| [a case of legionnaire's disease due to legionella pneumophila serogroup 6]. | | 1998 | 9702025 |
| comparison of amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis, random amplified polymorphic dna analysis, and amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting for identification of acinetobacter genomic species and typing of acinetobacter baumannii. | thirty-one strains of acinetobacter species, including type strains of the 18 genomic species and 13 clinical isolates, were compared by amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis (ardra), random amplified polymorphic dna analysis (rapd), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) fingerprinting. ardra, performed with five different enzymes, showed low discriminatory power for differentiating acinetobacter at the species and strain level. the standardized commercially available rapd kit ... | 1998 | 9705386 |
| use of an amplified-fragment length polymorphism technique to fingerprint and differentiate isolates of helicobacter pylori. | amplified-fragment length polymorphism (aflp) analysis is the name given to a genotypic technique in which adapter oligonucleotides are ligated to restriction enzyme fragments and then used as target sites for primers in a pcr amplification process. the amplified fragments are electrophoretically separated to give strain-specific band profiles. we have developed a single-enzyme approach that did not require costly equipment or reagents for the fingerprinting of strains of helicobacter pylori. th ... | 1998 | 9705396 |
| comparison of the binax legionella urinary antigen enzyme immunoassay (eia) with the biotest legionella urin antigen eia for detection of legionella antigen in both concentrated and nonconcentrated urine samples. | we evaluated a newly commercial enzyme immunoassay (eia) (biotest legionella urin antigen eia; biotest ag, dreieich, germany) for detection of antigens of all legionella pneumophila serogroups with a relatively wide spectrum of cross-reactivity as well as antigens of other legionella spp. by comparing its sensitivity and specificity with those of an eia for detection of l. pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen (legionella urinary antigen eia; binax, portland, maine). both tests were performed with bot ... | 1998 | 9705420 |
| the contributions of reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates to listericidal mechanisms differ in macrophages activated pre- and postinfection. | the contribution of reactive oxygen intermediates (roi) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (rni) to the killing of listeria monocytogenes by macrophages activated by addition of spleen cells from listeria-immune mice plus specific antigen was examined. when macrophages were infected with l. monocytogenes and then spleen cells were added, there was not as big a difference in listericidal activity between macrophages cultured with normal spleen cells and those cultured with immune spleen cells as ... | 1998 | 9712745 |
| characterization of an acidic-ph-inducible stress protein (hsp70), a putative sulfatide binding adhesin, from helicobacter pylori. | the in vitro glycolipid binding specificity of the gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori is altered to include sulfated glycolipids (sulfatides) following brief exposure of the organism to acid ph typical of the stomach. this change is prevented by anti-hsp70 antibodies, suggesting that hsp70 may be a stress-induced surface adhesin, mediating sulfatide recognition. to facilitate investigation of the role of hsp70 in attachment, we have cloned and sequenced the h. pylori hsp70 gene (dnak). the hsp ... | 1998 | 9712748 |
| low endotoxic potential of legionella pneumophila lipopolysaccharide due to failure of interaction with the monocyte lipopolysaccharide receptor cd14. | legionella pneumophila, a gram-negative bacterium causing legionnaires' disease and pontiac fever, was shown to be highly reactive in in vitro gelation of limulus lysate but not able to induce fever and the local shwartzman reaction in rabbits and mice. we analyzed the capacity of purified l. pneumophila lipopolysaccharide (lps-lp) to induce activation of the human monocytic cell line mono mac 6, as revealed by secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and desensitization to subsequent lps stimulat ... | 1998 | 9712761 |
| ferrous iron uptake in cryptococcus neoformans. | previous studies have implicated ferric reduction in the iron uptake pathway of the opportunistic pathogen cryptococcus neoformans. here we studied iron uptake directly, using 55fe in the presence of reductants. uptake was linear with respect to time and number of yeast cells. the plot of uptake versus concentration exhibited a steep rise up to about 1 microm, a plateau between 1 and 25 microm, and a second steep rise above 25 microm, consistent with high- and low-affinity uptake systems. a km f ... | 1998 | 9712764 |
| coiling phagocytosis of trypanosomatids and fungal cells. | coiling phagocytosis has previously been studied only with the bacteria legionella pneumophila and borrelia burgdorferi, and the results were inconsistent. to learn more about this unconventional phagocytic mechanism, the uptake of various eukaryotic microorganisms by human monocytes, murine macrophages, and murine dendritic cells was investigated in vitro by video and electron microscopy. unconventional phagocytosis of leishmania spp. promastigotes, trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes, candida al ... | 1998 | 9712785 |
| early events in phagosome establishment are required for intracellular survival of legionella pneumophila. | during infection, the legionnaires' disease bacterium, legionella pneumophila, survives and multiplies within a specialized phagosome that is near neutral ph and does not fuse with host lysosomes. in order to understand the molecular basis of this organism's ability to control its intracellular fate, we have isolated and characterized a group of transposon-generated mutants which were unable to kill macrophages and were subsequently found to be defective in intracellular multiplication. these mu ... | 1998 | 9712800 |
| how is the intracellular fate of the legionella pneumophila phagosome determined? | the following pair of articles, the first by gil segal and howard shuman, and the second by james kirby and ralph isberg (trends microbiol. 6, 256-258), explore the genetics and function of the icm/dot genes of legionella pneumophila. this gene family is implicated in several aspects of virulence and appears to constitute components of a conjugal transfer system that has been adopted to prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion in the host cell and to mediate host cytotoxicity by pore formation. whether ... | 1998 | 9717210 |
| mutations in toxr and toxs that separate transcriptional activation from dna binding at the cholera toxin gene promoter. | toxr and toxs are integral membrane proteins that activate the transcription of virulence genes in vibrio cholerae. toxr can be separated into three different domains: an n-terminal cytoplasmic dna binding domain, a central transmembrane domain, and a c-terminal periplasmic domain. toxs is thought to enhance toxr-mediated transcriptional activation through a periplasmic interaction. by p22 challenge phage selection for dna binding, in combination with a screen for cholera toxin gene transcriptio ... | 1998 | 9721317 |
| invasion of protozoa by legionella pneumophila and its role in bacterial ecology and pathogenesis. | | 1998 | 9726849 |
