| functional relationship between receptor binding and biological activity for analogs of mammalian and salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormones in the pituitary of goldfish (carassius auratus). | the relationship between gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) receptor binding and biological activity in the goldfish pituitary for mammalian and salmon gnrh (sgnrh) analogs with structural modification at the c terminus involving replacement of glycine amide with an alkyl amine and replacement of the gly6 residue with d amino acids was examined. the gnrh receptor binding data were analyzed with a computerized curve-fitting program (ligand) for a single as well as two classes of binding sites; ... | 1989 | 2550087 |
| alterations in pituitary gnrh and dopamine receptors associated with the seasonal variation and regulation of gonadotropin release in the goldfish (carassius auratus). | seasonal variations in the serum concentrations of gonadotropin (gth) and the serum gth response to intraperitoneal injection of domperidone, a specific dopamine receptor antagonist, were examined in goldfish. in addition, the effects of in vivo treatment of goldfish with a superactive analog of salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sgnrh-a) and domperidone on the binding parameters of pituitary gnrh and dopamine receptors were investigated in goldfish. serum concentrations of gth and the maxim ... | 1989 | 2545515 |
| dopamine inhibition of gonadotropin and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone release in vitro from the pituitary of the goldfish (carassius auratus). | the purpose of the present investigation was to examine the receptor specificity of dopamine inhibition of gonadotropin (gth) and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-msh) release from the goldfish (carassius auratus) pituitary in vitro. pars distalis (pd) and neurointermediate lobe (nil) fragments of the goldfish pituitary were superfused in vitro under various experimental paradigms; eluate from pd and nil fragments was analyzed for (gth) and (alpha-msh), respectively. spontaneous gth r ... | 1989 | 2526042 |
| evidence that gonadotropin-releasing hormone also functions as a growth hormone-releasing factor in the goldfish. | the present study examined the influence of gnrh on the in vivo and in vitro secretion of gh in the goldfish (carassius auratus). intraperitoneal injection of several gnrh peptides, including a form native to goldfish, salmon gnrh (sgnrh), elevated circulating gh levels in female goldfish. an analog of mammalian gnrh (mgnrh), [d-ala6,pro9-net] mgnrh (mgnrh-a), at a dosage of 0.1 microgram/g bw increased serum gh levels for up to 48 h after a single ip injection. goldfish receiving a series of in ... | 1989 | 2565221 |
| in vitro binding characteristics of [3h]spiperone to the pituitary of the goldfish (carassius auratus). | homogenates of the pituitary of the goldfish (carassius auratus) were incubated with [3h]spiperone under various experimental paradigms to evaluate the binding characteristics of the goldfish pituitary dopamine receptor. binding was tissue specific as binding of [3h]spiperone to goldfish pituitary was greater than other tissue types examined, and the magnitude of binding was found to be dependent on pituitary (protein) content; also, specific binding was heat labile. association was rapid and bi ... | 1989 | 2737456 |
| selective utilization of serum vitamin a for visual pigment synthesis. | two groups of goldfish (carassius auratus) were subjected to light and temperature conditions known to promote a contrast in their scotopic visual pigment compositions. after 3 weeks, the porphyropsin/rhodopsin ratio in the neuroretina of these goldfish ranged from 99% porphyropsin in one group to 59% in the other. samples of blood, liver and retinal pigment epithelium (rpe) were also removed from these animals and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) for vitamin a compositi ... | 1989 | 2723579 |
| relationship between serum growth hormone levels and the brain and pituitary content of immunoreactive somatostatin in the goldfish, carassius auratus l. | in this study, the relationships between endogenous brain and pituitary immunoreactive somatostatin (irsrif) and circulating growth hormone (gh) levels in the goldfish were examined using two approaches. first, the amount of irsrif in extracts of the pituitary gland and various brain regions was measured by radioimmunoassay several times throughout the year and was compared to serum gh levels at each time. the amounts of irsrif in extracts of the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and telencephalon ... | 1989 | 2564367 |
| frequency discrimination in the goldfish (carassius auratus): effects of roving intensity, sensation level, and the direction of frequency change. | the ability of goldfish to detect a change in the frequency of 400-hz pure-tone bursts was studied using classical respiratory conditioning. the frequency discrimination threshold was measured at 15-, 35-, and 55-db sensation level (sl), under conditions of (1) constant intensity, (2) roving intensity (plus and minus 6-db burst-to-burst variation in intensity), (3) upward frequency change, and (4) downward frequency change. there was no overall effect of sl on frequency discrimination, but rovin ... | 1989 | 2921424 |
| intensity discrimination of pulsed tones by the goldfish (carassius auratus). | intensity discrimination thresholds for 500-ms pure-tone bursts were measured as a function of frequency in the goldfish (carassius auratus) using classical respiratory conditioning. at 55-db sensation level (sl), thresholds range from 1.44-2.2 db between 100 and 1600 hz. there is not important effect of frequency on intensity discrimination. thresholds at 35-db sl average 0.7 db higher than at 55-db sl. this is a small difference in the context of the threshold variability. in intensity discrim ... | 1989 | 2921423 |
| fmrfamide immunoreactivity in the brain and pituitary of carassius auratus (cyprinidae, teleostei). | neurons immunoreactive for the molluscan cardioactive peptide fmrfamide (fmrfi) in the brain of carassius were demonstrated immunohistochemically with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique (pap) and three antisera against this tetrapeptide. fmrfi perikarya were consistently found in the ganglion of the nervus terminalis, in some scattered neurons of the nucleus entopeduncularis, in the nucleus praeopticus pars magno- and parvocellularis, the nucleus ventromedialis, the nucleus posterior perive ... | 1989 | 2745972 |
| evidence for the involvement of endogenous opioids in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in male goldfish, carassius auratus. | the in vivo effects of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (nal) alone, and in combination with des-gly10[d-ala6]lhrh ethylamide (lhrh-a) and the dopamine receptor antagonist domperidone (dom) on serum gonadotropic hormone (gth) levels in male goldfish, carassius auratus, were investigated. nal caused a significant decrease in serum gth 1 hr following treatment, with a return to control levels by 2 hr. nal treatment attenuated the stimulation of gth levels in response to dom; nal treatment 2 ... | 1989 | 2646173 |
| distribution of substance p-like immunoreactivity in the goldfish brain. | immunohistochemical methods were used to study the distribution of sp-like immunoreactivity (spli) in the brain of the common goldfish (carassius auratus). spli cell bodies and fibers were seen in distant areas and nuclei throughout the brain. in the telencephalon, spl1 was found in the area dorsalis telencephali pars centralis and pars lateralis, areas that have been compared to the basal ganglia of land vertebrates. in the diencephalon, spli somata were seen in the hypothalamus. four primary v ... | 1989 | 2464008 |
