| reduced expression of lipophosphoglycan (lpg) and kinetoplastid membrane protein (kmp)-11 in leishmania donovani promastigotes in axenic culture. | the expression of surface lipophosphoglycan (lpg) and the lipophosphoglycan-associated kinetoplastid membrane protein (kmp)-11 was studied in the strain ag83 of leishmania donovani in axenic culture. the expression of lpg and kmp-11 decreased along with parasite virulence as a function of the time of the subculture. | 1998 | 9645879 |
| [liver changes in aids. retrospective analysis of 227 autopsies of hiv-positive patients]. | in a retrospective study of a 12-year period (1981-1992) liver histology was analyzed in 227 autopsied patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. normal histology could only be documented in 29 patients (13%). in the majority of cases (56%) uncharacteristic changes were seen such as steatosis (34%), hemosiderosis (10%) or non-specific reactive hepatitis (7%). the finding of hepatic peliosis obtained in 4 patients was not associated with inflammatory liver changes, especially infect ... | 1998 | 9648144 |
| single-step multiplex pcr assay for characterization of new world leishmania complexes. | we have developed a pcr assay for one-step differentiation of the three complexes of new world leishmania (leishmania braziliensis, leishmania mexicana, and leishmania donovani). this multiplex assay is targeted to the spliced leader rna (mini-exon) gene repeats of these organisms and can detect all three complexes simultaneously, generating differently sized products for each complex. the assay is specific to the leishmania genus and does not recognize related kinetoplastid protozoa, such as tr ... | 1998 | 9650950 |
| behavior in a mouse model of isolates of leishmania donovani sensu lato cultured from the blood of patients with chronic cutaneous lesions. | our objective was to characterize biologically in an animal model two isolates of leishmania parasites unexpectedly encountered in the circulating blood of two patients with chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis. both isolates were classified by cellulose acetate electrophoresis as belonging to the l. donovani senso lato complex. we elected to use balb/c mice, an inbred strain that has been proven to be very sensitive to the dermotropic parasite l. major. this study demonstrated that for the same numb ... | 1998 | 9660450 |
| a2rel: a constitutively expressed leishmania gene linked to an amastigote-stage-specific gene. | the a2-a2rel gene copies are arranged in tandem arrays on a 850 kb chromosome in leishmania donovani. contrary to a2 mrna which displays amastigote-stage-specific expression, a2rel gene expression is constitutive throughout the l. donovani life cycle. the a2rel sequence was found to be conserved in all leishmania species tested, while the a2 sequence is specific to l. donovani and l. mexicana. the a2rel full length cdna is of 2.3 kb and it contains one open reading frame coding for a putative pr ... | 1998 | 9662025 |
| diagnosis of kala-azar by nested pcr based on amplification of the leishmania mini-exon gene. | to diagnose visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar), we have developed a nested pcr method based on amplification of the mini-exon gene, which is unique and tandomly repeated in the leishmania genome. nested pcr was sufficiently sensitive for the detection of dna in an amount equivalent to a single leishmania parasite or less. we examined the usefulness of this pcr method using bone marrow aspirates and buffy coat cells collected from kala-azar patients who had or had not received chemotherapy in nor ... | 1998 | 9665985 |
| live and killed human immunodeficiency virus type-1 increases the intracellular growth of leishmania donovani in monocyte-derived cells. | we coincubated killed or live human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) with human monocyte-derived cells infected with leishmania donovani and examined the effect of the virus preparations on the intracellular growth of the parasite. we found that there was significant enhancement (by a mean of 53%, p < 0.001) of intracellular l. donovani growth in the human monocytic leukaemia thp-1 cell line coincubated with killed hiv-1. infection of peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages with live ... | 1998 | 9670355 |
| human dendritic cell (dc)-based anti-infective therapy: engineering dcs to secrete functional ifn-gamma and il-12. | an imbalance in the th1- and th2-type cytokine responses may allow certain microbes to modify the host response to favor their own persistence. we now show that infection/pulsing of human cd34+ peripheral blood hemopoietic progenitor cell-derived dendritic cells (dcs) with leishmania donovani promastigotes, histoplasma capsulatum, and mycobacterium kansasii impairs the constitutive production of il-12 from these cells. thus, strategies aimed at modulating a dysregulated th1/th2 response to infec ... | 1998 | 9670965 |
| sensitivity of leishmania viannia panamensis to pentavalent antimony is correlated with the formation of cleavable dna-protein complexes. | the emergence of leishmania less sensitive to pentavalent antimonial agents (sbvs), the report of inhibition of purified topoisomerase i of leishmania donovani by sodium stibogluconate (pentostam), and the uncertain mechanism of action of antimonial drugs prompted an evaluation of sbvs in the stabilization of cleavable complexes in promastigotes of leishmania (viannia). the effect of camptothecin, an inhibitor of topoisomerase, and additive-free meglumine antimoniate (glucantime) on the stabiliz ... | 1998 | 9687395 |
| in vitro and in vivo activity of two pt(iv) salts against leishmania donovani. | the activities of 8 platinum drug complex salts were determined against leishmania donovani promastigotes. the three most active salts were selected: [ptivbr6]h2 (pentamidine); [ptivbr6]h2 (stilbamidine), and [ptivcl6]h2 (2-piperazinyl(1) ethyl amine), which induced growth-inhibition rates of more than 50% at 24 h of treatment and at the maximum dosage tested. the cytotoxicity assays on the macrophage cell line j-774 showed high cytotoxicity for the salt [ptivbr6]h2 (stilbamidine) with a percent ... | 1998 | 9691236 |
| biochemical and molecular characterization of leishmania parasites isolated from an endemic focus in eastern sudan. | twelve leishmania isolates from visceral leishmaniasis patients in eastern sudan were characterized using isoenzyme analysis, southern blotting and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) 'fingerprinting'. isoenzyme analysis revealed the presence of 3 zymodemes: mon-18, mon-30 and mon-82, corresponding to leishmania donovani sensu stricto, l. infantum and l. archibaldi (still of uncertain taxonomic status), respectively. southern blotting and pcr 'fingerprinting' revealed identical patterns for all 3 zy ... | 1998 | 9692173 |
| synergistic effect of ir-(cot)-pentamidine alizarin red and pentamidine, amphotericin b, and paromomycin on leishmania donovani. | | 1998 | 9698271 |