| signal transduction in the protozoan host hartmannella vermiformis upon attachment and invasion by legionella micdadei. | the intracellular pathogens legionella micdadei and legionella pneumophila are the two most common legionella species that cause legionnaires' disease. intracellular replication within pulmonary cells is the hallmark of legionnaires' disease. in the environment, legionellae are parasites of protozoans, and intracellular bacterial replication within protozoans plays a major role in the transmission of legionnaires' disease. in this study, we characterized the initial host signal transduction mech ... | 1998 | 9726850 |
| legionella pneumonia in neonates: a literature review. | it has recently been recognized that neonates may develop pneumonia as a result of legionella pneumophila. the objective of this study is to characterize the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, clinical features, and outcome of neonatal legionellosis. review of the literature revealed nine cases of neonatal legionella infection. five neonates were term infants and four were preterm. eight had potential risk factors such as prematurity, congenital heart disease, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or ... | 1998 | 9730199 |
| surface-associated hsp60 chaperonin of legionella pneumophila mediates invasion in a hela cell model. | hela cells have been previously used to demonstrate that virulent strains of legionella pneumophila (but not salt-tolerant avirulent strains) efficiently invade nonphagocytic cells. hsp60, a member of the groel family of chaperonins, is displayed on the surface of virulent l. pneumophila (r. a. garduño et al., j. bacteriol. 180:505-513, 1988). because hsp60 is largely involved in protein-protein interactions, we investigated its role in adherence-invasion in the hela cell model. hsp60-specific a ... | 1998 | 9746556 |
| effect of cytokines on growth of toxoplasma gondii in murine astrocytes. | cytokines play a significant role in the regulation of toxoplasma gondii in the central nervous system. cytokine-activated microglia are important host defense cells in central nervous system infections. recent evidence indicates that astrocytes can also be activated by cytokines to inhibit intracellular pathogens. in this study, we examined the effect of gamma interferon (ifn-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), interleukin-6 (il-6), and il-1 on the growth of t. gondii in a primary ... | 1998 | 9746608 |
| acquisition of iron by gardnerella vaginalis. | six gardnerella vaginalis strains were examined for the ability to utilize various iron-containing compounds as iron sources. in a plate bioassay, all six strains acquired iron from ferrous chloride, ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate, ferric ammonium citrate, ferrous ammonium sulfate, bovine and equine hemin, bovine catalase, and equine, bovine, rabbit, and human hemoglobin. all six strains also acquired iron from human lactoferrin, but not from human transferrin, as determined by a liquid broth ... | 1998 | 9746616 |
| comparison of conventional culture and pcr methods for the detection of legionella pneumophila in water. | a comparative assessment of conventional culture and nucleic acid techniques in the detection of legionella pneumophila in seeded tap water samples was performed, using bacterial concentrations ranging from 994 to 0.015 cfu ml-1. different filtration and centrifugation protocols were evaluated. the results permitted the development of a tentative algorithm for the detection of legionellae in tap water. samples should first be analysed using pcr methods. in the event of quantitative data and bact ... | 1998 | 9750332 |
| [theoretical basis for the antibiotic therapy of the upper part of the respiratory system]. | the paper presents the views on the etiology of infections in the respiratory system. beside the so called "old pathogens" such as streptococcus pneumoniae, haenophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, "atypic" microorganisms are becoming more and more important, i.e. mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella pneumophila, chlamydia pneumoniae. mixed flora with aerobic and anaerobic bacteria is observed in chronic infections. viral infections facilitate bacterial infections. antibiotic used first shoul ... | 1997 | 9757681 |
| bacteriological activity of trovafloxacin, a new quinolone, against respiratory tract pathogens. | the use of established fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, as empirical therapy for the treatment of moderate-to-severe respiratory tract infections is limited by their poor activity against gram-positive and atypical pathogens. data from in vitro susceptibility studies and in vivo animal protection models suggest that the new fluoroquinolone, trovafloxacin, compared with ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin offers equivalent activity against gram-negative pathogens and improved activi ... | 1998 | 9758283 |
| a comparative study on the efficacy of the new quinolone alatrofloxacin in the treatment of experimental legionellosis in guinea pigs. | the in vivo efficacy of trovafloxacin, intraperitoneally administered as alatrofloxacin (cp-116,517), was assessed and compared with that of erythromycin, alone or in combination with rifampicin, in a model of legionella pneumophila pneumonia in guinea pigs. trovafloxacin (5 mg/kg administered as alatrofloxacin once daily for 7 days) gave a survival rate of 100% in infected animals. clearance of bacteria and of bacteria-induced lesions from lungs was achieved by day 6 post-inoculation. the lungs ... | 1998 | 9758285 |
| monoclonal antibodies directed against lipopolysaccharide of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. | the monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against lipopolysaccharide of virulent strain of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 were produced. three most productive hybrid clones (5f4, 5f10 and 2c9) were selected from fusions of mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from balb/c mice, immunized with bacterial outer membrane antigens. all generated clones were igg-secreting. the mabs had narrow strain specificity and showed no cross-reactions with other unrelated bacterial species. these antibodies were test ... | 1998 | 9762415 |
| tumour necrosis factor (tnf) and tnf-related molecules in hiv-1+ individuals: relationship with in vitro th1/th2-type response. | we examined the secretion and expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of tnf-alpha and tnf-related molecules with regard to th1/th2-type cytokine production. in 76 hiv+ patients at different disease stages and in 25 controls we measured cytokine (tnf-alpha/beta, interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma), il-2, il-4, il-10), and activation marker secretion (scd4, scd8, scd30) in phytohaemagglutinin (pha)-stimulated and unstimulated pbmc cultures by elisa, and membrane-bound tnf-alpha and cd30 ... | 1998 | 9764604 |
| legionella pneumophila catalase-peroxidases: cloning of the katb gene and studies of katb function. | legionella pneumophila, the causative organism of legionnaires' pneumonia, is spread by aerosolization from man-made reservoirs, e.g. , water cooling towers and air conditioning ducts, whose nutrient-poor conditions are conducive to entrance into stationary phase. exposure to starvation conditions is known to induce several virulence traits in l. pneumophila. since catalase-peroxidases have been extremely useful markers of the stationary-phase response in many bacterial species and may be an ave ... | 1998 | 9765568 |