| serotonin stimulates gonadotropin release in female and male goldfish, carassius auratus l. | effects of serotonin (5-ht) on serum gonadotropin (gth) levels were studied in female and male goldfish, carassius auratus l. intraperintoneal (ip) administration of 5-ht (10 micrograms/g) produced a significant increase in serum levels of gth at 0.5, 1, and 2 hr but not at 3-4 hours, after the drug was injected. administration of different concentrations of 5-ht into the brain third ventricle (iv) did not affect serum gth levels. in both sexes, the intraperitoneal administration of different do ... | 1988 | 3266487 |
| synergism at central synapses due to lateral diffusion of transmitter. | recordings of inhibitory postsynaptic currents in the goldfish (carassius auratus) mauthner cell demonstrate nonlinear interactions when adjacent synapses are coactivated. responses evoked by single presynaptic neurons were paired with those due to activation of a limited pool of similar inhibitory cells. in about 50% of the experiments the compound currents were substantially larger than the sum of their individual components. potentiation was maximal when the two responses occurred nearly simu ... | 1988 | 3186753 |
| nickel inhibition of the osmotic-sensitive ionic cellular channels. | the effects of nickel on cell volume regulation were studied in isolated proximal renal tubules from carassius auratus (goldfish). variations in cell volume were measured as changes in the external tubular diameters as a function of time of exposure to nicl2 (ni(ii] in both isotonic and hypotonic solutions. renal tubules were first incubated in isotonic fish ringer's solution (290 mosm) with and without 0.05, 0.10, 0.50, and 1.00 mmol/l ni(ii) for three minutes. after this period, the bath solut ... | 2014 | 2467601 |
| size constancy in goldfish (carassius auratus). | this study examines whether fish are able to judge the real size of objects taking distance into account, or if size judgements are based purely on the angle objects subtend on the retina. goldfish were trained to discriminate between 2 targets which differed from one another only in their diameters (5 cm and 10 cm), presented initially equidistantly from the fish. a choice of the correct target was rewarded either by food or by access to other fish. following successful training, the targets we ... | 1988 | 3166706 |
| detection of pentachlorophenol and its glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in fish bile and exposure water. | the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of pentachlorophenol (pcp) that were present in the bile and exposure water of goldfish (carassius auratus) were used to develop methodology to quantify pcp and its metabolites. reverse phase hplc with radioactivity detection separated pcp and its metabolites, and was used to verify a method of quantification that used differential extraction and scintillation counting. extractions of aqueous phase at ph 2 or 8, with butanol, ethyl acetate, or ether indicat ... | 1988 | 3192907 |
| in vivo steroid regulation of aromatase and 5 alpha-reductase in goldfish brain and pituitary. | the full expression of testosterone (t) actions in neuroendocrine tissues requires aromatization and 5 alpha-reduction to estradiol (e2) and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (dht), respectively. recently, we documented striking changes in aromatase and 5 alpha-reductase during the annual reproductive cycle of goldfish (carassius auratus). to investigate possible regulatory effects of sex steroids, goldfish were implanted with hormone-filled silastic capsules for 2-5 weeks. conversion of [3h]androsten ... | 1988 | 3410295 |
| differential distribution of two molecular forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in discrete brain areas of goldfish (carassius auratus). | two molecular forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) were identified in the extracts of various brain areas, spinal cord and pituitary in female and male goldfish and had chromatographic and immunological properties similar to [his5, trp7, tyr8]-gnrh (cgnrh-ii) and [trp7,leu8]-gnrh (sgnrh). radioimmunoassay using different gnrh antisera after high pressure liquid chromatography did not reveal significant peaks of mammalian gnrh, [gln8]-gnrh and [tyr3,leu5,glu6,trp7,lys8]-gnrh in the brai ... | 2006 | 3047700 |
| vitamin e deficiency in goldfish fed a shellfish derived diet. | six month old, laboratory-raised goldfish (carassius auratus) used in morphologic studies of retinal development developed progressive fraying and deterioration of the tail and fins that reached epizootic proportions and culminated in fungal infection and death. diagnostic histopathology showed marked skeletal muscle degeneration in the muscles of the tail and caudal body wall compatible with a vitamin e/selenium deficiency. ration analysis demonstrated inadequate vitamin e in the commercial shr ... | 1988 | 3374095 |
| changes in brain aromatase and 5 alpha-reductase activities correlate significantly with seasonal reproductive cycles in goldfish (carassius auratus). | aromatization and 5 alpha-reduction are known to be required for the full expression of testosterone actions in neuroendocrine tissues. although aromatase and 5 alpha-reductase activities in brain and pituitary can be experimentally manipulated by castration and steroid replacement, naturally occurring variations during seasonal reproductive cycles have not been examined in any species. goldfish (carassius auratus) were selected for study because they exhibit exceptionally high levels of aromata ... | 1988 | 3345716 |
| immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene evolution: structure and family relationships of two genes and a pseudogene in a teleost fish. | nucleotide sequences for two immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (vh) genes and one pseudogene in the goldfish (carassius auratus) and the family relationships and distribution of these genes in individual fish are presented. comparison of the nucleotide and inferred amino acid sequences of goldfish and other vertebrate vh genes indicates that goldfish vh genes show the major vh gene regulatory and structural features (5'-putative promoter region, split hydrophobic leader, three framework ... | 1988 | 3125551 |
| evidence for a gonadotropin-releasing hormone binding protein in goldfish (carassius auratus) serum. | the binding of salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sgnrh) and its superactive analog, [d-arg6, pro9-net]-sgnrh, to a macromolecular component in goldfish serum was studied, using 125i-[d-arg6, pro9-net]-sgnrh and 125i-sgnrh as labeled ligands. bound was separated from free labeled ligand by gel filtration with sephadex g-50. the binding of labeled ligand to goldfish serum was dose-dependent. the results indicate a single class of binding site having low affinity and high capacity. the existen ... | 1988 | 2835284 |
| functional-anatomical studies of neural control of heart rate in goldfish. | neural control of heart rate (hr) was investigated in goldfish, carassius auratus, using electrical stimulation of the brain. three types of hr response were evoked by stimulation: hr decreases during stimulation (type i); hr increases during stimulation (type ii), and hr decreases during stimulation, followed by increased rates at the offset (type iii). type i bradycardias were evoked by stimulation of the preoptic area and diencephalon, specifically in the ventral thalamus-dorsal hypothalamus ... | 1988 | 3370444 |
