| kinetics of cryptosporidium parvum-specific cytokine responses in healing and nonhealing murine models of c. parvum infection. | susceptibility or resistance to infection with cryptosporidium parvum correlates with the ability of mice to produce characteristic panels of cytokines in response to infection. both adult healing and nonhealing mouse models of cryptosporidiosis were used to study the cell-mediated immune response during the course of c. parvum infection. mesenteric lymph node (mln) lymphocytes from both mouse models were proliferated after ex vivo re-stimulation with c. parvum sporozoite antigen. study of the c ... | 2005 | 16052360 |
| quantification of the infectivity of cryptosporidium parvum by monitoring the oocyst discharge from scid mice. | doses of 1-10(5) oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum hnj-1 were inoculated into severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice, and the discharge of oocysts was monitored for 30 days post inoculation. none of the mice discharged any oocysts after oral inoculation of one oocyst. only one of five scid mice discharged oocysts after oral inoculation of 10 oocysts, and the prepatent period was 17 days. the other four mice did not discharge any oocysts. all the scid mice discharged oocysts after oral inocu ... | 2005 | 16076530 |
| enzyme immunoassay of cryptosporidium-specific immunoglobulin g antibodies to assess longitudinal infection trends in six communities in british columbia, canada. | a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) that detects immunoglobulin g antibodies to the 27-kda cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite surface antigen was used to test 4,097 sera collected from pregnant women in 6 communities in british columbia, canada, between january 1996, and december 1997. waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis occurred in two of the study communities during the period of follow-up, and elisa seropositivity was high in all six communities during the study p ... | 2005 | 16103592 |
| oral administration of hyperimmune anti-cryptosporidium parvum ovine colostral whey confers a high level of protection against cryptosporidiosis in newborn nmri mice. | hyperimmune anti-cryptosporidium parvum ovine colostral whey (hocw) was tested to determine whether it conferred passive immunity to newborn nmri mice. three hocws (groups iv-vi), 2 nonimmune colostral wheys (groups ii and iii), and pbs (group i) were administered once (experiment a) and 3 times (experiment b) daily from -1 to 15 days postinfection (pi). mice in groups i-vi were inoculated with 5 x 10(5) oocysts (day 0 pi), and group vii mice acted as controls. the percentage and intensity of in ... | 2005 | 16108564 |
| gliding motility leads to active cellular invasion by cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites. | we examined gliding motility and cell invasion by an early-branching apicomplexan, cryptosporidium parvum, which causes diarrheal disease in humans and animals. real-time video microscopy demonstrated that c. parvum sporozoites undergo circular and helical gliding, two of the three stereotypical movements exhibited by toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. c. parvum sporozoites moved more rapidly than t. gondii sporozoites, which showed the same rates of motility as tachyzoites. motility by c. parvum sp ... | 2005 | 16113253 |
| multiattribute evaluation of two simple tests for the detection of cryptosporidium parvum in calf faeces. | there is a need for simple and inexpensive diagnostic and screening tests for the detection of cryptosporidium parvum infection in calves. a sucrose wet mount test and a lateral immunochromatography test were evaluated for epidemiological sensitivity and specificity, cost per test, simplicity, test time and ease of batching. polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) of the cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (cowp) gene locus, with gel electrophoresis, was use ... | 2005 | 16115735 |
| nf-kappab-mediated expression of inos promotes epithelial defense against infection by cryptosporidium parvum in neonatal piglets. | cryptosporidium sp. parasitizes intestinal epithelium, resulting in enterocyte loss, villous atrophy, and malabsorptive diarrhea. we have shown that mucosal expression of inducible nitric oxide (no) synthase (inos) is increased in infected piglets and that inhibition of inos in vitro has no short-term effect on barrier function. no exerts inhibitory effects on a variety of pathogens; nevertheless, the specific sites of inos expression, pathways of inos induction, and mechanism of no action in cr ... | 2006 | 16123198 |
| interleukin-15 activates human natural killer cells to clear the intestinal protozoan cryptosporidium. | intracellular protozoans of the genus cryptosporidium are a major cause of diarrheal illness worldwide, but little is known about the mechanisms that control intestinal infection. we have previously demonstrated interleukin (il)-15 expression in the intestinal mucosa of seronegative symptomatic volunteers after oral challenge with c. parvum, which suggests a role for il-15 in the control of acute infection. we hypothesize that il-15 activates an innate cytolytic cell response that contributes to ... | 2005 | 16136475 |
| gene analysis of cryptosporidium parvum hnj-1 strain isolated in japan. | we analyzed genetically cryptosporidium parvum hnj-1 strain, which is the japanese reference strain isolated from human in japan. dna sequences of genes for thrombospondin-related adhesive protein of cryptosporidium-1 and cryptosporidium-2 (trap-c1, trap-c2), heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), oocyst wall protein (cowp), beta-tubulin, alpha-tubulin, polythreonine-region (poly-t), elongation factor 1 alpha (ef-1 alpha), and 18s rrna of this strain were determined. they showed high rate of homology to ... | 2005 | 16151736 |
| the zoonotic transmission of giardia and cryptosporidium. | the molecular characterisation of giardia and cryptosporidium has given rise to a more epidemiological meaningful and robust taxonomy. importantly, molecular tools are now available for 'typing' isolates of the parasites directly from clinical and environmental samples. as a consequence, information on zoonotic potential has been obtained although the frequency of zoonotic transmission is still poorly understood. analysis of outbreaks and case-control studies, especially when coupled with genoty ... | 2005 | 16159658 |
| prevalence of species and genotypes of cryptosporidium found in 1-2-year-old dairy cattle in the eastern united states. | the prevalence of cryptosporidium species in 1-2-year-old heifers was determined for 571 animals on 14 dairy farms in seven states on the east coast of the united states. a fecal specimen collected directly from each heifer was processed to concentrate oocysts that were then examined by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). for every pcr-positive specimen the 18s rrna gene of cryptosporidium was sequenced. cryptosporidium was identified by pcr from heifers on 13 of 14 farms. on all except four farms ... | 2006 | 16159697 |
| population-based laboratory surveillance for giardia sp. and cryptosporidium sp. infections in a large canadian health region. | giardia lamblia (intestinalis) and cryptosporidium parvum are the two most important intestinal parasites infecting north americans but there is a paucity of active population-based surveillance data from canada. this study determined the incidence of and demographic risk factors for developing giardia sp. and cryptosporidium sp. infections in a general canadian population. | 2005 | 16168061 |