| fluorescent amplified-fragment length polymorphism analysis of an outbreak of group a streptococcal invasive disease. | fluorescent amplified-fragment length polymorphism (faflp) analysis was carried out for an outbreak of group a streptococcal (gas) invasive disease. streptococcal genomic dnas were digested with endonucleases ecori and msei, site-specific adaptors were ligated, and pcr amplification was carried out with an ecori adaptor-specific primer labelled with fluorescent dye. amplified fragments of up to 600 bp in size were separated on a polyacrylamide sequencing gel which contained internal size markers ... | 1998 | 9774552 |
| inducible beta-lactam resistance in aeromonas hydrophila: therapeutic challenge for antimicrobial therapy. | despite the abundant amount of knowledge about inducible chromosomally mediated beta-lactamases among aeromonas species, extended-spectrum beta-lactam-resistant a. hydrophila strains selected in clinical practice were rarely reported. in the present study, two strains of a. hydrophila, a136 and a139, with markedly different susceptibilities to extended-spectrum cephalosporins were isolated from blood and the tip segment of an arterial catheter of a burn patient. another strain (a136m) was select ... | 1998 | 9774563 |
| identification of legionella species by random amplified polymorphic dna profiles. | random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) was used for the identification of legionella species. primer sk2 (5'-cggcggcggcgg-3') and standardized rapd conditions gave the technique a reproducibility of 93 to 100%, depending on the species tested. species-specific patterns corresponding to the 42 legionella species were consequently defined by this method; the patterns were dependent on the recognition of a core of common bands for each species. this specificity was demonstrated by testing 65 type ... | 1998 | 9774564 |
| identification of brucella by ribosomal-spacer-region pcr and differentiation of brucella canis from other brucella spp. pathogenic for humans by carbohydrate profiles. | molecular and chemical characteristics often provide complementary information in the differentiation of closely related organisms. the genus brucella consists of a highly conserved group of organisms. identification of the four species pathogenic in humans (brucella melitensis, brucella abortus, brucella suis, and brucella canis) is problematic for many clinical laboratories that depend primarily on serology and phenotypic characteristics to differentiate species. pcr amplification of the 16s-2 ... | 1998 | 9774568 |
| the role of atypical pathogens: mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae, and legionella pneumophila in respiratory infection. | infections caused by m. pneumoniae, c. pneumoniae, and legionella spp. are important causes of community-acquired pneumonia (cap). in the past decade, considerable new information has come to light concerning these organisms. despite this, debate continues concerning the syndromic approach to cap and the scientific merit of lumping these pathogens together. because the etiologic diagnosis of these pathogens is established only in a minority of cases, the true prevalence tends to be underestimate ... | 1998 | 9779379 |
| [community acquired pneumonia requiring admission to hospital. etiology and follow-up of 366 cases]. | an eighteen-month prospective study designed to determine the incidence, etiology and prognosis of community acquired pneumonia (cap) in adults requiring admission to hospital. | 1998 | 9780423 |
| subcellular localization and cytotoxic activity of the groel-like protein isolated from actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. | the subcellular locations, ultrastructure, and cytotoxic activity of the groel-like protein from actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans were investigated. two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) clearly indicated that synthesis of the groel-like protein is substantially increased after a thermal shock. analysis of the purified native groel-like protein by transmission electron microscopy revealed the typical 14-mer cylindrical molecule, which had a diam ... | 1998 | 9784537 |
| intracellular multiplication and human macrophage killing by legionella pneumophila are inhibited by conjugal components of incq plasmid rsf1010. | previously we have reported that legionella pneumophila can mediate plasmid dna transfer at a frequency of about 10(-3) transconjugants per donor and that this process is dependent on several icm genes. here we characterize the icm-dependent conjugal ability of l. pneumophila and study its relationship to intracellular multiplication and host cell killing. we found that three icm genes and the rsf1010 moba gene are completely required and that three icm genes and the rsf1010 mobc gene are partia ... | 1998 | 9786196 |
| [treatment of pneumonia caused by legionella with azithromycin]. | nineteen patients with pneumonia caused by legionella, who did not need to be admitted to icu were treated with 500 mg/day of azithromycin. the etiological diagnosis was made retrospectively by detecting legionella pneumophila in the urine of nine patients and/or by serology (seroconversion or single titer 1/256) in 19 cases. none of them met the criteria for icu admittance nor had received prior treatment with antibiotics which were potentially active against l. pneumophila. serology tests and ... | 1998 | 9795300 |
| subinhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial agents reduce the uptake of legionella pneumophila into acanthamoeba castellanii and u937 cells by altering the expression of virulence-associated antigens. | we determined the mics of ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, imipenem, and rifampin for two clinical isolates of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (mtt) reduction assay and by quantitative culture. to test the influence of subinhibitory concentrations (sub-mics) of antimicrobial agents on legionella uptake into acanthamoeba castellanii and u937 macrophage-like cells, both strains were pretreated with 0.25 mics of the antibio ... | 1998 | 9797218 |
| [usefulness of bronchoalveolar lavage in the renal transplant patient with suspected respiratory infection]. | in this retrospective study we aimed to assess the diagnostic yield of bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) in kidney transplant patients who were suspected of having severe respiratory infection or in whom empirical antibiotic treatment had failed. all bal procedures performed on kidney transplanted patients suspected of having respiratory infections between january 1, 1988 and july 31, 1996 were analyzed. bal was carried out in the standard way and samples were sent for cytologic and bacteriologic stu ... | 1998 | 9803276 |
| [the detection of legionella pneumophila dna with polymerase chain reaction in water samples]. | legionella pneumophila has been known as an important pathogen causing legionnaires disease (ld), responsible for more than 80 per cent of clinical ld cases and majority of the ld outbreaks. in order to detect the existence of legionella pneumophila strains in water samples, we have developed a ploymerase chain reaction method, using two primers synthesized according to the reported legionella pneumophila mip gene nucleotide sequence. this method was proved to be highly sensitive (18 cfu/ml) and ... | 1997 | 9812538 |