| immunoreactive dopamine beta-hydroxylase in neuronal groups in the goldfish brain. | dopamine beta-hydroxylase immunoreactivity is visualized by immunocytochemical techniques for the first time in brainstem neurons of a teleost, the goldfish, carassius auratus. three anatomically separate populations of immunoreactive cells are elucidated: one group of moderately stained cells is identified in the isthmal tegmentum; a second group forms a continuous column of densely stained cells, lateral or dorsolateral to the medial longitudinal fasciculus from the midmedulla to the medullosp ... | 1988 | 3069181 |
| thermoregulatory effects of intracranial norepinephrine injections in goldfish. | cannulas were implanted into forebrain loci of goldfish (carassius auratus; 45-90 g) to determine the effects and site of action of intracranial norepinephrine (ne) injections on behavioral thermoregulation. following 30 min in a thermal gradient, implanted fish were injected with norepinephrine-bitartrate salt (2.5-500 ng ne) in 0.2 microliter 0.7% nacl. injections of 5, 10, 25, and 50 ng ne into the anterior aspect of the nucleus preopticus periventricularis (npp, ref. 25) led to consistent do ... | 1987 | 3425760 |
| characterization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) binding to pituitary receptors in goldfish (carassius auratus). | goldfish pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) receptors were characterized by using a superagonist analog of teleost gnrh (tgnrh-a; [d-arg6, trp7, leu8, pro9-nhet]-gnrh). equilibrium binding of 125i-tgnrh-a to a goldfish pituitary membrane preparation was achieved after a 30-min incubation at 4 degrees c; binding was significantly reduced after increasing incubation temperature to 22 degrees c. binding of the radioligand was a function of tissue concentration, with a linear correlatio ... | 1987 | 3036262 |
| intra-axonal labeling of saccular afferents in the goldfish, carassius auratus: correlations between morphological and physiological characteristics. | lucifer yellow was used to label axons of 32 physiologically defined s1 afferent fibers and 23 physiologically defined s2 afferent fibers of the goldfish sacculus. analysis of these labeled fibers allowed us to study the relationship between electrical activity in these primary neurons and the morphology of their peripheral arborizations in the sensory macula. morphological characteristics were highly indicative of response type: the peripheral arborizations of individual s1 fibers occupied a re ... | 1987 | 3034987 |
| gonadotropin production and release in female goldfish (carassius auratus) after administration of pimozide and an lhrh analogue as studied by electron microscopy and radioimmunoassay. | the effect of pimozide and an lhrh-analogue (lhrh-a) on gonadotropic cells of the goldfish pituitary gland were described qualitatively and quantitatively. a scale of four categories was devised to reflect various ultrastructural appearances of the cells. experimental animals were divided into a control group, a group injected with lhrh-a alone, pimozide alone, and groups receiving these two substances in combination. fish injected with the single substance were killed 12 h after injection while ... | 1987 | 3552232 |
| comparison of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase staining patterns in the optic tectum of the goldfish carassius auratus. a histochemical and immunocytochemical analysis. | although the optic tectum of nonmammalian vertebrates has been extensively studied anatomically, there is little information about the identification of neurotransmitters and the enzymes critical to their synthesis. choline acetyltransferase (chat), the enzyme responsible for acetylcholine synthesis, is presently regarded as the most reliable marker for cholinergic neurons, and its localization within putative cholinergic neurons has been made possible by the development of antibodies specific t ... | 1987 | 3311287 |
| isolation and culture of auditory cells from the goldfish (carassius auratus). | large numbers of hair cells and viiith nerve ganglion cells are obtained from the inner ears of adult goldfish by a combination of enzymatic and mechanical dissociation. centrifugation of the dissociated tissue through a discontinuous density gradient produces one fraction enriched in hair cells and another enriched in nerve cells. the fraction of cells enriched in neurons can be put into cell culture and kept for a period of weeks. during that period, the neurons send out processes that can ext ... | 1987 | 3308802 |
| effects of telencephalic ablation on habituation of arousal responses, within and between daily training sessions in goldfish. | goldfish carassius auratus were presented with a moving shadow stimulus at 2-min intervals and their cardiac and ventilatory responses were monitored. normal fish, fish with their telencephalon ablated, and those with sham operations were compared for responsiveness and habituation to repeatedly presented stimuli over the 3-day test period. while all groups showed increased habituation on successive days testing, fish with their telencephalon ablated showed significantly slower response habituat ... | 1988 | 3345194 |
| lighting conditions and retinal development in goldfish: absolute visual sensitivity. | goldfish (carassius auratus) were reared from hatching in constant light (340 lux), cyclic light (12 hr 320 lux, 12 hr dark) or constant dark. absolute visual threshold was determined psychophysically in animals that still responded to visual stimuli after 1-3 years of exposure, by means of a classically conditioned respiration suppression technique wherein animals were presented with different intensities of large diffuse flashes of monochromatic light. fish reared in constant light and fish re ... | 1988 | 3335432 |
| enhancement of water intake by captopril (sq14225), an angiotensin i-converting enzyme inhibitor, in the goldfish, carassius auratus. | single intraperitoneal (ip) injections of angiotension ii (ang ii) stimulated water intake for 60 min in a dose-related manner in the goldfish, carassius auratus. single ip injections of captopril (sq14225), an angiotension i-converting enzyme (ace) inhibitor, at lower doses (0.4 and 4.0 micrograms/fish), stimulated water intake for 60 min. this stimulation cannot be ascribed to an increase in levels of plasma ang i, since ang i (2.2 micrograms/fish) did not stimulate drinking in the presence of ... | 1988 | 3282972 |
| cardiac, ventilatory and behavioural arousal responses evoked by electrical brain stimulation in the goldfish (carassius auratus). | goldfish (carassius auratus) were fitted with intracranial stainless steel microelectrodes for electrical evocation of behavioural arousal and its cardiac and ventilatory correlates. behaviour was monitored on a videosystem and ecg electrodes and a buccal catheter were implanted to monitor physiological responses. thresholds for responses were described in relation to the current spread likely to excite cns tissue. two types of responses were obtained. these were (a) cardiac and ventilatory resp ... | 1988 | 3237785 |
| connections of the corpus cerebelli in the green sunfish and the common goldfish: a comparison of perciform and cypriniform teleosts. | examination of the connections of the corpus cerebelli in one perciform (lepomis cyanellus) and one cypriniform teleost (carassius auratus) reveal that ipsilateral afferent connections in both species arise from an anterior group of nuclei in the diencephalon and mesencephalon, and a posterior group of nuclei in the rhombencephalon. some nuclei of the anterior group and all those of the posterior group have in addition a weaker, and the medial octavolateralis nucleus a stronger, contralateral co ... | 1988 | 3233488 |