| capillary electrophoretic analysis of fragment length polymorphism in ribosomal markers of cryptosporidium from humans. | cryptosporidium oocyst dna samples (n=80) from humans with cryptosporidiosis in australia and the uk were characterized genetically and categorized by capillary electrophoretic (ce) analysis of part of the small subunit gene (pssu; approximately 300bp) and second internal transcribed spacer (pits-2; approximately 230bp) of nuclear ribosomal dna. the amplicons were heat denatured and subjected to capillary electrophoresis in lpa matrix (amersham) in a megabacetrade mark 1000 system (amersham). th ... | 2005 | 16169706 |
| the changing epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in north west england. | between 1996 and 2000, rates of cryptosporidiosis in north west england were significantly higher than overall in england and wales, particularly during the first half of each year. in addition, during the second quarter of each year in this period, up to 40% of all cases recorded in england and wales were from the north west region. in 2001, cryptosporidiosis dramatically decreased throughout the united kingdom and the springtime excess of cases formerly seen in the north west was no longer app ... | 2005 | 16181496 |
| effect of ferric oxyhydroxide grain coatings on the transport of bacteriophage prd1 and cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in saturated porous media. | to test the effect of geochemical heterogeneity on microorganism transport in saturated porous media, we measured the removal of two microorganisms, the bacteriophage prd1 and oocysts of the protozoan parasite cryptosporidium parvum, in flow-through columns of quartz sand coated by different amounts of a ferric oxyhydroxide. the experiments were conducted over ranges of ferric oxyhydroxide coating fraction of lambda = 0-0.12 for prd1 and from lambda = 0-0.32 for the oocysts at ph 5.6-5.8 and 10( ... | 2005 | 16190194 |
| prevalence of diarrhea caused by cryptosporidium parvum in non-hiv patients in jeollanam-do, korea. | the present study investigated the prevalence rate of cryptosporidium parvum as a cause of diarrhea. we examined 942 stools of unidentified reasons occurring in patients in whom no immunosuppression had been detected. we examined the stools for cryptosporidium parvum via modified acid-fast staining. the clinical records of all of the positive patients were then analyzed. nine (1%) of the stools among the 942 diarrheal patients were positive for c. parvum. the positive rate in the males was 1.1% ... | 2005 | 16192752 |
| expression of the recombinant fusion protein cp15-23 of cryptosporidium parvum and its protective test. | the cp15 and cp23 surface proteins on the sporozoite of cryptosporidium parvum are major protective antigens. the recombinant plasmid pet28-15-23 was constructed based on the plasmids pmd18-t-15 and pmd18-t-23 with two pairs of specific primers using dna recombinant technique. in the primers, a synthetic linker sequence encoding a peptide (g-g-s) was designed. after identification, the recombinant plasmids were transformed to component cells of escherichia coli bl21 (de3). the positive strain co ... | 2005 | 16193995 |
| inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum by ultrasonic irradiation. | the inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum was investigated by the use of three different sonicators utilizing the squeeze-film effect, which may occur when ultrasound is irradiated into an extremely thin space and generate intensified pressure in the sample suspension. to expand from the small-scale horn-type sonicator to large-scale cylindrical or cleaning bath sonicators, the inactivation effectwas improved. in the case of the cylindrical sonicator (26.6 khz, 30 w), 97% of the initial concent ... | 2005 | 16201661 |
| patterns of cryptosporidium oocyst shedding by eastern grey kangaroos inhabiting an australian watershed. | the occurrence of cryptosporidium oocysts in feces from a population of wild eastern grey kangaroos inhabiting a protected watershed in sydney, australia, was investigated. over a 2-year period, cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 239 of the 3,557 (6.7%) eastern grey kangaroo fecal samples tested by using a combined immunomagnetic separation and flow cytometric technique. the prevalence of cryptosporidium in this host population was estimated to range from 0.32% to 28.5%, with peaks occurri ... | 2005 | 16204534 |
| effect of bovine manure on cryptosporidium parvum oocyst attachment to soil. | the objective of this work was to assess the effect of dilute bovine manure (1.0% and 0.1%) versus that of no manure on attachment and subsequent detachment of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts to soil. manure enhanced the attachment of oocysts to soil particles; the maximum attachment was observed with 0.1% manure. oocyst attachment was partially reversible; maximum detachment was observed with dilute manure. these results indicate that oocyst attachment to soil is substantially affected by bovine ... | 2005 | 16204565 |
| [intestinal parasitic diseases in hiv-infected patients in uzbekistan]. | intestinal parasitic diseases were diagnosed in 100 hiv-infected patients at different stages of disease (its asymptomatic form, persistent generalized lymphoadenopathy, pre-aids, and aids) (group 1), 100 tashkent residents (group 2), and 349 patients with gastrointestinal diseases, allergic dermatoses, and skin depigmentation foci (group 3). the hiv-infected patients were found to have virtually all parasites, such as giardia lamblia, cryptosporidium parvum, chilomastix mesnili, entamoeba coli, ... | 2005 | 16212098 |
| the occurrence of cryptosporidium parvum, campylobacter and salmonella in newborn dairy calves in the manawatu region of new zealand. | to determine the occurrence of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, campylobacter spp and salmonella spp in faecal samples taken from newborn dairy calves on 24 dairy farms in the manawatu region of new zealand. | 2005 | 16220123 |
| quantitative risk assessment of cryptosporidium species infection in dairy calves. | cryptosporidium parvum is a zoonotic protozoan that infects many different mammals including cattle and humans. cryptosporidiosis has become a concern for dairy producers because of the direct losses due to calves not performing well and the potential for environmental contamination with c. parvum. identifying modifiable control points in the dynamics of infection in dairy herds will help identify management strategies that mitigate its risk. the quantitative risk assessment approach provides es ... | 2005 | 16230699 |
| the effects of time and temperature on flow cytometry enumerated live cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | recoveries of spiked standard suspensions are used to evaluate method performance. for many applications, gamma-irradiated cryptosporidium oocysts are appropriate. in contrast, methods that determine viability, such as cryptosporidium cell culture, require the use of live oocysts. oocyst standards are usually prepared at a flow cytometry laboratory for use at another laboratory, and thus the samples are shipped. the goal of this study was to evaluate the shipping and storage stability of flow cy ... | 2005 | 16238640 |