| [can aminopenicillin be prescribed as monotherapy in case of community-acquired pneumonia?]. | in france the current consensus for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia is based on the french society for infectious diseases 1991 guidelines. in healthy adults without signs of severe disease, oral amoxicillin is recommended at the dose of 3 g per day for 8 to 10 days. this empirical choice is warranted by the prevalence of pneumococcal infections, found as causal agents in half to two-thirds of the bacteriologically proven cases. the 3 g dose is recommended due to the increasing ris ... | 1998 | 9819592 |
| the type iv leader peptidase/n-methyltransferase of vibrio vulnificus controls factors required for adherence to hep-2 cells and virulence in iron-overloaded mice. | vibrio vulnificus expresses a number of potential virulence determinants that may contribute to its ability to cause a severe and rapidly disseminating septicemia in susceptible hosts. we have cloned and characterized two genes encoding products related to components of the type iv pilus biogenesis and general secretory (type ii) pathways by complementation of a type iv peptidase/n-methyltransferase (pild) mutant of pseudomonas aeruginosa with a v. vulnificus genomic library. one of the genes (v ... | 1998 | 9826339 |
| brucella abortus transits through the autophagic pathway and replicates in the endoplasmic reticulum of nonprofessional phagocytes. | brucella abortus is an intracellular pathogen that replicates within a membrane-bounded compartment. in this study, we have examined the intracellular pathway of the virulent b. abortus strain 2308 (s2308) and the attenuated strain 19 (s19) in hela cells. at 10 min after inoculation, both bacterial strains are transiently detected in phagosomes characterized by the presence of early endosomal markers such as the early endosomal antigen 1. at approximately 1 h postinoculation, bacteria are locate ... | 1998 | 9826346 |
| identification of a 71-kilodalton surface-associated hsp70 homologue in coxiella burnetii. | a coxiella burnetii hsp70 homologue was identified by using an acid activation in vitro system in which protein synthesis has been followed by [35s]methionine labeling, autoradiography, and immunoblotting. the protein was one of those predominantly labeled, and the immunoblots revealed that it was recognized by anti-dnak antibodies. the corresponding gene was isolated, and its nucleotide sequence was determined and analyzed. a single open reading frame (orf) with a size of 1,968 bp was identifie ... | 1998 | 9826369 |
| genetic and sequence analysis of the ptic58 trb locus, encoding a mating-pair formation system related to members of the type iv secretion family. | conjugal transfer of ptic58 requires two regions, tra which contains the orit and several genes involved in dna processing and a region of undefined size and function that is located at the 2-o'clock position of the plasmid. using transposon mutagenesis with tn3hoho1 and a binary transfer system, we delimited this second region, called trb, to an 11-kb interval between the loci for vegetative replication and nopaline catabolism. dna sequence analysis of this region identified 13 significant open ... | 1998 | 9829924 |
| antibacterial effects of levofloxacin, erythromycin, and rifampin in a human monocyte system against legionella pneumophila. | the antibacterial activities of levofloxacin, erythromycin, and rifampin against intracellular legionella pneumophila l-1033, serogroup 1, were studied. in an in vitro system utilizing adherent human monocytes, l. pneumophila l-1033, a phagocytosis time period of 1 h, and antibiotic (levofloxacin, erythromycin, and/or rifampin) at 1 to 10 times the mic, the cfu/ml values for the monocyte lysate were determined during 0- to 4-day time periods. the decrease in cfu/ml with levofloxacin at ph 7.4 wa ... | 1998 | 9835507 |
| an ampd gene in pseudomonas aeruginosa encodes a negative regulator of ampc beta-lactamase expression. | the ampd and ampe genes of pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1 were cloned and characterized. these genes are transcribed in the same orientation and form an operon. the deduced polypeptide of p. aeruginosa ampd exhibited more than 60% similarity to the ampd proteins of enterobacteria and haemophilus influenzae. the ampd product transcomplemented escherichia coli ampd mutants to wild-type beta-lactamase expression. | 1998 | 9835532 |
| species-specific oligonucleotides for enumeration of pseudomonas putida f1, burkholderia sp. strain js150, and bacillus subtilis atcc 7003 in biodegradation experiments. | species-specific sequences were identified within the v4 variable region of 16s rrna of two bacterial species capable of aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism, pseudomonas putida f1 and burkholderia sp. strain js150, and a third, bacillus subtilis atcc 7003, that can function as a secondary degrader. fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish) with species-specific oligonucleotides was used for direct counting of these species throughout a phenol biodegradation experiment in batch culture. traditional di ... | 1998 | 9835594 |
| legionella pneumophila kills human phagocytes but not protozoan host cells by inducing apoptotic cell death. | legionella pneumophila is a facultative intracellular parasite able to replicate within and to kill a variety of eukaryotic cells. one possible killing mechanism is the induction of programmed cell death. based on electron microscopy and flow cytometry studies using the phosphatidylserine binding protein annexin v, we could demonstrate that l. pneumophila is able to induce apoptosis in human monocytes which was clearly dependent on the multiplicity of infection, the time postinfection and the in ... | 1998 | 9851034 |
| incp plasmids are unusually effective in mediating conjugation of escherichia coli and saccharomyces cerevisiae: involvement of the tra2 mating system. | mobilizable shuttle plasmids containing the origin-of-transfer (orit) region of plasmids f (incfi), colib-p9 (inci1), and rp4/rp1 (incpalpha) were constructed to test the ability of the cognate conjugation system to mediate gene transfer from escherichia coli to saccharomyces cerevisiae. only the palpha system caused detectable mobilization to yeast, giving peak values of 5 x 10(-5) transconjugants per recipient cell in 30 min. transfer of the shuttle plasmid required carriage of orit in cis and ... | 1998 | 9851996 |
| rapid identification of clinically relevant nocardia species to genus level by 16s rrna gene pcr. | two regions of the gene coding for 16s rrna in nocardia species were selected as genus-specific primer sequences for a pcr assay. the pcr protocol was tested with 60 strains of clinically relevant nocardia isolates and type strains. it gave positive results for all strains tested. conversely, the pcr assay was negative for all tested species belonging to the most closely related genera, including dietzia, gordona, mycobacterium, rhodococcus, streptomyces, and tsukamurella. besides, unlike the la ... | 1999 | 9854071 |
| systemic infection of an immunocompromised patient with methylobacterium zatmanii. | we describe the identification of methylobacterium zatmanii as the causative agent of bacteremia and fever in an immunocompromised patient. the patient, a 60-year-old man, had a 5-month history of acute myeloid leukemia and had been on chemotherapy throughout this period. seven days after the onset of neutropenia, the patient developed fever. the combination of ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, imipenem, amikacin, and vancomycin led to a complete defervescence. on subculture from six positive blood ... | 1999 | 9854105 |