| molecular and antigenic characterization of the leishmania (viannia) panamensis kinetoplastid membrane protein-11. | the kinetoplastid membrane protein 11 (kmp-11) has been recently described in leishmania (leishmania) donovani as a major component of the promastigote membrane. two oligonucleotide primers were synthesized to pcr-amplify the entire encoding region of new world leishmania species. the leishmania (viannia) panamensis amplification product was clone, sequenced and the putative amino acid sequence determined. a remarkably high degree of sequence homology was observed with the corresponding molecule ... | 1998 | 9698903 |
| a gene encoding the plant-like alternative oxidase is present in phytomonas but absent in leishmania spp. | the constituents of the respiratory chain are believed to differ among the trypanosomatids; bloodstream stages of african trypanosomes and phytomonas promastigotes oxidize ubiquinol by a ubiquinol:oxygen oxidoreductase, also known as alternative oxidase, whereas leishmania spp. oxidize ubiquinol via a classic cytochrome-containing respiratory chain. the molecular basis for this elementary difference in ubiquinol oxidation by the mitochondrial electron-transport chain in distinct trypanosomatids ... | 1998 | 9703678 |
| modification of kinetoplast dna minicircle composition in pentamidine-resistant leishmania. | pentamidine, an antiprotozoal drug, was shown to have various cellular and molecular targets depending on the organism. in leishmania, ultrastructural modifications of kinetoplast and mitochondria have been observed but no data is available on cellular and molecular events involved in development of pentamidine-resistance. the absence of modification of minicircle dna in pentamidine treated l. donovani and l. amazonensis promastigotes suggested that topoisomerase ii activity is not a target. thi ... | 1998 | 9707364 |
| cloning of leishmania nucleoside transporter genes by rescue of a transport-deficient mutant. | all parasitic protozoa studied to date are incapable of purine biosynthesis and must therefore salvage purine nucleobases or nucleosides from their hosts. this salvage process is initiated by purine transporters on the parasite cell surface. we have used a mutant line (tuba5) of leishmania donovani that is deficient in adenosine/pyrimidine nucleoside transport activity (ldnt1) to clone genes encoding these nucleoside transporters by functional rescue. two such genes, ldnt1.1 and ldnt1.2, have be ... | 1998 | 9707568 |
| coiling phagocytosis of trypanosomatids and fungal cells. | coiling phagocytosis has previously been studied only with the bacteria legionella pneumophila and borrelia burgdorferi, and the results were inconsistent. to learn more about this unconventional phagocytic mechanism, the uptake of various eukaryotic microorganisms by human monocytes, murine macrophages, and murine dendritic cells was investigated in vitro by video and electron microscopy. unconventional phagocytosis of leishmania spp. promastigotes, trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes, candida al ... | 1998 | 9712785 |
| isotype profiles of leishmania donovani-infected balb/c mice: preferential stimulation of igg2a/b by liposome-associated promastigote antigens. | leishmaniasis presents a complex spectrum of diseases and immunological manifestations depending upon both the species of the microorganism and the host it infects. balb/c mice, which are homozygous for lsh(s) on chromosome 1, are genetically susceptible to the visceralizing species of leishmania. infection of these mice with an indian strain of leishmania donovani showed a steady rise in the level of parasite burden in both the liver and the spleen to 24 wk. to investigate the immune responses ... | 1998 | 9714204 |
| humoral and cellular immune responses to synthetic peptides of the leishmania donovani kinetoplastid membrane protein-11. | native kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (kmp-11), purified from crude extracts of leishmania donovani parasites, activates t cells from individuals who have recovered from visceral leishmaniasis. in this work we used three 38-mer peptides spanning the amino acid sequence of the l. donovani kmp-11 as solid-phase ligands in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) and as stimulating antigens in lymphoproliferative assays in order to evaluate humoral and cellular immune responses to well-define ... | 1998 | 9714418 |
| mixed infection of human u-937 cells by two different species of leishmania. | mixed infections by different leishmania species could explain differences in the clinical course of these infections. moreover, mixed infections of the same macrophage could be the basis for parasite recombination. we stained three strains of leishmania (l. mexicana amazonensis, l. donovani dd8, and l. infantum d2, respectively) with different fluorescent dyes and analyzed them using a fluorescence-activated cell scanner. the simultaneous infection of one cell by leishmania belonging to two dif ... | 1998 | 9715931 |
| leishmania donovani has distinct mannosylphosphoryltransferases for the initiation and elongation phases of lipophosphoglycan repeating unit biosynthesis. | lipophosphoglycan (lpg) is the predominant surface glycoconjugate of leishmania promastigotes and plays several roles in the infectious cycle of this protozoan parasite. the salient feature of lpg is the presence of 15-30 copies of a disaccharide-phosphate repeating unit gal(beta1,4)man(alpha1-po4), which is also found on many other secreted molecules (secretory acid phosphatase, phosphoglycan, proteophosphoglycan). this structural diversity suggests that a multiplicity of enzymes mediating repe ... | 1998 | 9719508 |
| evidence that trypanothione reductase is an essential enzyme in leishmania by targeted replacement of the trya gene locus. | trypanothione reductase (tr), a flavoprotein oxidoreductase central to the unique thiol-redox system that operates in trypanosomatid protozoa, has been proposed as a potential target for the chemotherapy of trypanosomatid infections. in this study, targeted gene replacement was used to obtain evidence that tr is an essential cellular component and that its physiological function is crucial for parasite survival. precise replacement of the leishmania donovani trya gene encoding tr was only possib ... | 1998 | 9720880 |
| inducible expression of suicide genes in leishmania donovani amastigotes. | this study tests the feasibility of using the a2 gene regulatory system to create a leishmania cell line in which attenuation is developmentally regulated when the parasite differentiates from promastigotes to amastigotes. the leishmania donovani- inducible a2 gene regulatory system was used to differentially express in amastigotes two potential suicide genes: a truncated version of the l. donovani 3'-nucleotidase/nuclease expressed in the cytoplasm and the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase ... | 1998 | 9722523 |
| is pgl-1 also present in leishmania donovani promastigotes? | a soluble antigen complex (sac) derived from the ruptured promastigotes of leishmania donovani parasites (ld-sac) was used for complement fixation test (cft) in leprosy cases of tuberculoid and borderline tuberculoid leprosy, post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (tt, bt, pkdl) and control sera gave negative cft. smear-positive cases of borderline (bb, bl) and lepromatous (ll) leprosy and drug-resisting cases of pulmonary tuberculosis gave positive cft; smear-negative cases of ll leprosy sera also ... | 1998 | 9724851 |