| cryptosporidium outbreak in a sports center. | | 2005 | 16249636 |
| the association of blastocystis hominis and endolimax nana with diarrheal stools in zambian school-age children. | to determine the prevalence of endoparasites and their association with diarrhea, a survey was conducted in the southern province of zambia that used conventional and molecular techniques applied to stool and urine samples from school-age children (n = 93). almost half of the stools (49.5%) were diarrhetic. the overall prevalence of endolimax nana, schistosoma haematobium, blastocystis hominis, giardia lamblia, cryptosporidium parvum, encephalitozoon intestinalis, and strongyloides stercoralis w ... | 2005 | 16249910 |
| application of quantitative real-time reverse transcription-pcr in assessing drug efficacy against the intracellular pathogen cryptosporidium parvum in vitro. | we report here on a quantitative real-time reverse transcription-pcr (qrt-pcr) assay for assessing drug efficacy against the intracellular pathogen cryptosporidium parvum. the qrt-pcr assay detects 18s rrna transcripts from both parasites, that is, the cycle threshold for 18s rrna from parasites (c(t)([p18s])) and host cells (c(t)([h18s])), and evaluates the relative expression between parasite and host rrna levels (i.e., deltac(t) = c(t)([p18s]) - c(t)([h18s])) to minimize experimental and oper ... | 2005 | 16251280 |
| inhibitory activities of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase-targeted dihydroxyisoflavone and trihydroxydeoxybenzoin derivatives on sarcocystis neurona, neospora caninum, and cryptosporidium parvum development. | several gene sequences of parasitic protozoa belonging to protein kinase gene families and epidermal growth factor (egf)-like peptides, which act via binding to receptor tyrosine kinases of the egf receptor (egfr) family, appear to mediate host-protozoan interactions. as a clue to egfr protein tyrosine kinase (ptk) mediation and a novel approach for identifying anticoccidial agents, activities against sarcocystis neurona, neospora caninum, and cryptosporidium parvum grown in bm and hct-8 cell cu ... | 2005 | 16251305 |
| molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis. | species within the genus cryptosporidium are protozoan parasites that infect a wide range of vertebrates, and represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in those animals. in humans, cryptosporidiosis is a common cause of diarrhoeal disease with a global distribution. unravelling the epidemiology of human infection has proven to be difficult, due to the existence of multiple transmission routes (person-to-person, animal-to-person, waterborne, foodborne and airborne transmission), an ... | 2005 | 16252472 |
| the unusual architecture and predicted function of the mitochondrion organelle in cryptosporidium parvum and hominis species: the strong paradigm of the structure-function relationship. | cryptosporidium spp. is a protozoan parasite that causes widespread diarrhoeal disease in humans and other animals and is responsible for large waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis. unlike many organisms belonging to the phylum apicomplexa, such as plasmodium spp. and toxoplasma gondii, there is no clinically proven drug treatment against this parasite. some aspects of the basic biology of cryptosporidium spp. such as the understanding of key metabolic pathways or the full description of th ... | 2005 | 16252476 |
| stimulation of innate immunity in newborn kids against cryptosporidium parvum infection-challenge by intranasal/per-oral administration of liposomal formulation of n-l18-norabu-gmdp adjuvant. | the effects of a liposomal preparation of lipophilic immunomodulator beta-d-glcnstearoyl-(1-4)-normurnac-l-abu-d-isogln (n-l18-norabu-gmdp) were investigated on resistance to cryptosporidium parvum infection in neonatal kids. the liposomal preparation was administered subcutaneously or intranasally/orally (i.n./p.o.) twice at doses of 100 microg, 200 microg, or 1000 microg per kid pre-infection challenge. the treatment schemes were (i) 72 and 24 h pre-infection challenge, (ii) 24 h pre-infection ... | 2005 | 16255818 |
| [a case of chronic diarrhea and hypoproteinemia associated with cryptosporidium parvum and cyclospora cayetanenis]. | | 2005 | 16255869 |
| identification and determination of the viability of giardia lamblia cysts and cryptosporidium parvum and cryptosporidium hominis oocysts in human fecal and water supply samples by fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish) and monoclonal antibodies. | in the present study, fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish) and monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were evaluated for species-specific detection and viability determination of giardia lamblia, cryptosporidium parvum, and cryptosporidium hominis in human fecal and water supply samples. a total of 50 fecal human samples positive for g. lamblia cysts, 38 positive for c. parvum, and 23 positive for c. hominis were studied. also, 18 water supply samples positive for giardia spp. and cryptosporidium spp. ... | 2005 | 16261356 |
| detection of infectious cryptosporidium oocysts by cell culture immunofluorescence assay: applicability to environmental samples. | in the past few years many waterborne outbreaks related to cryptosporidium have been described. current methods for detection of cryptosporidium in water for the most part rely on viability assays which are not informative concerning the infectivity of oocysts. however, for estimation of the risk of infection with cryptosporidium this information is required. for environmental samples the oocyst counts are often low, and the oocysts have been exposed to unfavorable conditions. therefore, determi ... | 2005 | 16269711 |
| development of a rapid method for simultaneous recovery of diverse microbes in drinking water by ultrafiltration with sodium polyphosphate and surfactants. | the ability to simultaneously concentrate diverse microbes is an important consideration for sample collection methods that are used for emergency response and environmental monitoring when drinking water may be contaminated with an array of unknown microbes. this study focused on developing a concentration method using ultrafilters and different combinations of a chemical dispersant (sodium polyphosphate [napp]) and surfactants. tap water samples were seeded with bacteriophage ms2, escherichia ... | 2005 | 16269722 |
| aerobic spore-forming bacteria for assessing quality of drinking water produced from surface water. | cryptosporidium and giardia represent a major microbiological issue for drinking water production from surface water. as their monitoring through a treatment process is rather tedious and as low-concentration goals should be reached for drinking water, aerobic spore-forming bacteria (asfb) have been studied as an indicator microorganism for a drinking water treatment plant using surface water. the results reveal that monitoring naturally occurring asfb better highlights daily achievable performa ... | 2005 | 16280148 |
| giardia duodenalis and cryptosporidium parvum infections in adult goats and their implications for neonatal kids. | during the kidding season between january and april 2003, 10 farms were selected and divided into two groups of five. the farms in group a had had serious diarrhoeal illness and losses in neonatal kids the previous year, and there were cryptosporidium parvum infections in kids associated with diarrhoea during the survey. on the farms in group b, there was no history of diarrhoeal disease the previous year and neither c parvum oocysts nor diarrhoea were detected in neonatal kids during the survey ... | 2005 | 16284331 |
