| immunogenicity and tolerability of intradermal administration of an hcv e1-based vaccine candidate in healthy volunteers and patients with resolved or ongoing chronic hcv infection. | the tolerability and immunogenicity of intradermal injections of a candidate hcv vaccine, based on the e1 protein of the hepatitis c virus (hcv), was examined in an exploratory study in healthy volunteers, in subjects with a history of resolved hcv infection, and in patients suffering from therapy-resistant chronic hcv. sub-epidermal injection of three doses of 4 microg of non-adjuvanted e1 vaccine induced much weaker humoral and cellular immune responses in healthy subjects and chronic hcv pati ... | 2005 | 17038823 |
| ring finger proteins of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (isknv) function as ubiquitin ligase enzymes. | infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (isknv) is the etiological agent that causes a pandemic and severe disease in fish characteristic of enlarged and damaged spleen and kidney. to identify viral proteins involved in infection and pathogenesis, we characterized five open reading frames (orfs) of the isknv genome, orf12, orf65, orf66, orf99 and orf111, which encode ring finger proteins (rfps). we assessed the ubiquitin ligase (e3) activity of these recombinant rfps fused to maltose-binding ... | 2007 | 17049660 |
| compensatory mutations in e1, p7, ns2, and ns3 enhance yields of cell culture-infectious intergenotypic chimeric hepatitis c virus. | there is little understanding of mechanisms underlying the assembly and release of infectious hepatitis c virus (hcv) from cultured cells. cells transfected with synthetic genomic rna from a unique genotype 2a virus (jfh1) produce high titers of virus, while virus yields are much lower with a prototype genotype 1a rna containing multiple cell culture-adaptive mutations (h77s). to characterize the basis for this difference in infectious particle production, we constructed chimeric genomes encodin ... | 2007 | 17079282 |
| the orphan receptor tyrosine kinase ror2 promotes osteoblast differentiation and enhances ex vivo bone formation. | ror2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase, the expression of which increases during differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to osteoblasts and then declines as cells progress to osteocytes. to test whether ror2 plays a role in osteoblastogenesis, we investigated the effects of ror2 overexpression and down-regulation on osteoblastic lineage commitment and differentiation. expression of ror2 in pluripotent human mesenchymal stem cells (hmscs) by adenoviral infection caused formation of mineralized extr ... | 2007 | 17095577 |
| analysis of novel human papillomavirus type 16 late mrnas in differentiated w12 cervical epithelial cells. | the life cycle of human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv16) is intimately linked to differentiation of the epithelium it infects, and late events in the life cycle are restricted to the suprabasal layers. here we have used 5'race of polyadenylated rna isolated from differentiated w12 cells (cervical epithelial cells containing episomal copies of the hpv16 genome) that express virus late proteins to map virus late mrnas. thirteen different transcripts were identified. extensive alternative splicing an ... | 2007 | 17098271 |
| detection of the prototype of a potential novel genus in the family papillomaviridae in association with canine epidermodysplasia verruciformis. | epidermodysplasia verruciformis (ev) is a rare human genetic predisposition to develop flat warts, some of which subsequently undergo cancer transformation. some human papillomaviruses (hpvs), i.e. hpv 5 and 8, have been associated with cancer development as a sequela of ev. as similar diseases have been observed in dogs, it was hypothesized that unknown canine papillomaviruses (cpvs) may exist and that they may be present in cases of canine ev. consequently, dna was extracted from a malignant l ... | 2006 | 17098970 |
| intracellular accumulation of hepatitis c virus proteins in a human hepatoma cell line. | the establishment of hcv replicon systems strongly improved the research on the replication processes but poorly advanced our knowledge on the subcellular localization of the structural glycoproteins, mainly due to their low expression. we sought to verify whether reinforcing e1e2 expression in the context of both hcv genomic and subgenomic replicon from either homologous or heterologous strains leads to formation of supramolecular structures including structural and nonstructural proteins. | 2007 | 17107733 |
| targeting lung cancer using an infectivity enhanced cxcr4-crad. | conventional treatments are not adequate for the majority of lung cancer patients. conditionally replicating adenoviruses (crads) represent a promising new modality for the treatment of neoplastic diseases, including non-small cell lung cancer. specifically, following cellular infection, the virus replicates selectively in the infected tumor cells and kills the cells by cytolysis. next, the progeny virions infect a new population of surrounding target cells, replicate again and eradicate the inf ... | 2007 | 17113184 |
| an hla-a2.1-transgenic rabbit model to study immunity to papillomavirus infection. | we have established several hla-a2.1-transgenic rabbit lines to provide a host to study cd8(+) t cell responses during virus infections. hla-a2.1 protein expression was detected on cell surfaces within various organ tissues. continuous cultured cells from these transgenic rabbits were capable of presenting both endogenous and exogenous hla-a2.1-restricted epitopes to an hla-a2.1-restricted epitope-specific ctl clone. a dna vaccine containing an hla-a2.1-restricted human papillomavirus type 16 e7 ... | 2006 | 17114477 |
| expression and characterization of acidothermus cellulolyticus e1 endoglucanase in transgenic duckweed lemna minor 8627. | endoglucanase e1 from acidothermus cellulolyticus was expressed cytosolically under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter in transgenic duckweed, lemna minor 8627 without any obvious observable phenotypic effects on morphology or rate of growth. the recombinant enzyme co-migrated with the purified catalytic domain fraction of the native e1 protein on western blot analysis, revealing that the cellulose-binding domain was cleaved near or in the linker region. the duckweed-expressed ... | 2007 | 17127051 |
| rapid and real-time detection of chikungunya virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. | the standardization and validation of a one-step, single-tube, accelerated, quantitative reverse transcription (rt) loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay targeting the e1 gene for the rapid and real-time detection of chikungunya virus (chikv) are reported. a linear relationship between the amount of template and time of positivity value over a range of 2 x 10(8) to 2 x 10(2) copies was obtained. the feasibility of chikv rt-lamp for clinical diagnosis was validated with patient s ... | 2007 | 17135444 |
| highly efficient and carcinoma-specific adenoviral replication restricted by the egp-2 promoter. | although some successes have been reported using adenoviral vectors for the treatment of cancer, adenoviral cancer gene therapy is still hampered by the lack of sufficient tumor cell killing. to increase the efficiency, adenoviruses have been modified to replicate specifically in tumor tissues by using tumor specific promoters controlling genes essential for adenoviral replication. however, many conditionally replicating adenoviral vectors replicate in one tumor type only, which limits their app ... | 2007 | 17137670 |
