| dendrimer-rna nanoparticles generate protective immunity against lethal ebola, h1n1 influenza, and toxoplasma gondii challenges with a single dose. | vaccines have had broad medical impact, but existing vaccine technologies and production methods are limited in their ability to respond rapidly to evolving and emerging pathogens, or sudden outbreaks. here, we develop a rapid-response, fully synthetic, single-dose, adjuvant-free dendrimer nanoparticle vaccine platform wherein antigens are encoded by encapsulated mrna replicons. to our knowledge, this system is the first capable of generating protective immunity against a broad spectrum of letha ... | 2016 | 27382155 |
| health-care workers' perspectives on ebola virus vaccine: a focus group and in-depth interview interventional study. | health-care workers (hcws) will require ebola virus vaccine (evv) when it is introduced because of the high risk of exposure to the disease. evaluations of factors that facilitate or limit vaccine uptake are critical for a successful vaccine program. nigerian hcws were interviewed to evaluate their knowledge, levels of acceptance, determinants of acceptance, and willingness to pay for evv. the significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. none of the 193 participating hcws had correct knowledge of evv ... | 2016 | 27382077 |
| coordination as a best practice from the polio eradication initiative: experiences from five member states in the african region of the world health organization. | as part of the efforts to eradicate polioviruses in the african region, structures were put in place to ensure coordinated mobilization and deployment of resources within the framework of the global polio eradication initiative (pei). the successes of these structures made them not only attractive to other public health interventions, but also caused them to be deployed to the response efforts of other diseases interventions, without any systematic documentation. this article documents the contr ... | 2016 | 27381643 |
| ebola virus epidemiology and evolution in nigeria. | containment limited the 2014 nigerian ebola virus (ebov) disease outbreak to 20 reported cases and 8 fatalities. we present here clinical data and contact information for at least 19 case patients, and full-length ebov genome sequences for 12 of the 20. the detailed contact data permits nearly complete reconstruction of the transmission tree for the outbreak. the ebov genomic data are consistent with that tree. it confirms that there was a single source for the nigerian infections, shows that th ... | 2016 | 27377746 |
| quinoxaline-based inhibitors of ebola and marburg vp40 egress. | we prepared a series of quinoxalin-2-mercapto-acetyl-urea analogs and evaluated them for their ability to inhibit viral egress in our marburg and ebola vp40 vlp budding assays in hek293t cells. we also evaluated selected compounds in our bimolecular complementation assay (bimc) to detect and visualize a marburg mvp40-nedd4 interaction in live mammalian cells. antiviral activity was assessed for selected compounds using a live recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) (m40 virus) that expresse ... | 2016 | 27377328 |
| virus fitness differences observed between two naturally occurring isolates of ebola virus makona variant using a reverse genetics approach. | during the large outbreak of ebola virus disease that occurred in western africa from late 2013 to early 2016, several hundred ebola virus (ebov) genomes have been sequenced and the virus genetic drift analyzed. in a previous report, we described an efficient reverse genetics system designed to generate recombinant ebov based on a makona variant isolate obtained in 2014. using this system, we characterized the replication and fitness of 2 isolates of the makona variant. these virus isolates are ... | 2016 | 27366976 |
| knowledge, attitude and perception of ebola virus disease among secondary school students in ondo state, nigeria, october, 2014. | the first case of ebola virus disease (evd) in nigeria was imported on 20th july 2014, by an air traveller. on 8th august, 2014, who declared the ebola outbreak in west africa a public health emergency of international concern (pheic). this study aimed at assessing the knowledge, perception and attitude of secondary school students towards evd and adopting disease preventive behaviour. | 2016 | 27366583 |
| environmental contamination and persistence of ebola virus rna in an ebola treatment center. | ebola viruses (ebovs) are primarily transmitted by contact with infected body fluids. ebola treatment centers (etcs) contain areas that are exposed to body fluids through the care of patients suspected or confirmed to have ebov disease. there are limited data documenting which areas/fomites within etcs pose a risk for potential transmission. this study conducted environmental surveillance in 2 etcs in freetown, sierra leone, during the 2014-2016 west african ebola outbreak. | 2016 | 27365495 |
| implementation of an educational program for nursing students amidst the ebola virus disease epidemic. | the global ebola virus disease (evd) epidemic of 2014/2015 prompted faculty at emory university to develop an educational program for nursing students to increase evd knowledge and confidence and decrease concerns about exposure risk. | 2016 | 27364913 |
| toremifene interacts with and destabilizes the ebola virus glycoprotein. | ebola viruses (ebovs) are responsible for repeated outbreaks of fatal infections, including the recent deadly epidemic in west africa. there are currently no approved therapeutic drugs or vaccines for the disease. ebov has a membrane envelope decorated by trimers of a glycoprotein (gp, cleaved by furin to form gp1 and gp2 subunits), which is solely responsible for host cell attachment, endosomal entry and membrane fusion. gp is thus a primary target for the development of antiviral drugs. here w ... | 2016 | 27362232 |
| discovery and description of ebola zaire virus in 1976 and relevance to the west african epidemic during 2013-2016. | in 1976, the first cases of ebola virus disease in northern democratic republic of the congo (then referred to as zaire) were reported. this article addresses who was responsible for recognizing the disease; recovering, identifying, and naming the virus; and describing the epidemic. key scientific approaches used in 1976 and their relevance to the 3-country (guinea, sierra leone, and liberia) west african epidemic during 2013-2016 are presented. | 2016 | 27357339 |