| spectral sensitivity of the electroretinogram b-wave in dark-adapted goldfish. | the action spectrum of the erg b-wave was measured under dark-adapted conditions in intact goldfish (carassius auratus). it is substantially broader than the absorption spectrum of goldfish rod porphyropsin. neither prolonged dark adaptation nor removal of possible efferent neural activity affected its shape. moreover, a 682-nm background did not produce a selective loss of sensitivity to long wavelengths. the results imply that the spectral sensitivity of the b-wave in dark-adapted goldfish ref ... | 1988 | 3154793 |
| dopaminergic regulation of horizontal cell gap junction particle density in goldfish retina. | light- or dark-adapted goldfish (carassius auratus) retinas were treated with dopamine, which is believed to uncouple horizontal cells via d1 receptors, or with the dopamine antagonist haloperidol. aldehyde-fixed retinas were freeze-fractured and the replicas examined by electron microscopy to identify horizontal gap junctions. the density (number per micron2) of intra-membrane particles of horizontal cell soma gap junctions was significantly lower in light-adapted and dopamine-treated retinas t ... | 1987 | 3693614 |
| high substance p-like immunoreactivity (spli) in the olfactory and electrosensory cells of gymnotid fish. | substance p has been proposed as a candidate neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the nociceptive system. using a light microscopial immunohistochemical peroxidase-anti-peroxidase technique we have detected high substance p-like immunoreactivity (spli) in several types of sensory organs of 4 species of gymnotiform teleost fish: olfactory epithelium, vestibular, lateral line and electrosensory organs. the olfactory nerve and its endings within the olfactory bulb and the telencephalon were also s ... | 1987 | 2448706 |
| topographic representation of the sensory and motor roots of the vagus nerve in the medulla of goldfish, carassius auratus. | the coelomic root of the vagus nerve in goldfish is connected with sensory and motor nuclei of the medulla that are distinct from those serving the orobranchial roots of the same nerve. the primary sensory nucleus for coelomic sensation is itself divisible into medial and lateral subnuclei on the basis of afferent input and immunocytochemistry. the lateral subnucleus receives sensory input from the specialized chewing organ in the posterior pharynx and is poor in both substance p-like and tyrosi ... | 1987 | 3680630 |
| a qsar study of the acute toxicity of some industrial organic chemicals to goldfish. narcosis, electrophile and proelectrophile mechanisms. | 1. a baseline toxicity qsar model was derived for the 24-h lc50 to the goldfish, carassius auratus. 2. the qsar-predicted lc50 values for six epoxide derivatives were 2.8-985 times greater than measured. the excess toxicity of these epoxides and other compounds was ascribed to an electrophile molecular mechanism involving sn2 reaction with sulphydryl and other neucleophile groups present in enzymes and other biological macromolecules. 3. the excess toxicities of allyl alcohol and pentaerythritol ... | 1987 | 3673107 |
| localization of immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase in the goldfish brain. | this report describes the distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (th-ir) structures in the brain of the goldfish (carassius auratus). the localization of th-ir cell groups revealed by immunocytochemical techniques is largely in accordance with catecholamine distribution previously reported in teleosts by using monoamine fluorescence; however, in the telencephalon and diencephalon, several new cell groups are elucidated. in the telencephalon, th-ir cell bodies are observed in the olf ... | 1987 | 2887592 |
| [the studies on chromatin structure and basic protein composition of mature sperm in carassius auratus gibelio]. | | 1987 | 3660986 |
| purification of black moor goldfish melanophores and responses to epinephrine. | two key modifications of the previously reported method for isolation of goldfish xanthophores allowed the isolation and establishment of primary cultures of terminally differentiated melanophores from the black moor goldfish (carassius auratus). first, pretreatment with 10(-4) m epinephrine causing aggregation of the melanosomes and collapse of the dendrites, prevents damage to the melanophores during tissue dissociation and melanophore isolation. second, maintenance of these cells in culture w ... | 1987 | 3036762 |
| area postrema of the goldfish, carassius auratus: ultrastructure, fiber connections, and immunocytochemistry. | the area postrema in goldfish is a dorsal midline structure in the caudal medulla spanning the level of the obex. as in other vertebrates, the sinus capillaries of the area postrema in goldfish are fenestrated. in goldfish, however, the area postrema is organized in a unique laminar fashion; from superficial to deep: meninx, vasculature, palisade layer, cell body layer, and ventral neuropil layer. virtually all of the neurons of the area postrema exhibit tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivit ... | 1987 | 2880881 |
| acute toxicity of nitrofurazone to channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus, and goldfish, carassius auratus. | | 1987 | 3814851 |
| epileptogenesis is associated with heightened arousal responses in fish. | intramuscular injection of sodium penicillin in roach (rutilus rutilus) caused delayed habituation of arousal responses to repeated presentation of the onset of illumination or of a 'tap' stimulus. topical application of aluminum hydroxide to the telencephalon of roach had a similar effect but was shown, also, to induce electroencephalographic seizures, in which the eeg amplitude was elevated from 4-20 times its normal level. both treatments caused intermittent, abnormal 'weaving' behaviour and ... | 1987 | 3671527 |
| distribution of monoamine-containing neurons in the brain of a teleost, carassius auratus (cyprinidae). | the occurrence and distribution of monoamine-(ma) containing neurons and fibres in the brain of carassius was investigated by formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (fif) histochemistry (falck-hillarp technique). many brightly green-fluorescent nerve cell perikarya were found in the nucleus dorsolateralis and ventromedialis, in the nucleus posterioris periventricularis, in the nucleus recessus lateralis and posterioris. they also occurred in the mesencephalic nucleus lateralis valvulae, in the metenc ... | 1987 | 2891747 |
| stimulation of renal phosphate secretion in the stenohaline freshwater teleost: carassius auratus gibelio bloch. | 1. renal excretion of phosphate in the prussian carp was modulated by tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion. 2. under the conditions of an i.v. phosphate-load during which the plasma concentration of phosphate was doubled, 65% of the phosphate load was excreted by the kidney, mainly by tubular secretion. 3. the renal clearance of pah markedly exceeded the clearance of polyfructosan which could be used for the measurement of the gfr. 4. a transport maximum for tubular pah secretion was reach ... | 1987 | 2886277 |