| analysis of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. | at a hospital in halifax, nova scotia, canada, three strains of legionella pneumophila were detectable based on plasmid content, while the isolates collected at another hospital in halifax had no plasmids. genomic dna was digested with bsshii, sali, and spei and subjected to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). we found no relationship between plasmid profile and pfge pattern. | 1999 | 9854106 |
| regrowth of legionella pneumophila in a heat-disinfected plumbing system. | we examined the factors involved in the occurrence of legionellaceae in a hospital water system and the recontamination by legionella pneumophila after a thermal disinfection procedure was studied. three months after the heat treatment (70 degrees c), the regrowth of the two prevalent legionella strains (l. pneumophila serogroup 1 [oxford-like] and l. pneumophila serogroup 2) reached the original level of cell numbers. genomic analysis (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) revealed the strains to b ... | 1998 | 9861677 |
| identification of fur, aconitase, and other proteins expressed by mycobacterium tuberculosis under conditions of low and high concentrations of iron by combined two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. | iron plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of mycobacterium tuberculosis. to gain a better understanding of iron regulation by this organism, we have used two-dimensional (2-d) gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and database searching to study protein expression in m. tuberculosis under conditions of high and low iron concentration. proteins in cellular extracts from m. tuberculosis erdman strain grown under low-iron (1 microm) and high-iron (70 microm) conditions were separated by 2 ... | 1999 | 9864233 |
| multiple small heat shock proteins in rhizobia. | seven genes coding for small heat shock proteins (shsps) in bradyrhizobium japonicum have been identified. they are organized in five operons that are coordinately regulated by rose, a negatively cis-acting dna element. the deduced shsps can be divided into two separate classes: class a, consisting of proteins that show similarity to escherichia coli ibpa and ibpb, and class b, whose members display significant similarity to other shsps from prokaryotes and eukaryotes. two-dimensional gel electr ... | 1999 | 9864316 |
| two fatal cases of nosocomial legionella pneumophila pneumonia associated with a contaminated cold water supply. | | 1998 | 9865992 |
| epidemiology of legionella pneumonia and factors associated with legionella-related mortality at a tertiary care center. | legionella pneumophila is an important pathogen that may cause nosocomial and community-acquired pneumonia in patients with normal or altered immunity. the epidemiology of 40 cases of legionella pneumonia in patients hospitalized between 1986 and 1994 was studied. fourteen patients (35%) were solid organ transplant recipients. the calculated annual incidence of l. pneumophila infection was highest among lung transplant recipients (2.07 cases per 1,000 transplant-years). there was a trend toward ... | 1998 | 9868664 |
| uptake and intracellular activity of moxifloxacin in human neutrophils and tissue-cultured epithelial cells. | the penetration by moxifloxacin of human neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [pmn]) and tissue-cultured epithelial cells (mccoy cells) was evaluated by a fluorometric assay. at extracellular concentrations of 5 mg/liter, the cellular-to-extracellular concentration ratios (c/e) of moxifloxacin in pmn and mccoy cells were 10.9 +/- 1.0 and 8.7 +/- 1.0, respectively (20 min; 37 degrees c). the uptake of moxifloxacin by pmn was rapid, reversible, nonsaturable (at extracellular concentrations ra ... | 1999 | 9869557 |
| in vitro activity of the ketolide hmr 3647 (ru 6647) for legionella spp., its pharmacokinetics in guinea pigs, and use of the drug to treat guinea pigs with legionella pneumophila pneumonia. | the activities of hmr 3647, hmr 3004, erythromycin, clarithromycin, and levofloxacin for 97 legionella spp. isolates were determined by microbroth dilution susceptibility testing. growth inhibition of two legionella pneumophila strains grown in guinea pig alveolar macrophages was also determined. the concentrations required to inhibit 50% of strains tested were 0.06, 0.02, 0.25, 0.03, and 0.02 microg/ml for hmr 3647, hmr 3004, erythromycin, clarithromycin, and levofloxacin, respectively. byealph ... | 1999 | 9869571 |
| a recurrent outbreak of nosocomial legionnaires' disease detected by urinary antigen testing: evidence for long-term colonization of a hospital plumbing system. | in 1994, a hospital reported an increase in nosocomial legionnaires' disease after implementing use of a rapid urinary antigen test for legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (lp-1). this hospital was the site of a previous nosocomial legionnaires' disease outbreak during 1980 to 1982. | 1998 | 9872526 |
| controlling legionella in hospital water systems: experience with the superheat-and-flush method and copper-silver ionization. | to evaluate the effect of copper-silver ionization on legionella colonization and nosocomial legionnaires' disease and to compare the efficacy of metal ions versus the superheat-and-flush method of disinfection. | 1998 | 9872527 |
| in situ detection of novel bacterial endosymbionts of acanthamoeba spp. phylogenetically related to members of the order rickettsiales. | acanthamoebae are ubiquitous soil and water bactivores which may serve as amplification vehicles for a variety of pathogenic facultative bacteria and as hosts to other, presently uncultured bacterial endosymbionts. the spectrum of uncultured endosymbionts includes gram-negative rods and gram-variable cocci, the latter recently shown to be members of the chlamydiales. we report here the isolation from corneal scrapings of two acanthamoeba strains that harbor gram-negative rod endosymbionts that c ... | 1999 | 9872781 |
| [prognostic factors and etiology in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia admitted at the icu. spanish multicenter study. study group on severe community-acquired pneumonia in spain]. | to determine the techniques used for the etiological diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (icu) and to describe the predominant causative organisms as well as prognostic factors of icu mortality. | 1998 | 9881346 |
| discontinuous occurrence of the hsp70 (dnak) gene among archaea and sequence features of hsp70 suggest a novel outlook on phylogenies inferred from this protein. | occurrence of the hsp70 (dnak) gene was investigated in various members of the domain archaea comprising both euryarchaeotes and crenarchaeotes and in the hyperthermophilic bacteria aquifex pyrophilus and thermotoga maritima representing the deepest offshoots in phylogenetic trees of bacterial 16s rrna sequences. the gene was not detected in 8 of 10 archaea examined but was found in a. pyrophilus and t. maritima, from which it was cloned and sequenced. comparative analyses of the hsp70 amino aci ... | 1999 | 9882656 |
| pulsed-field gel electrophoresis is more efficient than ribotyping and random amplified polymorphic dna analysis in discrimination of pasteurella haemolytica strains. | one hundred thirty-three strains of pasteurella haemolytica of both biotypes (90 and 43 strains of biotypes a and t, respectively) and almost all the serotypes were subjected to ribotyping, random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) analysis for epidemiological purposes. a total of 15 patterns recorded as ribotypes ha to ho were found for the p. haemolytica biotype a strains, with ribotypes ha, hc, and hd being encountered most often (66 strains ... | 1999 | 9889223 |