| broad and temperature independent replication potential of filoviruses on cells derived from old and new world bat species. | filoviruses are strongly associated with several species of bats as their natural reservoirs. in this study, we determined the replication potential of all filovirus species: marburg marburgvirus, taï forest ebolavirus, reston ebolavirus, sudan ebolavirus, zaire ebolavirus, and bundibugyo ebolavirus. filovirus replication was supported by all cell lines derived from 6 old and new world bat species: the hammer-headed fruit bat, buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat, the egyptian fruit bat, the jamai ... | 2016 | 27354372 |
| the domestic ferret (mustela putorius furo) as a lethal infection model for 3 species of ebolavirus. | small-animal models have been developed for several filoviridae species; however, serial adaptation was required to produce lethal infection. these adapted viruses have sequence changes in several genes, including those that modulate the host immune response. nonhuman primate models do not require adaptation of filoviruses. here, we describe lethal models of disease for bundibugyo, sudan, and zaire species of ebolavirus in the domestic ferret, using wild-type nonadapted viruses. pathologic featu ... | 2016 | 27354371 |
| kinetic analysis of biomarkers in a cohort of us patients with ebola virus disease. | ebola virus (ebov) infection causes a severe and often fatal disease. despite the fact that more than 30 000 individuals have acquired ebola virus disease (evd), the medical and scientific community still does not have a clear understanding of the mechanisms by which ebov causes such severe disease. | 2016 | 27353663 |
| antiviral effect of ranpirnase against ebola virus. | the recent epidemic of ebola has intensified the need for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics that prolong and improve survival against deadly viral diseases. we sought to determine whether ranpirnase, an endoribonuclease from rana pipiens with a demonstrated human safety profile in phase iii oncology trials, can reduce titers of ebola virus (ebov) in infected cells, protect mice against mouse-adapted ebov challenge, and reduce virus levels in infected mice. our results demonstrate t ... | 2016 | 27350309 |
| cysteine cathepsin inhibitors as anti-ebola agents. | the recent ebola virus outbreak in western africa highlights the need for novel therapeutics that target ebola virus and other filoviruses. filoviruses require processing by host cell-derived cysteine cathepsins for productive infection. here we report the generation of a focused library of cysteine cathepsin inhibitors and subsequent screening to identify compounds with potent activity against viral entry and replication. our top compounds show highly potent and broad-spectrum activity against ... | 2016 | 27347558 |
| an ebola filovirus is discovered in the usa: reston, virginia, usa, 1989. | in december of 1989, a shipment cynomolgus sp. monkeys into the u.s. infected with ebola virus resulted in a potential public health crisis. an emergency interagency effort to control the outbreak was mounted in reston virginia, the site of the nonhuman primate quarantine facility. | 2016 | 27344861 |
| the united states confronts ebola: suasion, executive action and fragmentation. | the united states' experience with the ebola virus in 2014 provides a window into us public health politics. first, the united states provided a case study in the role of suasion and executive action in the management of public health in a fragmented multi-level system. the variable capacity of different parts of the united states to respond to ebola on the level of hospitals or state governments, and their different approaches, show the limitations of federal influence, the importance of knowle ... | 2017 | 27344678 |
| inpatient signs and symptoms and factors associated with death in children aged 5 years and younger admitted to two ebola management centres in sierra leone, 2014: a retrospective cohort study. | médecins sans frontières (msf) opened ebola management centres (emcs) in sierra leone in kailahun in june, 2014, and bo in september, 2014. case fatality in the west african ebola virus disease epidemic has been highest in children younger than 5 years. clinical data on outcomes can provide important evidence to guide future management. however, such data on children are scarce and disaggregated clinical data across all ages in this epidemic have focussed on symptoms reported on arrival at treat ... | 2016 | 27340004 |
| ebola virus disease in children: towards a better clinical picture and improved management. | | 2016 | 27339995 |
| marburg virus reverse genetics systems. | the highly pathogenic marburg virus (marv) is a member of the filoviridae family and belongs to the group of nonsegmented negative-strand rna viruses. reverse genetics systems established for marv have been used to study various aspects of the viral replication cycle, analyze host responses, image viral infection, and screen for antivirals. this article provides an overview of the currently established marv reverse genetic systems based on minigenomes, infectious virus-like particles and full-le ... | 2016 | 27338448 |
| preparing for serious communicable diseases in the united states: what the ebola virus epidemic has taught us. | ending the west africa ebola virus disease (evd) outbreak required an unprecedented international response. for the united states, participation in the international response to the west africa evd outbreak provided an opportunity to learn important lessons in four key domains critical to preparing for future outbreaks of evd and other serious communicable diseases: (i) safe and effective patient care, (ii) the role of experimental therapeutics and vaccines, (iii) infection control, and (iv) hos ... | 2016 | 27337477 |
| west africa 2013: re-examining ebola. | the outbreak of ebola virus disease (evd) that occurred from 2013 to 2016 in the west african countries of guinea, liberia, and sierra leone, with imported cases to three neighboring african countries as well as to the united states and europe, constituted a major humanitarian disaster. the outbreak numbered over 28,500 cases, more than 10 times the number cumulatively registered from all previous evd outbreaks combined, with at least 11,000 deaths, and resulted in billions of dollars of lost ec ... | 2016 | 27337474 |
