| [peptide mapping of the monoclonal antibodies against the heavy chain hemagglutinin from influenza virus h3n2]. | interaction of the synthetic peptides corresponding to the regions 122-133, 136-147, 154-164 and 314-328 of the virus a/aichi/2/68 hemagglutinin heavy chain with monoclonal antibodies specific for this hemagglutinin was assayed in a variety of tests, e.g., elisa, competition ria, hemagglutinin-inhibition and virus-neutralization assays. the monoclonal antibody 152 reacted with the area 136-147 (epitope a), three monoclonal antibodies 3, 19 and 63 reacted exclusively with the area (154-164) glu ( ... | 2006 | 17094654 |
| subtyping of influenza a isolates in taiwan--2003 to 2004. | some isolated influenza strains are untypable. the possibility that a novel and potentially lethal strain, such as h5 virus, might be one of these untypable strains remains a major concern. this study investigated the nature of untypable influenza strains in taiwan. | 2006 | 17098691 |
| virus associated hemophagocytic syndrome accompanied by acute respiratory failure caused by influenza a (h3n2). | a 40-year-old japanese woman was admitted to oita university hospital with progressive dyspnea, consciousness disturbance and severe cytopenias. her chest roentgenogram showed diffuse bilateral infiltrates. she was therefore forced to receive mechanical ventilation. bone marrow aspiration disclosed numerous hemophagocytic histiocytes, thus suggesting her condition to be hemophagocytic syndrome. in addition, she also developed myocarditis and renal failure. pulsed methylprednisolone, gamma-globul ... | 2006 | 17106167 |
| characterization of multidrug-resistant influenza a/h3n2 viruses shed during 1 year by an immunocompromised child. | development of influenza drug resistance is an important problem in immunocompromised children that could result in treatment failure and viral transmission to others. | 2006 | 17109288 |
| chemoenzymatic synthesis of artificial glycopolypeptides containing multivalent sialyloligosaccharides with a gamma-polyglutamic acid backbone and their effect on inhibition of infection by influenza viruses. | highly water-soluble, artificial glycopolypeptides with a gamma-polyglutamic acid (gamma-pga) backbone derived from bacillus subtilis sp. and multivalent sialyloligosaccharide units have been chemoenzymatically synthesized as potential polymeric inhibitors of infection by bird and human influenza viruses. 5-trifluoroacetamidopentyl beta-n-acetyllactosaminide and 5-trifluoroacetamidopentyl beta-lactoside were enzymatically synthesized from lacnac and lactose, respectively, by cellulase-mediated c ... | 2007 | 17129732 |
| using sentinel surveillance to monitor effectiveness of influenza vaccine is feasible: a pilot study in denmark. | the influenza vaccine for the season 2003/04 did not contain the circulating a(h3n2)/fujian virus strain. vaccine effectiveness (ve) estimates were needed but unavailable. we explored whether or not laboratory based influenza surveillance can be used to estimate ve. we carried out a case-control study nested within danish sentinel surveillance. a case was defined as a person aged 25 or above with a(h3n2)/fujian/411/02 influenza. four controls per case, matched on age groups and time, were select ... | 2006 | 17130655 |
| proteinase inhibitors from streptomyces with antiviral activity. | an extensive screening study for the production of proteolytic inhibitors has been carried out on 75 streptomyces strains. it was found that 18 of the strains and/or their variants (24%) produced proteinaceous substances, which belonged to the group of typical serine protease inhibitors. 23 samples were tested for inhibitory activity on the replication of influenza virus a/germany/34, strain rostock (h7n1) (a/rostock) in chicken embryonic fibroblast (cef) cells. eleven of the tested samples (52. ... | 2006 | 17139614 |
| stochastic processes are key determinants of short-term evolution in influenza a virus. | understanding the evolutionary dynamics of influenza a virus is central to its surveillance and control. while immune-driven antigenic drift is a key determinant of viral evolution across epidemic seasons, the evolutionary processes shaping influenza virus diversity within seasons are less clear. here we show with a phylogenetic analysis of 413 complete genomes of human h3n2 influenza a viruses collected between 1997 and 2005 from new york state, united states, that genetic diversity is both abu ... | 2006 | 17140286 |
| influenza virus pleiomorphy characterized by cryoelectron tomography. | influenza virus remains a global health threat, with millions of infections annually and the impending threat that a strain of avian influenza may develop into a human pandemic. despite its importance as a pathogen, little is known about the virus structure, in part because of its intrinsic structural variability (pleiomorphy): the primary distinction is between spherical and elongated particles, but both vary in size. pleiomorphy has thwarted structural analysis by image reconstruction of elect ... | 2006 | 17146053 |
| antiviral management of seasonal and pandemic influenza. | the goals of antiviral treatment for influenza are to decrease symptoms and functional disability and, more important, to decrease associated complications, hospitalizations, and mortality. four drugs have been approved for treatment of and prophylaxis against influenza in the united states, but they are underutilized. the m2 ion channel inhibitors amantadine and rimantadine are effective for prophylaxis, and they decrease the duration of symptoms if they are used for early treatment of influenz ... | 2006 | 17163384 |
| natural course of fever during influenza virus infection in children. | during the 2001-2002 epidemic of influenza virus a/h1n1, a/h3n2, and b, the authors obtained detailed profiles of fever from 118 infected children. the only treatment given was acetaminophen for temperatures greater than 39.0 degrees c. fever was most prominent in a/h3n2 and young children. secondary fever was observed frequently at 72 to 132 hours in all types. the duration of fever was associated negatively with the age of the child and positively with the maximal temperature. the information ... | 2007 | 17164515 |
| prevention of antigenically drifted influenza by inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. | the efficacy of influenza vaccines may decline during years when the circulating viruses have antigenically drifted from those included in the vaccine. | 2006 | 17167134 |
| lower clinical effectiveness of oseltamivir against influenza b contrasted with influenza a infection in children. | recently, many japanese physicians have claimed that oseltamivir is less effective in children with influenza b virus infection. this study assesses the effectiveness of oseltamivir against influenza a (h3n2) and influenza b in children on the basis of the duration of febrile illness. | 2007 | 17173216 |