| immunologic analysis induced by dna vaccine encoding e protein of beijing-1 strain derived from japanese encephalitis virus. | we have compared the gene expression and dna immunization efficacy encoding prme and e proteins of a different strain (jagar-01) derived from japanese encephalitis virus. this study aimed to construct a recombinant encoding e protein of the beijing-1 strain derived from japanese encephalitis virus and analyze the humoral, cellular and protective immunity induced by the above recombinant. | 2007 | 17139185 |
| detection of novel papillomaviruslike sequences in paraffin-embedded specimens of invasive and in situ squamous cell carcinomas from cats. | to detect and partially characterize papillomavirus (pv) dna in squamous cell carcinoma (scc) tumor specimens from cats. | 2006 | 17144807 |
| mannan binding lectin and viral hepatitis. | mannan binding lectin (mbl) is a pattern recognition molecule of the innate immune system that binds to sugars on the surface of invading micro-organisms. target binding, complement activation and other functions of mbl are dependent on the presence of multiple carbohydrate recognition domains. several polymorphisms in the promoter and structural regions of mbl2 adversely affect the plasma concentration and oligomeric state of mbl. the possession of mutant alleles has been linked to disease outc ... | 2007 | 17157924 |
| transmembrane domains of hepatitis c virus envelope glycoproteins: residues involved in e1e2 heterodimerization and involvement of these domains in virus entry. | the transmembrane (tm) domains of hepatitis c virus (hcv) envelope glycoproteins e1 and e2 have been shown to play multiple roles during the biogenesis of the e1e2 heterodimer. by using alanine scanning insertion mutagenesis within the tm domains of hcv envelope glycoproteins, we have previously shown that the central regions of these domains as well as the n-terminal part of the tm domain of e1 are involved in heterodimerization. here, we used a tryptophan replacement scan of these regions to i ... | 2007 | 17166909 |
| chikungunya outbreaks caused by african genotype, india. | chikungunya fever is reported in india after 32 years. immunoglobulin m antibodies and virus isolation confirmed the cause. phylogenic analysis based on partial sequences of ns4 and e1 genes showed that all earlier isolates (1963-1973) were asian genotype, whereas the current and yawat (2000) isolates were african genotype. | 2006 | 17176577 |
| serum soluble factors induce the proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity and transforming growth factor-beta signal in osteoblastic cells in the patient with hepatitis c-associated osteosclerosis. | hepatitis c-associated osteosclerosis (hcao) is a rare syndrome characterized by severe, acquired, generalized osteosclerosis and hyperostosis in adults who are infected with the hepatitis c virus. however, the detail of the pathogenesis of hcao is still unknown. we examined the effects of serum of the hcao patient on the proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (alp) activity and transforming growth factor (tgf)-beta-smad signaling in mouse osteoblastic cells. the patient was compatible with hcao, c ... | 2006 | 17177144 |
| antibodies to a novel antigen in acute hepatitis c virus infections. | conformational viral proteins potentially play an important role in the immunobiology of acute hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection and may enable earlier antibody detection. | 2007 | 17181584 |
| the dynamic envelope of a fusion class ii virus. prefusion stages of semliki forest virus revealed by electron cryomicroscopy. | semliki forest virus is among the prototypes for class ii virus fusion and targets the endosomal membrane. fusion protein e1 and its envelope companion e2 are both anchored in the viral membrane and form an external shell with protruding spikes. in acid environments, mimicking the early endosomal milieu, surface epitopes in the virus rearrange along with exposure of the fusion loop. to visualize this transformation into a fusogenic stage, we determined the structure of the virus at gradually low ... | 2007 | 17192272 |
| effective induction of type 1 cytotoxic t cell responses in mice with dna vaccine encoding two hepatitis c virus cytotoxic t lymphocyte epitopes. | the aims of this study were to explain whether a multiple cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) epitope-based anti-hepatitis c virus (hcv) dna vaccine can induce specific ctl responses to each hcv ctl epitope independently and long-term cd8(+) t cell memory responses, and to determine the cytokine secretion pattern and subtype of epitope-specific cytotoxic t cells. a multi-ctl epitope gene, which consists of two epitopes of hcv (h-2(d)-restricted hcv core(133142) and e1(315322)), was cloned into the euka ... | 2006 | 17201665 |
| a cd46-binding chimpanzee adenovirus vector as a vaccine carrier. | a replication-defective chimeric vector based on the chimpanzee adenovirus serotype c1 was developed and tested as a vaccine carrier in mice. the adc1 virus is closely related to human adenoviruses of subgroup b2 and uses cd46 for cell attachment. to overcome poor growth of e1-deleted adc1 vectors on cell lines that provide the e1 of adenovirus of the human serotype 5 (adhu5) virus in trans, the inverted terminal repeats and some of the early genes of adc1 were replaced with those from adc5, a c ... | 2007 | 17228314 |
| tandem repeats of lactoferrin-derived anti-hepatitis c virus peptide enhance antiviral activity in cultured human hepatocytes. | previously, we found that bovine and human lactoferrin (lf) specifically inhibited hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection in cultured non-neoplastic human hepatocyte-derived ph5ch8 cells, and we identified 33 amino acid residues (termed c-s3-33; amino acid 600-632) from human lf that were primarily responsible for the binding activity to the hcv e2 envelope protein and for the inhibiting activity against hcv infection. since the anti-hcv activity of c-s3-33 was weaker than that of human lf, we specul ... | 2007 | 17237607 |
| characterization of the cleavage of signal peptide at the c-terminus of hepatitis c virus core protein by signal peptide peptidase. | production of hepatitis c virus (hcv) core protein requires the cleavages of polyprotein by signal peptidase and signal peptide peptidase (spp). cleavage of signal peptide at the c-terminus of hcv core protein by spp was characterized in this study. the spko mutant (mutate a.a. 189-193 from asayq to ppfpf) is more efficient than the a/f mutant (mutate a.a 189 and 191 from a to f) in blocking the cleavage of signal peptide by signal peptidase. the cleavage efficiency of spp is inversely proportio ... | 2007 | 17237979 |
| novel marker vaccines against classical swine fever. | classical swine fever (csf) is one of the most devastating epizootic diseases of pigs worldwide. for eradication and control purposes, csf vaccination is an important tool, and efficacious and safe attenuated vaccines have been available for many decades (for example, the c-strain vaccines). in addition to administering them parenterally, live attenuated vaccines are also administered orally for the control and eradication of csf in wild boar populations. however, antibodies against live attenua ... | 2007 | 17239502 |
| the leatl6-associated ubiquitin/proteasome system may contribute to fungal elicitor-activated defense response via the jasmonic acid-dependent signaling pathway in tomato. | the expression of leatl6, an ortholog of arabidopsis atl6 that encodes a ring-h2 finger protein, was induced in tomato roots treated with a cell wall protein fraction (cwp) elicitor of the biocontrol agent pythium oligandrum. the leatl6 protein was expressed as a fusion protein with a maltose-binding protein (mbp) in escherichia coli, and it catalyzed the transfer of ubiquitin to the mbp moiety on incubation with ubiquitin, the ubiquitin-activating enzyme e1, and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme ... | 2007 | 17249424 |