| ebola virus disease: therapeutic and potential preventative opportunities. | the 2014 ebola virus disease (evd) epidemic in west africa was unprecedented in its geographical distribution, scale, and toll on public health infrastructure. standard public health measures were rapidly overwhelmed, and many projections on outbreak progression through the region were dire. at the beginning of the outbreak there were no treatments or vaccines that had been shown to be safe and effective for treating or preventing evd, limiting health care providers to offer supportive care unde ... | 2016 | 27337455 |
| clinical features of suspected ebola cases referred to the moyamba etc, sierra leone: challenges in the later stages of the 2014 outbreak. | the last ebola virus disease (evd) outbreak has been the most important since 1976. evd cases decreased drastically in sierra leone at the beginning of 2015. we aim to determine the clinical findings and evolution of patients admitted to an ebola treatment center (etc) during the epidemic's late phase. | 2016 | 27334891 |
| ebola laboratory response at the eternal love winning africa campus, monrovia, liberia, 2014-2015. | west africa experienced the first epidemic of ebola virus infection, with by far the greatest number of cases in guinea, sierra leone, and liberia. the unprecedented epidemic triggered an unparalleled response, including the deployment of multiple ebola treatment units and mobile/field diagnostic laboratories. the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases and the centers for disease control and prevention deployed a joint laboratory to monrovia, liberia, in august 2014 to support the ... | 2016 | 27333914 |
| good laboratory practices guarantee biosafety in the sierra leone-china friendship biosafety laboratory. | the outbreak of ebola virus disease (evd) in west africa between 2014 and 2015 was the largest edv epidemic since the identification of ebola virus (ebov) in 1976, and the countries most strongly affected were sierra leone, guinea, and liberia. | 2016 | 27333890 |
| convalescent plasma for ebola virus disease. | | 2016 | 27332916 |
| convalescent plasma for ebola virus disease. | | 2016 | 27332915 |
| convalescent plasma for ebola virus disease. | | 2016 | 27332914 |
| convalescent plasma for ebola virus disease. | | 2016 | 27332913 |
| residency training at the front of the west african ebola outbreak: adapting for a rare opportunity. | medical trainees face multiple barriers to participation in major outbreak responses such as that required for ebola virus disease through 2014-2015 in west africa. hurdles include fear of contracting and importing the disease, residency requirements, scheduling conflicts, family obligations and lack of experience and maturity. we describe the successful four-week deployment to liberia of a first year infectious diseases trainee through the mechanism of the global outbreak alert and response net ... | 2016 | 27330848 |
| interdomain salt-bridges in the ebola virus protein vp40 and their role in domain association and plasma membrane localization. | the ebola virus protein vp40 is a transformer protein that possesses an extraordinary ability to accomplish multiple functions by transforming into various oligomeric conformations. the disengagement of the c-terminal domain (ctd) from the n-terminal domain (ntd) is a crucial step in the conformational transformations of vp40 from the dimeric form to the hexameric form or octameric ring structure. here, we use various molecular dynamics (md) simulations to investigate the dynamics of the vp40 pr ... | 2016 | 27328459 |
| ebola virus disease: epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. | ebola virus disease (evd) is a severe multisystem disease. prehospital personnel, hospitals, and clinicians must be prepared to provide care for patients with evd, with special attention to rigorous infection control in order to limit the spread of infection. children with evd are an especially challenging population, as the initial symptoms are nonspecific and difficult to differentiate from several common infections. for children presenting with a syndrome consistent with evd, it is extremely ... | 2016 | 27328168 |
| hosting of mass gathering sporting events during the 2013-2016 ebola virus outbreak in west africa: experience from three african countries. | | 2016 | 27321960 |
| rna binding specificity of ebola virus transcription factor vp30. | the transcription factor vp30 of the non-segmented rna negative strand ebola virus balances viral transcription and replication. here, we comprehensively studied rna binding by vp30. using a novel vp30:rna electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we tested truncated variants of 2 potential natural rna substrates of vp30 - the genomic ebola viral 3'-leader region and its complementary antigenomic counterpart (each ∼155 nt in length) - and a series of other non-viral rnas. based on oligonucleotide in ... | 2016 | 27315567 |
| surveillance for emerging diseases with multiplexed point-of-care diagnostics. | we present an analysis of the diagnostic technologies that were used to identify historical outbreaks of ebola virus disease and consider systematic surveillance strategies that may greatly reduce the peak size of future epidemics. we observe that clinical signs and symptoms alone are often insufficient to recognize index cases of diseases of global concern against the considerable background infectious disease burden that is present throughout the developing world. we propose a simple sampling ... | 2016 | 27314652 |
| eradication of ebola based on dynamic programming. | this paper mainly studies the eradication of the ebola virus, proposing a scientific system, including three modules for the eradication of ebola virus. firstly, we build a basic model combined with nonlinear incidence rate and maximum treatment capacity. secondly, we use the dynamic programming method and the dijkstra algorithm to set up m-s (storage) and several delivery locations in west africa. finally, we apply the previous results to calculate the total cost, production cost, storage cost, ... | 2016 | 27313655 |