| therapeutic effect of interferon-gamma gene transfer in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | interferon (ifn)-gamma, in both natural endogenous form and administered as exogenous protein, induces control over visceral leishmania donovani in experimentally infected balb/c mice. to further characterize the therapeutic role of ifn-gamma in host defense against intracellular l. donovani, the efficacy of ifn-gamma delivered by gene transfer was tested. one week after infection, normal and ifn-gamma gene-disrupted (gko) balb/c mice were injected with an ifn-gamma gene-bearing mammalian expres ... | 1998 | 9728571 |
| rk39 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of leishmania donovani infection. | the rk39 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was compared with the direct agglutination test (dat) for leishmania donovani infection in the sudan. rk39 elisa proved more sensitive than dat in diagnosis of kala-azar (93 and 80%, respectively); both tests may remain positive up to 24 months after treatment. for patients with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis and individuals with subclinical infection, rk39 elisa performed as well as dat but could detect infection 6 months earlier in approx ... | 1998 | 9729541 |
| structure of a filamentous phosphoglycoprotein polymer: the secreted acid phosphatase of leishmania mexicana. | the insect stage of the protozoan parasite leishmania mexicana secretes a filamentous acid phosphatase (secreted acid phosphatase, sap), a polymeric phosphoglycoprotein. the wild-type (wt) sap filament is a copolymer composed of two related gene products sap1 and sap2, which are identical in the enzymatically active nh2-terminal domain and the cooh-terminal domain, but differ in the length of a highly glycosylated ser/thr-rich repeat region (32 amino acids and 383 amino acids, respectively) whic ... | 1998 | 9733646 |
| fusion of sendai virus and individual host cells and inhibition of fusion by lipophosphoglycan measured with image correlation spectroscopy. | fusion between sendai virus (sv) and individual host cells was investigated with confocal laser scanning microscopy (clsm) and image correlation spectroscopy (ics). sv was labeled with the fluorescent probe 7-octadecylamino-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (nbd-nh-c18) and was allowed to bind to host cells (hep-2, balb-3t3) at 4 degrees c. the effect of lipophosphoglycan (lpg), isolated from leishmania donovani, on virus fusion was investigated by incorporation of lpg (0, 5, 10 or 20 microm) into t ... | 1998 | 9739163 |
| conserved organization of genes in trypanosomatids. | trypanosomatids are unicellular protozoan parasites which constitute some of the most primitive eukaryotes. leishmania spp, trypanosoma cruzi and members of the trypanosoma brucei group, which cause human diseases, are the most studied representatives of this large family. here we report a comparative analysis of a large genomic region containing glucose transporter genes in three salivarian trypanosomes (t. brucei, t. congolense and t. vivax), t. cruzi and leishmania donovani. in t. brucei, the ... | 1998 | 9747975 |
| uptake into leishmania donovani promastigotes and antileishmanial action of an organometallic complex derived from pentamidine. | iridium (ir)-(cod)-pentamidine tetraphenylborate (cas 225-75-4) was selected from a primary screening to be evaluated in vitro on three leishmania (l.) strains comparatively to pentamidine used as reference compound. the ic50 values obtained from in vitro evaluation on promastigotes of l. major cre 26, l. donovani dd8 and l. donovani lv9 were 3.9, 23.5, and 3.3 mumol/l for ir-(cod)-pentamidine tetraphenylborate and 1.6, 7.7, and 3.9 mumol/l for pentamidine isethionate, respectively. cytotoxicity ... | 1998 | 9748715 |
| development and characterization of paromomycin-resistant leishmania donovani promastigotes. | paromomycin is an antileishmanial chemotherapeutic agent. leishmania donovani promastigotes resistant to 800 microm of paromomycin were selected by increasing drug pressure and cloned. these promastigotes did not acquire multidrug resistance. paromomycin resistance was stable in the absence of the drug in the culture. it remained stable also in amastigotes isolated after a passage in mice. furthermore the resistant parasites were still infective to macrophages in vitro and for mice in vivo. a se ... | 1998 | 9754313 |
| efficacies of ky62 against leishmania amazonensis and leishmania donovani in experimental murine cutaneous leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis. | current therapy for leishmaniasis is unsatisfactory because parenteral antimonial salts and pentamidine are associated with significant toxicity and failure rates. we examined the efficacy of ky62, a new, water-soluble, polyene antifungal, against cutaneous infection with leishmania amazonensis and against visceral infection with leishmania donovani in susceptible balb/c mice. mice were infected with l. amazonensis promastigotes in the ear pinna and in the tail and were treated with ky62 or amph ... | 1998 | 9756753 |
| antiparasitic effects of the intra-golgi transport inhibitor megalomicin. | the macrolide antibiotic megalomicin (mgm) has been shown to inhibit vesicular transport between the medial- and trans-golgi, resulting in the undersialylation of cellular proteins (p. bonay, s. munro, m. fresno, and b. alarcón, j. biol. chem. 271:3719-3726, 1996). due to the effects of mgm on the golgi and on the replication of enveloped viruses, we decided to test whether it has any antiparasitic activity. the results showed that mgm has potent activity against the epimastigote stage of trypan ... | 1998 | 9756774 |
| characterization of developmentally-regulated activities in axenic amastigotes of leishmania donovani. | leishmania donovani is an obligatory intracellular parasite which cycles between the midgut of sand flies (extracellular promastigote) and the phagolysosomes of mammalian macrophages (intracellular amastigote). promastigotes have been readily cultured, whereas axenic cultures of amastigotes have only recently been developed. a new method for in vitro differentiation of l. donovani promastigotes into amastigotes is presented, in which promastigotes are exposed to environmental changes that mimic ... | 1998 | 9763285 |
| post kala-azar ocular leishmaniasis. | the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of 6 patients with post kala-azar ocular leishmaniasis are described. the eye lesions were associated with past or concomitant post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl). four patients had post kala-azar leishmanial conjunctivitis and blepharitis. using the polymerase chain reaction, the causative parasite was characterized as leishmania donovani in 2 of these 4 patients. two patients had post kala-azar anterior uveitis. the diagnosis of uveitis was ... | 1998 | 9764325 |
| blockade of ctla-4 enhances host resistance to the intracellular pathogen, leishmania donovani. | ctla-4 has recently been shown to act as a negative regulator of t cell activation. here we provide evidence that blockade of ctla-4 can result in enhanced host resistance to an intracellular pathogen. the administration of anti-ctla-4 mab 4f10 to balb/c mice, 1 day following infection with leishmania donovani, enhanced the frequency of ifn-gamma and il-4 producing cells in both spleen and liver, and dramatically accelerated the development of a hepatic granulomatous response. the expression of ... | 1998 | 9780188 |
