| 2-(benzylideneamino)phenol: a promising hydroxyaldimine with potent activity against dermatophytoses. | infections caused by dermatophytes, mainly trichophyton rubrum,are often vulnerable to relapses upon cessation of antifungal therapy, reinforcing the need of new antifungals. aldimines have potential biological activities, but there are few reports on their antifungal profile. the aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of 2-(benzylideneamino)phenol (3a3) and 4-(benzylideneamino)phenol (3a4) against dermatophytes. we determined the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum fung ... | 2015 | 25515245 |
| chronically recurrent and widespread tinea corporis due to trichophyton rubrum in an immunocompetent patient. | a 31-year-old immunocompetent male who presented with a 4-year history of extensive erythematous and scaly plaques involving the abdomen, gluteal and inguen regions with concomitant tinea pedis and onychomycosis is described. diagnosis was based on positive mycological examination and positive histopathologic examination. species identification was performed by growth on sabouraud dextrose agar and by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer regions of the rdna region. the pathogen identifi ... | 2015 | 25487974 |
| evaluation of a commercial pcr test for the diagnosis of dermatophyte nail infections. | tinea unguium, known as onychomycosis, is a dermatophyte infection of nails with worldwide distribution. conventional methods for detecting fungi in nail specimens are either non-specific (microscopy) or insensitive (culture). pcr has been used to improve sensitivity in detecting the causative fungi in nail specimens from patients with suspected onychomycosis. results of a commercial multiplex pcr for the detection of dermatophytes, especially trichophyton rubrum (the main dermatophyte implicate ... | 2015 | 25418736 |
| antifungal activity of geraniol and citronellol, two monoterpenes alcohols, against trichophyton rubrum involves inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis. | trichophyton rubrum is the most common fungus causing chronic dermatophytosis in humans. antifungal activity of promising agents is of great interest. geraniol and citronellol are monoterpenes with antimicrobial properties. | 2015 | 25414073 |
| kerion mimicking bacterial infection in an elderly patient. | tinea capitis is generally thought to be a common disease in children but not in adults. when infection does occur in adults, it may have an atypical appearance. we report an elderly female with inflammatory tinea capitis caused by trichophyton rubrum. she had numerous pustular lesions throughout the scalp with alopecia, initially treated for bacterial infection. we concluded that tinea capitis should remain in the differential diagnosis of elderly patients with alopecia and pyoderma like presen ... | 2014 | 25396139 |
| mycostatic effect of recombinant dermcidin against trichophyton rubrum and reduced dermcidin expression in the sweat of tinea pedis patients. | trichophytosis, a common dermatophytosis, affects nearly 20-25% of the world's population. however, little is known about mechanisms for preventing colonization of trichophyton on the skin. dermcidin, an antimicrobial peptide that provides innate immunity to the skin and is constitutively secreted even in the absence of inflammatory stimulation, was studied to elucidate its antimycotic activity against trichophyton. recombinant dermcidin was determined to have antimycotic activity against tricho ... | 2015 | 25384912 |
| posaconazole treatment of extensive skin and nail dermatophytosis due to autosomal recessive deficiency of card9. | deep dermatophytosis is a disease that involves dermatophytic infection of the dermis and/or lymph nodes and sometimes the central nervous system. autosomal recessive deficiency of the card9 (caspase recruitment domain 9) protein has been described in 17 patients with deep dermatophytosis from algeria, tunisia, and morocco. | 2015 | 25372963 |
| monocyte-derived dendritic cells from patients with dermatophytosis restrict the growth of trichophyton rubrum and induce cd4-t cell activation. | dermatophytes are the most common agents of superficial mycoses that are caused by mold fungi. trichophyton rubrum is the most common pathogen causing dermatophytosis. the immunology of dermatophytosis is currently poorly understood. recently, our group investigated the interaction of t. rubrum conidia with peritoneal mouse macrophages. we found that macrophages phagocytose t. rubrum conidia resulted in a down-modulation of class ii major histocompatibility complex (mhc) antigens and in the expr ... | 2014 | 25372145 |
| photodynamic therapy efficiently controls dermatophytosis caused by trichophyton rubrum in a murine model. | | 2015 | 25350570 |
| fungal melanonychia caused by trichophyton rubrum and the value of dermoscopy. | | 2014 | 25279488 |