| geographic potential of disease caused by ebola and marburg viruses in africa. | filoviruses represent a significant public health threat worldwide. west africa recently experienced the largest-scale and most complex filovirus outbreak yet known, which underlines the need for a predictive understanding of the geographic distribution and potential for transmission to humans of these viruses. here, we used ecological niche modeling techniques to understand the relationship between known filovirus occurrences and environmental characteristics. our study derived a picture of the ... | 2016 | 27311387 |
| structure of human niemann-pick c1 protein. | niemann-pick c1 protein (npc1) is a late-endosomal membrane protein involved in trafficking of ldl-derived cholesterol, niemann-pick disease type c, and ebola virus infection. npc1 contains 13 transmembrane segments (tms), five of which are thought to represent a "sterol-sensing domain" (ssd). although present also in other key regulatory proteins of cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake, and signaling, the structure and mechanism of action of the ssd are unknown. here we report a crystal structure o ... | 2016 | 27307437 |
| a single residue in ebola virus receptor npc1 influences cellular host range in reptiles. | filoviruses are the causative agents of an increasing number of disease outbreaks in human populations, including the current unprecedented ebola virus disease (evd) outbreak in western africa. one obstacle to controlling these epidemics is our poor understanding of the host range of filoviruses and their natural reservoirs. here, we investigated the role of the intracellular filovirus receptor, niemann-pick c1 (npc1) as a molecular determinant of ebola virus (ebov) host range at the cellular le ... | 2017 | 27303731 |
| public perceptions and knowledge of the ebola virus, willingness to vaccinate, and likely behavioral responses to an outbreak. | we examined public perceptions of the risk of an ebola outbreak, knowledge about transmission, and the factors associated with planned protective behavior, including willingness to vaccinate. | 2016 | 27298074 |
| prophylactic efficacy of quercetin 3-β-o-d-glucoside against ebola virus infection. | ebola outbreaks occur on a frequent basis, with the 2014-2015 outbreak in west africa being the largest one ever recorded. this outbreak has resulted in over 11,000 deaths in four african countries and has received international attention and intervention. although there are currently no approved therapies or vaccines, many promising candidates are undergoing clinical trials, and several have had success in promoting recovery from ebola. however, these prophylactics and therapeutics have been de ... | 2016 | 27297486 |
| essentials of filoviral load quantification. | quantitative measurement of viral load is an important parameter in the management of filovirus disease outbreaks because viral load correlates with severity of disease, survival, and infectivity. during the ongoing ebola virus disease outbreak in parts of western africa, most assays used in the detection of ebola virus disease by more than 44 diagnostic laboratories yielded qualitative results. regulatory hurdles involved in validating quantitative assays and the urgent need for a rapid ebola v ... | 2016 | 27296694 |
| [research of human-mouse chimeric antibodies against ebola virus nucleoprotein]. | the ebola virus is highly infectious and can result in death in ≤ 90% of infected subjects. detection of the ebola virus and diagnosis of infection are extremely important for epidemic control. presently, chinese laboratories detect the nucleic acids of the ebola virus by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). however, such detection takes a relatively long time and necessitates skilled personnel and expensive equipment. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) of s ... | 2016 | 27295878 |
| [eukaryotic expression and immunogenic research of recombination ebola virus membrane protein gp-fc]. | we used 293 cells to express the recombinant membrane protein of the ebola virus. then, the immunogenicity of the recombinant protein was studied by immunized balb/c mice. according to the codon use frequency of humans, the gene encoding the extracellular domain of the ebola virus membrane protein was optimized, synthesized, and inserted into the eukaryotic expression plasmid pxg-fc to construct the human igg fc and ebola gp fusion protein expression plasmid pxg-modgp-fc. to achieve expression, ... | 2016 | 27295877 |
| ebola: looking back on a crisis and a calling. | two u.s. nurses relay their experience of deciding to serve and work in sierra leone during the 2015 ebola crisis. the nurses' heartbreaking experiences convey the devastation of ebola in west africa and the privilege of answering god's call to serve. learn about the current status and known outcomes of ebola virus disease (evd) as of march 2016 for infected patients and the people of west africa. | 2016 | 27295233 |
| high prevalence of igg antibodies to ebola virus in the efé pygmy population in the watsa region, democratic republic of the congo. | factors related to the natural transmission of ebola virus (ebov) to humans are still not well defined. results of previous sero-prevalence studies suggest that circulation of ebov in human population is common in sub-saharan africa. the efé pygmies living in democratic republic of the congo are known to be exposed to potential risk factors of ebov infection such as bush meat hunting, entry into caves, and contact with bats. we studied the pygmy population of watsa region to determine seropreval ... | 2016 | 27286990 |
| viral vectors as vaccine platforms: from immunogenicity to impact. | viral vectors are the vaccine platform of choice for many pathogens that have thwarted efforts towards control using conventional vaccine approaches. although the step trial encumbered development of recombinant human adenovirus vectors only a few years ago, replication-deficient simian adenoviruses have since emerged as a crucial component of clinically effective prime-boost regimens. the vectors discussed here elicit functionally relevant cellular and humoral immune responses, at extremes of a ... | 2016 | 27286566 |
| a versatile quantitation platform based on platinum nanoparticles incorporated volumetric bar-chart chip for highly sensitive assays. | platinum nanoparticles incorporated volumetric bar-chart chip (ptnps-v-chip) is able to be used for point-of-care tests by providing quantitative and visualized readout without any assistance from instruments, data processing, or graphic plotting. to improve the sensitivity of ptnps-v-chip, hybridization chain reaction was employed in this quantitation platform for highly sensitive assays that can detect as low as 16 pm ebola virus dna, 0.01ng/ml carcinoembryonic antigen (cea), and the 10 her2-e ... | 2016 | 27285358 |