| rimantadine and oseltamivir demonstrate synergistic combination effect in an experimental infection with type a (h3n2) influenza virus in mice. | we studied the combination effect of rimantadine hydrochloride and oseltamivir phosphate on mice infected with influenza a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) virus. compounds were simultaneously administered in a 5-day-treatment course, starting 4 h before intranasal infection with 10 or 20 viral 50% mouse lethal doses. initially, we tested combinations of oseltamivir (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg/day) and rimantadine (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg/day). significant differences were recorded between combination-treated grou ... | 2006 | 17176629 |
| anti-influenza virus activities of 4-[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-3h-indol-3-ylidene)amino]-n-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulphonamide and its derivatives. | 4-[(1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-3h-indol-3-ylidene)amino]-n-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)-benzenesulphonamide (spiii-5h) and related compounds were tested for antiviral activity against influenza a (h1n1, h3n2, and h5n1) and b viruses in madin darby canine kidney (mdck) cell culture. among the compounds tested, spiii-5h and four derivatives (5-chloro [spill-5cl], 5-bromo [spiii-5br], 5-methyl [spiii-5me] and n-acetyl [spiii-na]) showed similar antiviral potencies, with only the 5-fluoro (spiii-5f) derivati ... | 2006 | 17176631 |
| changes in paracrine interleukin-2 requirement, ccr7 expression, frequency, and cytokine secretion of human immunodeficiency virus-specific cd4+ t cells are a consequence of antigen load. | virus-specific cd4+ t-cell responses are thought to be required for the induction and maintenance of many effective cd8+ t-cell and b-cell immune responses in experimental animals and humans. although the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-specific cd4+ t cells has been documented in patients at all stages of hiv infection, many fundamental questions regarding their frequency and function remain. a 10-color, 12-parameter flow cytometric panel was utilized to examine the frequency, me ... | 2007 | 17182676 |
| [influenza associated excess mortality in argentina: 1992-2002]. | to describe the effect of influenza on mortality in argentina, from 1992 to 2002. | 2006 | 17186076 |
| identification of a/h5n1 influenza viruses using a single gene diagnostic microarray. | in previous work, a simple diagnostic dna microarray that targeted only the matrix gene segment of influenza a (mchip) was developed and evaluated with patient samples. in this work, the analytical utility of the mchip for detection and subtyping of an emerging virus was evaluated with a diverse set of a/h5n1 influenza viruses. a total of 43 different highly pathogenic a/h5n1 viral isolates that were collected from diverse geographic locations, including vietnam, nigeria, indonesia, and kazakhst ... | 2007 | 17194164 |
| comparative analytical sensitivities of six rapid influenza a antigen detection test kits for detection of influenza a subtypes h1n1, h3n2 and h5n1. | rapid and simple methods for diagnosing human influenza a (h5n1) disease urgently needed. the limited data so far suggest that the currently available rapid antigen detection kits have poor clinical sensitivity for diagnosis of human h5n1 disease. | 2007 | 17194622 |
| avian-virus-like receptor specificity of the hemagglutinin impedes influenza virus replication in cultures of human airway epithelium. | a non-optimal receptor-binding specificity of avian influenza viruses is believed to hamper their replication in humans; however, the magnitude of this restriction remains undefined. here we generated recombinant viruses, r1 and r2, that differed solely by two amino acids in the receptor-binding site of their hemagglutinin (ha). r1 harbored the original ha of the pandemic human virus a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2), whereas r2 was the l226q/s228g ha mutant with avian-virus-like receptor specificity. in ... | 2007 | 17207830 |
| a comparison of the humoral and cellular immune responses at different immunological sites after split influenza virus vaccination of mice. | the spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes are all known to be important organs for the initiation and maintenance of an immune response after vaccination. to investigate the differences and similarities in the humoral and cellular immune responses between these tissues, we vaccinated mice once or twice with the conventional human dose (15 microg ha) of influenza a (h3n2) split virus vaccine and analysed the sera and lymphocytes collected from the different sites. we found that the response of anti ... | 2007 | 17212762 |
| [the properties of the epidemic influenza viruses a and b strains circulating in russia in the 2004-2005 epidemic season]. | the epidemic upsurge of influenza morbidity in russia in 2004-2005 was caused by the active circulation of influenza a(h3n2) and b viruses. a hundred and sixty-six epidemic strains were studied. all the strains were isolated in the mck cell culture. influenza a(h3n2) viruses (n=77) were antigenic variants of the reference a/fujian/411/ 2002 and a/california/7/2004 strains. three influenza a(h1n1) viral strains that were antigenic variants of a/new caledonia/20/99 strains were isolated in sporadi ... | 2006 | 17214079 |
| non-compact nucleocapsid protein multimers in influenza-virus-infected cells. | we have previously shown that protease-resistant and highly immunoreactive compact np oligomers, dissociating at +80 degrees c and possessing properties of folded proteins, are post-translationally formed in influenza-virus-infected cells. in this study we demonstrate that, in addition to compact np oligomers, incompletely folded np multimers are detected intracellularly by sds/page carried out under weak dissociating conditions. in cells infected with avian, human a(h2n2), and human a(h3n2) vir ... | 2007 | 17216139 |
| features discriminating sars from other severe viral respiratory tract infections. | this study investigated the discriminatory features of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and severe non-sars community-acquired viral respiratory infection (requiring hospitalization) in an emergency department in hong kong. in a case-control study, clinical, laboratory and radiological data from 322 patients with laboratory-confirmed sars from the 2003 sars outbreak were compared with the data of 253 non-sars adult patients with confirmed viral respiratory tract infection from 2004 in or ... | 2007 | 17219094 |
| epidemiology of influenza in hanoi, vietnam, from 2001 to 2003. | the aim of this study was to clarify the epidemiology of laboratory-confirmed influenza in hanoi, vietnam. | 2007 | 17222912 |
| serologic surveillance of swine h1 and h3 and avian h5 and h9 influenza a virus infections in swine population in korea. | influenza a is a respiratory disease common in the swine industry. three subtypes, h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 influenza a viruses, are currently co-circulating in swine populations in korea. an outbreak of the highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus occurred in domestic bird farms in korea during the winter season of 2003. pigs can serve as hosts for avian influenza viruses, enabling passage of the virus to other mammals and recombination of mammalian and avian influenza viruses, which are more re ... | 2007 | 17223213 |