| evidence for the existence of a surface receptor for ferriclactoferrin and ferrictransferrin associated with the plasma membrane of the protozoan parasite leishmania donovani. | previous work has demonstrated the ability of the promastigote form of the protozoan parasite leishmania chagasi to utilize iron chelated to lactoferrin and transferrin for growth and metabolism. we have obtained evidence suggesting that the promastigote form of the parasite possesses specific binding sites for lactoferrin and transferrin. lactoferrin binding appears to be: 1) independent of whether or not the protein contains iron; 2) not inhibited by transferrin; and 3) independent of whether ... | 1998 | 9781352 |
| mechanism and specificity of immunoprotection induced by mycobacterial proteins against experimental tuberculosis in mice. | mechanism of immunoprotection and specificity of two highly immunoprotective mycobacterial proteins, viz. 71 and 30 kda were investigated. the adoptive transfer studies indicated that immunoprotection was mainly mediated by cooperative effect of cd4+ and cd8+ (66.7-73.3% on the basis of percent survival) which was further enhanced marginally by supplementation of b cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and other immune cells. the specificity studies indicated that both the pr ... | 1998 | 9782782 |
| in vitro and in vivo activities of trybizine hydrochloride against various pathogenic trypanosome species. | trybizine hydrochloride [o,o'-bis(4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-2, 2-tetramethylene-s-triazine-1-yl)-1,6-hexanediol dihydrochloride] was active in vitro against the sleeping sickness-causing agents trypanosoma brucei subsp. rhodesiense and t. brucei subsp. gambiense; against a multidrug-resistant organism, t. brucei subsp. brucei; and against animal-pathogenic organisms trypanosoma evansi, trypanosoma equiperdum, and trypanosoma congolense; but not against the intracellular parasites trypanosoma cruzi ... | 1998 | 9797216 |
| a diagnostic elisa for visceral leishmaniasis, based on antigen from media conditioned by leishmania donovani promastigotes. | leishmania donovani promastigotes were cultured in a protein-free medium for 3-5 days and the spent medium used to prepare antibody-detection elisa plates. when the plates were used to test 29 kenyan and 16 nepalese patients with visceral leishmaniasis (vl; kala-azar), all the sera collected at diagnosis were found to have high levels of parasite-specific igg. the levels of these antibodies dropped 6-12 months post-initiation of antileishmanial therapy in all but one of the patients. although th ... | 1998 | 9797830 |
| macrophage mannosyl fucosyl receptor: its role in invasion of virulent and avirulent l. donovani promastigotes. | the interaction of leishmania parasites with macrophages is known to be receptor mediated. previous study from this laboratory (j. parasitol. 82:632, 1996) showed the significant involvement of lpg and gp63 receptors in the recognition of virulent strains onto the macrophages. the role of carbohydrate receptors the other major receptors besides lpg and gp63 receptors, in the recognition of both virulent (strains ag83 and ge1) and avirulent (strain ur6) leishmania onto the host macrophages has be ... | 1998 | 9798785 |
| the expression of the leishmania infantum kmp-11 protein is developmentally regulated and stage specific. | transcription of the gene coding for the kmp-11 protein of leishmania infantum results in the production of a mature rna transcript of 1.3 kb in length. the expression of kmp-11 mrna is strongly down-regulated not only during the parasite growth from the logarithmic to the stationary phase but also during the differentiation transit from promastigotes to amastigotes. the estimated concentration of kmp-11 is one order of magnitude higher in promastigotes than in amastigotes. the analysis of the t ... | 1998 | 9804960 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in district dir, nwfp. | visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in district dir, nwfp. we evaluated 10 patients with visceral leishmaniasis at dhq hospital timergara district dir, n.w.f.p. all patients were in the age range 2 to 10 years. the predominant clinical features in these were chronic fever (10), splenomegaly (10), hepatomegaly (10), weight loss (10) and abdominal distention (5). lymphadenopathy was absent. common laboratory abnormalities included anaemia (10), leucopenia (7), thrombocytopenia (10) and hypergammaglo ... | 1998 | 9813985 |
| protective effect of picroliv from picrorhiza kurroa against leishmania donovani infections in mesocricetus auratus. | the prevalent drugs for treatment of kala azar viz. sodium stibogluconate (ssg) and pentamidine cause severe toxic side effects and acute immunosuppression in the treated individuals. picroliv, a standardized mixture of iridoid glycosides, prepared from the alcoholic extract of the root and rhizome of picrorhiza kurroa has shown strong hepatoprotective activity against several models of hepatotoxicity. therefore, the present study was undertaken with an objective to study the effects of picroliv ... | 1998 | 9820126 |
| antileishmanial chalcones: statistical design, synthesis, and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis. | a large number of substituted chalcones have been synthesized and tested for antileishmanial and lymphocyte-suppressing activities. a subset of the chalcones was designed by using statistical methods. 3d-qsar analyses using 67 (antileishmanial activity) and 63 (lymphocyte-suppressing activity) of the compounds for the training sets and 9 compounds as an external validation set were performed by using the grid/golpe methodology. the smart region definition procedure with subsequent region selecti ... | 1998 | 9822551 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-chloro-3, 5-dinitrobenzotrifluoride analogues as antileishmanial agents. | desnitro analogues of 4-chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzotrifluoride (chloralin) (2), an in vitro microtubule inhibitor of several leishmania species, have been synthesized from 2-halo-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonyl chlorides 4 and 5. the analogues exhibited moderate to excellent activity when tested against leishmania donovani amastigotes in vitro. two representative compounds, 7f and 8, were tested against the khartoum strain of l. donovani in a hamster model using chloralin (2) and glucantime (one ... | 1998 | 9822557 |
| leishmaniasis of the tongue in a renal transplant recipient. | | 1998 | 9827301 |
| cytotoxic and leishmanicidal aminoglycosteroids and aminosteroids from holarrhena curtisii. | the etoh extract of the leaves of holarrhena curtisii yielded five new steroidal alkaloids: 17-epi-holacurtine (3), 17-epi-n-demethylholacurtine (4), holacurtinol (5), 3alpha-amino-14beta-hydroxypregnan-20-one (7), and 15alpha-hydroxyholamine (8), in addition to the known compounds, holacurtine (1), n-demethylholacurtine (2), and holamine (6). all eight compounds showed significant cytotoxic and leishmanicidal activities. | 1998 | 9834146 |