| correction: experimental treatment with favipiravir for ebola virus disease (the jiki trial): a historically controlled, single-arm proof-of-concept trial in guinea. | [this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001967.]. | 2016 | 27284977 |
| oral and conjunctival exposure of nonhuman primates to low doses of ebola makona virus. | nonhuman primate (nhp) models of ebola virus (ebov) infection primarily use parenteral or aerosol routes of exposure. uniform lethality can be achieved in these models at low doses of ebov (≤100 plaque-forming units [pfu]). here, we exposed nhps to low doses of ebov (makona strain) by the oral or conjunctival routes. surprisingly, animals exposed to 10 pfu by either route showed no signs of disease. exposure to 100 pfu resulted in illness and/or lethal infection. these results suggest that these ... | 2016 | 27284090 |
| corrigendum: facile discovery of a diverse panel of anti-ebola virus antibodies by immune repertoire mining. | | 2016 | 27282782 |
| anti-ebov gp iggs lacking α1-3-galactose and neu5gc prolong survival and decrease blood viral load in ebov-infected guinea pigs. | polyclonal xenogenic iggs, although having been used in the prevention and cure of severe infectious diseases, are highly immunogenic, which may restrict their usage in new applications such as ebola hemorrhagic fever. igg glycans display powerful xenogeneic antigens in humans, for example α1-3 galactose and the glycolyl form of neuraminic acid neu5gc, and iggs deprived of these key sugar epitopes may represent an advantage for passive immunotherapy. in this paper, we explored whether low immuno ... | 2016 | 27280712 |
| perception and attitude towards ebola virus disease among traditional healers in ibadan, nigeria. | nigeria experienced her first outbreak of ebola virus disease (evd) in the second-half of 2014. since its first occurrence in zaire and sudan in 1976, most studies on evd were clinically based and were carried out using biomedical approaches. no empirical social science/behavioural-oriented study exists on the deadly evd in nigeria. | 2015 | 27280232 |
| end of the ebola virus outbreak: time to reinforce the african health system and improve preparedness capacity. | | 2016 | 27279948 |
| rna binding of ebola virus vp30 is essential for activating viral transcription. | the template for ebola virus (ebov) transcription and replication is the helical viral nucleocapsid composed of the viral negative-sense (-) rna genome, which is complexed by the nucleoprotein (np), vp35, polymerase l, vp24, and vp30. while viral replication is exerted by polymerase l and its cofactor vp35, ebov mrna synthesis is regulated by the viral nucleocapsid protein vp30, an essential ebov-specific transcription factor. vp30 is a homohexameric phosphoprotein containing a nonconventional z ... | 2016 | 27279615 |
| ebola virus stability under hospital and environmental conditions. | the west african outbreak of ebola virus (ebov) is largely contained, but sporadic new cases continue to emerge. to assess the potential contribution of fomites to human infections with ebov, we tested ebov stability in human blood spotted onto sierra leonean banknotes and in syringe needles under hospital and environmental conditions. under some of these conditions, ebov remained infectious for >30 days, indicating that ebov-contaminated items may pose a serious risk to humans. | 2016 | 27279525 |
| the potential for sexual transmission to compromise control of ebola virus outbreaks. | recent evidence suggests that sexual contact may give rise to transmission of ebola virus long after infection has been cleared from blood. we develop a simple mathematical model that incorporates contact transmission and sexual transmission parametrized from data relating to the 2013-2015 west african ebola epidemic. the model explores scenarios where contact transmission is reduced following infection events, capturing behaviour change, and quantifies how these actions reducing transmission ma ... | 2016 | 27277951 |
| [input of a laboratory in the management of patients with ebola virus disease and in the training of health personnel: experience of the forecariah ebola treatment centre (guinea) in 2015]. | ebola virus disease (evd) is associated with a high lethality rate even when the afflicted are provided with good support in an ebola treatment center (etc). basic laboratory tests can help to better understand the pathophysiology of the disease, to guide treatment and to establish simple protocols and procedures tailored to the practice of medicine in the context of such precarious environment for caregivers. based on a few clinical cases of patients treated in the etc of forecariah, guinea, ru ... | 2016 | 27277822 |
| recommendations for dealing with waste contaminated with ebola virus: a hazard analysis of critical control points approach. | to assess, within communities experiencing ebola virus outbreaks, the risks associated with the disposal of human waste and to generate recommendations for mitigating such risks. | 2016 | 27274594 |
| critical role of ethics in clinical management and public health response to the west africa ebola epidemic. | the devastation caused by the ebola virus disease (evd) outbreak in west africa has brought to the fore a number of important ethical debates about how best to respond to a health crisis. these debates include issues related to prevention and containment, management of the health care workforce, clinical care, and research design, all of which are situated within the overarching moral problem of severe transnational disadvantage, which has very real and specific impacts upon the ability of citiz ... | 2016 | 27274326 |
| neglected filoviruses. | eight viruses are currently assigned to the family filoviridae marburg virus, sudan virus and, in particular, ebola virus have received the most attention both by researchers and the public from 1967 to 2013. during this period, natural human filovirus disease outbreaks occurred sporadically in equatorial africa and, despite high case-fatality rates, never included more than several dozen to a few hundred infections per outbreak. research emphasis shifted almost exclusively to ebola virus in 201 ... | 2016 | 27268907 |