| obtaining hyperimmune anti-cryptosporidium parvum ovine colostrum. a study of the humoral immune response in immunized sheep. | three ewes were immunized five times over a 2-month period prior to giving birth by intramuscular injection, oral administration and intramammary infusion of antigen and viable or freeze-dried cryptosporidium parvum oocyst solution emulsified with freund's complete and incomplete adjuvant. two animals served as controls and another two as adjuvant controls. serum was collected at first immunization and thereafter every 2 to 4 weeks. colostrum and milk were collected as well. all samples were ass ... | 2006 | 16292678 |
| transport of ms2 phage, escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens, cryptosporidium parvum, and giardia intestinalis in a gravel and a sandy soil. | to define protection zones around groundwater abstraction wells and safe setback distances for artificial recharge systems in watertreatment, quantitative information is needed about the removal of microorganisms during soil passage. column experiments were conducted using natural soil and water from an infiltration site with fine sandy soil and a river bank infiltration site with gravel soil. the removal of phages, bacteria, bacterial spores, and protozoan (oo)-cysts was determined at two veloc ... | 2005 | 16295848 |
| [preparation of dna from cryptosporidium parvum oocysts for pcr detection]. | to establish three methods of dna extraction from cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and test by pcr. | 2005 | 16296614 |
| an early intestinal mucosal source of gamma interferon is associated with resistance to and control of cryptosporidium parvum infection in mice. | resistance to and control of cryptosporidium parvum infection in mice in the absence of adaptive immunity appears to be gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) dependent. using an ifn-gamma-neutralizing antibody in a murine model, we demonstrated increased susceptibility to infection within 24 h. we correlated this early resistance and control with increased mucosal expression of ifn-gamma and demonstrate that cd8+ t-cell receptor alphabeta intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes express and secrete this cy ... | 2005 | 16299343 |
| multiple tlrs are expressed in human cholangiocytes and mediate host epithelial defense responses to cryptosporidium parvum via activation of nf-kappab. | infection of epithelial cells by cryptosporidium parvum triggers a variety of host-cell innate and adaptive immune responses including release of cytokines/chemokines and up-regulation of antimicrobial peptides. the mechanisms that trigger these host-cell responses are unclear. thus, we evaluated the role of tlrs in host-cell responses during c. parvum infection of cultured human biliary epithelia (i.e., cholangiocytes). we found that normal human cholangiocytes express all known tlrs. c. parvum ... | 2005 | 16301652 |
| occurrence of cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in raw and treated sewage and river water in north-eastern spain. | to determine the occurrence and levels of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in wastewater and surface waters in north-eastern spain. | 2005 | 16313418 |
| the effects of e-beam irradiation and microwave energy on eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) experimentally infected with cryptosporidium parvum. | shellfish have been identified as a potential source of cryptosporidium infection for humans. the inactivation of c. parvum and other pathogens in raw molluscan shellfish would provide increased food safety for normal and at-risk consumers. the present study examined the efficacy of two alternative food-processing treatments, e-beam irradiation and microwave energy, on the viability of c. parvum oocysts in eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica), which were artificially infected with the beltsvi ... | 2005 | 16313439 |
| the effect of high-pressure processing on infectivity of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts recovered from experimentally exposed eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica). | shellfish have been identified as a potential source of cryptosporidium infection for humans. the inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum and other pathogens in raw molluscan shellfish would provide increased food safety for normal and at-risk consumers. the present study identified the efficacy of a non-thermal alternative food-processing treatment, high hydrostatic pressure processing (hpp), on the viability of c. parvum oocysts in the eastern oysters crassostrea virginica. oysters were artific ... | 2005 | 16313442 |
| microbial characterization and population changes in nonpotable reclaimed water distribution systems. | changes in the microbial quality of nonpotable reclaimed water distribution systems in seven metropolitan areas of the southwestern united states were investigated by performing pathogen monitoring and bacterial growth. water samples were collected from tertiary-treated effluents at point of entry and point of use in the distribution systems. the samples were analyzed for cryptosporidium oocysts, giardia cysts, enteroviruses, microbial indicators, and assimilable organic carbon (aoc). cryptospor ... | 2005 | 16323753 |
| cryptosporidiosis in children in a north jordanian paediatric hospital. | we investigated the rate of infection by cryptosporidium parvum among children from birth to 12 years attending princess rahma teaching hospital in irbid, jordan and evaluated various diagnostic methods. we collected single stool specimens from 300 children; 7 specimens were from children undergoing chemotherapy treatment for cancer. diagnostic methods used for detection of infection were direct wet mount preparation, flotation concentration, cold kinyoun ziehl-neelsen stain and direct immunoflu ... | 2004 | 16335640 |
| nitazoxanide. | | 2005 | 16340060 |
| effects of preservatives on viability of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | potassium dichromate and formalin reduced the viability of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts as assessed by inclusion or exclusion of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (dapi) and propidium iodide (pi) and excystation. some formalin-treated oocysts containing dead sporozoites excluded pi; that this fluorogenic assay relies not solely upon exclusion of pi but also upon highlighting of sporozoite nuclei by dapi is reiterated. | 1993 | 16349135 |
| inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by ammonia. | the survival of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in soil and water microhabitats may be affected by the environmental production and release of free ammonia. the objective of this study was to determine the effects of increasing free ammonia concentrations and times of exposure on oocyst viability. wild-type oocysts were obtained from naturally infected calf feces by chemical (continuous-flow) centrifugation and sucrose gradients. ammonia (nh(3)) from a commercial solution was applied in concentra ... | 1998 | 16349508 |