| resistance of phlebotomus papatasi to infection with leishmania donovani is modulated by components of the infective bloodmeal. | the circumstances which permit the establishment of leishmania infections in sandflies were investigated by altering the growth conditions for l. donovani parasites in the unsuitable vector phlebotomus papatasi. only 5.0% of the sandflies harboured a few parasites 3 days after feeding on promastigotes in defibrinated blood. heparinized blood or the addition of trypsin inhibitor to the meals allowed persistence of infections (day 6) in 9.9% and 25.8% of the flies respectively. meals of erythrocyt ... | 1998 | 9836311 |
| distribution of igg subclasses in antimonial unresponsive indian kala-azar patients. | sodium antimony gluconate (sag) is the mainstay of treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (vl) or kala-azar. in view of the increasing incidence of refractoriness to sag in india, we compared the levels of parasite-specific igg and igg subclasses in 20 longitudinally followed up kala-azar patients. in both sag-responsive (n = 10) and unresponsive patients (n = 10), the levels of total igg, igg1, igg2, igg3 and igg4 were increased, the rank order being igg1 > igg2 > igg3 = igg4. following treatment ... | 1998 | 9844051 |
| use of the polymerase chain reaction to assess the success of visceral leishmaniasis treatment. | we investigated whether the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) performed with aspirates of bone marrow or lymph node can be used as a test of cure of visceral leishmaniasis (vl). sixty-one vl patients who had received supervised treatment with sodium stibogluconate in the health centre of médecins sans frontières (msf) holland in um-kuraa, eastern sudan, were studied. immediately after treatment, no parasite could be demonstrated by microscopy in aspirates of bone marrow or lymph node. in contrast, ... | 1998 | 9850390 |
| survival strategies of leishmania donovani in mammalian host macrophages. | microbes have evolved a variety of strategies to survive inside their host cells. some have the molecular machinery to survive in the hostile environment of phagolysosomes; others escape the phagosome to the more cozy environment of the cell cytoplasm; others inhibit the phagosome fusion with hydrolase-enriched endocytic organelles. this is the case for the promastigote form of the protozoan parasite leishmania donovani which resides in a phagosome displaying poor fusogenic properties towards en ... | 1998 | 9851525 |
| lipophosphoglycan of leishmania donovani inhibits lipid vesicle fusion induced by the n-terminal extremity of viral fusogenic simian immunodeficiency virus protein. | lipophosphoglycan (lpg), the major glycoconjugate of leishmania parasites, was recently shown to be a potent inhibitor of viral infection. the mechanism by which this natural membrane amphiphile compound inhibits membrane fusion was investigated in this study using a simple model membrane system and a synthetic peptide corresponding to the fusion peptide of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). at low concentration (< 10 microm), lpg inhibits siv-induced lipid mixing of large unilamellar vesicles ... | 1998 | 9851704 |
| diospyrin, a bisnaphthoquinone: a novel inhibitor of type i dna topoisomerase of leishmania donovani. | diospyrin is a plant product that has significant inhibitory effect on the growth of leishmania donovani promastigotes. this compound inhibits the catalytic activity of dna topoisomerase i of the parasite. like camptothecin, it induces topoisomerase i mediated dna cleavage in vitro. treatment of dna with diospyrin before addition of topoisomerase i has no effect. preincubation of topoisomerase i with diospyrin before the addition of dna in the relaxation reaction increases this inhibition. our r ... | 1998 | 9855627 |
| cloning, expression, purification, and characterization of the acid alpha-mannosidase from trypanosoma cruzi. | the acid alpha-mannosidase of trypanosoma cruzi is a broad-specificity hydrolase involved in the catabolism of glycoconjugates, presumably in the digestive vacuole. we have cloned the alpha-mannosidase gene from a t.cruzi epimastigote genomic library. the alpha-mannosidase gene was determined to be single copy by southern analysis, and similar sequences were not detected in genomic digests of either trypanosoma brucei or leishmania donovani. the coding region was subcloned into the pichia pastor ... | 1998 | 9858640 |
| first identification of a species of leishmania causing visceral leishmaniasis in the sultanate of oman, in a patient with aids. | | 1998 | 9861419 |
| immune adherence-mediated opsonophagocytosis: the mechanism of leishmania infection. | to mimic the sandfly pool feeding process and characterize the cellular and biochemical events that occur during the early stages of promastigote-host interaction, we developed an ex vivo model of human blood infection with leishmania promastigotes. within 30 s of blood contact, leishmania promastigotes bind natural anti-leishmania antibodies, which then activate the classical complement pathway and opsonization by the third component of complement. the opsonized promastigotes undergo an immune ... | 1999 | 9874561 |
| the cured immune phenotype achieved by treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in the balb/c mouse with a nonionic surfactant vesicular formulation of sodium stibogluconate does not protect against reinfection. | single-dose treatment with sodium stibogluconate solution (ssg) and treatment with a nonionic surfactant vesicular formulation of sodium stibogluconate (ssg-niv) were compared for the ability to protect balb/c mice against infection with leishmania donovani. prophylactic treatment with ssg-niv protected against infection, although its effects were time and organ dependent; protection was not obtained with ssg. protection against reinfection with l. donovani was observed only in mice cured by tre ... | 1999 | 9874665 |
| evidence for active transmission of visceral leishmaniasis within a village in eastern sudan. | | 1998 | 9879739 |
| leishmania donovani infection of a susceptible host results in apoptosis of th1-like cells: rescue of anti-leishmanial cmi by providing th1-specific bystander costimulation. | a protective immune response against leishmania donovani infection is mediated by t-helper type 1 (th1) cells. th1 induced cell-mediated immunity (cmi), as assessed by anti-leishmanial dth response, is lost in a susceptible host such as balb/c mice. although the impaired th1 function eventuates in unhindered parasite growth and in manifestation of the susceptible phenotype, the mechanism of down-regulation of the th1 function is yet to be elucidated. here, we provide evidence that the parasite d ... | 1998 | 9886153 |
| isolation of a laminin-binding protein from the protozoan parasite leishmania donovani that may mediate cell adhesion. | extracellular matrix (ecm)-binding proteins on the surface of leishmania are thought to play a crucial role in the onset of leishmaniasis, as these parasites invade mononuclear phagocytes in various organs after migrating through the ecm. in a previous report, we presented several lines of evidence suggesting that leishmania has a specific receptor for laminin, a major ecm protein, with a kd in the nanomolar range. here we describe the identification, purification and biochemical characterizatio ... | 1999 | 9895301 |