| secondary infections with ebola virus in rural communities, liberia and guinea, 2014-2015. | persons who died of ebola virus disease at home in rural communities in liberia and guinea resulted in more secondary infections than persons admitted to ebola treatment units. intensified monitoring of contacts of persons who died of this disease in the community is an evidence-based approach to reduce virus transmission in rural communities. | 2016 | 27268508 |
| clinical features of and risk factors for fatal ebola virus disease, moyamba district, sierra leone, december 2014-february 2015. | the 2013-2016 outbreak of ebola virus disease (evd) in west africa infected >28,000 people, including >11,000 who died, and disrupted social life in the region. we retrospectively studied clinical signs and symptoms and risk factors for fatal outcome among 31 ebola virus-positive patients admitted to the ebola treatment center in moyamba district, sierra leone. we found a higher rate of bleeding manifestations than reported elsewhere during the outbreak. significant predictors for death were sho ... | 2016 | 27268303 |
| [motivations and emotional experiences of the first hospital multidisciplinary team trained to care for people with ebola in andalusia, spain (2014-2016)]. | the hospital universitario virgen del rocío (huvr) of seville was chosen as the reference andalusian site to treat possible cases of ebola. after the health alert (who, 2014), a voluntary group of healthcare and non-healthcare professionals was set up, which, after being trained, treated a possible case. in this light, the aim is to understand the motivations and emotional experiences of this group and to identify the facilitators of and obstacles to its operation. | 2017 | 27264970 |
| rapid assessment of knowledge, attitudes, practices, and risk perception related to the prevention and control of ebola virus disease in three communities of sierra leone. | the recent outbreak of the ebola virus disease (evd) in sierra leone has been characterized by the world health organization as one of the most challenging evd outbreaks to date. the first confirmed case in sierra leone was a young woman who was admitted to a government hospital in kenema following a miscarriage on 24 may 2014. on 5 january 2015, intensified training for an evd response project was initiated at the medical university of sierra leone in jui. to understand the knowledge, attitudes ... | 2016 | 27264269 |
| promoting health for all kansans through mass media: lessons learned from a pilot assessment of student ebola perceptions. | we aimed to assess student knowledge of ebola virus disease (evd) and opinions about media coverage of evd. | 2016 | 27263758 |
| [security agents on the front line against ebola: roles, perceptions and knowledge in fann teaching hospital, dakar, senegal]. | security agents are on the front line when patients arrive at health facilities, giving them a potential role to play in an ebola virus disease (evd) outbreak. the position of security agents within health services is poorly documented. a survey was conducted to clarify their understanding of ebola pathology, to assess their need for information and to determine their role in patient management. the survey included both qualitative and quantitative aspects. 80 security agents of the fann teachin ... | 2016 | 27260507 |
| personal protective equipment and improving compliance among healthcare workers in high-risk settings. | personal protective equipment (ppe) protects healthcare workers (hcws) from infection by highly virulent pathogens via exposure to body fluids and respiratory droplets. given the recent outbreaks of contagious infectious diseases worldwide, including ebola virus and middle eastern respiratory syndrome, there is urgent need for further research to determine optimal ppe use in high-risk settings. this review intends to provide a general understanding of ppe and to provide guidelines for appropriat ... | 2016 | 27257793 |
| public confidence in the health care system 1 year after the start of the ebola virus disease outbreak - sierra leone, july 2015. | ensuring confidence in the health care system has been a challenge to ebola virus disease (ebola) response and recovery efforts in sierra leone (1). a national multistage cluster-sampled household survey to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices (kap) related to sierra leone's health care system was conducted in july 2015. among 3,564 respondents, 93% were confident that a health care facility could treat suspected ebola cases, and approximately 90% had confidence in the health system's abil ... | 2016 | 27254016 |
| ebola virus does not induce stress granule formation during infection and sequesters stress granule proteins within viral inclusions. | a hallmark of ebola virus (ebov) infection is the formation of viral inclusions in the cytoplasm of infected cells. these viral inclusions contain the ebov nucleocapsids and are sites of viral replication and nucleocapsid maturation. although there is growing evidence that viral inclusions create a protected environment that fosters ebov replication, little is known about their role in the host response to infection. the cellular stress response is an effective antiviral strategy that leads to s ... | 2016 | 27252530 |
| ebola virus disease: case management in the institute of infectious diseases, university hospital of sassari, sardinia, italy. | since the onset of the worst epidemic of ebola virus disease in december 2013, 28,637 cases were reported as confirmed, probable, or suspected. since the week of 3 january 2016, no more cases have been reported. the total number of deaths have amounted to 11,315 (39.5%). in developed countries, seven cases have been diagnosed: four in the united states, one in spain, one in the united kingdom, and one in italy. on 20 july 2015, italy was declared ebola-free. on 9 may 2015, an italian health work ... | 2016 | 27249532 |
| development, evaluation, and integration of a quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction diagnostic test for ebola virus on a molecular diagnostics platform. | the 2013-2016 ebola epidemic in west africa resulted in accelerated development of rapid diagnostic tests for emergency outbreak preparedness. we describe the development and evaluation of the idylla™ prototype ebola virus test, a fully automated sample-to-result molecular diagnostic test for rapid detection of zaire ebolavirus (ebov) and sudan ebolavirus (sudv). | 2016 | 27247341 |