| environmental and injected cadmium are sequestered by two major isoforms of basal copper, zinc-metallothionein in gibel (carassius auratus langsdorfi) liver. | gibels were exposed to cadmium in their aquarium at a concentration of 10 micrograms cd/l for up to 39 weeks. distributions of cadmium, copper and zinc in the liver soluble fraction were determined along with sulfur by high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled argon plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. cadmium was sequestered by the two major isoforms of gibel metallothionein as in the case of cadmium injected intraperitoneally into gibel. several peaks with cadmium, copper, zin ... | 1987 | 2885146 |
| cd-metallothionein and metal-enzymes interactions in the goldfish carassius auratus. | goldfish injected with cadmium chloride synthesized metallothionein. ten days after the first injection, cadmium reached a maximum in the metallothionein peak (2 micrograms/ml) obtained after gel filtration of liver cytosol. pyruvate kinase activity was inhibited from the beginning of the experiment; after the fourth day, the enzyme activity again started to increase but did not reach the control level. alkaline phosphatase and fructose biphosphatase did not show any apparent inhibition. from th ... | 1987 | 2882916 |
| the influence of mammalian and teleost somatostatins on the secretion of growth hormone from goldfish (carassius auratus l.) pituitary fragments in vitro. | the effect of various vertebrate somatostatins (srif) on basal growth hormone (gh) secretion from goldfish pituitary fragments was studied using an in vitro perifusion system. srif-14 caused a rapid and dose-dependent decrease in the rate of gh release from goldfish pituitary fragments. the half-maximal effective dose (ed50) of srif-14 was calculated as 1.3 nm following exposure to two minute pulses of increasing concentrations of srif-14, whereas the ed50 of srif-14 calculated after continuous ... | 1987 | 2882564 |
| characteristics of a testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (tebg) in goldfish serum. | neuroendocrine tissues in teleost fish aromatize androgen to estrogen at extraordinarily high rates. as part of a project in which we are studying the dynamics of sex steroid uptake, metabolism, and receptor binding in goldfish (carassius auratus) brain and pituitary, we have identified and characterized a sex-steroid-binding component of serum. this protein has been designated a testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin (tebg) since it bound testosterone (t) and estradiol-17 beta (e2) with high a ... | 1986 | 3814697 |
| two distinct mechanisms mediating interocular transfer in the goldfish (carassius auratus)? | it is known that the postoptic commissures mediate the interocular transfer of visual discriminations in fish. our experiments demonstrated that information relating to shape crosses in one of these commissures, the horizontal, whereas a completely separate commissure, the minor, mediates the transfer of information relating to color. such a clear distinction provides a valuable model for the further study of interhemispheric phenomena. | 1986 | 3770123 |
| choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemical staining in the goldfish (carassius auratus) brain: evidence that the mauthner cell does not contain choline acetyltransferase. | in the hatchetfish, the mauthner cell (m-cell) is thought to be cholinergic based on electrophysiological studies using cholinergic agents and on the localization of acetylcholinesterase (ache) and alpha-bungarotoxin to m-cell-giant fiber synapses. immunocytochemical studies have shown that mammalian and non-mammalian cholinergic neurons stain positive for choline acetyltransferase (chat), the enzyme responsible for synthesizing acetylcholine. we processed tissue from the goldfish (carassius aur ... | 1986 | 3530376 |
| [new species of myxosporidians in the genus myxobolus (myxosporidia, myxobolidae) from cyprinid fishes of the amur river]. | five new species are described as follows: m. haematopterus from gills, fins and skin of cyprinus carpio haematopterus; m. gibelio from connective tissue of gill filaments, fin rays and kidneys of carassius auratus gibelio; myxobolus waleckii from gills of leuciscus waleckii; myxobolus junchisi from gills, muscles, kidneys and spleen of cyprinus carpio haematopterus; m. alacaudatus of cyprinus and carassius myxobolus divergens carassii from gills, muscles, fins, and cartilaginous tissue of operc ... | 2009 | 2947035 |
| the organization of the motoneurons innervating the axial musculature of vertebrates. i. goldfish (carassius auratus) and mudpuppies (necturus maculosus). | the motoneurons innervating different regions of the myomeres in goldfish and mudpuppies were examined by applying hrp to the musculature or to branches of spinal nerves. in goldfish, the populations of motoneurons innervating epaxial or hypaxial muscle occupied similar positions in the motor column and had similar size distributions. there was no relationship between the size or location of a motoneuron in the motor column and the dorsoventral location of the muscle it innervated in the myomere ... | 1986 | 3745506 |
| structure and function of the melano-macrophage centres of the goldfish carassius auratus. | we have studied the melano-macrophage centres (mmcs) of carassius auratus as well as the changes they undergo in different experimental conditions. the mmcs of the spleen contain brown and yellow pigments, but dark pigments abound in those of the kidney. they occur in association with splenic ellipsoids and scattered throughout the renal parenchyma. histochemical tests demonstrated small amounts of lipids and basic proteins, abundant neutral mucopolisaccharides and differences between the spleen ... | 1986 | 3765335 |
| acoustic response and tuning in saccular nerve fibers of the goldfish (carassius auratus). | the acoustic frequency selectivity of over 500 saccular nerve fibers of the goldfish was studied using automated threshold tracking based on spike rate increments defined statistically. saccular fibers of the goldfish show great variation in (1) best sensitivity (-26 to + 35 db re: 1 dyn/cm2), (2) best frequency (below 100 to 1770 hz), (3) spontaneous rate (0 to over 200 spikes/s), (4) spontaneous type (silent, regular, irregular, burst), and (5) degree of tuning (q 10 db from less than 0.1 to 2 ... | 1986 | 3722599 |
| putative immunoglobulin vh genes of the goldfish, carassius auratus, detected by heterologous cross-hybridization with a murine vh probe. | by using a defined cdna probe for the vh region of a murine phosphocholine-binding myeloma protein (s107) we have defined a family of distinct cross-hybridizing dna sequences in genomic dna of the goldfish. the estimated number of the goldfish putative vh family detectable by the s107 probe is about 36. by using two putative goldfish vh probes to analyze, by hybridization, the relationships among seven of the goldfish genomic clones, we have determined that the putative goldfish vh genes recogni ... | 1986 | 3094229 |
| [experimental morphologic studies of the retina of the goldfish (carassius auratus l.) after prolonged exposure to light and darkness]. | | 2006 | 3827474 |
| localization of telencephalic regions concerned with habituation of cardiac and ventilatory responses associated with arousal in the goldfish (carassius auratus). | goldfish (carassius auratus) were presented with a "light-on" stimulus at 2-min intervals, and their cardiac and ventilatory responses were monitored. normal fish, fish with sham operations for telencephalic lesions, and fish with bilateral electrolytic lesions of the telencephalon (anterior commissural and posterior telencephalic groups) were compared for responsiveness and habituation to regularly presented stimuli. there was no evident difference in responsiveness between the four groups, tho ... | 1986 | 3954879 |