| sensitive and rapid detection of viable giardia cysts and cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in large-volume water samples with wound fiberglass cartridge filters and reverse transcription-pcr. | [this corrects the article on p. 1743 in vol. 64, pmid: 9572946.]. | 1998 | 16349570 |
| efficacy of nitazoxanide and paromomycin in biliary tract cryptosporidiosis in an immunosuppressed gerbil model. | to evaluate the efficacy of nitazoxanide and paromomycin in biliary tract cryptosporidiosis in an immunosuppressed mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus) model. | 2006 | 16361328 |
| [protozoan infection causes diarrhea in calves]. | the role of protozoan parasites in the etiology of diarrhea in calves is highlighted with emphasis on correct diagnosis. in neonatal calves, cryptosporidium parvum is isolated in more than 44% of the faeces of diarrhetic calves. in calves older than one month, both eimeria bovis and e. zuernii, and giardia duodenalis are associated with diarrhea and poor growth. clinical diagnosis has to be confirmed by examination of host faecal material. both for c. parvum and g. duodenalis immunological assay ... | 2005 | 16363207 |
| human fascioliasis among immigrant workers in saudi arabia. | animal fascioliasis has been reported in saudi arabia among imported and local sheep. the paper demonstrated the parasitological and clinical features of human fascioliasis in nine out of ten male immigrant manual workers with manifestations suggesting fascioliasis. the sedimentation and kato-katz techniques proved effect in diagnosing fasciola species eggs in human stool. the common clinical features were abdominal distension, flatulence, tender right-upper quadrant and easy fatigability and th ... | 2005 | 16363294 |
| interaction of cryptosporidium hominis and cryptosporidium parvum with primary human and bovine intestinal cells. | cryptosporidiosis in humans is caused by the zoonotic pathogen cryptosporidium parvum and the anthroponotic pathogen cryptosporidium hominis. to what extent the recently recognized c. hominis species differs from c. parvum is unknown. in this study we compared the mechanisms of c. parvum and c. hominis invasion using a primary cell model of infection. cultured primary bovine and human epithelial intestinal cells were infected with c. parvum or c. hominis. the effects of the carbohydrate lectin g ... | 2006 | 16368962 |
| myd88-dependent pathways mediate resistance to cryptosporidium parvum infection in mice. | cryptosporidium spp. cause diarrheal disease worldwide. innate immune responses mediating resistance to this parasite are not completely understood. to determine whether myd88-dependent pathways play a role in resistance to cryptosporidium parvum, we compared the course of infection in myd88(-/-) mice to that in their wild-type (wt) littermate controls. three- to 4-week-old mice were infected with c. parvum, and infection was monitored by quantifying fecal oocyst shedding. twelve days postinfect ... | 2006 | 16369011 |
| intestinal parasite isolates in aids patients with chronic diarrhea in gondar teaching hospital, north west ethiopia. | chronic diarrhea is one of the major aids-defining illnesses in who classification and occurs in 60-90% of hiv-infected patients in africa. we did a case series study on parasite isolation in stool samples of aids patients with chronic diarrhea using wet-mount, formol-ether concentration technique and modified acid-fast staining method in gondar teaching hospital between january and september 2000. seventy aids patients with chronic diarrhea were included in the study. wasting syndrome was the c ... | 2005 | 16370538 |
| time and temperature effects on the viability and infectivity of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in chlorinated tap water. | the authors compared the viability and infectivity of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in chlorinated tap water at various storage durations (i.e., 2 wk, 4 wk, 6 wk, or 8 wk) and at 2 cool temperatures (i.e., 10 degrees c and 4 degrees c), using in vitro (excystation) and in vivo (suckling mouse) methods. after 8 wk, mean oocyst excystation decreased to 33.4% and 26.7% at 10 degrees c and 4 degrees c, respectively. suckling mice infectivity was higher after storage at 10 degrees c than after stora ... | 2004 | 16381487 |
| cryptodb: a cryptosporidium bioinformatics resource update. | the database, cryptodb (http://cryptodb.org), is a community bioinformatics resource for the aids-related apicomplexan-parasite, cryptosporidium. cryptodb integrates whole genome sequence and annotation with expressed sequence tag and genome survey sequence data and provides supplemental bioinformatics analyses and data-mining tools. a simple, yet comprehensive web interface is available for mining and visualizing the data. cryptodb is allied with the databases plasmodb and toxodb via apidb, an ... | 2006 | 16381902 |
| modeling cryptosporidium parvum oocyst inactivation and bromate formation in a full-scale ozone contactor. | the inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and the formation of bromate were assessed simultaneously by performing experiments with a full-scale ozone bubble-diffuser contactor used for drinking water disinfection. fluorescence-dyed polystyrene microspheres were used as surrogates for c. parvum oocysts. semi-batch ozonation experiments were performed to determine the fluorescence-intensity decay of individual microspheres, which was measured by flow cytometry. the results obtained with t ... | 2005 | 16382962 |
| recombinant bovine interleukin-12 stimulates a gut immune response but does not provide resistance to cryptosporidium parvum infection in neonatal calves. | this study was undertaken to determine if administration of recombinant bovine interleukin-12 (rboil-12) could stimulate a cellular immune response that protected calves from an oral challenge inoculation with cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. in a first experiment, rboil-12 intraperitoneally administered as a single dose 1 day before challenge inoculation, did not alter the course of infection. the percentage of immune competent cells and levels of cytokine gene expression in the ileo-cecal mucos ... | 2006 | 16386849 |
| environmental load of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from cattle manure in feedlots from the central and western united states. | the first step in assessing the risk of water contamination by cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from feedlot cattle (bos taurus) production systems is to quantify the number of c. parvum oocysts present in the fecal material deposited by feedlot cattle. our primary objective for this project was to estimate the daily environmental load of c. parvum oocysts in fecal material deposited by feedlot cattle from across the central and western usa. our secondary goal was to genotype isolates of c. parvum ... | 2006 | 16391291 |
| prevalence of intestinal parasites including microsporidia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults in cameroon: a cross-sectional study. | to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasites in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected adults in cameroon, a cross-sectional study was conducted. detection of parasites was performed in 181 stool samples from 154 hiv-infected patients with a mean cd4 cell count of 238 cells/mm(3). only 35 patients (22%) were receiving antiretroviral therapy at the time of stool sampling, and 46 (29%) had diarrhea. opportunistic protozoa were found in 15 patients (9.7%), 8 of whom (53%) had d ... | 2006 | 16407362 |