| novel fluorinated lipopeptides from bacillus sp. cs93 via precursor-directed biosynthesis. | while attempting to improve production of fluoro-iturin a in bacillus sp. cs93 new mono- and di-fluorinated fengycins were detected in culture supernatants by (19)f nmr and tandem mass spectrometry, after incubation of the bacterium with 3-fluoro-l-tyrosine. the fluorinated amino acid was presumably incorporated in place of one or both of the tyrosyl residues in fengycin. investigations to generate additional new fluorinated derivatives were undertaken using commercially available fluorinated ph ... | 2014 | 25193167 |
| case for diagnosis. | majocchi's granuloma is a persistent supurative folliculitis, associated with a deep granulomatous reaction induced by dermatophytes. there are two clinical forms of majocchi's granuloma: the superficial form that appears in healthy individuals after localized trauma; and the nodular form, which occurs in inmunocompromised patients. we present a case of nodular majocchi's granuloma on the forearm of an immunocompetent patient. microbiological culture and examination of a deep aspiration sample i ... | 2015 | 25184934 |
| protocetraric acid: an excellent broad spectrum compound from the lichen usnea albopunctata against medically important microbes. | the aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial property of the compounds present in the lichen usnea albopunctata. ethyl acetate extract of the lichen was purified by column chromatography to yield a major compound which was characterised by spectroscopic methods as protocetraric acid. in this study, protocetraric acid recorded significant broad spectrum antimicrobial property against medically important human pathogenic microbes. the prominent antibacterial activity was recorded aga ... | 2015 | 25174415 |
| new treatment options for onychomycosis. | onychomycosis is the most common nail disorder. the causative pathogens are not only dermatophytes in the majority of cases (trichophyton rubrum and t. mentagrophytes), but also yeasts of the genus candida and molds. a wide variety of topical antifungal agents are proposed for first-line treatment of superficial onychomycosis, when the matrix is not involved. new treatment options using light were recently introduced, such as thermal lasers, non-thermal lasers, and photodynamic therapy. for ther ... | 2014 | 25148411 |
| prevalence of tinea pedis in psoriasis, compared to atopic dermatitis and normal controls--a prospective study. | there are discrepancies in the literature regarding the prevalence of tinea pedis in psoriasis. the aim of this investigation was to conduct a cross-sectional study of the prevalence of tinea pedis in psoriasis compared to atopic dermatitis patients and normal controls. we enrolled 232 psoriatic patients, 190 atopic dermatitis patients and 202 normal controls, between the years 2010 and 2013. the prevalence of tinea pedis was 13.8% in psoriasis patients, not significantly different from that in ... | 2014 | 25135031 |
| laser treatment for onychomycosis: a review. | it has always been difficult to treat onychomycosis due to decrease ability of topical agents to penetrate the nail and reach the affected nail bed. oral antifungal have shown good response but due to longer duration course it has potential to cause systemic side effects, leading to patient non-adherence and adverse events. lasers, therefore, have been suggested for the treatment of onychomycosis due to their minimally invasive nature and the potential for requiring fewer treatment sessions. the ... | 2014 | 25100500 |
| onychomycosis: clinical, mycological and in vitro susceptibility testing of isolates of trichophyton rubrum. | onychomycosis or nail fungal infection is the most common nail disease. despite the wide range of studies on this condition, it remains difficult to establish the correct diagnosis and effective treatment. | 2017 | 25054744 |
| a retrospective cohort study of tinea pedis and tinea unguium in inpatients in a psychiatric hospital. | we conducted a retrospective cohort study on clinical and mycological features of tinea pedis and tinea unguium in psychiatric inpatients in japan. of the 317 inpatients (152 with schizophrenia and 165 with depression), 46.1% had tinea pedis and 23.7% had tinea unguium. of those with tinea pedis, 48.6% also had tinea unguium. the most common clinical type of tinea pedis was the combination of interdigital type and hyperkeratotic type. the mean clinical score of tinea pedis was 5.9, and that of t ... | 2014 | 24943206 |
| trichophyton rubrum dna strain switching increases in patients with onychomycosis failing antifungal treatments. | the dermatophyte trichophyton rubrum is responsible for approximately 80% of onychomycosis cases. genetic strain typing was developed to help elucidate its epidemiology and pathogenicity. | 2015 | 24903451 |