| seasonal variations in body growth rates and circulating levels of growth hormone in the goldfish, carassius auratus. | several times throughout the year, changes in serum growth hormone (gh) levels over a 24-h period were determined in goldfish maintained under photoperiods and temperatures simulating natural (edmonton) environmental conditions. in the goldfish a reproducible daily rhythm in circulating gh levels was not present at any time of the year. the average serum gh level over the daily sampling period and the instantaneous relative growth rate in goldfish sampled at the various times of the year were al ... | 1986 | 3950566 |
| attempts to train goldfish to respond to magnetic field stimuli. | two different conditioning procedures, one appetitive and the other aversive, were used in separate attempts to demonstrate response to magnetic fields in the goldfish, carassius auratus. our results lead us to question those of an orientation experiment by becker, although we recognize the possibility that goldfish may be sensitive primarily to magnetic field direction rather than intensity and that their directional sensitivity may be evidenced most readily by orientation in the field. | 1986 | 3951559 |
| neural response mechanisms in the photoreceptive pineal organ of goldfish. | in order to classify the different cell types involved in signal transmission of the photoreceptive pineal organ of the goldfish, carassius auratus, intra- and extracellular electrical responses were recorded from photoreceptors and second-order neurons. photoreceptor responses to light consisted of hyperpolarizing potentials up to 30 mv. the responses were graded with intensity and their voltage-intensity relation followed the hyperbolic function v/vmax = in/in + sigma n. latencies varied betwe ... | 1986 | 2874927 |
| effect of rest deprivation on motor activity of fish. | the rest-activity behavior of two fish species, cichlosoma nigrofasciatum and carassius auratus kept under 12-h light-12-h dim condition was investigated. rest and activity were determined from continuous time-lapse video recordings. three states were discriminated based on the degree of motor activity. both species exhibited a clear rest-activity rhythm with activity predominating during the light period. 'rest deprivation' was carried out in perch during the habitual dim period by exposing the ... | 1985 | 3837116 |
| difference in the lethal effects of carcinogens/mutagens among three cultured goldfish (carassius auratus) cell lines. | | 1985 | 3834097 |
| aromatase and 5 alpha-reductase in the teleost brain, spinal cord, and pituitary gland. | the distribution of aromatase and 5 alpha-reductase was investigated in the brain, spinal cord, and pituitary of adult goldfish (carassius auratus) and toadfish (opsanus tau) of both sexes. tissue homogenates were incubated with [3h]androstenedione in the presence of an nadph-generating system and, following validation of assay conditions, radiolabeled products (estradiol, estrone, 5 alpha-androstanedione), were measured as an index of enzyme activity. neuroendocrine tissue of both species produ ... | 1985 | 4065533 |
| comparative neurotoxicity of tubulin-binding drugs: inhibition of goldfish optic nerve regeneration. | intraperitoneal or intraocular (io) injection of tubulin-binding drugs in goldfish, carassius auratus l., inhibited axonal regeneration or restoration of functional synapses in optic axons following optic nerve crush. one eye was used to detect effects on regeneration and the other was kept intact to detect effects on maintenance of established optic circuits. regeneration was assessed by measuring the time to reappearance of a visually evoked branchial suppression response. three drugs, vincris ... | 1985 | 4024120 |
| the effect of temperature- and oxygen-acclimation on phospholipids of goldfish (carassius auratus l.) brain mitochondria. | goldfish (carassius auratus l.) were temperature- and oxygen-acclimated and the composition of the phospholipids and their acyl groups in brain mitochondria was determined. the proportion of ethanolamine to choline phospholipid was greater while the plasmenyl ethanolamine value (p-gpe/d- + p-gpe) was lower at the low acclimation temperature. for the ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, a rise in the ratio n-6/n-3 fatty acyl groups occurred with cold acclimation. no significant change in the ratio ... | 1985 | 4058656 |
| latent inhibition experiments with goldfish (carassius auratus). | evidence of latent inhibition was sought in a series of experiments with goldfish. in experiment 1, goldfish were given nonreinforced preexposure to a color that subsequently predicted shock in an activity conditioning situation; their performance did not differ from that of control animals preexposed to a markedly different color. in experiment 2, a group of goldfish given nonreinforced preexposure to a tone and an unstimulated control group were trained in an appetitive situation, with the ton ... | 1985 | 4042616 |
| effects of cytochalasin b on steroid-induced oocyte meiosis and centrifugally induced nuclear movement in the goldfish carassius auratus. | in goldfish, 17 alpha, 20 beta-dihydroxyprogesterone (dhp) induced oocyte nucleus or germinal vesicle migration (gvm) and dissolution (gvd) in a dose-related fashion. administration of cytochalasin b (cb) in the presence of dhp inhibited the steroid-induced gvm and gvd after 24 and 48 h of incubation. the presence of cb alone, at concentrations below 25 micrograms/ml, had no effect on gvm or gvd. furthermore, cb, either alone or in combination with dhp, elicited significant increases in follicul ... | 1985 | 4041968 |
| involvement of gonadotrophin and steroid hormones in spermiation in the amago salmon, oncorhynchus rhodurus, and goldfish, carassius auratus. | effects of intraperitoneal injections of chum salmon gonadotrophin (sga) and various steroid hormones (17 alpha, 20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one; 17 alpha,20 beta-diohprog, 17 alpha-hydroxy-progesterone, testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone) on the induction of in vivo spermiation were examined in nonspermiating amago salmon (oncorhynchus rhodurus) and goldfish (carassius auratus). a single injection of sga to amago salmon and two successive injections to goldfish induced strong spermiation respo ... | 1985 | 4018553 |
| effects of ph on in vitro ovulation of goldfish (carassius auratus) oocytes. | the in vitro effects of ph on goldfish (carassius auratus) ovulation were investigated. final oocyte maturation and follicular detachment were induced in vivo in gravid goldfish by hcg injections and elevated holding temperatures. females were biopsied to determine the time of germinal vesicle breakdown and when oocytes should be removed for in vitro incubations. prior to ovulation, the ovaries were removed, dissected and mature intrafollicular oocytes were incubated in media of varying ph (7.3- ... | 1985 | 3863880 |
| influences of catecholamines on growth hormone release in female goldfish, carassius auratus. | the influence of catecholamines on growth hormone (gh) release in female goldfish was investigated by monitoring serum gh levels following injections of drugs known to alter catecholamine synthesis and neural activities. intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, a catecholaminergic neurotoxin, or alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, a catecholamine synthesis inhibitor, decreased serum gh levels. intraperitoneal injection of l-beta-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa) increased serum gh concentration ... | 1985 | 3925362 |