| amantadine-resistant influenza a (h3n2) virus in japan, 2005-2006. | | 2007 | 17229966 |
| [influenza in poland in 2004]. | a total number of 336,919 cases of influenza and influenza-like illness registered in poland in 2004 (incidence 882.4 per 100 000 population). regionally the incidence ranged from 226.2 per 100 000 population in podlaskie to 2,122.3 in mazowieckie. children and adolescents under 15 years of age accounted for 30.5% of all cases (age specific incidence 1,588.2 per 100,000). in this age group the incidence varied regionally from 388,7 in slaskie to 3,718.2 in mazowieckie. 1,038 patients (0.31% of a ... | 2006 | 17249160 |
| assessment of the extent of variation in influenza a virus cytotoxic t-lymphocyte epitopes by using virus-specific cd8+ t-cell clones. | the influenza a virus nucleoprotein (np) and matrix protein are major targets for human virus-specific cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) responses. most of the ctl epitopes that have been identified so far are conserved. however, sequence variation in ctl epitopes of the np has recently been demonstrated to be associated with escape from virus-specific ctls. to assess the extent of variation in ctl epitopes during influenza a virus evolution, 304 ctl clones derived from six study subjects were obtain ... | 2007 | 17251571 |
| prevalence of pb1-f2 of influenza a viruses. | pb1-f2 is a pro-apoptotic polypeptide of many influenza a virus (fluav) isolates encoded by an alternative orf of segment 2. a comprehensive genbank search was conducted to analyse its prevalence. this search yielded 2226 entries of 80 fluav subtypes. of these sequences, 87 % encode a pb1-f2 polypeptide greater than 78 aa. however, classic swine influenza viruses and human h1n1 isolates collected since 1950 harbour a truncated pb1-f2 sequence. while pb1-f2 of human h1n1 viruses terminates after ... | 2007 | 17251572 |
| recombinant parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5) expressing the influenza a virus hemagglutinin provides immunity in mice to influenza a virus challenge. | parainfluenza virus type 5 (piv5), formerly known as simian virus 5 (sv5), is a non-segmented negative strand rna virus that offers several advantages as a vaccine vector. piv5 infects many cell types causing little cytopathic effect, it replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells, and does not have a dna phase in its life cycle thus avoiding the possibility of introducing foreign genes into the host dna genome. importantly, piv5 can infect humans but it is not associated with any known human ... | 2007 | 17254623 |
| humoral and cellular immune responses in children given annual immunization with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. | there have been no prior reports of the frequency of circulating influenza-specific, interferon gamma-producing memory cd4+ and cd8+ t-cells in healthy children who have received multiple influenza immunizations. | 2007 | 17259871 |
| performance testing of two new one-step real time pcr assays for detection of human influenza and avian influenza viruses isolated in humans and respiratory syncytial virus. | two real time one-step rt-pcr assays were developed for simultaneous detection and typing of influenza a and b viruses and detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). as regard influenza, primers were designed to amplify specific sequences of gene m of a/h1n1, a/h3n2, a/h5n1, a/h7n7 and a/h9n2 viruses and of gene np of type b viruses belonging both yamagata and victoria lineage. specificity, analytical and clinical sensitivity, dynamic range, linearity of the new assays were evaluated. | 2006 | 17263157 |
| design, synthesis, inhibitory activity, and sar studies of pyrrolidine derivatives as neuraminidase inhibitors. | a series of pyrrolidine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit neuraminidase (na) of influenza a virus (h3n2). all compounds were synthesized in good yields starting from commercially 4-hydroxy-l-proline using a suitable synthetic strategy. these compounds showed potent inhibitory activity against influenza a neuraminidase. within this series, five compounds, 6e, 9c, 9e, 9f, and 10e, have good potency (ic(50)=1.56-2.71 microm) which are compared to that the na in ... | 2007 | 17287121 |
| antigenic and genetic evolution of swine influenza a (h3n2) viruses in europe. | in the early 1970s, a human influenza a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2)-like virus colonized the european swine population. analyses of swine influenza a (h3n2) viruses isolated in the netherlands and belgium revealed that in the early 1990s, antigenic drift had occurred, away from a/port chalmers/1/73, the strain commonly used in influenza vaccines for pigs. here we show that italian swine influenza a (h3n2) viruses displayed antigenic and genetic changes similar to those observed in northern europea ... | 2007 | 17287258 |
| influenza surveillance in korea: establishment and first results of an epidemiological and virological surveillance scheme. | surveillance is an important component of influenza control. this report describes the establishment and first results of the korean influenza surveillance scheme (kiss), an integrated clinical and laboratory surveillance network involving 622 public health centres (phcs) and private clinics. sentinel physicians reported cases of influenza-like illness (ili) weekly and forwarded specimens for virus isolation and characterization. influenza activity during the opening 2000-2001 season was milder ... | 2007 | 17291376 |
| comparison of the mchip to viral culture, reverse transcription-pcr, and the quickvue influenza a+b test for rapid diagnosis of influenza. | the performance of a diagnostic microarray (the mchip assay) for influenza was compared in a blind study to that of viral culture, reverse transcription (rt)-pcr, and the quickvue influenza a+b test. the patient sample data set was composed of 102 respiratory secretion specimens collected between 29 december 2005 and 2 february 2006 at scott & white hospital and clinic in temple, texas. samples were collected from a wide range of age groups by using direct collection, nasal/nasopharyngeal swabs, ... | 2007 | 17301287 |
| hidden epitopes emerge in secondary influenza virus-specific cd8+ t cell responses. | influenza a virus-specific cd8+ t cell responses in h2(b) mice are characterized by reproducible hierarchies. compensation by the d(b)pb1-f2(62) epitope is apparent following infection with a variant h3n2 virus engineered to disrupt the prominent d(b)np(366) and d(b)pa(224) epitopes (a double knockout or dko). analysis with a "triple" knockout (tko) virus, which also compromises d(b)pb1-f2(62), did not reveal further compensation to the known residual, minor, and predicted epitopes. however, inf ... | 2007 | 17312156 |
| antibodies specific to the ha2 glycopolypeptide of influenza a virus haemagglutinin with fusion-inhibition activity contribute to the protection of mice against lethal infection. | four monoclonal antibodies (mabs) recognizing distinct antigenic sites on the ha2 glycopolypeptide of influenza virus a/dunedin/4/73 (h3n2) have been tested for in vivo protection. when applied intravenously before infection, three of them increased the survival of balb/c mice infected with 1 ld50 homologous virus. the protection resulted simultaneously in 2 days earlier clearance of virus from the lungs. these three antibodies inhibited the fusion activity of virus in previous in vitro experime ... | 2007 | 17325369 |