| in vitro and in vivo assessment of dermatophyte acquired resistance to efinaconazole, a novel triazole antifungal. | efinaconazole is a novel triazole antifungal drug for the topical treatment of onychomycosis, a nail infection caused mainly by dermatophytes. we assessed the potential of efinaconazole to induce resistance in dermatophytes by continuous exposure of trichophyton rubrum strains to efinaconazole in vitro (12 passages) and in a guinea pig onychomycosis model (8 weeks). there was no evidence of efinaconazole resistance development in the tested strains under the experimental conditions used. | 2014 | 24867968 |
| in vitro characterization of trichophyton rubrum and t. mentagrophytes biofilms. | dermatophytes are fungi responsible for a disease known as dermatophytosis. biofilms are sessile microbial communities surrounded by extracellular polymeric substances (eps) with increased resistance to antimicrobial agents and host defenses. this paper describes, for the first time, the characteristics of trichophyton rubrum and t. mentagrophytes biofilms. biofilm formation was analyzed by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (sem) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (clsm) as well ... | 2014 | 24856309 |
| inhibitory effect of allicin and garlic extracts on growth of cultured hyphae. | trichophyton rubrum (t. rubrum) is one of the most common dermatophytes worldwide. this fungus invaded skin appendages of humans and animals. recently, resistance to antifungal drugs as well as appearance of side effects due to indication of these kinds of antibiotics has been reported. besides, using some plant extracts have been indicated in herbal medicine as an alternative treatment of these fungal infections. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of garlic (allium sativum) an ... | 2014 | 24847416 |
| the first non-african case of trichophyton rubrum var. raubitschekii or a urease-positive trichophyton rubrum in central europe? | we report a case of a 34-year-old polish caucasian male who was diagnosed with tinea manuum caused by trichophyton rubrum var. raubitschekii. it would be the first described case of a dermatophytosis caused by this fungus in poland and one of a few cases in central europe described so far. admittedly, it would be the first case in central europe with no evidence pointing to african origin. the clinical condition improved after administering itraconazole (daily dose 100 mg orally) supplemented wi ... | 2014 | 24792359 |
| [action of euphorbia humifusa effective fraction on membrane biosynthesis and the gene expression of proteases mep and sub of trichophyton rubrum]. | this study is to investigate the effect of euphorbia humifusa effective fraction (ehef) on the cyp51 enzyme activity, the lanosterol content and the mep, sub gene expression of trichophyton rubrum. trichophyton rubrum was treated by ehef for 7 days at 26 degrees c. the activity of cyp51 enzyme of trichophyton rubrum in the cell membrane was determined by using elisa kit, and the lanosterol content was investigated by using high performance liquid chromatography (hplc), and the mep, sub gene expr ... | 2014 | 24761622 |
| lack of antifungal effect of 1,064-nm long pulse nd:yag laser on the growth of trichophyton rubrum. | | 2015 | 24740521 |
| occult tinea pedis in an israeli population and predisposing factors for the acquisition of the disease. | tinea pedis is a commonly encountered dermatophytic infection with a clinical prevalence of 15-25%. limited studies have evaluated the prevalence of occult tinea pedis. | 2015 | 24739076 |
| trichophyton rubrum osteomyelitis after calcaneus external fixation pin stabilization of a pilon fracture. | fungal organisms are an uncommon cause of osteomyelitis, and no dermatophyte osteomyelitis infections have been reported in published studies. we present the case of trichophyton rubrum osteomyelitis of the calcaneus. our patient initially presented with a pilon fracture requiring temporary external fixation while awaiting definitive fixation. from our review of the published data, the present case is the first of this type of fungal osteomyelitis to be reported. the patient was evaluated for a ... | 2014 | 24713493 |
| distal and lateral toenail onychomycosis caused by trichophyton rubrum: treatment with photodynamic therapy based on methylene blue dye. | the study showed the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy based on methylene blue to treat severe distal and lateral subungual toenail onychomycosis. 22 patients were divided into two groups: group a consisting of 11 patients with severe toenail onychomycosis and group b consisting of 11 patients with mild-to-moderate toenail onychomycosis. all patients had onychomycosis caused by trichophyton rubrum. the patients were treated with sessions of 2% methylene blue aqueous solution irradiated with ... | 2017 | 24626676 |