| exposures to legionella pneumophila and chlamydia pneumoniae in south african mine workers. | exposures of south african mine workers to legionella pneumophila and chlamydia pneumoniae were studied over a period of six months. seroprevalence data were compared with data from a group of factory workers. antibodies to l. pneumophila serogroups 1-4 were demonstrated in 36% of the mine workers and 10% of the factory workers (p < 0.0001). seroconversion occurred in 18% of the mine workers during the study period. antibodies to c. pneumoniae were present in 66% of the mine workers and 22% of t ... | 1997 | 9891109 |
| different fates of legionella pneumophila pmi and mil mutants within macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells. | alveolar epithelial cells, which constitute the majority of the alveolar surface, may represent a potential niche for intracellular replication of legionella pneumophila that has been largely overlooked. we examined the phenotypes of a bank of 121 macrophage-defective mutants of l. pneumophila (designated as pmi and mil) for their cytopathogenicity to and intracellular survival and replication within human alveolar epithelial cells. our data showed that 91 of 121 mutants that were defective (mod ... | 1998 | 9895268 |
| the ura5 gene is necessary for histoplasma capsulatum growth during infection of mouse and human cells. | the histoplasma capsulatum ura5 gene, which has recently been cloned and disrupted by allelic replacement, encodes orotidine-5'-monophosphate pyrophosphorylase. inactivation of ura5 by either targeted or uv mutagenesis results in disruption of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway and uracil auxotrophy. we examined the effect of uracil auxotrophy due to a ura5 mutation on h. capsulatum virulence in both cell culture and whole-animal models. uracil auxotrophs of two h. capsulatum restriction fragme ... | 1999 | 9916068 |
| apoptosis in macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells during early stages of infection by legionella pneumophila and its role in cytopathogenicity. | the hallmark of legionnaires' disease is intracellular replication of legionella pneumophila within cells in the alveolar spaces. cytopathogenicity of this bacterium to the host cell has been well demonstrated, but the mechanisms of host cell death due to infection by l. pneumophila are not well understood. in this study, induction of apoptosis in macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells by l. pneumophila during early stages of infection was confirmed by using multiple criteria, including dna f ... | 1999 | 9916101 |
| cryptococcus neoformans resides in an acidic phagolysosome of human macrophages. | recently, we demonstrated that human monocyte-derived macrophages (mdm) treated with chloroquine or ammonium chloride had markedly increased antifungal activity against the aids-related pathogen cryptococcus neoformans. both of these agents raise the lysosomal ph, which suggested that the increased antifungal activity was a function of alkalinizing the phagolysosome. moreover, there was an inverse correlation between growth of c. neoformans in cell-free media and ph. these data suggested that c. ... | 1999 | 9916104 |
| cloning and characterization of a gene (mspa) encoding the major sheath protein of treponema maltophilum atcc 51939(t). | the major sheath protein-encoding gene (mspa) of the oral spirochete treponema maltophilum atcc 51939(t) was cloned by screening a genomic library with an anti-outer membrane fraction antibody. the mspa gene encodes a precursor protein of 575 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 62.3 kda, including a signal peptide of 19 amino acids. the native mspa formed a heat-modifiable, detergent- and trypsin-stable complex which is associated with the outer membrane. hybridization with an mspa-sp ... | 1999 | 9922270 |
| mechanism underlying levofloxacin uptake by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. | the mechanism of radiolabeled levofloxacin ([3h]levofloxacin) uptake by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmns) was investigated by a classical velocity centrifugation technique. pmns were incubated with levofloxacin for 5 to 180 min under various conditions before centrifugation through an oil cushion. radioactivity was measured in the cell pellet to determine the amount of cell-associated drug. the uptake of levofloxacin was moderate with a cellular concentration/extracellular concentration ... | 1999 | 9925513 |
| poly-3-hydroxybutyrate in legionella pneumophila, an energy source for survival in low-nutrient environments. | chloroform-soluble material was extracted from two strains of l. pneumophila serogroup 1 following growth in continuous culture. the purified material was identified as poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (phb) by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. phb yields of up to 16% of cell dry weight were extracted from culture samples. the phb was located in electron-dense intracellular inclusions, which fluoresced bright yellow when stained with the lipophilic dye ni ... | 1999 | 9925622 |
| first sporadic cases of non-pneumonic legionellosis, pontiac fever in japan. | pontiac fever has rarely been found in sporadic cases. here, we report the first sporadic cases of non-pneumonic legionellosis, pontiac fever in japan. case 1. a 53-year-old man with spinocerebellar degeneration was presented to our hospital. he had an acute onset of high fever and consciousness disturbance. a chest x-ray film on admission was normal, but transient bilateral pleural effusions were revealed on hospital day 14. case 2. a 77-year-old woman with gastric ulcer was presented to our ho ... | 1998 | 9932644 |
| impact of either elevated or decreased levels of cytochrome bd expression on shigella flexneri virulence. | shigella spp. are the major cause of bacillary dysentery worldwide. the pathogenic process involves bacterial invasion and lysis of the phagocytic vacuole, followed by replication and movement within the cell cytoplasm and, ultimately, spread directly into adjacent cells. this study demonstrates that s. flexneri cytochrome bd expression is necessary for normal intracellular survival and virulence. cytochrome bd is one of two terminal oxidases in the bacterial respiratory chain that reduce molecu ... | 1999 | 9973350 |
| genetic diversity and population structure of vibrio cholerae. | multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (mlee) of 397 vibrio cholerae isolates, including 143 serogroup reference strains and 244 strains from mexico and guatemala, identified 279 electrophoretic types (ets) distributed in two major divisions (i and ii). linkage disequilibrium was demonstrated in both divisions and in subdivision ic of division i but not in subdivision ia, which includes 76% of the ets. despite this evidence of relatively frequent recombination, clonal lineages may persist for periods ... | 1999 | 9986816 |
| usefulness of pcr and antigen latex agglutination test with samples obtained by transthoracic needle aspiration for diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. | in a large number of cases, the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is not established. some cases are probably caused by streptococcus pneumoniae. transthoracic needle aspiration (tna) culture has a limited sensitivity which might be improved by antigen detection or gene amplification techniques. we evaluated the capacity of a pcr assay and a latex agglutination test to detect s. pneumoniae in samples obtained by tna from 95 patients with moderate-to-severe cap. latex agglutination a ... | 1999 | 9986837 |