| [high prevalence of cyclospora cayetanensis among indigenous people in bolivar state, venezuela]. | the intestinal coccidioses caused by cryptosporidium parvum, isospora belli, and cyclospora cayetanensis are parasitoses of major medical importance, but many epidemiological aspects of these infections are still unknown in bolívar state, venezuela. to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and especially of intestinal coccidiosis, an indigenous population in san antonio de morichal was evaluated from july 2003 to april 2004. stool samples obtained by spontaneous evacuation were preser ... | 2006 | 16410862 |
| [prevalence of cryptosporidium sp. in institutionalized dogs in the city of são paulo, brazil]. | dogs play an important role as infection source of human cryptosporidiosis. the objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidium sp. in dogs as well as to compare two techniques of fecal analysis. | 2006 | 16410992 |
| cryptosporidium parvum bovine genotype oocysts in the respiratory samples of an aids patient: efficacy of treatment with a combination of azithromycin and paromomycin. | cryptosporidium has been recognized as an emerging zoonotic agent of intestinal cryptosporidiosis leading to diarrhea, malabsorption syndrome, and weight loss in aids patients. in the present case, oocysts of zoonotic cryptosporidium parvum were detected in the sputum and stool samples of an aids patient with a 3-month history of intestinal cryptosporidiosis. the oocysts were detected by modified ziehl-neelsen staining; confirmation was achieved by nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr), targeti ... | 2006 | 16416289 |
| potential sources of microbial contamination in unpasteurized apple cider. | a study was conducted to identify possible sources of microbial contamination and to assess the effect of good cleaning and sanitation practices on the microbial quality and safety of unpasteurized apple cider. raw unwashed apples, washed apples, cleaning water, fresh cider, and finished cider samples were collected from five ontario producers over 4 months and microbiologically tested. total coliforms were found in 31, 71 and 38% of the unwashed apple, water, and washed apple samples, respectiv ... | 2006 | 16416911 |
| efficacy of natural grassland buffers for removal of cryptosporidium parvum in rangeland runoff. | our goal for this project was to estimate the retention efficiency of natural grassland buffers for cryptosporidium parvum. three sets of 16 plots (2.0 by 3.0 m) were established at 5, 20, and 35% slopes. within each set of 16 plots, residual dry vegetation matter treatments of 225, 560, and 900 kg/ha were implemented, along with a noncut control averaging 4,500 kg/ ha. buffer width treatments were implemented by placing cattle fecal material containing known loads of c. parvum 0.1, 1.1, or 2.1 ... | 2006 | 16416916 |
| cryptosporidium contamination in harvesting areas of bivalve molluscs. | cryptosporidium contamination was evaluated in areas in galicia (northwestern spain) where bivalve molluscs are harvested. galicia is the main mussel-producing region in europe. data were collected on water contamination of effluents that are discharged into these areas. cryptosporidium spp. were detected by immunofluorescence microscopy and molecular methods in 71% of the river water samples (n = 7), 64% of raw sewage samples (n = 11), 50% of effluents from wastewater treatment plants (n = 16), ... | 2006 | 16416917 |
| distribution of cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite apical organelles during attachment to and internalization by cultured biliary epithelial cells. | although accumulating evidence supports an active role for host cells during cryptosporidium parvum invasion of epithelia, our knowledge of the underlying parasite-specific processes triggering such events is limited. in an effort to better understand the invasion strategy of c. parvum, we characterized the presence and distribution of the apical organelles (micronemes, dense granules, and rhoptry) through the stages of attachment to, and internalization by, human biliary epithelia, using serial ... | 2005 | 16419739 |
| electron microscopic observation of the invasion process of cryptosporidium parvum in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. | cryptosporidium parvum mainly invades the intestinal epithelium and causes watery diarrhea in humans and calves. however, the invasion process has not yet been clarified. in the present study, the invasion process of c. parvum in severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mice was examined. infected mice were necropsied; the ilea were double-fixed routinely and observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. in addition, the microvillus membrane was observed by ruthenium red staining. sc ... | 2005 | 16419745 |
| response of t lymphocytes from previously infected calves to recombinant cryptosporidium parvum p23 vaccine antigen. | we had previously demonstrated that a type-1-like immune response involving interferon-gamma expression in lamina propria lymphocytes accompanied by igg2 subclass fecal antibodies to cryptosporidium parvum p23 emerged in gut mucosa of calves recovering from cryptosporidiosis. because a recombinant p23 had been shown to protect calves from cryptosporidiosis when administered as a vaccine antigen to late gestation cattle, this study was undertaken to determine if the same vaccine antigen could ind ... | 2005 | 16419781 |
| longitudinal analysis of cryptosporidium species-specific immunoglobulin g antibody responses in peruvian children. | cryptosporidium species are ubiquitous in the environment and are frequently detected in the stools of children who live where sanitation conditions are poor. to better characterize the immune response to these parasites, we monitored immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody levels in a cohort of children from lima, peru. two new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays based on the c. parvum (bovine, subtype iia) iowa strain 17-kda and 27-kda antigens were used to measure igg antibody levels in longitudinal s ... | 2006 | 16426009 |
| intestinal parasitism in peruvian children and molecular characterization of cryptosporidium species. | intestinal parasitism was studied in children of trujillo (peru) to create a prevention and control program. fecal samples of 489 children were examined. the general prevalence of intestinal parasitosis was found to be 68%. the most frequent pathogenic enteroparasites were giardia lamblia (26.4%), cyclospora cayetanensis (13%), hymenolepis nana (2%), hymenolepis diminuta (1.6%), and cryptosporidium spp. (1%). all these parasites appeared both in diarrheic and nondiarrheic children, except crypto ... | 2006 | 16432755 |
| concurrent response to challenge infection with cryptosporidium parvum in immunosuppressed c57bl/6n mice. | we investigated the response to challenge infection with cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in immunosuppressed c57bl/6n mice. in the primary infection, fecal oocyst shedding and parasite colonization were greater in immunosuppressed mice than in nonimmunosuppressed mice. compared with primary infection, challenge infection with c. parvum didn't show any oocyst shedding and parasite colonization. especially, oocyst shedding and parasite colonization from the mice infected with heat-killed oocysts we ... | 2006 | 16434849 |