| cross-genotype characterization of genetic diversity and molecular adaptation in hepatitis c virus envelope glycoprotein genes. | investigation of the mechanisms underlying hepatitis c virus (hcv) envelope glycoprotein gene evolution will greatly assist rational development of broadly neutralizing antibody-based vaccines or vaccine components. previously, comprehensive cross-genotype evolutionary studies of e1e2 have not been possible due to the paucity of full-length envelope gene sequences representative of all major hcv genotypes (1-6) deposited in international sequence databases. to address this shortfall, a full-leng ... | 2007 | 17251563 |
| p53-expressing conditionally replicative adenovirus cnhk500-p53 against hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro. | to develop a conditionally replicative gene-viral vector system called cnhk500-p53, which contains dual promoters within the e1 region, and combines the advantages of oncolytic virus and gene therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc). | 2007 | 17278190 |
| encapsulation of viral vectors for gene therapy applications. | in gene therapy, a number of viruses are currently being used as vectors to provide transient expression of therapeutic proteins. a drawback of using free virus is that it gives a potent immune response, which reduces gene transfer and limits re-administration. an alternative delivery system is to encapsulate the virus in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (plg) microspheres prior to administration. a recombinant adenovirus (ad) expressing green fluorescent protein (gfp) was used to test the transductio ... | 2007 | 17286384 |
| use of sequence analysis of the ns5b region for routine genotyping of hepatitis c virus with reference to c/e1 and 5' untranslated region sequences. | nucleotide sequence analysis of the ns5b region was performed to identify genotypes of 8,479 hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna-positive patient samples collected in the canadian province of quebec. genotypes could be determined for 97.3% of patients. genotypes 1 to 6 were found in 59.4, 9.0, 25.7, 3.6, 0.6, and 1.8% of patients, respectively. two isolates did not classify within the six genotypes. the subtype 1 distribution was 76.7% 1a, 22.6% 1b, and 0.7% others, while the subtype 2 distribution was ... | 2007 | 17287328 |
| exploiting information inherent in binding sites of virus-specific antibodies: design of an hcv vaccine candidate cross-reactive with multiple genotypes. | the role of antibody in hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection remains unclear although many reports attest to its role in viral clearance. here we describe epitopes that are recognized by antibody present in the serum of infected patients and show that such epitopes can induce neutralizing antibodies. | 2006 | 17302370 |
| functional characterization of the sindbis virus e2 glycoprotein by transposon linker-insertion mutagenesis. | the glycoprotein envelope of alphaviruses consists of two proteins, e1 and e2. e1 is responsible for fusion and e2 is responsible for receptor binding. an atomic structure is available for e1, but one for e2 has not been reported. in this study, transposon linker-insertion mutagenesis was used to probe the function of different domains of e2. a library of mutants, containing 19 amino acid insertions in the e2 glycoprotein sequence of the prototype alphavirus, sindbis virus (sinv), was generated. ... | 2007 | 17306321 |
| hiv entry inhibition by the envelope 2 glycoprotein of gb virus c. | epidemiological studies have revealed an association between gb virus c (gbv-c) long-term viraemia and ameliorated hiv disease progression. we have provided evidence that a single protein of gbv-c, the glycoprotein e2, interferes with early hiv replication steps of both x4- and r5-tropic hiv strains. preincubation with anti-e2 antibody specifically abrogates the inhibitory effect. results were confirmed by the in-vitro expression of gbv-c e1/e2 encoding rna. | 2007 | 17314528 |
| evaluation of the vaccine potential of an equine herpesvirus type 1 vector expressing bovine viral diarrhea virus structural proteins. | bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is an economically important pathogen of cattle that is maintained in the population by persistently infected animals. virus infection may result in reproductive failure, respiratory disease and diarrhoea in naïve, susceptible bovines. here, the construction and characterization of a novel vectored vaccine, which is based on the incorporation of genes encoding bvdv structural proteins (c, erns, e1, e2) into a bacterial artificial chromosome of the equine herpes ... | 2007 | 17325347 |
| genomic analysis of diverse rubella virus genotypes. | based on the sequence of the e1 glycoprotein gene, two clades and ten genotypes of rubella virus have been distinguished; however, genomic sequences have been determined for viruses in only two of these genotypes. in this report, genomic sequences for viruses in an additional six genotypes were determined. the genome was found to be well conserved. the viruses in all eight of these genotypes had the same number of nucleotides in each of the two open reading frames (orfs) and the untranslated reg ... | 2007 | 17325367 |
| nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for the detection of rubella virus in clinical specimens. | rubella virus (rv) is one of the leading causes of childhood blindness in india. in this study we applied an optimized nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nrt-pcr) to detect rv in clinical specimens. | 2007 | 17332659 |
| 1,4-benzodiazepines as inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus. the identification of a clinical candidate. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the cause of one-fifth of all lower respiratory tract infections worldwide and is increasingly being recognized as representing a serious threat to patient groups with poorly functioning or immature immune systems. racemic 1,4-benzodiazepines show potent anti-rsv activity in vitro. anti-rsv evaluation of 3-position r- and s-benzodiazepine enantiomers and subsequent optimization of this series resulted in selection of a clinical candidate. antiviral activity w ... | 2007 | 17341059 |
| [immunochemical properties of west nile virus protein prm and protein m c-end]. | complementary dna fragments (nucleotides 466-966 and 878-1088) encoding prm protein and polypeptide m31-75-e1-30 of west nile virus (wnv), strain leiv-vlg99-27889-human, were obtained and cloned. recombinant polypeptides prm and m3175-e1-30 having amino acid sequences corresponding to the cloned cdna fragments were purified by affinity chromatography. according to elisa and western blotting prm protein interacted with polyclonal antibodies against wnv. this is indicative the immunochemical simil ... | 2007 | 17380886 |
| enhanced immunogenicity of modified hepatitis b virus core particle fused with multiepitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus. | hepatitis b virus core (hbc) particles, self-assemble into capsid particles and are extremely immunogenic, hold promise as an immune-enhancing vaccine carrier for heterologous antigens. however, formation of virus-like particles (vlp) can be restricted by size and structure of heterlogous antigens. in the study, we investigated formation of vlp by modified hbc fused with specified foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) multiepitopes and evaluated their immune effects. firstly, three hbc display vec ... | 2007 | 17386022 |
