(d) antibodies, one igg1, and one igg3, were tested for their ability to clear human d-positive red blood cells (rbcs) from chimpanzee circulation. human rbcs (phenotype a1, r1r) from 1 donor were radiolabelled with chromium 51 and injected into 4 chimpanzees. one day later the control animal received isotonic saline whereas 2 animals received 400 micrograms of purified human monoclonal anti-d, either igg1 or igg3. the remaining animal received both antibodies togeth ... | 1993 | 8362514 |
| unique pres sequence in a gibbon-derived hepatitis b virus variant. | a unique hepatitis b virus (hbv) variant has been identified in a gibbon (hylobates lar) which could be passed to a chimpanzee by experimental inoculation. this hbv variant had been shown to have no reactivity to a monoclonal anti-pres2 antibody (pres2 mab 116-34) differentiating it from all human hbv specimens tested. this gibbon sera also was not recognized by an anti-pres1 mab which binds the pres1 hepatocyte receptor region, amino acids 27-35. in this paper, we report the dna sequence of the ... | 1993 | 8363598 |
| the interaction of primate transferrins with receptors on bacteria pathogenic to humans. | the binding of primate transferrins by receptors in the human pathogens neisseria meningitidis, moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis, and haemophilus influenzae was assessed and compared with the binding of anti-human transferrin monoclonal antibodies by primate transferrins. in competitive binding assays the three pathogens showed identical specificity for primate transferrins. only human, gorilla, chimpanzee and orangutan sera were capable of blocking binding of labelled human transferrin. dire ... | 1993 | 8366816 |
| the impact of hiv-1 infection on phenotypic and functional parameters of cellular immunity in chimpanzees. | as a means of assessing the immunological impact of hiv infection in the chimpanzee, as well as the participation of the cellular components in the control of hiv infection in these animals, various aspects of cellular immunity were investigated in chronically hiv-infected chimpanzees. eight hiv-1-infected chimpanzees were included in this study; two of them were infected for more than 5 years and six for nearly 3 years at the time of study. all of the chimpanzees received either 40 or 100 tcid5 ... | 1993 | 8369169 |
| processes of social learning in the tool use of chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and human children (homo sapiens). | common chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and 2-year-old human children (homo sapiens) were presented with a rakelike tool and a desirable but out-of-reach object. one group of subjects observed a human demonstrator use the tool in one way, and another group observed a demonstrator use the tool in another way. children in both cases did what the model did. chimpanzee subjects, however, behaved identically in the 2 model conditions. both groups performed better than subjects who saw no demonstration. ... | 1993 | 8370271 |
| development of spontaneous classificatory behavior in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). | i investigated the development of spontaneous classificatory behavior in 5 chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) tested at different ages and analyzed subjects' spontaneous constructive interactions with sets of logically structured objects. the results show that chimpanzees possess a natural capacity to react to similarities and differences among test stimuli and construct classes. the general progression of their classificatory development is very similar to that reported for human infants from 6 to 2 ... | 1993 | 8370273 |
| the activation of factor x and prothrombin by recombinant factor viia in vivo is mediated by tissue factor. | the human coagulation system continuously generates very small quantities of factor xa and thrombin. current evidence suggests that basal level activation of the hemostatic mechanism occurs via factor viia-dependent activation of factor x, but direct proof has not been available for the participation of tissue factor in this pathway. to examine this issue, we infused relatively high concentrations of recombinant factor viia (approximately 50 micrograms/kg body wt) into normal chimpanzees and obs ... | 1993 | 8376580 |
| equilibrium centrifugation studies of hepatitis c virus: evidence for circulating immune complexes. | the buoyant density of hepatitis c virus (hcv), with high in vivo infectivity (strain h) or low in vivo infectivity (strain f), was determined by sucrose gradient equilibrium centrifugation. viral rna of strain h was detected in fractions with densities of < or = 1.09 g/ml (principally approximately 1.06 g/ml), while that of strain f was found in fractions with densities of approximately 1.06 and approximately 1.17 g/ml. the observed difference was confirmed by differential flotation centrifugat ... | 1993 | 8383220 |
| a cold-adapted mutant of parainfluenza virus type 3 is attenuated and protective in chimpanzees. | a live attenuated cold-adapted parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv-3) vaccine is being developed to prevent the serious lower respiratory tract disease caused by this virus in infants and young children. this cold-passaged mutant (cp45) was evaluated in seronegative chimpanzees and found to be highly attenuated in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts compared to its wild-type parent. animals immunized with cp45 were also highly resistant to wild-type piv-3 challenge. stability of the attenuat ... | 1993 | 8383726 |