| preclinical evaluation of microneedle technology for intradermal delivery of influenza vaccines. | recent clinical studies have suggested that, for certain strains of influenza virus, intradermal (i.d.) delivery may enable protective immune responses using a lower dose of vaccine than required by intramuscular (i.m.) injection. here, we describe the first preclinical use of microneedle technology for i.d. administration of three different types of influenza vaccines: (i) a whole inactivated influenza virus, (ii) a trivalent split-virion human vaccine, and (iii) a plasmid dna encoding the infl ... | 2007 | 17329444 |
| [influenza virus in pediatrics. a reason for hospitalization]. | influenza infection in infants and children has been classically underestimated due to its non-specific symptoms, which sometimes overlap those of other respiratory viruses. infants under 24 months are a risk group and school-aged children are a major source of influenza infection. the aim of this study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children hospitalized for flu, including co-infections and the differences as compared to other respiratory viruses. the effect ... | 2007 | 17335696 |
| influenza virus-like particles elicit broader immune responses than whole virion inactivated influenza virus or recombinant hemagglutinin. | influenza virus is a highly infectious respiratory pathogen that results in severe morbidity and mortality. the current licensed trivalent vaccine formulations in the u.s. are made from virus grown in allantoic fluid from infected hen eggs that is then chemically inactivated and split into subunit components. these vaccines elicit antibodies, primarily to the viral hemagglutinin (ha), which are efficacious in healthy adults, but are limited in protecting high risk individuals, such as the elderl ... | 2007 | 17337102 |
| amino acid 226 in the hemagglutinin of h9n2 influenza viruses determines cell tropism and replication in human airway epithelial cells. | influenza a viruses of the h9n2 subtype are endemic in poultry in many eurasian countries and have occasionally caused clinical respiratory diseases in humans. while some avian h9n2 viruses have glutamine (q) at amino acid position 226 of the hemagglutinin (ha) receptor-binding site, an increasing number of isolates have leucine (l) at this position, which has been associated with the establishment of stable lineages of the h2 and h3 subtypes of viruses in humans. little is known about the impor ... | 2007 | 17344280 |
| isolation and genetic analysis of human origin h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses from pigs in china. | influenza a viruses of subtypes h1n1 and h3n2 have been reported widely in pigs, associated with clinical disease. these mainly include classical swine h1n1, avian-like h1n1, and human-like or avian-like h3n2 viruses. from 2005 to 2006, we carried out swine influenza virus surveillance in eight provinces of china. here we report, for the first time, the isolation and genetic analysis of a human-like influenza h1n1 virus from a pig in a farm of guangdong province of southern china, a host suspect ... | 2007 | 17346674 |
| nuclear and nucleolar targeting of influenza a virus ns1 protein: striking differences between different virus subtypes. | influenza a virus nonstructural protein 1 (ns1a protein) is a virulence factor which is targeted into the nucleus. it is a multifunctional protein that inhibits host cell pre-mrna processing and counteracts host cell antiviral responses. we show that the ns1a protein can interact with all six human importin alpha isoforms, indicating that the nuclear translocation of ns1a protein is mediated by the classical importin alpha/beta pathway. the ns1a protein of the h1n1 (wsn/33) virus has only one n- ... | 2007 | 17376915 |
| efficacy of trivalent, cold-adapted, influenza virus vaccine against influenza a (fujian), a drift variant, during 2003-2004. | in the 2003-2004 influenza season, the predominant circulating influenza a (h3n2) virus in the united states was similar antigenically to a/fujian/411/2002 (h3n2), a drift variant of a/panama/2007/99 (h3n2), the vaccine strain. that year, a field study of trivalent live-attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv-t) was conducted in temple-belton, texas, as part of a larger community-based, non-randomized, open-label study in three communities that began in august 1998 [gaglani mj, piedra pa, herschler g ... | 2007 | 17395338 |
| a latex agglutination test for the rapid detection of avian influenza virus subtype h5n1 and its clinical application. | a rapid and simple latex agglutination test (lat) for the detection of avian influenza virus (aiv) subtype h5n1 in chicken allantoic fluids, tracheal swabs, and tissues was developed. monoclonal antibodies against the hemagglutinin glycoprotein of h5n1 were covalently coupled onto the surface of carboxylated latex bead using a water-soluble carbodiimide to obtain sensitized latex particles (slp). these slps strongly agglutinated in the presence of allantoic fluid containing h5n1, but not fluids ... | 2007 | 17402609 |
| comparison of neutralising antibody assays for detection of antibody to influenza a/h3n2 viruses: an international collaborative study. | a study was performed to investigate the reproducibility of haemagglutinin-inhibition (hi) and virus neutralising (vn) assays for detection of anti-influenza antibody. participants in 11 laboratories from eight countries measured antibody to egg-grown a/japan/434/2003, cell-grown a/japan/434/2003 and a/panama/2007/99 (h3n2) viruses in 18 human and two post-infection ferret sera. there was significant intra-laboratory assay variability for vn compared to hi. for replicate assays within laboratori ... | 2007 | 17412461 |
| an amino acid substitution in the influenza a virus hemagglutinin associated with escape from recognition by human virus-specific cd4+ t-cells. | influenza virus-specific cd4+ t-helper cells were cloned that recognized a virus strain isolated in 1981, but that failed to recognize more recent strains. the hla-dr*1601-restricted epitope recognized was located in the hemagglutinin (ha(99-113)) and the naturally occurring a-->v substitution at position 106 was responsible for abrogating the recognition by ha(99-113)-specific cd4+ t-cells. this amino acid substitution was found in influenza a/h3n2 viruses that circulated between 1999 and 2005 ... | 2007 | 17420064 |
| safety and immunogenicity of a baculovirus-expressed hemagglutinin influenza vaccine: a randomized controlled trial. | a high priority in vaccine research is the development of influenza vaccines that do not use embryonated eggs as the substrate for vaccine production. | 2007 | 17426277 |
| neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility of porcine h3n2 influenza a viruses isolated in germany between 1982 and 1999. | as an intermediate host of avian and human influenza a viruses (fluav) pigs may play a potential role in interspecies virus transmission and reassortment of viral genes including those conferring antiviral drug resistance. porcine fluav isolated in germany between 1989 and 2001 contains mutations in the m2 gene inducing amantadine resistance. no data exist on neuraminidase inhibitor (nai) susceptibility of these porcine fluav. we studied the antiviral activity of nai against seven selected h3n2 ... | 2007 | 17445913 |
| influenza a virus elevates active cathepsin b in primary murine dc. | dendritic cells (dcs) act as a first-line recognition system for invading pathogens, such as influenza a. the interaction of dc with influenza a virus results in dc activation via endosomal toll-like receptors and also leads to presentation of viral peptides on mhc class ii molecules. prior work demonstrated that influenza a virus (a/hkx31; h3n2) infection of balb/c mice activates lung dcs for antigen presentation, and that the enhanced function of these cells persists long after viral clearance ... | 2007 | 17446210 |
| molecular and phylogenetic analysis of human influenza virus among iranian patients in shiraz, iran. | influenza is a viral respiratory pathogen responsible for frequent seasonal epidemics. there are currently three major human influenza viruses in global circulation namely a/h1n1, a/h3n2, and b. the objective of this study was to determine the human influenza virus genotypes in shiraz, the capital of the fars province of iran. three hundred patients suspected with human influenza virus infection were enrolled in this survey (2004-2005). the throat samples were cultured and titrated by hemaggluti ... | 2007 | 17457914 |
| differential induction of cd94 and nkg2 in cd4 helper t cells. a consequence of influenza virus infection and interferon-gamma? | influenza a virus causes worldwide epidemics and pandemics and the investigation of memory t helper (th) cells that help maintain serological memory following infection is important for vaccine design. in this study we investigated cd94 and nkg2 gene expression in memory cd4 t-cell clones established from the spleens of c57bl/10 (h-2(b)) and balb/c (h-2(d)) mice infected with influenza a virus (h3n2). cd94 and nkg2a/c/e proteins form heterodimeric membrane receptors that are involved in virus re ... | 2007 | 17462078 |
| design and validation of an h5 taqman real-time one-step reverse transcription-pcr and confirmatory assays for diagnosis and verification of influenza a virus h5 infections in humans. | increasing diversity among influenza h5n1 viruses has resulted in the need for sensitive and specific diagnostic assays, fully validated for the detection of h5 viruses belonging to all hemagglutinin (ha) clades, particularly the recently circulating h5n1 viruses of clade 2. in this report, the development and validation of a real-time, one-step taqman reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assay specific for the detection of influenza a h5 viruses from clades 1, 1', 2, and 3 is described. the real- ... | 2007 | 17473050 |
| avian influenza a (h5n1) infection: targets and strategies for chemotherapeutic intervention. | in an avian flu pandemic, which drugs could be used to treat or prevent infection with influenza a (h5n1) virus? foremost are the viral neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir, which have already been used to treat human influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b virus infections. the use of the m2 ion channel blockers amantadine and rimantadine is compounded by the rapid development of drug resistance. although formally approved for other indications (i.e. treatment of hepatitis c), ribavirin ... | 2007 | 17481739 |
| avian influenza virus screening in wild waterfowl in norway, 2005. | the prevalence of influenza a virus infection, and the distribution of different subtypes of the virus, were studied in 604 geese and ducks shot during ordinary hunting 2005. the study was based upon molecular screening of cloacal swabs taken by the hunters. the sampling included the following species: greylag (anser anser), mallard (anas platyrhynchos), wigeon (anas penelope), teal (anas crecca), goosander (mergus merganser), tufted duck (aythya fuligula), common scoter (melanitta nigra), golde ... | 2007 | 17494599 |
| [rimantadine and arbidol sensitivity of influenza viruses that caused epidemic morbidity rise in russia in the 2004-2005 season]. | the study of the activity of arbidol against epidemic influenza a and b virus strains (2002-2005) in the cultured mdck cells showed the higher sensitivity of enzyme immunoassay than that of hemagglutination test. the influenza a virus strains tested, including those resistant to rimantadine (5 microg/ml), were sensitive to arbidol (10 microg/ml). the population of influenza b virus strains was heterogeneous in this indicator, 43% of the strains being less sensitive to arbidol. there was an incre ... | 2007 | 17500235 |
| influenza surveillance in victoria, 2006. | the victorian influenza season in 2006 remained within normal seasonal activity thresholds and was relatively mild compared with recent years. the season peaked in mid-august, with influenza-like illness (ili) rates from general practitioner sentinel surveillance and the melbourne medical locum service (mmls), and cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza notified to the department of human services, reaching their zeniths within one week of each other. a total of 74 general practitioners (gps) pa ... | 2007 | 17503649 |
| low ph gel intranasal sprays inactivate influenza viruses in vitro and protect ferrets against influenza infection. | developing strategies for controlling the severity of pandemic influenza is a global public health priority. in the event of a pandemic there may be a place for inexpensive, readily available, effective adjunctive therapies to support containment strategies such as prescription antivirals, vaccines, quarantine and restrictions on travel. inactivation of virus in the intranasal environment is one possible approach. the work described here investigated the sensitivity of influenza viruses to low p ... | 2007 | 17509128 |
| the genesis and spread of reassortment human influenza a/h3n2 viruses conferring adamantane resistance. | a dramatic rise in the frequency of resistance to adamantane drugs by influenza a (h3n2) viruses has occurred in recent years -- from approximately 2% to approximately 90% in multiple countries worldwide-and associated with a single s31n amino acid replacement in the viral matrix m2 protein. to explore the emergence and spread of these adamantane resistant viruses we performed a phylogenetic analysis of recently sampled complete a/h3n2 genome sequences. strikingly, all adamantane resistant virus ... | 2007 | 17522084 |
| global surveillance of emerging influenza virus genotypes by mass spectrometry. | effective influenza surveillance requires new methods capable of rapid and inexpensive genomic analysis of evolving viral species for pandemic preparedness, to understand the evolution of circulating viral species, and for vaccine strain selection. we have developed one such approach based on previously described broad-range reverse transcription pcr/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (rt-pcr/esi-ms) technology. | 2007 | 17534439 |