| hemoglobin endocytosis in leishmania is mediated through a 46-kda protein located in the flagellar pocket. | four lines of evidence indicate that a specific high affinity binding site on the surface of leishmania donovani promastigotes mediates rapid internalization and degradation of hemoglobin. 1) binding and uptake of 125i-hemoglobin by leishmania followed saturation kinetics and were competed by unlabeled hemoglobin but not by globin or hemin or other heme- or iron-containing proteins. 2) immunogold labeling studies revealed that, at 4 degreesc, hemoglobin binding was localized in the flagellar poc ... | 1999 | 9915807 |
| leishmania: identification of old world species using a permissively primed intergenic polymorphic-polymerase chain reaction. | we have developed a permissively primed intergenic polymorphic-polymerase chain reaction (ppip-pcr) which distinguishes between the old world leishmania complexes l. major, l. tropica, l. donovani, and l. aethiopica. this technique pairs one parasite-specific and one nonspecific oligonucleotide primer for the pcr. the specific primer was chosen from a unique leishmanial dna sequence, clone pdog 2, isolated from a l. donovani chagasi genomic dna expression library. this sequence has a high dna ho ... | 1999 | 9920044 |
| ornithine decarboxylase gene deletion mutants of leishmania donovani. | a knockout strain of leishmania donovani lacking both ornithine decarboxylase (odc) alleles has been created by targeted gene replacement. growth of deltaodc cells in polyamine-deficient medium resulted in a rapid and profound depletion of cellular putrescine pools, although levels of spermidine were relatively unaffected. concentrations of trypanothione, a spermidine conjugate, were also reduced, whereas glutathione concentrations were augmented. the deltaodc l. donovani exhibited an auxotrophy ... | 1999 | 9920931 |
| gangrenous cholecystitis due to kala-azar. | | 1998 | 9924565 |
| stage-specific activity of pentavalent antimony against leishmania donovani axenic amastigotes. | the standard treatment of human visceral leishmaniasis involves the use of pentavalent antimony (sbv) compounds. in recent years increasing numbers of clinical failures of treatment with sbv have been reported, probably due to the development of parasite resistance to this compound. the mode of action and mechanisms of resistance to sbv have not been fully elucidated. in the present study an axenic amastigote culture was used to study the in vitro responses of leishmania donovani to sbv. suscept ... | 1999 | 9925518 |
| activity of a heat-induced reformulation of amphotericin b deoxycholate (fungizone) against leishmania donovani. | the heat treatment of amphotericin b deoxycholate (fungizone), which was previously shown to induce superaggregation and decrease the toxicity of the drug to mammalian cells, increased its activity against leishmania donovani in balb/c mice, whereas it reduced its toxicity. heat treatment preserved the activity of fungizone against l. donovani hu3-infected mouse peritoneal macrophages. | 1999 | 9925541 |
| leishmania donovani infection initiates t cell-independent chemokine responses, which are subsequently amplified in a t cell-dependent manner. | control of leishmania donovani infection in immunocompetent mice is associated with hepatic inflammation and granuloma formation, both of which are absent in severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice. in both balb/c and scid mice, l. donovani infection induced a rapid hepatic accumulation of mrna encoding macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (mip-(1alpha), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (mcp-1) and interferon-gamma inducible protein-10 (gammaip-10). this response was not preceded by incr ... | 1999 | 9933102 |
| [first case in russia of coinfection of visceral leishmaniasis and hiv-infection]. | | 1998 | 9949454 |
| strain-specific recognition of live leishmania donovani promastigotes by homologous antiserum raised against a crude membrane fraction of infected macrophages. | surface antigens on leishmania promastigotes and infected macrophages are obvious targets in immunoprophylaxis for leishmanial infection. we have recently demonstrated that the polyclonal antiserum and monoclonal antibodies generated by homologous immunizations with the crude membranes of parasite-infected cells react effectively with the 'neo-antigenic' determinants on the infected cell surface. in the present study, we investigated the utility of such polyclonal antisera for identifying 'minor ... | 1999 | 9950223 |
| immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | the ability of the leishmanial parasite, ur6 (mhom/in/1978/ur6) to act as a immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic agent against experimental visceral leishmaniasis in a hamster model was tested. the leishmanial parasite, ur6, lacked lpg but possessed abundant message for kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (kmp-11), and failed to induce visceral infection when given through the intracardiac route, unlike the virulent leishmania donovani, ag83 (mhom/in/1983/ag83), the causative agent of kala-aza ... | 1999 | 9987166 |
| operational validation of the direct agglutination test for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. | the validity of the direct agglutination test (dat) for visceral leishmaniasis (vl) was studied with a standardized field kit on 148 clinically suspected persons and 176 healthy controls recruited between 1993 and 1994 from an endemic area in gedaref state, sudan. a sensitivity of 95.9% and a specificity of 99.4% were found at a 1: 8,000 cut-off titer when parasitologically confirmed cases were compared with healthy controls. while corroborating previously reported sensitivity and specificity es ... | 1999 | 9988336 |
| macrophage microbicidal mechanisms in vivo: reactive nitrogen versus oxygen intermediates in the killing of intracellular visceral leishmania donovani. | to determine the relative contributions of respiratory burst-derived reactive oxygen intermediates (roi) versus reactive nitrogen intermediates (rni) to macrophage-mediated intracellular host defense, mice genetically deficient in these mechanisms were challenged with leishmania donovani, a protozoan that selectively parasitizes visceral tissue macrophages. during the early stage of liver infection at wk 2, both respiratory burst-deficient gp91(phox)-/- (x-linked chronic granulomatous disease [x ... | 1999 | 9989990 |
| [canine leishmaniasis. new concepts of epidemiology and immunopathology: their impact in the control of human visceral leishmaniasis]. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a zoonosis in most regions where it occurs. dogs are the most important reservoir of the disease and are mainly responsible for the persistence of vl in the paleartic and neotropical regions. canine leishmaniasis (cal) is a viscerocutaneous, chronic infection with a worse prognosis than human disease. we now know that, as in man, there are some cases of asymptomatic infection. former studies indicated that dog cutaneous parasitism becomes infectious to the insect v ... | 1998 | 10021781 |