| high incidence of tobacco streak virus in the tobacco fields of iran. | currently the northern provinces of iran (mazandaran, golestan and gilan) are the main tobacco growing regions in the country and this crop has an special importance in the national economy. three tobacco types including flue-cured (mainly coker 347 and some virginia e1), burley (burley 21) and oriental (basma 178-2) are presently grown in these regions. epidemics of viral diseases have occurred during the recent years in many tobacco fields in these areas. the quality of tobacco products which ... | 2006 | 17390881 |
| a self-adjuvanting multiepitope immunogen that induces a broadly cross-reactive antibody to hepatitis c virus. | we describe a peptide-based strategy for hcv vaccine design that addresses the problem of variability in hypervariable region 1 (hvr1). peptides representing antibody epitopes of hvr1 from genotype 1a were synthesized and incorporated into multideterminant immunogens that also included lipid moieties and helper t (t(h)) cell epitopes. mice inoculated with these polyepitopes generated strong antibody responses. antibody titers were highest in mice inoculated with polyepitope immunogens which cont ... | 2007 | 17393515 |
| construction of adenovirus type 5 early region 1 and 4 virus mutants. | this chapter describes a novel strategy that simplifies the generation and production of adenovirus type 5 (ad5) mutants carrying defined mutations in early transcription units 1 (e1) and 4 (e4). the strategy involves three recombinant plasmids containing e1 (pe1-1235), e4 (pe4-1155), or the wild-type genome that lacks a portion of e3 (ph5pg4100). to generate recombinant viruses, mutations are first introduced into pe1- and/or pe4-transfer plasmids by site-directed mutagenesis. the mutagenized c ... | 2007 | 17401162 |
| location and role of free cysteinyl residues in the sindbis virus e1 and e2 glycoproteins. | sindbis virus is a single-stranded positive-sense rna virus. it is composed of 240 copies of three structural proteins: e1, e2, and capsid. these proteins form a mature virus particle composed of two nested t=4 icosahedral shells. a complex network of disulfide bonds in the e1 and e2 glycoproteins is developed through a series of structural intermediates as virus maturation occurs (m. mulvey and d. t. brown, j. virol. 68:805-812, 1994; m. carleton et al., j. virol. 71:1558-1566, 1997). to better ... | 2007 | 17409163 |
| characterization and experimental transmission of an oncogenic papillomavirus in female macaques. | cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality in women worldwide, yet few suitable animal models currently exist for study of this disease. virtually all cases of cervical cancer in women are caused by specific types of genital human papillomavirus (hpv). in this study, we investigated naturally occurring genital pvs in female cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis) without breeding contact for at least 3.5 years. exfoliated cervicovaginal cells from 19 of 54 animals tested ... | 2007 | 17428865 |
| clinical responders to antiviral therapy of chronic hcv infection show elevated antiviral cd4+ and cd8+ t-cell responses. | chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection is characterized by attenuated antiviral t-cell responses, making their detection and characterization a technological challenge. the role and the dynamics of antiviral t-cell responses during antiviral therapy are incompletely understood. to assess hcv-specific t-cell responses during antiviral therapy of genotype-1-infected patients, we adopted a flow cytometric approach to comprehensively evaluate virus-specific cd4+ and cd8+ t-cell proliferative resp ... | 2007 | 17439521 |
| structure and functions of hepatitis c virus proteins: 15 years after. | since its discovery in 1988, the hepatitis c virus (hcv) has become a hot topic of research by many groups around the world. this globally spread infectious agent is responsible for a large proportion of chronic viral hepatitides. the clue to halting the hepatitis c pandemic may be the detailed understanding of the virus structure, its replication mechanism, and the exact functions of the various proteins. such understanding could enable the development of new antivirals targeted against hepatit ... | 2006 | 17455808 |
| recent epidemic of acute hepatitis c virus in hiv-positive men who have sex with men linked to high-risk sexual behaviours. | to characterize the mode of hepatitis c virus (hcv) transmission in a recent epidemic of acute hcv in hiv-infected individuals using linked molecular and clinical epidemiological studies. | 2007 | 17457092 |
| de novo parallel design, synthesis and evaluation of inhibitors against the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 and drug-resistant variants. | we used molecular modeling to design de novo broad-range inhibitors against wild type and drug-resistant variants of the reverse transcriptase (rt) of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1). first, we screened for small fragments that would interact with each one of four rt structures (one wild type and three mutants). then, these fragments were linked to build a scaffold molecule. out of 27 different compounds that were synthesized, four inhibited the dna polymerase activity of rt with ic5 ... | 2007 | 17458947 |
| complete protection of mice against a lethal dose challenge of western equine encephalitis virus after immunization with an adenovirus-vectored vaccine. | western equine encephalitis virus (weev) is an important pathogen for both humans and equines. the virus is also listed as a bioterrorism agent due to its ability for aerosol transmission with high mortality. no commercial vaccines or antiviral drugs are available for the prevention and treatment of weev infection in humans. in this paper, we constructed a recombinant weev vaccine, designated as ad5-weev, using a replication defective, human adenovirus serotype 5 (had5) as a delivery vector. ad5 ... | 2007 | 17467858 |
| the alphavirus 6k protein activates endogenous ionic conductances when expressed in xenopus oocytes. | the alphavirus sindbis 6k protein is involved in several functions. it contributes to the processing and membrane insertion of e1 and pe2 viral envelope glycoproteins and to virus budding. it also permeabilizes escherichia coli and mammalian cells. these viroporin-like properties have been proposed to help virus budding by modifying membrane permeabilities. we expressed sindbis virus 6k crna in xenopus oocytes to further characterize the effect of 6k on membrane conductances and permeabilization ... | 2007 | 17483865 |
| immunization with hepatitis c virus-like particles results in control of hepatitis c virus infection in chimpanzees. | recombinant hepatitis c virus (hcv)-like particles (hcv-lps) containing hcv structural proteins (core, e1, and e2) produced in insect cells resemble the putative hcv virions and are capable of inducing strong and broad humoral and cellular immune responses in mice and baboons. here, we present evidence on the immunogenicity and induction of protective immunity by hcv-lps in chimpanzees. chimpanzees (two in each group), were immunized with hcv-lps or hcv-lps plus as01b adjuvant. after immunizatio ... | 2007 | 17485666 |
| compartmentalization of hepatitis c virus (hcv) during hcv/hiv coinfection. | extrahepatic replication has important implications for the transmission and treatment of hepatitis c virus (hcv). we analyzed longitudinal hcv diversity in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) and serum during hcv monoinfection and hcv/hiv coinfection to determine whether distinct amino acid signatures characterized hcv replicating within pbmcs. analysis of e1-hvr1 sequences demonstrated higher serum genetic distances among hcv/human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-coinfected persons. moreov ... | 2007 | 17492592 |