| influenza surveillance in new zealand in 2005. | we report the influenza activity in new zealand in 2005 (including an influenza b epidemic) in terms of the disease burden, hospitalisations, viral strain characterisations, and vaccine recommendations. | 2007 | 17589549 |
| low dose oral combination chemoprophylaxis with oseltamivir and amantadine for influenza a virus infections in mice. | in the present study, the effect of combining anti-influenza drugs active at different steps of the influenza virus replication cycle, oseltamivir as a neuraminidase (na) inhibitor and amantadine targeting m2 protein, was investigated in vivo by oral administration in a mouse model of aerosol influenza virus infection and in vitro in mdck cells. in mice, doses of oseltamivir and amantadine providing 50-60% survival against a/hongkong/1/68 (h3n2) or a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) were capable of conferring com ... | 2007 | 17594925 |
| investigation of exposure to swine influenza viruses in ontario (canada) finisher herds in 2004 and 2005. | the epidemiology of influenza in the north american swine population has changed since the emergence of a triple-reassortant h3n2 influenza virus. although seen previously in north america, the ontario swine population had likely been free of viruses of the reassortant h3n2 lineage until 2005. the objective of this study was to investigate the frequency and distribution of exposure to h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes in the ontario finisher pig population prior to and after the h3n2 outbreak that occurred ... | 2008 | 17604859 |
| influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in infants and children: relationship with attendance at a paediatric emergency unit and characteristics of the circulating strains. | a study was carried out on 2,696 italian children, aged 0-14 years. the goals were: (1) to define the age-related impact of acute respiratory infections (ari), measured as the risk of attendance at the paediatric emergency room, (2) to better define the importance and proportion of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections and (3) to acquire deeper knowledge of the influenza strains circulating in infants and children. a standardised emergency unit attendance risk (euar) was cal ... | 2007 | 17610094 |
| prevention and control of influenza. recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip), 2007. | this report updates the 2006 recommendations by cdc's advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (cdc. prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2006;55[no. rr-10]). the groups of persons for whom vaccination is recommended and the antiviral medications recommended for chemoprophylaxis or treatment (oseltamivir or zanamivir) have not changed. estimated ... | 2007 | 17625497 |
| the molecular epidemiology of influenza viruses: a lesson from a highly epidemic season. | to analyse the epidemiological and molecular features of a long-lasting epidemic (12 weeks) of influenza in north-eastern italy during the 2004-05 season. | 2008 | 17630401 |
| undernutrition can affect the invading microorganism. | undernutrition or malnutrition adversely affects host defenses against many invading microorganisms, thereby increasing the severity of infection. studies of rna viruses (e.g., coxsackievirus b and influenzavirus) have shown that selenium or vitamin e deficiency in mice increases disease severity and results in stable genomic changes in the virus that increase virulence. changes in h3n2 influenzavirus were predominantly in the ordinarily stable m1 matrix protein. whether this represents selectio ... | 2007 | 17638196 |
| intranasal immunization with influenza virus and korean mistletoe lectin c (kml-c) induces heterosubtypic immunity in mice. | the mucosal adjuvanticity of korean mistletoe lectin c (kml-c) was investigated in mice intranasally immunized with inactivated influenza virus (h1n1). mucosal and systemic immune responses were compared to those induced with cholera toxin b subunit (ctb). kml-c increased influenza-specific antibodies with dominant igg1 subclass in serum, igg in genital secretions and iga in saliva, and significantly enhanced influenza-specific lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxic activity in spleens and in me ... | 2007 | 17640781 |
| alterations in receptor binding properties of recent human influenza h3n2 viruses are associated with reduced natural killer cell lysis of infected cells. | natural killer (nk) cell recognition of influenza virus-infected cells involves hemagglutinin (ha) binding to sialic acid (sa) on activating nk receptors. sa also acts as a receptor for the binding of influenza virus to its target host cells. the sa binding properties of h3n2 influenza viruses have been observed to change during circulation in humans: recent isolates are unable to agglutinate chicken red blood cells and show reduced affinity for synthetic glycopolymers representing sa-alpha-2,3- ... | 2007 | 17670834 |
| monitoring the impact of influenza by age: emergency department fever and respiratory complaint surveillance in new york city. | the importance of understanding age when estimating the impact of influenza on hospitalizations and deaths has been well described, yet existing surveillance systems have not made adequate use of age-specific data. monitoring influenza-related morbidity using electronic health data may provide timely and detailed insight into the age-specific course, impact and epidemiology of seasonal drift and reassortment epidemic viruses. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of emergency departm ... | 2007 | 17683196 |
| co-infection of the cotton rat (sigmodon hispidus) with staphylococcus aureus and influenza a virus results in synergistic disease. | bacterial super-infection of influenza patients is the primary cause of excess mortality during influenza pandemics, with staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus) having the highest fatality rate. the cotton rat (sigmodon hispidus) is an excellent model for both influenza and s. aureus pathogenesis, and therefore a potential tool to model co-infection. we compared physiologic and pathologic changes in cotton rats infected with both s. aureus and influenza a/wuhan/359/95 (h3n2), with animals infected wi ... | 2007 | 17689046 |
| serologic and genetic characterization of north american h3n2 swine influenza a viruses. | the h3n2 subtype of influenza a viruses isolated from pigs in the united states and canada has shown both genetic and antigenic diversity. the objective of this study was to determine the serologic and genetic characteristics of contemporary strains of these viruses. genetic analysis of 18 reference strains and 8 selected strains demonstrated differences in 1% to 9% of the nucleotides of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene. phylogenetic analysis of the ha gene revealed 3 genetic clusters, as well as div ... | 2007 | 17695595 |
| efficacy of swine influenza a virus vaccines against an h3n2 virus variant. | we compared the efficacy of 3 commercial vaccines against swine influenza a virus (siv) and an experimental homologous vaccine in young pigs that were subsequently challenged with a variant h3n2 siv, a/swine/colorado/00294/2004, selected from a repository of serologically and genetically characterized h3n2 siv isolates obtained from recent cases of swine respiratory disease. the experimental vaccine was prepared from the challenge virus. four groups of 8 pigs each were vaccinated intramuscularly ... | 2007 | 17695596 |