| development and evaluation of a rapid and sensitive ebov-rpa test for rapid diagnosis of ebola virus disease. | confirming ebola virus disease (evd), a deadly infectious disease, requires real-time rt-pcr, which takes up to a few hours to yield results. therefore, a rapid diagnostic assay is imperative for evd diagnosis. a rapid nucleic acid test based on recombinase polymerase amplification (ebov-rpa) was developed to specifically detect the 2014 outbreak strains. the ebov-rpa assay was evaluated by testing samples from suspected evd patients in parallel with rt-pcr. an ebov-rpa, which could be completed ... | 2016 | 27246147 |
| shelf-life of chlorine solutions recommended in ebola virus disease response. | in ebola virus disease (evd) outbreaks, it is widely recommended to wash living things (handwashing) with 0.05% (500 mg/l) chlorine solution and non-living things (surfaces, personal protective equipment, dead bodies) with 0.5% (5,000 mg/l) chlorine solution. chlorine solutions used in evd response are primarily made from powdered calcium hypochlorite (hth), granular sodium dichloroisocyanurate (nadcc), and liquid sodium hypochlorite (naocl), and have a ph range of 5-11. chlorine solutions degra ... | 2016 | 27244552 |
| accuracy, precision, ease-of-use, and cost of methods to test ebola-relevant chlorine solutions. | to prevent transmission in ebola virus disease (evd) outbreaks, it is recommended to disinfect living things (hands and people) with 0.05% chlorine solution and non-living things (surfaces, personal protective equipment, dead bodies) with 0.5% chlorine solution. in the current west african evd outbreak, these solutions (manufactured from calcium hypochlorite (hth), sodium dichloroisocyanurate (nadcc), and sodium hypochlorite (naocl)) have been widely used in both ebola treatment unit and communi ... | 2016 | 27243817 |
| identification of entry inhibitors of ebola virus pseudotyped vectors from a myxobacterial compound library. | myxobacteria produce secondary metabolites many of which were described to have various biological effects including anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and anti-viral activity. the majority of these metabolites are novel scaffolds with unique modes-of-action and hence might be potential leads for drug discovery. here, we tested a myxobacterial natural product library for compounds with inhibitory activity against ebola virus (ebov). the assay was performed with a surrogate system using ebola envelope g ... | 2016 | 27241689 |
| structural insights into the niemann-pick c1 (npc1)-mediated cholesterol transfer and ebola infection. | niemann-pick disease type c (npc) is associated with mutations in npc1 and npc2, whose gene products are key players in the endosomal/lysosomal egress of low-density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol. npc1 is also the intracellular receptor for ebola virus (ebov). here, we present a 4.4 å structure of full-length human npc1 and a low-resolution reconstruction of npc1 in complex with the cleaved glycoprotein (gpcl) of ebov, both determined by single-particle electron cryomicroscopy. npc1 contains 1 ... | 2016 | 27238017 |
| foreign medical teams in support of the ebola outbreak: a uk military model of pre-deployment training and assurance. | we discuss the training methodology developed and utilised to prepare uk military medical teams to establish an ebola treatment centre in sierra leone. we highlight the process of identifying and mitigating nosocomial risk in the pre-deployment training process, encompassing the challenges of developing, training and assuring a capability at pace, which deployed to deliver high quality clinical care to patients with ebola virus disease. | 2016 | 27231284 |
| ebola virus disease in pregnancy: clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical findings. | here we describe clinicopathologic features of ebola virus disease in pregnancy. one woman infected with sudan virus in gulu, uganda, in 2000 had a stillbirth and survived, and another woman infected with bundibugyo virus had a live birth with maternal and infant death in isiro, the democratic republic of the congo in 2012. ebolavirus antigen was seen in the syncytiotrophoblast and placental maternal mononuclear cells by immunohistochemical analysis, and no antigen was seen in fetal placental st ... | 2017 | 27226206 |
| aerosol transmission of filoviruses. | filoviruses have become a worldwide public health concern because of their potential for introductions into non-endemic countries through international travel and the international transport of infected animals or animal products. since it was first identified in 1976, in the democratic republic of congo (formerly zaire) and sudan, the 2013-2015 western african ebola virus disease (evd) outbreak is the largest, both by number of cases and geographical extension, and deadliest, recorded so far in ... | 2016 | 27223296 |
| standard finishing categories for high-throughput sequencing of viral genomes. | viral genome sequencing has become the cornerstone of almost all aspects of virology. in particular, high-throughput, next-generation viral genome sequencing has become an integral part of molecular epidemiological investigations into outbreaks of viral disease, such as the recent outbreaks of middle eastern respiratory syndrome, ebola virus disease and zika virus infection. multiple institutes have acquired the expertise and necessary infrastructure to perform such investigations, as evidenced ... | 2016 | 27217167 |
| addressing the role of medical students using community mobilization and social media in the ebola response. | health professions education in the 21st century should incorporate both community mobilization and social media strategies. first, community mobilization facilitates change by educating community members with evidence-based, high-quality and up-to-date health information and empowering their active participation in target health initiatives. second, advancements in technology and globalization foster the development of innovative communication technologies used as a key tool in the 'roll out' o ... | 2016 | 27216169 |
| practices and thinking of laboratory detection in the aid to west africa to fight against ebola. | the outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa has brought great disaster to the people's health in affected countries. china dispatched first group of public health experts and medical staff to sierra leone in september 2014 to fight ebola. | 2016 | 27215960 |