| isolation of legionella pneumophila by centrifugation of shell vial cell cultures from multiple liver and lung abscesses. | a 7-year-old girl was admitted to the hospital with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and was treated with allogenic cord blood transplantation. at day 30 after graft, she developed a fever and multiple nodular lesions disseminated in the liver and lungs. all bacterial cultures attempted on liver and lung biopsy specimens and blood remained sterile on standard axenic media. however, inoculation of liver and lung biopsy specimens on eukaryotic cell monolayers by the centrifugation-shell vial technique ... | 1999 | 9986854 |
| in vitro activity of sch 27899 (ziracin) against legionella species. | the activities of sch 27899 (ziracin), erythromycin, and ofloxacin against 102 legionella spp. isolates were measured by a microbroth dilution method. the mics that inhibited 90% of strains tested were 0.25, 0.5, and 0.06 microgram/ml for sch 27899, erythromycin, and ofloxacin, respectively. the activity of sch 27899 against intracellular legionella pneumophila could not be determined because of complete inactivation of the drug by tissue culture medium components. | 1999 | 9990477 |
| human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent and ehrlichia chaffeensis reside in different cytoplasmic compartments in hl-60 cells. | the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) agent resides and multiplies exclusively in cytoplasmic vacuoles of granulocytes. double immunofluorescence labeling was used to characterize the nature of the hge agent replicative inclusions and to compare them with inclusions containing the human monocytic ehrlichia, ehrlichia chaffeensis, in hl-60 cells. although both ehrlichia spp. can coinfect hl-60 cells, they resided in separate inclusions. inclusions of both ehrlichia spp. were not labeled with ... | 1999 | 10024584 |
| role of iron in nramp1-mediated inhibition of mycobacterial growth. | innate resistance to mycobacterial growth is mediated by a gene, nramp1. we have previously reported that nramp1 mrna from macrophages of mycobacterium bovis bcg-resistant (bcgr) mice is more stable than nramp1 mrna from macrophages of bcg-susceptible (bcgs) mice. based on these observations and on reports that show that the closely related nramp2 gene is a metal ion transporter, we evaluated the effect of iron on the growth of mycobacterium avium within macrophages as well as on the stability o ... | 1999 | 10024586 |
| [incidence of legionella in warm water systems in saxony-anhalt]. | the incidence of legionella in warm water systems of sachsen-(saxony-)anhalt was investigated. the legionella were isolated from water samples using plate cultures followed by serotyping methods. in high-risk areas of legionella infections such as hospitals and homes for the aged, 48% respectively 43% of the samples were positive. warm water systems of 61% of the hospitals and 43% of homes for aged people were found to be contaminated with legionella. the number of legionella were most frequentl ... | 1998 | 10024777 |
| legionnaires' disease on a cruise ship linked to the water supply system: clinical and public health implications. | the occurrence of legionnaires' disease has been described previously in passengers of cruise ships, but determination of the source has been rare. a 67-year-old, male cigarette smoker with heart disease contracted legionnaires' disease during a cruise in september 1995 and died 9 days after disembarking. legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was isolated from the patient's sputum and the ship's water supply. samples from the air-conditioning system were negative. l. pneumophila serogroup 1 isolate ... | 1999 | 10028067 |
| biofilms, infectious agents, and dental unit waterlines: a review. | aquatic biofilms, which are widespread not only in nature but also in medical and dental devices, can be the source of serious nosocomial infections. in these hardy microbial communities, pathogens like nontuberculous mycobacteria, pseudomonas aeruginosa, legionella pneumophila, and other bacteria not only survive but proliferate and lie in wait for susceptible hosts. not only are these organisms intrinsically resistant to high temperatures and biocides, but the biofilms they inhabit enhance the ... | 1998 | 10029997 |
| cell biology of legionella pneumophila. | legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of a potentially fatal form of pneumonia named legionnaires' disease. l. pneumophila survives and replicates inside macrophages by preventing phagosome-lysosome fusion. a large number of l. pneumophila genes, called dot or icm, have been identified that are required for intracellular growth. it has recently been shown that the dot/icm genes code for a putative large membrane complex that forms a type iv secretion system used to alter the endocytic pa ... | 1999 | 10047559 |
| the prepilin peptidase is required for protein secretion by and the virulence of the intracellular pathogen legionella pneumophila. | prepilin peptidases cleave, among other substrates, the leader sequences from prepilin-like proteins that are required for type ii protein secretion in gram-negative bacteria. to begin to assess the importance of type ii secretion for the virulence of an intracellular pathogen, we examined the effect of inactivating the prepilin peptidase (pild) gene of legionella pneumophila. although the pild mutant and its parent grew similarly in bacteriological media, they did differ in colony attributes an ... | 1999 | 10048038 |
| structure-function studies of ser-289 in the class c beta-lactamase from enterobacter cloacae p99. | site-directed mutagenesis of ser-289 of the class c beta-lactamase from enterobacter cloacae p99 was performed to investigate the role of this residue in beta-lactam hydrolysis. this amino acid lies near the active site of the enzyme, where it can interact with the c-3 substituent of cephalosporins. kinetic analysis of six mutant beta-lactamases with five cephalosporins showed that ser-289 can be substituted by amino acids with nonpolar or polar uncharged side chains without altering the catalyt ... | 1999 | 10049265 |
| natural competence for dna transformation by legionella pneumophila and its association with expression of type iv pili. | we have recently described the expression of two pili of different lengths on the surface of legionella pneumophila (b. j. stone and y. abu kwaik, infect. immun. 66:1768-1775, 1998). production of long pili requires a functional pilel locus, encoding a type iv pilin protein. since type iv pili in neisseria gonorrhoeae are associated with competence for dna transformation, we examined the competence of l. pneumophila for dna transformation under conditions that allowed the expression of type iv p ... | 1999 | 10049368 |
| complete sequence of a 184-kilobase catabolic plasmid from sphingomonas aromaticivorans f199. | the complete 184,457-bp sequence of the aromatic catabolic plasmid, pnl1, from sphingomonas aromaticivorans f199 has been determined. a total of 186 open reading frames (orfs) are predicted to encode proteins, of which 79 are likely directly associated with catabolism or transport of aromatic compounds. genes that encode enzymes associated with the degradation of biphenyl, naphthalene, m-xylene, and p-cresol are predicted to be distributed among 15 gene clusters. the unusual coclustering of gene ... | 1999 | 10049392 |