| parasitic infections in malaysia: changing and challenges. | a total of 1,885 blood and stool samples of four main protozoan parasitic infections were retrospectively reviewed from january, 2000 to april, 2004. eleven of the 1,350 stool samples were shown positive for cryptosporidium and giardia infections; one of the 5 cases was clinically diagnosed as gastrointestinal cryptosporidiosis, while 6 cases were giardiasis. in patients with giardiasis, children were among the high-risk groups, making up 66.7% of these patients. the common presenting signs and ... | 2005 | 16438180 |
| a newborn mouse cryptosporidium parvum infection model: its application to the study of therapeutic and prophylactic measures for controlling cryptosporidiosis in ruminants. | in this study, a newborn mouse model of cryptosporidium parvum infection is presented so as to evaluate therapeutic and prophylactic measures for controlling cryptosporidiosis in ruminants. ninety-six suckling mice from ten litters were used. the mice in group i were infected with c. parvum oocysts, and the mice in group ii served as non-infected controls. in both groups, intensity of infection and serum igg, iga and igm responses were measured at 6, 9, 12 and 16 days post-infection (pi). experi ... | 2006 | 16447067 |
| persistent infection in a dairy herd with an unusual genotype of bovine cryptosporidium parvum. | on two occasions, we identified cryptosporidium parvum with an unusual banding pattern after restriction enzyme digestion of cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein pcr fragments. the samples originated from a single farm with calf diarrhoea. the cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein pcr fragment sequence revealed a point mutation in one of the recognition sites for rsai. our subgenotyping showed that samples from both samplings shared the same ms1 and gp15 alleles. analysis of the tp14 microsatellite ... | 2006 | 16451181 |
| identification of cpgp40/15 type ib as the predominant allele in isolates of cryptosporidium spp. from a waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis in south burgundy, france. | cryptosporidium sp. isolates from a waterborne outbreak of diarrhea in france were analyzed by pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequencing of the cpgp40/15 locus. ninety-one percent of the isolates were cryptosporidium hominis type ib. the results of this study and those of studies of other outbreaks suggest that the type ib allele is the predominant allele associated with waterborne cryptosporidiosis. | 2006 | 16455918 |
| multilocus genotyping of cryptosporidium sp. isolates from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals in south india. | this study characterized cryptosporidial infections in 48 human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals in india by multilocus genotyping. cryptosporidium hominis, c. parvum, c. felis, c. muris, and c. meleagridis were identified. cpgp40/15 pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism identified six subgenotypes. cryptosporidial diarrhea was associated with decreased cd4 counts, below 200 (p = 0.009), but not high viral loads. | 2006 | 16455931 |
| changes of physical and biochemical properties of cryptosporidium oocysts with various storage conditions. | physical and biochemical properties of cryptosporidium parvum oocyst were examined after storage under various conditions. oocyst-positive-fecal samples recovered from calves were either stored in a 2.0% potassium dichromate solution (cr) or deionized water (w), or kept as a fecal pellet (p), and stored at 4 or 18 degrees c for a maximum of 100 days. when stored in cr at 4 degrees c, the morphology of oocysts and their ability to withstand ultrasonics was not affected by the storing media or the ... | 2006 | 16458949 |
| interaction force profiles between cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and silica surfaces. | the interaction force profile between single cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and silica particles was measured in aqueous solutions using an atomic force microscope. the oocysts were immobilized during the measurements by entrapment in millipore polycarbonate membranes with a 3 microm pore size. experiments were performed in both nacl and cacl2 solutions at ionic strengths ranging from 1 to 100 mm. for both electrolytes the decay length of the repulsive force profile, obtained via the slope of a ... | 2005 | 16475338 |
| accumulation of tropomyosin isoform 5 at the infection sites of host cells during cryptosporidium invasion. | the actin cytoskeleton of host cells has been implicated in cryptosporidium invasion. however, the underlying mechanism of how actin filaments and associated proteins modulate this process remains unclear. in this study, we use in vitro cultured cell lines, human ileocecal adenocarcinoma hct-8 and chinese hamster ovary (cho), and an in vivo mouse model to investigate the roles of tropomyosin isoforms in cryptosporidium invasion. using isoform-specific monoclonal antibodies, we found that the maj ... | 2006 | 16479376 |
| identification of isoflavone derivatives as effective anticryptosporidial agents in vitro and in vivo. | we report the preparation and antiparasitic activity in vitro and in vivo of a series of isoflavone derivatives related to genistein. these analogues retain the 5,7-dihydroxyisoflavone core of genistein: direct genistein analogues (2-h isoflavones), 2-carboethoxy isoflavones, and the precursor deoxybenzoins were all evaluated. excellent in vitro activity against cryptosporidium parvum was observed for both classes of isoflavones in cell cultures, and the lead compound 19, rm6427, shows high in v ... | 2006 | 16480281 |
| cryptosporidium parvum diarrhea in an infant with short bowel syndrome. | cryptosporidium parvum is an underdiagnosed cause of diarrhea in children. the case of a 1-year-old girl with short bowel syndrome presenting with severe dehydrating diarrhea with a protozoon named c parvum is reported. although the resection of the small bowel in this patient seemed to cause this severe infection with c parvum, more cases are needed to include the resection of the small bowel as a risk factor for cryptosporidium infection and/or for a more severe form of diarrhea. awareness of ... | 2006 | 16481235 |
| cryptosporidium oocysts in mussels (mytilus edulis) from normandy (france). | cultured mussels (mytilus edulis) were collected seasonally during one year from three sites on the northwestern coastal area of normandy (france). flesh, gills and innerwater were examined for cryptosporidium oocyst detection using immunomagnetic separation and immunofluorescence assay. oocysts were present in all samples for all sites and seasons and flesh was the most contaminated part. oocyst rates were apparently related with seasonal rain precipitation variations. molecular analysis reveal ... | 2006 | 16488039 |
| age-related and housing-dependence of cryptosporidium infection of calves from dairy and beef herds in south bohemia, czech republic. | data of the prevalence, age-related and housing-dependence of naturally acquired cryptosporidiosis on 11 dairy and 11 beef farms in south bohemia (czech republic) were collected. the farms were visited over four consecutive years (from 2002 to 2005). the prevalence of cryptosporidium in pre-weaned (animals until second month of age) and post-weaned (animals from the third month of age) calves was determined. a total of 7001 faecal samples were collected, concentrated by sheather's floatation met ... | 2006 | 16488542 |