| [epidemic status of influenza virus between 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 at kawasaki medical school hospital]. | of patients with influenza-like symptoms such as fever, myalgia and arthralgia 2399 visited kawasaki medical school hospital in 2004-2005 and 2171 in 2005-2006. among those patients over 16 years old, laboratory examinations using the rapid antigen test or the serum hi test were positive for 366 (a: 86, b : 280) in 2004-2005 and 372 (a :370, b:2) in 2005-2006. influenza b achieved epidemic status first in 2004-2005, followed by influenza a (h3n2) after april 2005. only influenza a was epidemic i ... | 2007 | 17695799 |
| trivalent live attenuated intranasal influenza vaccine administered during the 2003-2004 influenza type a (h3n2) outbreak provided immediate, direct, and indirect protection in children. | live attenuated influenza vaccine may protect against wild-type influenza illness shortly after vaccine administration by innate immunity. the 2003-2004 influenza a (h3n2) outbreak arrived early, and the circulating strain was antigenically distinct from the vaccine strain. the objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of influenza vaccines for healthy school-aged children when administered during the influenza outbreak. | 2007 | 17698577 |
| high prevalence of amantadine-resistance influenza a (h3n2) in six prefectures, japan, in the 2005-2006 season. | substantial increase in amantadine-resistant influenza a (h3n2) was reported in asia and north america in 2005. in this study the frequency and genetic characteristics of amantadine-resistant influenza a, circulated in japan in 2005-2006 season, were investigated. isolates were tested by amantadine susceptibility test (tcid(50)/0.2 ml method), and sequencing of the m2 gene to identify mutations that confer resistance. additionally, the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes of the virus ... | 2007 | 17705168 |
| vaccination with polymerase chain reaction-generated linear expression cassettes protects mice against lethal influenza a challenge. | the feasibility of a linear expression cassette (lec)-based influenza a dna vaccine was demonstrated in mice, using a lethal dose (ld90) of a mouse-adapted a/hong kong/8/68 (h3n2) influenza strain. lecs expressing hemagglutinin (ha) from either the homotypic h3n2 or the heterotypic h1n1 (a/puerto rico/8/34) influenza virus were produced by polymerase chain reaction and either phosphodiester- or phosphorothioate-modified oligonucleotide primers. survival subsequent to lethal viral challenge was u ... | 2007 | 17705698 |
| biological evaluation of anti-influenza viral activity of semi-synthetic catechin derivatives. | catechin derivatives with different alkyl chain length and aromatic ring substitutions at the 3-hydroxyl group were synthesized from epigallocatechin (egc) and (+)-catechin (c) and their anti-influenza viral activity were evaluated in vitro and in ovo. pronounced antiviral activity was observed for derivatives carrying moderate chain length (7-9 carbons) as compared to those with aromatic rings, whereas the 5'-hydroxyl group of the trihydroxy benzyl moiety did not significantly contribute to ant ... | 2007 | 17709148 |
| attachment of infectious influenza a viruses of various subtypes to live mammalian and avian cells as measured by flow cytometry. | at present there is much interest in the cell tropism and host range of influenza viruses, especially those of the h5n1 subtype. we wished to develop a method that would enable investigation of attachment of infectious virus through the interaction of the hemagglutinin molecule and live mammalian and avian cells and the subsequent infection of these cells. to this end, influenza viruses of various ha subtypes were constructed that either carry the green fluorescent protein (gfp) instead of the n ... | 2007 | 17714820 |
| human and avian influenza viruses target different cells in the lower respiratory tract of humans and other mammals. | viral attachment to the host cell is critical for tissue and species specificity of virus infections. recently, pattern of viral attachment (pva) in human respiratory tract was determined for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of subtype h5n1. however, pva of human influenza viruses and other avian influenza viruses in either humans or experimental animals is unknown. therefore, we compared pva of two human influenza viruses (h1n1 and h3n2) and two low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (h5 ... | 2007 | 17717141 |
| severe respiratory disease and its relationship with respiratory viruses in colombia. | there are important gaps in our understanding of the epidemiology of respiratory virus infections in tropical countries. in september 2003, the colombian epidemiological surveillance system was notified of several deaths from an acute respiratory disease (ard). | 2008 | 17720600 |
| [results of two-year surveillance of flu in abidjan, côte d'ivoire]. | influenza (flu) is a seasonal viral disease that may have a favorable outcome or be associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate during epidemics. in view of the lack of epidemiological and virological data about flu in côte d'ivoire, a surveillance network was set up in abidjan to monitor the spread of flu and characterize isolated viruses. over the 24-month period from january 2003 to december 2004, nasal secretions were collected in patients presenting with flu syndrome at various heat ... | 2007 | 17784678 |
| rapid multiplex nested pcr for detection of respiratory viruses. | respiratory tract infections can be caused by a heterogeneous group of viruses and bacteria that produce similar clinical presentations. specific diagnosis therefore relies on laboratory investigation. this study developed and evaluated five groups of multiplex nested pcr assays that could simultaneously detect 21 different respiratory pathogens: influenza a virus (h1n1, h3n2, and h5n1); influenza b virus; parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, 3, 4a, and 4b; respiratory syncytial virus a and b; human ... | 2007 | 17804659 |
| [study on the detection of positive selected codons on ha1 sequence of human influenza a subtype h3n2]. | to elucidate the evolution pattern of human influenza virus a h3 subtype by detecting positive selected codons in hemagglutinin gene. | 2007 | 17850715 |
| significant rising antibody titres to influenza a are associated with an acute reduction in milk yield in cattle. | sporadic cases of an acute fall in milk production, "milk drop", were investigated in a holstein friesian dairy herd in devon. the investigation was a case control study with two controls per case. paired blood samples demonstrated that rising antibody titres to human influenza a/england/333/80 (h1n1) and human influenza a/eng/427/88 (h3n2) were associated with an acute fall in milk production. rising titres to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvd), infect ... | 2008 | 17851097 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses elicit an attenuated type i interferon response in polarized human bronchial epithelial cells. | the unparalleled spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza a (hpai) h5n1 viruses has resulted in devastating outbreaks in domestic poultry and sporadic human infections with a high fatality rate. to better understand the mechanism(s) of h5n1 virus pathogenesis and host responses in humans, we utilized a polarized human bronchial epithelial cell model that expresses both avian alpha-2,3- and human alpha-2,6-linked sialic acid receptors on the apical surface and supports productive replication o ... | 2007 | 17855549 |