| luliconazole: a review of a new antifungal agent for the topical treatment of onychomycosis. | luliconazole is a novel, broad-spectrum, imidazole antifungal under development in the usa as a treatment for dermatophytic skin and nail infections. in vitro, luliconazole is one of the most potent antifungal agents against filamentous fungi including dermatophytes. luliconazole has been formulated in a 10% solution with unique molecular properties, which allow it to penetrate the nail plate and rapidly achieve fungicidal levels in the nail unit. these properties make luliconazole a potent comp ... | 2014 | 24621346 |
| silicon phthalocyanine 4 phototoxicity in trichophyton rubrum. | trichophyton rubrum is the leading pathogen that causes long-lasting skin and nail dermatophyte infections. currently, topical treatment consists of terbinafine for the skin and ciclopirox for the nails, whereas systemic agents, such as oral terbinafine and itraconazole, are also prescribed. these systemic drugs have severe side effects, including liver toxicity. topical therapies, however, are sometimes ineffective. this led us to investigate alternative treatment options, such as photodynamic ... | 2014 | 24614382 |
| potential of ergosterol synthesis inhibitors to cause resistance or cross-resistance in trichophyton rubrum. | superficial mycoses caused by trichophyton rubrum are among the most common infections worldwide. t. rubrum infections are difficult to treat and are often associated with recurrences after interruption of the antifungal therapy. nevertheless, reports on t. rubrum resistance to commonly used antifungal drugs are rare. in this study, we compared the in vitro resistance frequencies and development of resistance to terbinafine, itraconazole, amorolfine, and ciclopirox in t. rubrum. results demonstr ... | 2014 | 24614379 |
| analysis of gene expression changes in trichophyton rubrum after skin interaction. | trichophyton rubrum, an anthropophilic and cosmopolitan fungus, is the most common agent of superficial mycoses. in this study, t. rubrum infection was modelled by adding human skin sections to a limited medium containing glucose and cdna microarrays were used to monitor t. rubrum gene expression patterns on a global level. we observed that exposure to human skin resulted in upregulation of the expression levels of t. rubrum genes related to many cellular and biological processes, including tran ... | 2014 | 24586032 |
| ifn-γ impairs trichophyton rubrum proliferation in a murine model of dermatophytosis through the production of il-1β and reactive oxygen species. | trichophyton rubrum is the main etiological agent of dermatophytosis, an infection of the skin that affects millions of people worldwide. in this study, we developed a murine model of the dermatophytosis caused by t. rubrum in which c57bl/6 wild-type, interleukin (il)-12(-/-), and interferon-gamma (ifn-γ(-/-)) mice were inoculated with 1 × 10(6) conidia/animal. the fungal burden, myeloperoxidase and n-acetylglucosaminidase activities, cytokine and chemokine profiles, and histopathology of the sk ... | 2014 | 24577006 |
| amphotericin b topical microemulsion: formulation, characterization and evaluation. | the present studies were designed to develop a microemulsion (me) formulation of amphotericin b (amp b) for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. the oil phase was selected on the basis of drug solubility whereas the surfactant and co-surfactant were screened and selected on the basis of their oil solubilizing capacity as well as their efficiency to form me. pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed and on the basis of me existence ranges various formulations of amp b were developed. ... | 2014 | 24521698 |
| topical treatment of onychomycosis as a realistic option to systemic therapy: a case report. | onychomycosis is a very common disease, especially in podiatric medical practice. it can be associated with significant patient distress, major disability and pain, and is challenging to treat successfully. this is a case study of a 41-year-old man with distal lateral subungual onychomycosis of 5 years' duration. forty percent of the great toenail was affected and a total of six toenails were involved. baseline fungal cultures were positive for trichophyton rubrum. this patient was treated with ... | 2016 | 24504588 |
| comparison of the antifungal efficacy of terbinafine hydrochloride and ciclopirox olamine containing formulations against the dermatophyte trichophyton rubrum in an infected nail plate model. | onychomycosis is a fungal infection mostly induced by dermatophytes such as trichophyton rubrum. due to slow nail growth, the treatment takes 3-9 months depending on the nail size and infected area. hence, high efficacy of the active ingredient without systemic side effects is of major interest. to test the efficacy of an antifungal formulation, an appropriate in vitro model reflecting the in vivo situation as close as possible is required. in this study, a variety of antifungal formulations, i. ... | 2014 | 24490976 |