| serial ablations of the telencephalon and avoidance learning by goldfish (carassius auratus). | simultaneous bilateral ablation of the teleost telencephalon was confirmed to dramatically impair the retention, extinction, and "reversal learning" of a preoperatively learned instrumental avoidance response in a shuttle box. the focus of the experiment was on whether two-stage serial unilateral ablations of the teleost telencephalon would ameliorate the effects seen following one-stage bilateral ablation and whether such amelioration would be a function of the fish's experiences between the st ... | 1985 | 3843724 |
| polycystic kidney disease in goldfish (carassius auratus) from hamilton harbour, lake ontario, canada. | severe kidney enlargement was observed in 6.3% (5 of 80) of goldfish collected from a heavily polluted industrial basin. externally the fish had generalized swelling and abdominal distension. the kidneys contained numerous large, clear, fluid-filled cysts (polycystic) that ranged in size from microscopic to 4 cm in diameter. affected kidneys had a wide range of histological changes-including the presence of large multiple cysts that caused severe distension and compression of normal renal tissue ... | 1985 | 4002536 |
| the effects of temperature- and oxygen-acclimation on phospholipids of goldfish (carassius auratus l.) brain microsomes. | brain microsome phospholipids and their acyl groups, from temperature and oxygen acclimated goldfish, were investigated. at the lower acclimation temperature (5c) the proportion of ethanolamine- to choline-glycerophosphatides (gpe/gpc) was increased, and the proportion of phosphatidal ethanolamine value decreased. a rise in the n-6/n-3 fatty acyl group also occurred in cold acclimation. irrespective of acclimation temperature, 25 degrees c or 5 degrees c, a partial replacement of gpc by gpe occu ... | 1985 | 4000392 |
| separation and partial characterization by high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay of different forms of melanocyte-stimulating hormone from fish (cyprinidae) neurointermediate lobes. | from neurointermediate lobe (nil) extracts of two species of cyprinidae, carassius auratus and cyprinus carpio, several peptides were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) on a c18 mubondapak column eluted with a methanol/acetic acid/triethylamine mixture. monitoring all fractions by radioimmunoassay (ria) with an antibody against melanocyte-stimulating hormone (msh) c terminal gave positive reactions for fractions 7, 11-12, 15-16, 23-24, and 25-27. for further characterizat ... | 1985 | 2984088 |
| extracellular osmiophilic oval bodies in the vagal and facial lobes of carassius auratus (teleostei-cyprinidae). | during the study of ultrathins sections of the vagal lobes and the facial lobe of carassius auratus (teleostei cyprinidae), by electron microscopy, extracellular oval or discoidal, very osmiophilic structures were found in the neuropil of the lobes. the structures measured approximately 73 nm long 58 nm wide, and 29 nm thick and were located within the extracellular spaces surrounding some glial and neural processes; they were closely apposed to the external membrane of these cells, sometimes fo ... | 1985 | 4086810 |
| erythrocytic magnesium in freshwater fishes. | erythrocytic magnesium in rainbow and speckled trout (salmo gairdneri, salvelinus fontinalis) carp (cyprinus carpio) and goldfish (carassius auratus) was examined by correlation analyses involving weight, hemoglobin content, plasma magnesium, erythrocytic sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride and unidentified anion concentration and chloride equilibrium potential, and in relation to possible diurnal and seasonal variation as well as with respect to constant, diurnally cycling and progressively in ... | 1985 | 4046640 |
| the structure of the kidney from the freshwater teleost carassius auratus. | the structure of the kidney of the crucian carp (carassius auratus; a freshwater teleost, cypriniformes) was studied by means of reconstruction from serial paraffin and semithin sections. in c. auratus, the wolffian duct traverses the entire kidney. at various levels collecting ducts of different length and thickness join the wolffian duct at right angles. each collecting duct accepts a large number of connecting tubules, which are established by the joining of many nephrons. a regular pattern c ... | 1985 | 3985356 |
| elevations in gonadotrophin concentrations and milt volumes as a result of spawning behavior in the goldfish. | in many male mammals and birds, exposure to sexual stimuli results in acute elevations of circulating luteinizing hormone (lh) and testosterone (t); a similar phenomemon has now been observed in the male goldfish (carassius auratus). mature males placed with either a receptive female or stimulus pairs of spawning goldfish had gonadotrophin (gth) concentrations and expressible milt (sperm) volumes that were significantly greater than those of males kept in all-male groups. this stimulatory effect ... | 1985 | 3972238 |
| effect of insulin on meiosis reinitiation induced in vitro by three progestogens in oocytes of the goldfish (carassius auratus). | three progestogens were tested for their ability to elicit meiosis reinitiation as evidenced by germinal vesicle dissolution (gvd) in goldfish (carassius auratus) follicle-enclosed oocytes in vitro. in two independent experiments 17 alpha-20 beta-dihydroxyprogesterone (dhp) was most active followed in turn by 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (hp) and progesterone (p). values of the effective dose for a 50% response for gvd induced by p and hp were significantly reduced by the addition of na-insulin, ... | 1985 | 3880712 |
| free amino acid content in the skin mucus of goldfish, carassius auratus l.: influence of feeding. | free amino acid contents in skin extracts and influence of food and starvation on free amino acid content in skin mucus were analysed in sexually immature goldfish. free amino acid concentration in skin mucus (91.1 mumol/g dry wt) was higher than in deep skin (54 mumol/g) or in whole skin (56.6 mumol/g) extracts. free amino acid compositions were very similar in the latter extracts. they both differed from skin mucus extract in taurine, glutamic acid, glycine and histidine relative contents. fre ... | 1985 | 2864212 |
| effects of l-glutamate on the anomalous rectifier potassium current in horizontal cells of carassius auratus retina. | the effects of externally applied l-glutamate (glu) on k currents through the anomalous rectifier were studied in solitary horizontal cells dissociated from goldfish retinae under whole-cell voltage-clamp or cell-attached patch-clamp conditions using 'giga-seal' suction pipettes. in the whole-cell clamp experiments, hyperpolarization of the membrane below the resting potential (ca. -57 mv) induced a large voltage-dependent inward current which has been identified as the k current through the ano ... | 1985 | 2580080 |
| permeability changes induced by l-glutamate in solitary retinal horizontal cells isolated from carassius auratus. | solitary horizontal cells isolated from goldfish retinae are depolarized by l-glutamate (glu) (ishida, kaneko & tachibana, 1984), a possible candidate for the transmitter of photoreceptors. the underlying mechanisms were analysed under voltage-clamp conditions using 'giga-seal' suction pipettes in the whole-cell recording configuration. glu induced an inward current at the resting membrane potential (ca. -57 mv). membrane depolarization decreased the amplitude of glu-induced current and reversed ... | 1985 | 2580079 |