| [analysis of genomes of two rubella virus strains from the 2004-2005 outbreaks in west siberia]. | two outbreaks of rubella infections notified in the tomsk and kemerovo regions were investigated. two rubella virus strains from one patient in each outbreak were isolated and genetically characterized. reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to reveal partial e1 gene sequence at a length of 915 nucleotides. analysis indicated that the rubella virus strains circulating in the west-siberian region belonged to international genetic 1g group, which had been first detected in russia ... | 2007 | 17500233 |
| [role of n-linked glycans in the functions of hepatitis c virus envelope glycoproteins]. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) is an enveloped virus and encodes two envelope glycoproteins, e1 and e2. e1 and e2 are transmembrane type i proteins with a n-terminal ectodomain and c-terminal anchor. during their synthesis, e1 and e2 ectodomains are targeted in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen where they are modified by n-linked glycosylation. after their synthesis, e1 and e2 assemble as a non-covalent heterodimer. the n-linked glycosylation is based on the recognition of specific asparagine residue in ... | 2007 | 17502294 |
| cloning, expression, and functional analysis of patient-derived hepatitis c virus glycoproteins. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection is a major cause of severe chronic liver disease including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. hcv has been classified into six major genotypes that exhibit extensive genetic variability, particularly in the envelope glycoproteins e1 and e2. knowledge of genotypic and quasispecies variation on viral glycoprotein properties is important in understanding the structure-function relationship of the proteins. through their perceived role as components of the viri ... | 2007 | 17502679 |
| hepatitis c virus envelope glycoprotein e2 glycans modulate entry, cd81 binding, and neutralization. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a major human pathogen that causes serious liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. the primary target cells of hcv are hepatocytes, and entry is restricted by interactions of the envelope glycoproteins, e1 and e2, with cellular receptors. e1 and e2 form noncovalently linked heterodimers and are heavily glycosylated. glycans contribute to protein folding and transport as well as protein function. in addition, glycans associated with viral envelo ... | 2007 | 17507469 |
| application of molecular and serological assays to case based investigations of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome. | rubella and congenital rubella syndrome continue to be important health problems worldwide. the detection of rubella rna directly in clinical specimens is a critical factor in early laboratory diagnosis of recent or congenital infection, in addition to detection of rubella-specific igm. in order to comply with recent who recommendations for establishing uniform genetic analysis protocols for rubella virus we have developed a new block based pcr assay (pcr-e317), which extends the sequence genera ... | 2007 | 17516526 |
| the neutralizing activity of anti-hepatitis c virus antibodies is modulated by specific glycans on the e2 envelope protein. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) envelope glycoproteins are highly glycosylated, with up to 5 and 11 n-linked glycans on e1 and e2, respectively. most of the glycosylation sites on hcv envelope glycoproteins are conserved, and some of the glycans associated with these proteins have been shown to play an essential role in protein folding and hcv entry. such a high level of glycosylation suggests that these glycans can limit the immunogenicity of hcv envelope proteins and restrict the binding of some antib ... | 2007 | 17522218 |
| adenoviral gene transfer in bovine adrenomedullary and murine pheochromocytoma cells: potential clinical and therapeutic relevance. | recombinant adenoviruses (rad) have been widely used as gene transfer vectors both in the laboratory and in human clinical trials. in the present study, we investigated the effects of adenoviral-mediated gene transfer in primary bovine adrenal chromaffin cells (bacc) and a murine pheochromocytoma cell line (mpc). cells were infected with one of three nonreplicating e1/e3-deleted (e1(-)/e3(-)) rad vectors: ad.gfp, expressing a green fluorescent protein (gfp); ad.null, expressing no transgene; or ... | 2007 | 17525127 |
| ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of interferon regulatory factor-3 induced by npro from a cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus. | the pathogenesis of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infections is complex and only partly understood. it remains controversial whether interferon is produced in cells infected with cytopathic(cp) bvdvs which do not persist in vivo. we show here that a cpbvdv (nadl strain) does not induce interferon responses in cell culture and blocks induction of interferon-stimulated genes by a super-infecting paramyxovirus. cpbvdv infection causes a marked loss of interferon regulatory factor 3 (irf-3), a ... | 2007 | 17531282 |
| characterization of fusion determinants points to the involvement of three discrete regions of both e1 and e2 glycoproteins in the membrane fusion process of hepatitis c virus. | infection of eukaryotic cells by enveloped viruses requires the merging of viral and cellular membranes. highly specific viral surface glycoproteins, named fusion proteins, catalyze this reaction by overcoming inherent energy barriers. hepatitis c virus (hcv) is an enveloped virus that belongs to the genus hepacivirus of the family flaviviridae. little is known about the molecular events that mediate cell entry and membrane fusion for hcv, although significant progress has been made due to recen ... | 2007 | 17537855 |
| engulfment of apoptotic cells expressing hcv proteins leads to differential chemokine expression and stat signaling in human dendritic cells. | in the majority of cases, infection with hepatitis c virus (hcv) becomes chronic and is often associated with impaired innate and adaptive immune responses. the mechanisms underlying viral persistence and lack of protective immunity are poorly understood. considering that dendritic cells (dcs) play critical roles in initiating and modulating immune responses, we explored the effect of hcv proteins on dc gene and protein expression, phenotype, and function. human dcs were generated following plas ... | 2007 | 17538964 |
| glycosylation of the dengue 2 virus e protein at n67 is critical for virus growth in vitro but not for growth in intrathoracically inoculated aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | to determine the importance of dengue 2 virus (den2v) envelope (e) protein glycosylation, virus mutants in one or both of the n-linked glycosylation motifs were prepared. we found that while the e2 mutant virus (n153q) replicated in mammalian and mosquito cells, the e1 (n67q) and e1/2 (n67q and n153q) mutant viruses were unable to grow in mammalian cells. infection of c6/36 mosquito cells with either the e1 or e1/2 mutants resulted in the introduction of a compensatory mutation, k64n, restoring ... | 2007 | 17543367 |
| packaged replicons of bovine viral diarrhea virus are capable of inducing a protective immune response. | bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) replicons with deletions within the capsid, e(rns) or e1 encoding region were constructed and efficiently packaged with a helper cell line. high titres of packaged replicons were observed as early as 24 h after transfection, whereas no virus progeny could be detected after transfection of non-complementing cells. infection of bovine cell cultures with rescued viruses resulted in one cycle of replication without release of infectious virus particles, and no gene ... | 2007 | 17544049 |