| endonyx toenail onychomycosis caused by trichophyton rubrum: treatment with photodynamic therapy based on methylene blue dye. | this study shows the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy based on methylene blue dye for the treatment of endonyx toenail onychomycosis. four patients with endonyx onychomycosis caused by trichophyton rubrum were treated with 2% methylene blue aqueous solution irradiated with light emission diode at 630 nm and an energy density of 36 j/cm2 for 6 months at 2-week intervals. the preliminary study showed the effectiveness of this therapy in the treatment of endonyx onychomycosis, and also indicat ... | 2017 | 24474123 |
| identification and characterisation of non-coding small rnas in the pathogenic filamentous fungus trichophyton rubrum. | accumulating evidence demonstrates that non-coding rnas (ncrnas) are indispensable components of many organisms and play important roles in cellular events, regulation, and development. | 2013 | 24377353 |
| treatment of onychomycosis using a 1064nm nd:yag laser. | we investigated the efficacy of 1064nm nd:yag laser for the treatment of onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes. the study population consisted of 12 patients (6 male, 6 female ; average age 53.5 years), with onychomycosis confirmed by fungal culture and/or real-time pcr identification of the pathogen. the causative agent was identified as trichophyton rubrum in 11 cases and a mixture of t. rubrum and t. mentagrophytes in 1 case. for each patient, laser treatment was given to a single hallux nail ... | 2013 | 24292135 |
| the prevalence of onychomycosis in the global population: a literature study. | onychomycosis is a common disorder, and high prevalence figures are commonly cited in the literature. | 2014 | 24283696 |
| the epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology of onychomycosis. | the prevalence of onychomycosis in the united states is estimated to be at least 12%; prevalence increases with increasing age and is highest in individuals more than 65 years of age. trichophyton rubrum, which also causes tinea pedis, is responsible for approximately 90% of cases of toenail onychomycosis. risk factors include a family history of onychomycosis and previous injury to the nails, as well as advanced age and compromised peripheral circulation. patients with compromised immune functi ... | 2013 | 24156160 |
| [onychomycosis is rare in young children, and treatment is a task for dermatological specialists]. | onychomycosis was diagnosed in a two-year-old girl. the infection was caused by trichophyton rubrum, which is the most frequent cause of toenail onychomycosis. the diagnosis was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, microscopy and culture. she was treated with orally given terbinafine and topically given amorolfine with clinical improvement at the following control visit. onychomycosis is rare in children, but the occurrence seems to be increasing. medical treatment can be topical, systemic or ... | 2013 | 24079324 |
| ichthyosis associated with widespread tinea corporis: report of three cases. | ichthyoses are a common group of keratinization disorders. a non-inflammatory generalized persistent skin desquamation is observed. it is characterized by increased cell turnover, thickening of the stratum corneum and functional changes of sebaceous and sweat glands. all of these favor fungal proliferation. dermatophytes may infect skin, hair and nails causing ringworm or tinea. they have the ability to obtain nutrients from keratinized material. one of its most prevalent genera is trichophyton ... | 2015 | 24068140 |
| trans-chalcone and quercetin down-regulate fatty acid synthase gene expression and reduce ergosterol content in the human pathogenic dermatophyte trichophyton rubrum. | fatty acid synthase (fas) is a promising antifungal target due to its marked structural differences between fungal and mammalian cells. the aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of flavonoids described in the scientific literature as fas inhibitors (quercetin, trans-chalcone, ellagic acid, luteolin, galangin, and genistein) against the dermatophyte trichophyton rubrum and their effects on fatty acid and ergosterol synthesis. | 2013 | 24044691 |
| a case of tinea incognito. | tinea incognito is a dermatophyte infection of the skin that presents atypically because it has previously been treated with imunnosuppresive medication. herein we present a case of a middle-aged man who was initially clinically diagnosed to have plaque-type psoriasis on his arms. over the course of two months of topical hydrocortisone and calciptriol treatment as well as phototherapy, the rash worsened. at the time of presentation to hospital the patient had a pruritic, widespread, sloughing, e ... | 2013 | 24011275 |