| evaluation of two commercial disinfectants on the viability and infectivity of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | cryptosporidiosis is mainly a problem in neonatal ruminants. not only do cryptosporidium spp. spread ubiquitously in our environment, but the protozoa are highly resistant to harsh environmental conditions and disinfectants, and a control measure is urgently required. this study investigated the potential biocidal activity on cryptosporidium parvum oocysts of two commercial disinfectants developed originally to be used in farms and food-processing industries. the products, containing formaldehyd ... | 2006 | 16490718 |
| important zoonotic intestinal protozoan parasites in asia. | intestinal protozoa are increasingly being studied because of their association with acute and chronic diarrhoea in immunocompromised as well as immunocompetent patients. various community outbreaks due to contamination of water or food with these protozoa have further highlighted their importance in public health. among these important pathogens are giardia duodenalis, entamoeba histolytica, cryptosporidium parvum, cyclospora cayetanensis, isospora belli, and microsporidia. except for the cyst- ... | 2004 | 16493397 |
| a rational approach to the stool ova and parasite examination. | examination of multiple stool specimens per patient to rule out parasitic infection continues to be recommended in the literature. attractive alternatives have been proposed, such as examination of a single specimen, but data to support their use have been inconclusive. | 2006 | 16511762 |
| cryptosporidium parvum infections in bergen, norway, during an extensive outbreak of waterborne giardiasis in autumn and winter 2004. | during a large waterborne giardiasis outbreak in norway, many diarrheic patients were found to have cryptosporidium infections. gene sequencing identified these infections as cryptosporidium parvum infections, although they were not identical. whether these infections were due to a simultaneous outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidiosis or reflected background levels not normally detected is discussed. | 2006 | 16517675 |
| use of nitazoxanide for gastrointestinal tract infections: treatment of protozoan parasitic infection and beyond. | the united states food and drug administration has approved the parasiticidal agent nitazoxanide for treatment of diarrhea caused by giardia lamblia/intestinalis or cryptosporidium parvum. this novel agent has a broad spectrum of activity against many other gastrointestinal pathogens, including bacteria, roundworms, flatworms, and flukes. nitazoxanide is used in many areas of the world, especially in central and south america, as a broad-spectrum parasiticidal agent in adults and children. nitaz ... | 2006 | 16524544 |
| towards standard methods for the detection of cryptosporidium parvum on lettuce and raspberries. part 1: development and optimization of methods. | no standard method is available for detecting protozoan parasites on foods such as soft fruit and salad vegetables. we report on optimizing methods for detecting cryptosporidium parvum on lettuce and raspberries. these methods are based on four basic stages: extraction of oocysts from the foodstuffs, concentration of the extract and separation of the oocysts from food materials, staining of the oocysts to allow their visualization, and identification of oocysts by microscopy. the concentration a ... | 2006 | 16529835 |
| potential role of the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica, in the epidemiology of cryptosporidium parvum. | oysters were placed in an aquarium containing artificial seawater, and cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were added. oocysts were later found in the gill washings, hemocytes, and gut contents of the oysters. hemocytes containing oocysts were intubated into four mice. c. parvum stages developed in the ileal epithelia of all of the mice, indicating that the oocysts in the hemocytes remained infective. | 1997 | 16535617 |
| in vitro interactions of asian freshwater clam (corbicula fluminea) hemocytes and cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | corbicula fluminea hemocytes phagocytosed infectious oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum in vitro. after 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min of incubation, averages of 35.8, 58.0, 69.7, 77.7, and 81.6% of the oocysts were phagocytosed by 24.3, 70.0, 78.5, 87.3, and 93.0% of the hemocytes, respectively. a single clam can retain by phagocytosis an average of 1.84 x 10(sup6) oocysts per ml of hemolymph. c. fluminea bivalves can serve as biological indicators of contamination of wastewaters and agricultural d ... | 1997 | 16535656 |
| cryptosporidium sp. infections in green turtles, chelonia mydas, as a potential source of marine waterborne oocysts in the hawaiian islands. | for the first time, cryptosporidium sp. oocysts were identified in fecal and intestinal samples from free-ranging marine turtles, chelonia mydas, from the hawaiian islands. the oocysts produced positive reactions with commercial test kits recommended for the detection of human-infectious waterborne oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum. | 1997 | 16535658 |
| quantitative microbial risk assessment to estimate health risks attributable to water supply: can the technique be applied in developing countries with limited data? | in the 3rd edition of its guidelines for drinking-water quality (2004) (gdwq) the world health organization (who) promotes the use of risk assessment coupled with risk management for the control of water safety in drinking water supplies. quantitative microbial risk assessment (qmra) provides a tool for estimating the disease-burden from pathogenic microorganisms in water using information about the distribution and occurrence of the pathogen or an appropriate surrogate. this information may the ... | 2006 | 16604838 |
| patients with gastrointestinal complains due to enteric parasites, with reference to entamoeba histolytica/dispar as dected by elisa e. histolytica adhesion in stool. | a total of 210 patients with gastrointestinal troubles, of both sex and a mean age of 32 +/- 6.1 years, selected from the outpatient's clinics of al-azhar university hospitals. 115 (54.76%) had dysentery, 95 (45.23%) did not have dysentery, 15 (14%) suffered flatulence, 20 (9.52%) had epi-gastric pain, 19 (9.05%) had vague abdominal pain, 5 vomiting (5.2%) and 10 (4.9%) had fever. two symptoms were in 29 (13.81%) patients and three symptoms in 12 (5.71%). of the 210 patients, 20 (9.9%) had helmi ... | 2006 | 16605100 |
| a dance teacher with kidney-pancreas transplant and diarrhoea: what is the cause? | | 2005 | 16033769 |
| differential evolution of repetitive sequences in cryptosporidium parvum and cryptosporidium hominis. | cryptosporidium parvum and cryptosporidium hominis are two morphologically identical species of apicomplexan protozoa infecting humans. although the genomes of these species are 97% identical, their host range is strikingly different. c. parvum infects humans and animals and is primarily a zoonotic infection, whereas c. hominis is typically not detected in animals. the extent of genetic polymorphism in both species has been surveyed locally, but not on a larger geographical scale. herein, a coll ... | 2006 | 16503512 |