| development and evaluation of sybr green i-based one-step real-time rt-pcr assay for detection and quantification of chikungunya virus. | the development of a one-step sybr green i-based real-time rt-pcr assay is reported for detection and quantification of chikungunya virus (chikv) in acute-phase patient serum samples by targeting the e1 structural gene. a linear relationship was obtained between the virus concentration and cycle threshold (c(t)) value over a range of 10(7)-0.1pfu/ml. the reported assay was found to be 10-fold more sensitive compared to conventional rt-pcr with a detection limit of 0.1pfu/ml. the feasibility of t ... | 2007 | 17553740 |
| replication-competent recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus encoding hepatitis c virus envelope proteins. | although in vitro replication of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) jfh1 clone of genotype 2a (hcvcc) has been developed, a robust cell culture system for the 1a and 1b genotypes, which are the most prevalent viruses in the world and resistant to interferon therapy, has not yet been established. as a surrogate virus system, pseudotype viruses transiently bearing hcv envelope proteins based on the vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and retrovirus have been developed. here, we have developed a replication- ... | 2007 | 17553880 |
| co-circulation of multiple rubella virus strains in belarus forming novel genetic groups within clade 1. | although the who recommends a comprehensive genetic characterization, little is known about circulating strains and genotypes of rubella virus (rubv) for many european countries. studies investigating the genetic diversity of a sizeable number of strains from a certain location are rare. this study presents the first molecular characterization of isolates from belarus. throat swab and urine samples were collected between 2004 and 2005 from patients presenting in two infectious disease hospitals ... | 2007 | 17554029 |
| genetic divergence of chikungunya viruses in india (1963-2006) with special reference to the 2005-2006 explosive epidemic. | re-emergence of chikungunya (chik), caused by chik virus, was recorded in india during 2005-2006 after a gap of 32 years, causing 1.3 million cases in 13 states. several islands of the indian ocean reported similar outbreaks in the same period. these outbreaks were attributed to the african genotype of chik virus. to examine relatedness of the indian isolates (ind-06) with reunion island isolates (ru), full-genome sequences of five chik virus isolates representative of different indian states we ... | 2007 | 17554030 |
| use of long-term suppressive acyclovir after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: impact on herpes simplex virus (hsv) disease and drug-resistant hsv disease. | the effect that long-term use of suppressive acyclovir (acv) has on both overall herpes simplex virus (hsv) disease and acv-resistant hsv disease was examined in 3 consecutive cohorts of hematopoietic stem-cell transplant (hct) recipients (n=2049); cohort 1 received acv for 30 days after hct, cohort 2 received it for 1 year after hct, and cohort 3 received it for an extended period (i.e., >1 year) if the patient's immunosuppression continued after 1 year. the 2-year probability of hsv disease wa ... | 2007 | 17570114 |
| recombinant e2 glycoprotein of bovine viral diarrhea virus induces a solid humoral neutralizing immune response but fails to confer total protection in cattle. | two recombinant baculoviruses were produced in order to obtain a bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) immunogen: acnpv/e2 expressing e2 glycoprotein, and acnpv/e0e1e2 expressing the polyprotein region coding for the three structural proteins of bvdv (e0, e1, and e2). mice were immunized with sf9 cells infected with the recombinant baculoviruses in a water in oil formulation and the production of neutralizing antibodies was evaluated. since e2 elicited higher neutralizing antibody titers than e0-e1 ... | 2007 | 17581680 |
| a rapid and sensitive assay for detection of replication-competent adenoviruses by a combination of microcarrier cell culture and quantitative pcr. | the development of a rapid and sensitive assay for detection of replication-competent adenoviruses (rcas) is described. this rca assay consists of an incubation step of 4 days of adenoviral vectors on a549 cells in a microcarrier cell culture system followed by detection of amplified rcas by e1-specific quantitative pcr. the detection limit of this assay is 3 rcas in 1 x 10(10) vector particles per 70 ml of microcarrier cell culture. the main advantage of the combination of cell culture and pcr ... | 2007 | 17588680 |
| cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstructions of hepatitis c virus particles. | the structural details of hepatitis c virus (hcv) have been elusive because of the lack of a robust tissue culture system for producing an adequate amount of virions from infectious sources for in-depth three-dimensional (3d) structural analysis. using both negative-stain and cryo-electron microscopy (cryoem), we show that hcv virions isolated from cell culture have a rather uniform size of 500 a in diameter and that recombinantly expressed hcv-like particles (hcv-lps) have similar morphologic, ... | 2007 | 17618667 |
| cre-estrogen receptor-mediated hepatitis c virus structural protein expression in mice. | hepatocyte apoptosis is an important feature of liver injury in hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection. however, the mechanism of apoptosis and consequences on disease progression in vivo have not been investigated fully in part due to the lack of adequate small animal models. in this study, transgenic (tg) mice were produced that express conditionally hcv structural proteins (core, e1, e2 and p7) in the liver following cre-mediated dna recombination. using a novel cre-estrogen receptor fusion protei ... | 2007 | 17628708 |
| iatrogenic transmission of hepatitis c virus (hcv) by an anesthesiologist: comparative molecular analysis of the hcv-e1 and hcv-e2 hypervariable regions. | transmission of hepatitis c virus (hcv) from infected health care workers to patients rarely occurs. in 2003, a cluster of patients with hcv infection was identified at a medical center in israel. all patients had a common history of various surgical procedures performed during the period 2001-2003. all patients had been anesthetized by an anesthesiologist who was an injection drug user and was infected with genotype 2a hcv. screening was initiated by the hospital to identify newly infected pati ... | 2007 | 17638183 |
| deletion of n-glycosylation sites of hepatitis c virus envelope protein e1 enhances specific cellular and humoral immune responses. | n-linked glycosylations of viral proteins have been implicated in immunogenicity. in this study, the effects of the n-linked glycosylation of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) e1 protein, a naturally poor immunogen, on the induction of specific immune response were examined. we constructed the plasmids containing the genes encoding both wild type and mutant e1 proteins in which n-linked glycosylation sites are mutated individually or in combination by site-directed mutagenesis. the immunogenicity of w ... | 2007 | 17675185 |