| kinetoplast dna minicircles of leishmania donovani express a protein product. | we describe an unprecedented finding of an open reading frame present in the variable region in one of the minicircle sequence classes of a human pathogenic strain of leishmania donovani (mhom/in/90/rmri 68) which is transcribed and translated. the encoded protein showed homologies to known transport proteins. | 1999 | 10023079 |
| purification, characterization, and drug susceptibility of tubulin from leishmania. | past work suggests that tubulin from kinetoplastid parasites may present an excellent drug target. to explore this possibility, tubulin was purified on a milligram scale from leishmania mexicana amazonensis promastigotes by sonication, deae-sepharose chromatography, and one cycle of assembly-disassembly. purified leishmanial tubulin is recognized by commercially available anti-tubulin antibodies and displays concentration dependent assembly in vitro. the vinca site agents vinblastine, maytansine ... | 1999 | 10029309 |
| developmental regulation of spliced leader rna gene in leishmania donovani amastigotes is mediated by specific polyadenylation. | leishmania cycles between the insect vector and its mammalian host undergoing several important changes mediated by the stage-specific expression of a number of genes. using a genomic differential screening approach, we isolated differentially expressed cosmid clones carrying several copies of the mini-exon gene. we report that the spliced leader (sl) rna, essential for the maturation of all pre-mrnas by trans-splicing, is developmentally regulated in leishmania donovani amastigotes and that thi ... | 1999 | 10037755 |
| comparison of the efficacy of free and non-ionic-surfactant vesicular formulations of paromomycin in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis. | non-ionic-surfactant vesicular (niv) formulations of paromomycin have been tested in-vitro and in-vivo for their activity against leishmania donovani. production of niv was dependent both on the surfactant used and on the concentration of paromomycin; only two of the surfactants studied formed vesicles at the highest paromomycin concentration (9 mg ml(-1)). at surfactant-lipid concentrations > or = 1.5 mm, suspensions of niv (drug- or glucose-loaded) were cytotoxic to macrophages infected with l ... | 1998 | 10052848 |
| therapeutic and prophylactic uses of protein a in the control of leishmania donovani infection in experimental animals. | the role of the immunomodulator protein a (pa) (from staphylococcus aureus, cowan i strain) in the control of leishmanial infection was studied in experimental animals. treatment of leishmania donovani infected hamsters with pa led to a moderate level of reduction of parasite load in their spleen (68%) and liver (46%). however, combination therapy of pa with the antileishmanial drug stibanate induced a more marked reduction of the spleen (88%) and liver (85%) parasitemia compared to that induced ... | 1999 | 10065740 |
| immunoglobulin subclass distribution and diagnostic value of leishmania donovani antigen-specific immunoglobulin g3 in indian kala-azar patients. | visceral leishmaniasis, or kala-azar, a fatal tropical disease, remains problematic, as early diagnosis is difficult and treatment often results in drug resistance and relapse. we have developed a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), using leishmanial membrane antigenic extracts (lag) to detect specific antibody responses in 25 untreated indian visceral leishmaniasis patients. to investigate the pathogenetic significance of isotype markers in kala-azar, relative levels of specifi ... | 1999 | 10066659 |
| analysis of the humoral immune response against total and recombinant antigens of leishmania infantum: correlation with disease progression in canine experimental leishmaniasis. | leishmaniasis by leishmania infantum in the mediterranean basin constitutes an important problem in both human and veterinary medicine. based in both the importance of canids as reservoirs for the human disease and the fact that the canine disease may be an excellent model for the human condition, the present work has been conducted to analyze clinical and immune mechanisms associated with canine experimental leishmaniasis. six-month-old mixed-breed dogs were intravenously infected with l. infan ... | 1999 | 10077418 |
| [leishmaniasis: case report]. | leishmaniasis is a chronic parasitic disease of the reticuloendothelial system which is manifested by gradual onset, unspecific disorders and can take a form of visceral, cutaneous or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. the aim of the study is to present the patient who was treated for visceral leishmaniasis at the clinic for infectious diseases in novi sad. | 1998 | 10081279 |
| synthesis and antileishmanial activity of alpha-cyano ethyl propenoates--a new class of antileishmanials. | a number of alpha-cyano-beta-substituted ethyl propenoates were synthesised by condensation of appropriate aldehydes with ethyl cyanoacetate in basic medium. these compounds have been studied for their antileishmanial activities in vivo in hamsters. two compounds exhibited 70-77% activities both by intramuscular and oral routes. | 1999 | 10083984 |
| visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis (report of 2 cases). | leishmaniasis is an endemic, sporadic infection in many parts of the world. turkey is geographically unique in linking asia and europe. of special interest is leishmaniasis, as various forms of this disease have long been reported in the surrounding regions. visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis are endemic in the western and southeastern parts of turkey, respectively. here, we report a cutaneous and a visceral leishmaniasis case, to draw attention to the increase in the incidence of leishmaniasi ... | 1999 | 10084013 |
| cytotoxicity of (2,2':6',2''-terpyridine)platinum(ii) complexes to leishmania donovani, trypanosoma cruzi, and trypanosoma brucei. | a range of (2,2':6',2''-terpyridine)platinum(ii) complexes are shown to possess antiprotozoal activity in vitro against leishmania donovani, trypanosoma cruzi, and trypanosoma brucei,the causative organisms of tropical diseases leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis. the best compounds caused 100% and 78% inhibition of growth of the intracellular amastigote forms of l. donovani and t. cruzi, respectively, at a concentration of 1 microm and 100% inhibition of growth of the bloodstream trypomastigote f ... | 1999 | 10090783 |
| developmental regulation of proline transport in leishmania donovani. | leishmania donovani are the causative agents of kala azar in humans. these organisms cycle between the proline-rich environment of the sand fly vector (extracellular promastigotes) and the sugar-rich condition in the mammalian host (intracellular amastigotes). parasites have adapted to these extreme changes in proline concentrations: promastigotes utilize proline as a carbon source, whereas amastigotes utilize sugars and fatty acids. previous studies have suggested that promastigotes and amastig ... | 1999 | 10092478 |
| a perianal ulcer. | | 1999 | 10093983 |