| correction: reynard, o.; et al. identification of a new ribonucleoside inhibitor of ebola virus replication. viruses 2015, 7, 6233‒6240. | the viruses editorial office wishes to notify its readers of corrections in [1].[...]. | 2016 | 27213424 |
| sampling surfaces for ebola virus persistence after cleaning procedures in high-level isolation settings: the experience with 2 patients at the lazzaro spallanzani national institute for infectious diseases. | | 2016 | 27198605 |
| bloodborne viral pathogen contamination in the era of laboratory automation. | the cdc states that laboratory testing for persons under investigation for ebola virus disease can be safely performed using automated laboratory instruments by adhering to bloodborne pathogen practices. we therefore sought to investigate the levels of viral contamination of a total laboratory automation (tla) system to guide risk mitigation strategies for handling infectious agents. | 2016 | 27197676 |
| viraemia and ebola virus secretion in survivors of ebola virus disease in sierra leone: a cross-sectional cohort study. | in survivors of ebola virus disease, clinical sequelae including uveitis, arthralgia, and fatigue are common and necessitate systematic follow-up. however, the infection risk to health-care providers is poorly defined. here we report ebola virus rt-pcr data for body site and fluid samples from a large cohort of ebola virus survivors at clinic follow-up. | 2016 | 27197552 |
| the crucial importance of long-term follow-up for ebola virus survivors. | | 2016 | 27197549 |
| factors underlying ebola virus infection among health workers, kenema, sierra leone, 2014-2015. | ebola virus disease (evd) in health workers (hws) has been a major challenge during the 2014-2015 outbreak. we examined factors associated with ebola virus exposure and mortality in hws in kenema district, sierra leone. | 2016 | 27193749 |
| new monoclonal antibodies to the ebola virus glycoprotein: identification and analysis of the amino acid sequence of the variable domains. | we determined the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of variable domains of three new monoclonal antibodies to the glycoprotein of ebola virus capsid. the framework and hypervariable regions of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains were identified. the primary structures were confirmed using massspectrometry analysis. immunoglobulin database search showed the uniqueness of the sequences obtained. | 2016 | 27193713 |
| spatial and temporal dynamics of a mortality event among central african great apes. | in 2006-2007 we observed an unusual mortality event among apes in northern republic of congo that, although not diagnostically confirmed, we believe to have been a disease outbreak. in 2007-2011 we conducted ape nest surveys in the region, recording 11,835 g. g. gorilla nests (2,262 groups) and 5,548 p. t. troglodytes nests (2,139 groups). we developed a statistical model to determine likely points of origin of the outbreak to help identify variables associated with disease emergence and spread. ... | 2016 | 27192424 |
| post-ebola measles outbreak in lola, guinea, january-june 2015(1). | during public health crises such as the recent outbreaks of ebola virus disease in west africa, breakdowns in public health systems can lead to epidemics of vaccine-preventable diseases. we report here on an outbreak of measles in the prefecture of lola, guinea, which started in january 2015. | 2016 | 27191621 |
| pregnancy, labor, and delivery after ebola virus disease and implications for infection control in obstetric services, united states. | many of the survivors of the 2014-2015 epidemic of ebola virus disease (evd) in western africa were women of childbearing age. limited clinical and laboratory data exist that describe these women's pregnancies and outcomes. we report the case of an evd survivor who became pregnant and delivered her child in the united states, and we discuss implications of this case for infection control practices in obstetric services. hospitals in the united states must be prepared to care for evd survivors. | 2016 | 27191253 |
| correspondence: ebola virus disease in asean countries. | | 2016 | 27190874 |
| ebolavirus database: gene and protein information resource for ebolaviruses. | ebola virus disease (evd) is a life-threatening haemorrhagic fever in humans. even though there are many reports on evd, the protein precursor functions and virulent factors of ebolaviruses remain poorly understood. comparative analyses of ebolavirus genomes will help in the identification of these important features. this prompted us to develop the ebolavirus database (edb) and we have provided links to various tools that will aid researchers to locate important regions in both the genomes and ... | 2016 | 27190508 |
| rodent-adapted filoviruses and the molecular basis of pathogenesis. | ebola, marburg, and ravn viruses, all filoviruses, are the causative agents of severe hemorrhagic fever. much of what we understand about the pathogenesis of filovirus disease is derived from work with animal models, including nonhuman primates, which are considered the "gold standard" filovirus model since they faithfully recapitulate the clinical hallmarks of filovirus disease. however, rodent models, including the mouse, guinea pig, and hamster, also exist for ebola, marburg, and ravn viruses ... | 2016 | 27189922 |
| deaths, late deaths, and role of infecting dose in ebola virus disease in sierra leone: retrospective cohort study. | to assess the frequency of fatal recrudescence from ebola virus disease after discharge from treatment centres, and explore the influence of infecting dose on case fatality rates. | 2016 | 27188404 |
| critiquing the response to the ebola epidemic through a primary health care approach. | the 2014/2015 west africa ebola epidemic has caused the global public health community to engage in difficult self-reflection. first, it must consider the part it played in relation to an important public health question: why did this epidemic take hold and spread in this unprecedented manner? second, it must use the lessons learnt to answer the subsequent question: what can be done now to prevent further such outbreaks in the future? these questions remain relevant, even as scientists announce ... | 2016 | 27185252 |