| physiological characterization of viable-but-nonculturable campylobacter jejuni cells. | campylobacter jejuni is a pathogenic, microaerophilic, gram-negative, mesophilic bacterium. three strains isolated from humans with enteric campylobacteriosis were able to survive at high population levels (10(7) cells ml-1) as viable-but-nonculturable (vbnc) forms in microcosm water. the vbnc forms of the three c. jejuni strains were enumerated and characterized by using 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride-4',6-diamino-2-phenylindole staining. cellular volume, adenylate energy charge, inte ... | 1999 | 10049870 |
| identification of a novel group of bacteria in sludge from a deteriorated biological phosphorus removal reactor. | the microbial diversity of a deteriorated biological phosphorus removal reactor was investigated by methods not requiring direct cultivation. the reactor was fed with media containing acetate and high levels of phosphate (p/c weight ratio, 8:100) but failed to completely remove phosphate in the effluent and showed very limited biological phosphorus removal activity. denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) of pcr-amplified 16s ribosomal dna was used to investigate the bacterial diversity. ... | 1999 | 10049891 |
| continuous axenic cultivation of pneumocystis carinii. | continuous axenic culture of pneumocystis carinii has been achieved. a culture vessel is used that allows for frequent medium exchange without disturbance of organisms that grow attached to a collagen-coated porous membrane. the growth medium is based on minimal essential medium with earle's salt supplemented with s-adenosyl-l-methionine, putrescine, ferric pyrophosphate, n-acetyl glucosamine, putrescine, p-aminobenzoic acid, l-cysteine and l-glutamine, and horse serum. incubation is in room air ... | 1999 | 10051654 |
| role of the 25 kda major outer membrane protein of legionella pneumophila in attachment to u-937 cells and its potential as a virulence factor for chick embryos. | the gene encoding the 25 kda major outer membrane protein (momp) of legionella pneumophila was transformed into escherichia coli jm 83 and the resultant e. coli lp 116 clone expressed the legionella-momp. compared with the parent e. coli strain, the clone showed a fivefold increase in opsonin-independent binding to u-937 cells. furthermore, this gene was incorporated by electroporation into a low virulence derivative of leg. pneumophila which showed reduced expression of the momp but enhanced ex ... | 1999 | 10063623 |
| comparison of large restriction fragments of mycobacterium avium isolates recovered from aids and non-aids patients with those of isolates from potable water. | we examined potable water in los angeles, california, as a possible source of infection in aids and non-aids patients. nontuberculous mycobacteria were recovered from 12 (92%) of 13 reservoirs, 45 (82%) of 55 homes, 31 (100%) of 31 commercial buildings, and 15 (100%) of 15 hospitals. large-restriction-fragment (lrf) pattern analyses were done with asei. the lrf patterns of mycobacterium avium isolates recovered from potable water in three homes, two commercial buildings, one reservoir, and eight ... | 1999 | 10074518 |
| identification and characterization of is2404 and is2606: two distinct repeated sequences for detection of mycobacterium ulcerans by pcr. | molecular analysis of mycobacterium ulcerans has revealed two new insertion sequences (iss), is2404 and is2606. is2404 was identified by complete sequencing of a previously described repetitive dna segment from m. ulcerans. this element is 1,274 bp long, contains 12-bp inverted repeats and a single open reading frame (orf) potentially encoding a protein of 327 amino acids (aa), and apparently generates 7-bp direct repeats upon transposition. amino acid similarity was found between the putative t ... | 1999 | 10074520 |
| [legionnaires' disease in travellers]. | the outbreak of pneumonia involving delegates to the 1976 american legion convention at a philadelphia hotel was the first example of travel-associated legionnaires' disease. travel is now well known as a common risk factor for legionnaires' disease. this travel-associated disease is a preoccupation among european countries because of morbidity among citizens of the european union. the definition of the case of legionellosis is a patient who presents an acute lower respiratory tract infection wi ... | 1998 | 10078391 |
| intravenous azithromycin. | to review the pharmacology, microbiology, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, tolerability, dosage, administration, and economic issues of intravenous azithromycin. | 1999 | 10084418 |
| treatment of community-acquired pneumonia--idsa guidelines. infectious diseases society of america. | the infectious diseases society of america (idsa) has published guidelines for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (cap). although streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most common etiologic agent, chlamydia pneumoniae and legionella pneumophila are also important causes. for all suspected cap patients, particularly those requiring hospitalization, chest radiographs are strongly recommended to confirm the diagnosis. the idsa guidelines, in contrast to those published by the american tho ... | 1999 | 10084453 |
| examination of listeria monocytogenes intracellular gene expression by using the green fluorescent protein of aequorea victoria. | the acta protein of listeria monocytogenes is an essential virulence factor and is required for intracellular bacterial motility and cell-to-cell spread. plcb, cotranscribed with acta, encodes a broad-specificity phospholipase c that contributes to lysis of host cell vacuoles and cell-to-cell spread. construction of a transcriptional fusion between acta-plcb and the green fluorescent protein gene of aequorea victoria has facilitated the detailed examination of patterns of acta/plcb expression wi ... | 1999 | 10085026 |
| genetic control of experimental lyme arthritis in the absence of specific immunity. | host genetics play an important role in determining resistance or susceptibility to experimental lyme arthritis. while specific immunity appears to regulate disease resolution, innate immunity appears to regulate disease severity. intradermal infection with borrelia burgdorferi yields severe arthritis in c3h/he (c3h) mice but only minimal arthritis in balb/c mice. intradermal infection of immunodeficient c3h scid mice also results in severe arthritis, but arthritis of only moderate severity in b ... | 1999 | 10085044 |
| fatal attraction of mammalian cells to legionella pneumophila. | legionella pneumophila is a protozoan parasite that causes legionnaires' disease. its ability to do so is dependent on its capacity to replicate intracellularly within a phagosome that is not trafficked through the endosomal-lysosomal pathway and is surrounded by the rough endoplasmic reticulum. within this unique niche, the bacterium undergoes alterations in gene expression. in addition, many virulence-related phenotypes that are induced in vitro by starvation are expressed intracellularly as t ... | 1998 | 10094618 |
| iron reductase for magnetite synthesis in the magnetotactic bacterium magnetospirillum magnetotacticum. | ferric iron reductase was purified from magnetotactic bacterium magnetospirillum (formerly aquaspirillum) magnetotacticum (atcc 31632) to an electrophoretically homogeneous state. the enzyme was loosely bound on the cytoplasmic face of the cytoplasmic membrane and was found more frequently in magnetic cells than in nonmagnetic cells. the molecular mass of the purified enzyme was calculated upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be about 36 kda, almost the same as that ... | 1999 | 10094692 |