| effects of olfactory bulb ablation on cardiac and ventilatory arousal responses and their habituation in the goldfish carassius auratus. | the effects of olfactory bulb ablation on the cardiac and ventilatory arousal responses to the onset of illumination and habituation of these responses were investigated in goldfish. bulbectomy did not effect the magnitude of response on novel stimulus presentation. normal, sham operated, and olfactory bulb-ablated animals showed similar rates of habituation. these results suggest that deficits in feeding and sexual behavior in goldfish are due to the loss of specific olfactory influences on low ... | 1984 | 6525140 |
| nuclear transplantation in teleosts. hybrid fish from the nucleus of crucian and the cytoplasm of carp. | hybrid fish are obtained from the combination of nucleus and cytoplasm from two genera of fresh-water teleosts using the technique of nuclear transplantation (i.e. the combination of the nucleus of crucian (carassius auratus) and the cytoplasm of carp (cyprinus carpio]. morphological characteristics of these hybrid fish that have been examined so far indicate that some features such as barbs, pharyngeal teeth, the number of scales along the lateral line, and the number of vertebrae are similar t ... | 1984 | 6597566 |
| temperature dependent attraction by goldfish to a chemical feeding cue presented alone and in combination with heated water. | an eight cell multiple-choice experiment was used to investigate the influence of temperature on the locomotor response of goldfish (carassius auratus) to a chemical feeding cue. when a food extract was infused into a single cell at ambient temperatures of 26, 28, 30, 32, and 34 degrees c (ambient temperature=acclimation temperature) the goldfish spent more time in the extract cell than three similarly outfitted dummy cells at all temperatures, but the intensity of their attraction varied over t ... | 1984 | 6522471 |
| glial fibrillary acidic protein in regenerating teleost spinal cord. | immunohistological and ultrastructural studies were carried out on normal and regenerating spinal cord of the gymnotid sternarchus albifrons, and in the brain and spinal cord of the goldfish carassius auratus, to examine the distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein (gfap) in these tissues. sections of normal goldfish brain and spinal cord exhibited positive staining for gfap. in normal sternarchus spinal cord, electron microscopy has revealed filament-filled astrocytic processes; however, ... | 1984 | 6481149 |
| the release of gamma-aminobutyric acid from horizontal cells of the goldfish (carassius auratus) retina. | isolated horizontal cells from goldfish retinas were prepared by enzymatic dissociation using papain and separated from other cells by velocity sedimentation. in the intact retina, h1 horizontal cells possess a high-affinity mechanism for accumulating gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba). this property is retained in isolated cells, which also release the accumulated gaba in response to depolarization by elevated external k+. l-glutamic acid and its analogues are highly effective at micromolar concent ... | 1984 | 6387085 |
| performance of goldfish (carassius auratus) in patterned sequences of rewarded and nonrewarded trials. | the performance of goldfish was studied in a series of experiments with patterned sequences of reward (r) and nonreward (n) for response to a given stimulus (s3). trials with two other, readily discriminable stimuli, response to one always rewarded and response to the second never rewarded, were interpolated in such a way that the outcome of any s3 trial could not be predicted from the events of the immediately preceding trial. the main purpose was to look for control of response to s3 based on ... | 1984 | 6478787 |
| gonadotropin release from the pars distalis of goldfish, carassius auratus, transplanted beside the brain or into the brain ventricles: additional evidence for gonadotropin-release-inhibitory factor. | the pars distalis of the pituitary was transplanted from one goldfish to another, of matched gonadal condition and body size, either beside the brain ("juxta" location) or into the brain ventricle in the preoptic region or under the optic tectum. recipients of a pars distalis had significantly higher serum gonadotropin (gth) levels than sham-operated controls without transplants; following removal of the transplants, serum gth levels decreased to levels found in controls within 24 hr. this demon ... | 1984 | 6468914 |
| effects of cadmium-enriched sediment on fish and amphibian embryo-larval stages. | aquatic toxicity tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of cadmium-enriched sediment on embryo-larval stages of the goldfish (carassius auratus), leopard frog (rana pipiens), and largemouth bass (micropterus salmoides). natural stream sediment was collected and enriched with cadmium to nominal concentrations of 1.0, 10.0, 100, and 1000 mg/kg. enriched sediments were placed in pyrex dishes and covered with 350 ml of reconstituted water. fertilized eggs were placed in the dishes and maintain ... | 1984 | 6332728 |
| influences of norepinephrine and alpha-adrenergic mechanisms on gonadotropin secretion in female goldfish, carassius auratus. | intraperitoneal or intraventricular (3rd cranial ventricle) injection of norepinephrine (ne) caused an increase in serum gonadotropin (gth) concentrations in female goldfish at times of the year when the ovaries were regressed or at early stages of recrudescence, but had no influence at other stages of the ovarian cycle. in a previous report it was shown that clonidine (alpha-agonist) increased serum gth levels in fish at early or mid-ovarian recrudescence [j. p. chang, a. f. cook, and r. e. pet ... | 1984 | 6745634 |
| prostaglandin synthesis in goldfish heart, carassius auratus. | potential precursors for prostaglandin (pg) synthesis were measured in goldfish heart and skeletal muscle by gas chromatography. heart tissue contained docosahexaenoic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and eicosatrienoic acids in concentrations of 3223 +/- 128, 1216 +/- 7.8, 260 +/- 72.8, and 250 +/- 14 ng/mg wet wt, respectively. 14c-labeled substrates were examined for their ability to be converted to prostaglandins. eicosatrienoic and docosahexaenoic acid were not synthesized into prostaglandin ... | 1984 | 6735165 |
| comparison of the radiosensitivity of three goldfish cell lines using short term endpoints. | the induction and rejoining of dna strand breaks after gamma-irradiation in three goldfish (carassius auratus) cell lines with different sensitivities to the lethal effect of gamma-rays has been studied by the dna strand separation method using hydroxylapatite chromatography. the induction and rejoining of dna strand breaks was similar in all cell lines. there was also little difference in the degree of inhibition of dna synthesis immediately after irradiation. however, the rank orders of the du ... | 1984 | 6610658 |
| the effects of somatostatin on serum growth hormone levels in the goldfish, carassius auratus. | in the present study the effects of somatostatin on serum growth hormone (gh) levels in the goldfish, carassius auratus, were investigated. a single intraperitoneal injection of either 0.1 or 1.0 micrograms somatostatin/g body wt caused a significant decrease in serum gh levels at 1 h postinjection compared to vehicle-injected controls. two intraperitoneal injections of somatostatin (1.0 micrograms/g body wt), given 12 hr apart, caused a significant decrease in serum gh levels, compared to both ... | 1984 | 6144614 |
| effects of crude dubai oil on salmo gairdneri rich. and carassius auratus l. | | 1984 | 6713130 |