| [effectiveness of triennial anti-influenza vaccination in french military during the 2003-2004 influenza season]. | influenza may rapidly disseminate within populations living in confined settings, causing considerable morbidity and disrupting daily activities. the french military health-care system set up since 1994 a prevention strategy based on triennial anti-influenza vaccination. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this strategy during the 2003-2004 influenza season. | 2007 | 17870268 |
| [tetravaccine--new fundamental approach to prevention of influenza pandemic]. | according to opinion of who's experts, development and use of tetravaccine, which contains both interdemic and pandemic (h5n1) serotypes of influenza viruses, is one of the most promising approaches to control possible influenza pandemic. results of recently obtained data from clinical trials allowed experts from who to make a conclusion that protective immunity against avian influenza virus can be achieved after 2-doses immunization, when the immune system will be primed to hemagglutinin after ... | 2007 | 17882832 |
| creating a model program for influenza surveillance in california: results from the 2005-2006 influenza season. | influenza surveillance is valuable for monitoring trends in influenza-related morbidity and mortality. using the 2005-2006 influenza season as an example, this paper describes a comprehensive influenza surveillance program used by the california department of public health (cdph). | 2007 | 17888862 |
| preclinical in vitro activity of qr-435 against influenza a virus as a virucide and in paper masks for prevention of viral transmission. | prophylaxis against influenza is difficult, and current approaches against pandemics may be ineffective because of shortages of the two proven classes of antivirals in the face of a large-scale infection. herbal/natural products may represent an effective alternative to conventional attempts to protect against infection by avian influenza virus. qr-435, an all-natural compound of green tea extract and other agents, has been developed to provide protection against a wide range of viral infections ... | 2007 | 17890935 |
| in vivo prophylactic activity of qr-435 against h3n2 influenza virus infection. | prophylaxis against influenza infection can take several forms, none of which is totally effective at preventing the spread of the disease. qr-435, an all-natural compound of green-tea extract and other agents, has been developed to protect against a range of viral infections, including the influenza subtype h3n2. | 2007 | 17890936 |
| comparative study of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of influenza a virus h3n2, h9n2, and h5n1 subtypes using bioinformatics techniques. | to investigate the genomic patterns of influenza a virus subtypes, such as h3n2, h9n2, and h5n1, we collected 1842 sequences of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes from the ncbi database and parsed them into 7 categories: accession number, host species, sampling year, country, subtype, gene name, and sequence. the sequences that were isolated from the human, avian, and swine populations were extracted and stored in a mysql database for intensive analysis. the gc content and relative synony ... | 2007 | 17898838 |
| safety and immunogenicity profile of the concomitant administration of zostavax and inactivated influenza vaccine in adults aged 50 and older. | to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of zostavax administered concomitantly with inactivated influenza vaccine or sequentially in adults aged 50 and older. | 2007 | 17908055 |
| immediate and broad-spectrum protection against heterologous and heterotypic lethal challenge in mice by live influenza vaccine. | in this study, we evaluated a live attenuated influenza vaccine (x-31 ca, h3n2) as a fast-acting prophylaxis against both heterologous (a/new caledonia/99, h1n1) and heterotypic (b/shangdong/97, influenza b) infection. an immediate and broad-spectrum protection was achieved in the absence of specific antibody responses. vaccination immediately prior to challenge resulted in the generation of a significant pool of reassortant virus between the vaccine and virulent strains suggesting that the acqu ... | 2007 | 17919786 |
| cross-protection against h5n1 influenza virus infection is afforded by intranasal inoculation with seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. | avian h5n1 influenza a virus is an emerging pathogen with the potential to cause substantial human morbidity and mortality. we evaluated the ability of currently licensed seasonal influenza vaccine to confer cross-protection against highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza virus in mice. | 2007 | 17922395 |
| efficacy of intranasal administration of a truncated ns1 modified live influenza virus vaccine in swine. | in the u.s., despite available swine influenza virus (siv) vaccines, multiple influenza subtypes as well as antigenic and genetic variants within subtypes continue to circulate in the swine population. one of the challenges to control and eliminate siv is that the currently used inactivated influenza virus vaccines do not provide adequate cross-protection against multiple antigenic variants of siv in the field. we previously generated a recombinant h3n2 swine influenza virus (siv) based on the i ... | 2007 | 17933442 |
| receptor binding specificity of recent human h3n2 influenza viruses. | human influenza viruses are known to bind to sialic acid linked alpha2-6 to galactose, but the binding specificity beyond that linkage has not been systematically examined. h3n2 human influenza isolates lost binding to chicken red cells in the 1990s but viruses isolated since 2003 have re-acquired the ability to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes. we have investigated specificity of binding, changes in hemagglutinin sequence of the recent viruses and the role of sialic acid in productive infection ... | 2007 | 17490484 |
| specific biochemical features of replication of clinical influenza viruses in human intestinal cell culture. | influenza a viruses isolated from the respiratory tract of patients with influenza were cultured in human intestinal epithelium cells (caco-2 line). the caco-2 cells were found to be 100-fold more susceptible to the clinical viruses than mdck cells and chicken embryos. on passaging in caco-2 cells, clinical isolates of the subtype h3n2 retained the original "human" phenotype and agglutinated human but not chicken erythrocytes, whereas on passaging in mdck cells the virus phenotype changed to the ... | 2007 | 17511604 |