| fusion induced by a class ii viral fusion protein, semliki forest virus e1, is dependent on the voltage of the target cell. | cells expressing the low ph-triggered class ii viral fusion protein e1 of semliki forest virus (sfv) were fused to target cells. fusion was monitored by electrical capacitance and aqueous dye measurements. electrical voltage-clamp measurements showed that sfv e1-induced cell-cell fusion occurred quickly after acidification for a trans-negative potential across the target membrane (i.e., negative potential inside the target cell) but that a trans-positive potential eliminated all fusion. use of a ... | 2007 | 17686870 |
| analysis of the selective advantage conferred by a c-e1 fusion protein synthesized by rubella virus di rnas. | during serial passaging of rubella virus (rub) in cell culture, the dominant species of defective-interfering rna (di) generated contains an in-frame deletion between the capsid protein (c) gene and e1 glycoprotein gene resulting in production of a c-e1 fusion protein that is necessary for the maintenance of the di [tzeng, w.p., frey, t.k. (2006). c-e1 fusion protein synthesized by rubella virus di rnas maintained during serial passage. virology 356 198-207.]. a bhk cell line stably expressing t ... | 2007 | 17698161 |
| increasing genetic diversity of hepatitis c virus in haemophiliacs with human immunodeficiency virus coinfection. | patients with inherited bleeding disorders who received clotting factor concentrates before 1987 have high rates of hepatitis c virus (hcv) or hcv/human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. to determine whether the persistent nature of hiv affects the genetic diversity of hcv by less selective pressure through the immunosuppression of hiv/hcv-coinfected patients, both the change of genetic diversity and selective pressure were examined in the hcv envelope genes (e1 and e2) of 325 genotype 1a ... | 2007 | 17698661 |
| characterization of hepatitis c virus deletion mutants circulating in chronically infected patients. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) has a linear positive-stranded rna genome of approximately 9,600 nucleotides in length and displays a high level of sequence diversity caused by high mutation rates and recombination. however, when we performed long distance reverse transcription-pcrs on hcv rna isolated from serum of chronic hcv patients, not only full-length hcv genomes but also hcv rnas which varied in size from 7,600 to 8,346 nucleotides and contained large in-frame deletions between e1 and ns2 were a ... | 2007 | 17728237 |
| development of hepatitis b virus capsids into a whole-chain protein antigen display platform: new particulate lyme disease vaccines. | the immunogenicity of peptides and small protein fragments can be considerably enhanced by their presentation on particulate carriers such as capsid-like particles (clps) from hepatitis b virus (hbv). hbv clps are icosahedral nanoparticles formed by 90 or 120 core protein dimers. insertions into the immunodominant c/e1 b cell epitope, a surface-exposed loop on the hbv capsid protein, are especially immunogenic. here we investigated whether the hbv core protein can be exploited as a vaccine carri ... | 2008 | 17888729 |
| identification of five major and two minor genotypes of varicella-zoster virus strains: a practical two-amplicon approach used to genotype clinical isolates in australia and new zealand. | whole genome phylogenetic analysis in this study resolved a total of five major genotypes among the 22 varicella-zoster virus (vzv) strains or isolates for which complete genomic sequences are available. consistent with earlier publications we have designated these genotypes european 1 (e1), european 2 (e2), japanese (j), mosaic 1 (m1), and mosaic 2 (m2). single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) analysis performed in a whole-genome alignment revealed that vzv isolates of all five genotypes can be ac ... | 2007 | 17898056 |
| removal of a n-linked glycosylation site of classical swine fever virus strain brescia erns glycoprotein affects virulence in swine. | e(rns) glycoprotein, along with e(1) and e(2), is one of the three envelope glycoproteins of classical swine fever virus (csfv). e(rns) is a heavily glycosylated protein involved in several functions, including virus attachment and entry to target cells, production of neutralizing antibodies, and virulence. the role of added glycans to csfv strain brescia e(rns) on virus virulence was assessed in swine. a panel of virus mutants was constructed and used to investigate whether the removal of each ... | 2008 | 17904607 |
| semliki forest virus vectors expressing the h and hn genes of measles and mumps viruses reduce immunity induced by the envelope protein genes of rubella virus. | a semliki forest virus (sfv) recombinant particle vaccine vector was constructed expressing the viral e1 and e2 envelope proteins of the ra27/3 vaccine strain of rubella virus. this vector induced high titres of antibody after intramuscular administration to balb/c mice, both following initial vaccination and a boost 4 weeks later. this occurred for antibody as measured by elisa and as measured by a latex agglutination test. however, co-administration of similar particles expressing the measles ... | 2007 | 17905485 |
| hepatitis c virus envelope glycoprotein immunization of rodents elicits cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies. | neutralizing antibody responses elicited during infection generally confer protection from infection. hepatitis c virus (hcv) encodes two glycoproteins e1 and e2 that are essential for virus entry and are the major target for neutralizing antibodies. to assess whether both glycoproteins are required for the generation of a neutralizing antibody response, rodents were immunized with a series of glycoproteins comprising full length and truncated versions. guinea pigs immunized with hcv-1 genotype ... | 2007 | 17919789 |
| the selection pressure analysis of classical swine fever virus envelope protein genes erns and e2. | classical swine fever virus, one member of the family flaviviridae, is the pathogen of csf, an economically important and highly contagious disease of pigs. knowledge of virus genes under positive selection pressure can help identify molecular determinants of virulence or pathogenesis without prior knowledge of the mechanisms governing virulence and pathogenesis and clarify the driving force of classical swine fever virus evolution. the positive selection pressure acting on envelope protein gene ... | 2008 | 17928086 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of middelburg virus, isolated from the spleen of a horse with severe clinical disease in zimbabwe. | the complete nucleotide sequence of middelburg virus (midv) was determined for strain midv-857 from zimbabwe. the isolation of this virus in 1993 from a horse that died showing severe clinical signs represents the first indication that midv can cause severe disease in equids. full-length cdna copies of the viral genome were successfully synthesized by an innovative rt-pcr amplification approach using an 'anchor primer' combined with the smart methodology described previously for the synthesis of ... | 2007 | 17947533 |
| identification of a broadly cross-reacting and neutralizing human monoclonal antibody directed against the hepatitis c virus e2 protein. | identification of anti-hepatitis c virus (anti-hcv) human antibody clones with broad neutralizing activity is important for a better understanding of the interplay between the virus and host and for the design of an effective passive immunotherapy and an effective vaccine. we report the identification of a human monoclonal fab (e137) able to bind the hcv e2 glycoprotein of all hcv genotypes but genotype 5. the results of antibody competition assays and testing the reactivity to alanine mutant e2 ... | 2008 | 17989176 |