| detection of hepatitis c virus rna in patients with chronic hepatitis c virus infections during and after therapy with alpha interferon. | in 24 patients with hepatitic c virus (hcv) infection who participated in a randomized trial with alpha 2b interferon, hcv rna analysis by the polymerase chain reaction with two separate primer sets was performed at weeks 0, 4, and 24 and during a follow-up period of 6 to 9 months. prior to therapy all patients were hcv rna positive. during therapy, hcv rna decreased to an undetectable level (< 1 chimpanzee infectious dose per ml) in nine patients at week 4. after week 4, no additional cases of ... | 1993 | 8384820 |
| [intrahepatic detection of hcv.rna by in situ hybridization]. | recent progress of in situ hybridization techniques for detecting hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna in liver specimens is described. intrahepatic replication of hcv-rna has been identified in liver tissues of both chimpanzees and patients with hcv infection by in situ hybridization. | 1993 | 8385236 |
| absence of nonpercutaneous transmission of hepatitis c virus in a colony of chimpanzees. | transmission of hepatitis c virus (hcv) was studied in a colony of 85 chimpanzees using assays for anti-hcv and hcv-rna. thirteen of the 85 sera were positive for anti-hcv, and 12 of the 13 were also positive for hcv-rna. all of the anti-hcv positive sera except one were obtained from chimpanzees which had been inoculated with non-a, non-b hepatitis virus. on the other hand, only one of 63 sera of chimpanzees without history of experimental infection of the virus was positive for anti-hcv. trans ... | 1993 | 8388027 |
| antibody response to nonstructural proteins of hepatitis a virus following infection. | the nonstructural proteins of hepatitis a virus (hav), produced during active virus replication, are alternative antigens that could be used to differentiate disease from inactivated vaccine-induced antibodies. an assay based on immune precipitation of proteins translated from transcripts of the p2 region of viral cdna was used to evaluate the development of antibodies after natural infection or vaccination. antibodies against p2 proteins were found in all sera from clinical cases of hepatitis a ... | 1993 | 8390561 |
| correlation between the infectivity of hepatitis c virus in vivo and its infectivity in vitro. | a murine retrovirus-infected human t-cell line, hpb-ma, supported replication of hepatitis c virus (hcv) at least as well as the previously reported molt4-ma cells. cloning of hpb-ma cells revealed a clonal variation of cellular susceptibility to hcv infection. using one of the sensitive clones, we tested hcv inocula from different sources for their infectivity titer in cell culture. the in vitro titers obtained correlated with the reported infectivity titers of the inocula in chimpanzees. thus, ... | 1993 | 8392185 |
| a cluster of transposon-like repetitive sequences in intron 7 of the human dystrophin gene. | a 32 kilobase-pair fragment of intron 7 of the human dystrophin gene has been sequenced and analysed for the presence of repetitive elements and open reading frames. two transposon-like human elements (the-1 sequences), and three intervening, and related, long terminal repeat elements, together with three alu sequences and a line sequence have been identified. these represent an unexpected clustering of highly-repetitive sequences within this single segment of intron dna. amplification of a regi ... | 1993 | 8392588 |
| release of soluble receptors for tumor necrosis factor in clinical sepsis and experimental endotoxemia. | to assess the role of tumor necrosis factor (tnf) in the appearance of soluble tnf receptors (stnfrs), 20 consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of sepsis were studied as were 7 chimpanzees after administration of endotoxin (4 ng/kg) with or without pentoxifylline. the patients had markedly elevated serum levels of stnfr-p55 and stnfr-p75 compared with healthy controls (p < .0001 for both receptors). the levels of both soluble receptors correlated with simultaneously measured immunoreact ... | 1993 | 8397270 |
| primate phylogeny studied by comparative determinant analysis. a preliminary report. | in this preliminary report the divergence times for the major primate groups are given, calculated from a study by comparative determinant analysis of 69 proteins (equaling 0.1% of the whole genetic information). with an origin of the primate order set at 80 million years before present, the ages of the last common ancestors (lcas) of man and the major primate groups obtained this way are as follows: pan troglodytes 5.2; gorilla gorilla 7.4; pongo pygmaeus 19.2; hylobates lar 20.3; old world mon ... | 1993 | 8398202 |
| nonhuman primate models for aids. | historically, animal model systems have been important components of biomedical research, and the same is proving true for research directed at the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) pandemic. the most relevant and valuable models for studying infection by hiv-1 and hiv-2 and progression to aids involve infection of nonhuman primates with hiv-1, hiv-2, or some of the closely related simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs). the siv macaque model has proven valuable in all aspects of aids-related r ... | 1993 | 8399921 |
| importance of the polymerase chain reaction in the study of hepatitis c virus infection. | recently, the principal etiological agent of parenterally transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis was molecularly cloned from the plasma of an experimentally infected chimpanzee and has been named hepatitis c virus. determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the hepatitis c virus genome was a crucial step in preparing the way for future study of this medically important human pathogen. due to the very low concentration of virus in serum, amplification of viral rna sequences by reverse trans ... | 1993 | 8400334 |