| folding stability of the kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (kmp-11) from leishmania infantum. | kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (kmp-11) is a major component of the cell surface of kinetoplastids, and acts as a potent b- and t-cell immunogen during leishmania infection. here we report that the leishmania infantum kmp-11 secondary structure adopts mainly an alpha-helical conformation at ph 7.5 and that its urea- and thermally-induced unfolding constitute a fully reversible two-step process. this allows estimation of a half-denaturation temperature of approximately 65 degrees c, a delta gd ... | 1999 | 10095795 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in north west saudi arabia: a new endemic focus of l. donovani or further evidence of a changing pathogenic role for l. tropica? | the objective of this study was to evaluate patients with vl from the city of tabuk, kingdom of saudi arabia, with particular reference to the possibility that a focus of vl exists in the north west province of saudi arabia, an area where it had not previously been reported. | 1998 | 10101420 |
| leishmania donovani infection of a susceptible host results in cd4+ t-cell apoptosis and decreased th1 cytokine production. | the disease visceral leishmaniasis is caused by a protozoan parasite, leishmania donovani and is characterized by depressed cell-mediated immunity (cmi) and unhindered parasite growth in a susceptible host. the opposite trend is observed in a resistant host. however, the mechanism of this loss of cmi during the progressive disease is unknown as yet. in this report, we demonstrate that more than 40% of cd4+ t cells from a susceptible host undergo apoptosis resulting in a significant decrease in i ... | 1999 | 10102649 |
| antiprotozoal activity of aporphine alkaloids isolated from unonopsis buchtienii (annonaceae). | on a preliminary screening, substantial leishmanicidal activity was observed for the petroleum ether and alkaloidal extracts of the stem bark of unonopsis buchtienii, the alkaloids and sterols isolated from these were studied. of the alkaloids, liriodenine exhibited the highest activity against leishmania major and l donovani (ic100 = 3.12 micrograms/ml). on the other hand, o-methylmoschatoline and the petroleum ether extract without alkaloids showed an interesting in vitro activity against tryp ... | 1999 | 10190198 |
| infectivity and attenuation of leishmania donovani promastigotes: association of galactosyl transferase with loss of parasite virulence. | during the course of long-term in vitro cultivation of leishmania donovani parasites, the promastigotes were found to lose their infectivity. lectin agglutination studies revealed that there is an up-regulation of terminally exposed galactose residues on the noninfective promastigotes. the enzyme galactosyl transferase was absent in the infective form but present in the non-infective form of the parasites. an association between galactosylation and loss of infectivity was also observed. we propo ... | 1999 | 10207363 |
| a dominant negative mutation in the gim1 gene of leishmania donovani is responsible for defects in glycosomal protein localization. | kinetoplastid protozoa contain a unique microbody organelle called the glycosome. several important metabolic pathways are compartmentalized within the glycosome that are found in the cytoplasm of higher eukaryotes. we have previously reported the identification of a leishmania donovani cell line called gim1-1, in which several normally glycosomal proteins are partially mislocalized to the cytoplasm. the gim1 gene complements the defect and restores import of proteins to the glycosome. here we d ... | 1999 | 10215029 |
| molecular cloning and expression of adenosine kinase from leishmania donovani: identification of unconventional p-loop motif. | the unique catalytic characteristics of adenosine kinase (adk) and its stage-specific differential activity pattern have made this enzyme a prospective target for chemotherapeutic manipulation in the purine-auxotrophic parasitic protozoan leishmania donovani. however, nothing is known about the structure of the parasite adk. we report here the cloning of its gene and the characterization of the gene product. the encoded protein, consisting of 345 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular m ... | 1999 | 10215606 |
| lymphadenopathy in a child with indian kala-azar in dharan, nepal. | | 1998 | 10216552 |
| the effect of buthionine sulfoximine on the growth of leishmania donovani in culture. | changes in composition of the principal low molecular mass thiols of leishmania donovani were monitored during the transformation of promastigotes, first to stationary phase metacyclic forms and then to amastigotes. no consistent variation in the thiol composition of the parasite which could account for the known increase in resistance of metacyclic and amastigote lifecycle forms to oxidant stress could be established. amastigotes cultivated at 37 degrees c also produced ovothiol a, as judged by ... | 1999 | 10220890 |
| indolylquinoline derivatives are cytotoxic to leishmania donovani promastigotes and amastigotes in vitro and are effective in treating murine visceral leishmaniasis. | a wide variety of biologically active compounds contain indole and quinoline nuclei. some novel indolylquinoline derivatives were synthesized from indole by friedel-crafts acylation reaction. out of the four derivatives tested, 2-(2''-acetamidobenzyl)-3-(3'-indolylquinoline) (c) had no effect on the promastigotes or amastigotes of leishmania donovani in vitro. the remaining three analogues, 2-(2''-dichloroacetamidobenzyl)-3-(3'-indolylquinoline) (a), 2-(2''-chloroacetamidobenzyl)-3-(3'-indolylqu ... | 1999 | 10223591 |
| [important parasitic nephropathies: update from the recent literature]. | renal involvement in parasitic infections are polymorphic. plasmodium malariae often leads to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis whereas acute tubular necrosis or post-infectious acute glomerulonephritis are observed with plasmodium falciparum. urogenital taxis of schistosoma haematobium is responsible for frequency of chronic tubular and interstitial nephritis. without specific treatment, the renal function progressively deteriorates and urological complications appear. schistosoma manson ... | 1999 | 10227026 |
| treatment of experimental leishmaniasis with the immunomodulators imiquimod and s-28463: efficacy and mode of action. | there is a need for new, effective, and less toxic treatments for leishmaniasis, an infectious disease caused by leishmania protozoa and is a major cause of suffering and morbidity in much of the developing world. imiquimod, an immune-response modifier, has recently been approved by the food and drug administration for the treatment of genital warts caused by human papillomaviruses. imiquimod initiates a local immune reaction, including the stimulation of macrophages, resulting in resolution of ... | 1999 | 10228071 |
| verification of differential gene transcription using virtual northern blotting. | we introduce here an alternative to conventional northern blotting that requires only minute amounts of rna. this has been achieved by modification of methods currently used for the mapping of mrna 5'-terminal ends. the terminal desoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated g-tailing, cap finder, ligation-anchored and rna ligase-mediated approaches followed by polymerase chain reaction protocols all produced high quality cdnas in large amounts. these cdnas could be separated by electrophoresis to obtai ... | 1999 | 10325436 |