| anticancer activity of oncolytic adenovirus vector armed with ifn-alpha and adp is enhanced by pharmacologically controlled expression of trail. | we have previously described oncolytic adenovirus (ad) vectors kd3 and kd3-interferon (ifn) that were rendered cancer-specific by mutations in the e1a region of ad; these mutations abolish binding of e1a proteins to p300/cbp and prb. the antitumor activity of the vectors was enhanced by overexpression of the adenovirus death protein (adp, e3-11.6k) and by replication-linked expression of ifn-alpha. we hypothesized that the anticancer efficacy of the kd3-ifn vector could be further improved by ex ... | 2008 | 17992200 |
| two chikungunya isolates from the outbreak of la reunion (indian ocean) exhibit different patterns of infection in the mosquito, aedes albopictus. | a chikungunya (chik) outbreak hit la réunion island in 2005-2006. the implicated vector was aedes albopictus. here, we present the first study on the susceptibility of ae. albopictus populations to sympatric chikv isolates from la réunion island and compare it to other virus/vector combinations. | 2007 | 18000540 |
| calpain 1 and 2 are required for rna replication of echovirus 1. | calpains are calcium-dependent cysteine proteases that degrade cytoskeletal and cytoplasmic proteins. we have studied the role of calpains in the life cycle of human echovirus 1 (ev1). the calpain inhibitors, including calpeptin, calpain inhibitor 1, and calpain inhibitor 2 as well as calpain 1 and calpain 2 short interfering rnas, completely blocked ev1 infection in the host cells. the effect of the inhibitors was not specific for ev1, because they also inhibited infection by other picornavirus ... | 2008 | 18032503 |
| bovine viral diarrhea virus core is an intrinsically disordered protein that binds rna. | pestiviruses, including bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), are important animal pathogens and close relatives of hepatitis c virus. pestivirus particles are composed of an rna genome, a host-derived lipid envelope, and four virion-encoded structural proteins, core (c), e(rns), e1, and e2. core is a small, highly basic polypeptide that is processed by three enzymatic cleavages before its incorporation into virions. little is known about its biological properties or its role in virion assembly an ... | 2008 | 18032507 |
| cloning, expression and purification of envelope proteins e1 and e2 of western equine encephalitis virus and potential use of them as antigens in immunoassays. | the genes encoding envelope proteins e1 and e2 of western equine encephalitis virus (weev) were respectively cloned into a prokaryotic t7 rna polymerase-regulated expression vector. the recombinant c-terminal 6xhis-tagged weev e1 and e2 were expressed in bacteria as inclusion bodies that were subsequently solubilized with 8m urea, purified by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography and finally refolded using an arginine system. the purified 6xhis-tagged proteins showed 50kda bands as revea ... | 2008 | 18054449 |
| infection with chikungunya virus in italy: an outbreak in a temperate region. | chikungunya virus (chikv), which is transmitted by aedes spp mosquitoes, has recently caused several outbreaks on islands in the indian ocean and on the indian subcontinent. we report on an outbreak in italy. | 2007 | 18061059 |
| using evolutionary tools to refine the new hypervariable region 3 within the envelope 2 protein of hepatitis c virus. | the envelope 2 protein of hepatitis c virus (hcv) presents three hypervariable regions, named hvr1, hvr2 and hvr3, in which the presence of antigenic sites has been described. genetic variability in these regions may reflect the generation of escape mutants as a consequence of the immune response. therefore, these regions would tend to accumulate amino acid changes along the infection process, an effect that could be accelerated by antiviral treatments. in this study, we have analyzed the e1-e2 ... | 2008 | 18063425 |
| a single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential. | chikungunya virus (chikv) is an emerging arbovirus associated with several recent large-scale epidemics. the 2005-2006 epidemic on reunion island that resulted in approximately 266,000 human cases was associated with a strain of chikv with a mutation in the envelope protein gene (e1-a226v). to test the hypothesis that this mutation in the epidemic chikv (strain lr2006 opy1) might influence fitness for different vector species, viral infectivity, dissemination, and transmission of chikv were comp ... | 2007 | 18069894 |
| establishment of hybrid cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies to a synthetic peptide from the e1 region of the hepatitis c virus. | we aimed at establishing hybridoma cells secreting monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against e1 synthetic peptide of hcv. balb/c mice were immunized with hcv e1-synthetic peptide (ghrmawdmm) and its spleenocytes were fused with the p3ns1 myeloma cell line. two highly reactive and specific mabs (10c7 igg2b mab, and 10b2 igg1 mab) were generated. the target hcv e1 antigen was identified at approximately 38 kda in serum of infected individuals. a newly developed elisa detected the target antigen in 90% ... | 2008 | 18080883 |
| effect of n-glycosylation inhibition on the synthesis and processing of classical swine fever virus glycoproteins. | classical swine fever virus (csfv) is often used as a surrogate model in molecular studies of the closely related hepatitis c virus. in this report we have examined the effect of the inhibition of glycosylation on the survival and maturation of csfv. viral glycoproteins (e(rns), e1, e2) form biologically active complexes - homo- and heterodimers, which are indispensable for viral life cycle. those complexes are highly n-glycosylated. we studied the influence of n-glycosylation on dimer formation ... | 2007 | 18084653 |
| aav-2 rep78 and hpv-16 e1 interact in vitro, modulating their atpase activity. | adeno-associated virus (aav) is a nonpathogenic single-stranded human parvovirus which usually requires the presence of a "helper" virus for strong dna replication. in addition to adeno- and herpes viruses, human papillomavirus (hpv) can serve as an aav helper. we recently published that hpv type 16 (hpv-16) e1 protein contributes significantly as an individual helper gene for aav-2 dna replication and transcription. as rep78 and e1 are the corresponding dna helicase/replication proteins of aav ... | 2008 | 18092809 |
| resolution of cervical dysplasia is associated with t-cell proliferative responses to human papillomavirus type 16 e2. | the 'high-risk' human papillomaviruses (hpvs) cause persistent infections of the anogenital region that may resolve spontaneously following activation of a protective immune response. the aim of this study was to determine whether cell-mediated immunity (cmi) to the early protein e2 was associated with disease regression and to establish whether e2 cmi and antibodies to l1 virus-like particles (vlps) were associated markers of immunity to hpv. lymphoproliferative responses to histidine-tagged e2 ... | 2007 | 17325352 |
| reduction of the infectivity of hepatitis c virus pseudoparticles by incorporation of misfolded glycoproteins induced by glucosidase inhibitors. | folding and assembly into complexes of some viral glycoproteins are exquisitely sensitive to endoplasmic reticulum (er) alpha-glucosidase inhibition, which prevents the trimming of glucose from n-linked glycans. derivatives of deoxynojirimycin (dnj) iminosugars, which are potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, were shown to have antiviral activity against bovine viral diarrhea virus, a pestivirus related to hepatitis c virus (hcv). the aim of this study was to determine whether these inhibitors wo ... | 2007 | 17374756 |