| characterization of the genes encoding carbonic anhydrase i of chimpanzee and gorilla: comparative analysis of 5' flanking erythroid-specific promoter sequences. | the genes encoding carbonic anhydrase i (ca i) have been characterized for chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) and gorilla (gorilla gorilla). in addition, 44 nucleotides (nt) at the 5' end of the noncoding first exon (exon 1a), which is unique to the erythroid ca i mrna, together with 188 nt of the adjacent 5' flanking regions, were sequenced for the corresponding positions of the ca i of orangutan, pigtail macaque, and squirrel monkey. when these 5' flanking regions are compared, along with those publ ... | 1993 | 8406018 |
| special issue. red and white blood cell groups of chimpanzees: relationship to their human counterparts. | | 1993 | 8411095 |
| the m-n--v-a-b-d blood group system of chimpanzee and other apes: serology and genetics. | poly- and monoclonal anti-m and anti-n reagents detect on the red cells of anthropoid apes the m and/or n antigens which are similar to, but not identical with human m and n. a series of v-a-b-d specificities, closely related to the m-n system, are recognized on ape red blood cells by chimpanzee immune sera. to account for the distributions of the m-n--v-a-b-d types in man and in various apes, a genetic model is proposed that assumes the existence of two independent pairs of alleles: m/m, and n/ ... | 1993 | 8411096 |
| primate genes for glycophorins carrying mn blood group antigens. | glycophorin a, b, and e genes were derived from a common ancestral gene and this gene family appeared during primate evolution, probably between orangutan and gorilla divergences. based on the study of genomic structures of these human glycophorins and the genetic and immunological study of primate glycophorins, we hypothesize that chimpanzee and gorilla glycophorin b could possess a longer extracellular region and carry a stronger n blood group antigenicity compared with that of the human. | 1993 | 8411100 |
| characterization of hepatitis c virus envelope glycoprotein complexes expressed by recombinant vaccinia viruses. | we constructed recombinant vaccinia virus vectors for expression of the structural region of hepatitis c virus (hcv). infection of mammalian cells with a vector (vv/hcv1-906) encoding c-e1-e2-ns2 generated major protein species of 22 kda (c), 33 to 35 kda (e1), and 70 to 72 kda (e2), as observed previously with other mammalian expression systems. the bulk of the e1 and e2 expressed by vv/hcv1-906 was found integrated into endoplasmic reticulum membranes as core-glycosylated species, suggesting t ... | 1993 | 8411378 |
| mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 affect sensitivity to neutralization by gp120 antibodies. | three closely related molecular human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) clones, with differential neutralization phenotypes, were generated by cloning of an ncoi-bamhi envelope (env) gene fragment (hxb2r nucleotide positions 5221 to 8021) into the full-length hxb2 molecular clone of hiv-1 iiib. these env gene fragments, containing the complete gp120 coding region and a major part of gp41, were obtained from three different biological clones derived from a chimpanzee-passaged hiv-1 iiib isola ... | 1993 | 8411395 |
| theoretical foundation of the minimum-evolution method of phylogenetic inference. | the minimum-evolution (me) method of phylogenetic inference is based on the assumption that the tree with the smallest sum of branch length estimates is most likely to be the true one. in the past this assumption has been used without mathematical proof. here we present the theoretical basis of this method by showing that the expectation of the sum of branch length estimates for the true tree is smallest among all possible trees, provided that the evolutionary distances used are statistically un ... | 1993 | 8412650 |
| cd4 molecules with a diversity of mutations encompassing the cdr3 region efficiently support human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein-mediated cell fusion. | the third complementarity-determining region (cdr3) within domain 1 of the human cd4 molecule has been suggested to play a critical role in membrane fusion mediated by the interaction of cd4 with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope glycoprotein. to analyze in detail the role of cdr3 and adjacent regions in the fusion process, we used cassette mutagenesis to construct a panel of 30 site-directed mutations between residues 79 and 96 of the full-length cd4 molecule. the mutant ... | 1993 | 8419649 |
| primate abo glycosyltransferases: evidence for trans-species evolution. | the human abo blood group system is controlled by alleles at a single locus on chromosome 9. the alleles encode glycosyltransferases, which add different sugar residues to the terminal part of the oligosaccharide core, thus generating the a or b antigens; an allele encoding enzymatically inactive protein is responsible for the blood group o. the a and b antigens are present not only in humans, but also in many other primate species and it has been proposed that the ab polymorphism was establishe ... | 1993 | 8420836 |
| glycophorin b and glycophorin e genes arose from the glycophorin a ancestral gene via two duplications during primate evolution. | human glycophorin a, b, and e genes are homologous from the 5'-flanking region to 1 kilobase downstream from the exon encoding the transmembrane region. analysis of human alu sequences at the transition site from the homologous to nonhomologous region suggested that the gpa gene most closely resembles the ancestral gene, whereas gpb and gpe genes arose by homologous recombination within the alu repetitive sequence, and acquired 3' sequences from an unrelated gene (kudo, s., and fukuda, m. (1989) ... | 1993 | 8420995 |