| clinical and mycological analysis of twenty-one cases of tinea incognita in the aegean region of turkey: a retrospective study. | tinea incognita is a dermatophyte infection with atypical clinical features modified by the improper use of corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors. the aim of this study was to analyze clinical and microbiological features of patients with tinea incognita. a total of 6326 patients referred to mycology laboratory between january 2008 and january 2011 for mycological examination with a diagnosis of tinea incognita were reviewed retrospectively. twenty-one patients, 13 (61.9%) women and 8 (38.1% ... | 2013 | 24001416 |
| extensive deep dermatophytosis cause by trichophyton rubrum in a patient with liver cirrhosis and chronic renal failure. | dermatophytes are the main pathogen of superficial skin fungal infections. on rare occasions, they can cause deep and extensive infections, especially in immunocompromised hosts. we reported a 48-year-old patient with liver cirrhosis and chronic renal failure who developed an extensive deep dermatophytosis with possible hematogenous dissemination. skin histopathology showed extensive involvement of hair follicles and dermis by fungal elements. the pathogen was cultured from both skin biopsy spec ... | 2013 | 23982285 |
| [onychomycosis. successful treatment with a 1064 nm nd:yag-laser]. | a 58-year-old man presented with a two-year history of progressive onychodystrophy of the nails of both great toes. clinical inspection as well as koh examination and culture confirmed the diagnosis of disto-lateral onychomycosis of both nails caused by trichophyton rubrum). the diseased nail materially was mechanically débrided. in addition both nails were treated with a 1064 nm nd:yag laser (spot-diameter: 5 mm; pulse-width: 0.3 ms; fluence: 12 j/cm(2); frequency: 5 hz; impulses: 200 per toena ... | 2013 | 23979073 |
| comparison of dermatophyte pcr kit with conventional methods for detection of dermatophytes in skin specimens. | the laboratory diagnosis of dermatophytosis is usually based on direct microscopic examination and culturing of clinical specimens. a commercial polymerase chain reaction kit (dermatophyte pcr) has had favorable results when used for detection of dermatophytes and identification of trichophyton rubrum in nail specimens. this study investigated the efficacy of the dermatophyte pcr kit for detecting dermatophytosis in 191 hair or skin specimens from patients with suspected dermatophytosis. pcr was ... | 2013 | 23948965 |
| detection of synergistic combinations of baccharis extracts with terbinafine against trichophyton rubrum with high throughput screening synergy assay (htss) followed by 3d graphs. behavior of some of their components. | forty four extracts from nine baccharis spp. from the caulopterae section were tested in combination with terbinafine against trichophyton rubrum with the htss assay at six different ratios with the aim of detecting those mixtures that produced a ≥50% statistically significant enhancement of growth inhibition. since an enhanced effect of a combination respective of its components, does not necessarily indicate synergism, three-dimensional (3d) dose-response surfaces were constructed for each sel ... | 2013 | 23906773 |
| in vitro susceptibility of dermatophytes isolated from patients with end-stage renal disease: a case-control study. | although the therapeutic efficacy of antifungals is well known for dermatophytosis in general population, limited data exist for patients with chronic kidney disease. the objectives of this study were to determine the dermatophyte species causing infection in patients with end-stage renal disease (esrd) and in vitro susceptibility of isolated dermatophytes to antifungals. a total of 87 patients with esrd who undergoing haemodialysis and 105 patients with normal renal function suspected with derm ... | 2014 | 23889207 |
| the effect of domestic laundry processes on fungal contamination of socks. | tinea pedis is a common chronic skin disease. the role of contaminated clothes as a possible source of reinfection is not fully understood. this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of domestic laundering at different temperatures in the eradication of fungal pathogens from contaminated socks. samples from 81 socks worn by patients suffering from tinea pedis underwent domestic laundering at either 40 °c or 60 °c. the socks were dried at room temperature; fungal cultures were taken from t ... | 2013 | 23879806 |
| topical treatment of onychomycosis with efinaconazole solution 10%. | onychomycosis, a common nail infection that often is associated with substantial patient distress, disability, and pain, is a challenge to manage successfully. this report presents the case of a 44-year-old man with moderate distallateral subungual onychomycosis (dlso) of more than 5 years' duration and discusses effective treatment with efinaconazole solution 10%, a new topical antifungal, once daily for 48 weeks. at baseline, 50% of the great toenail was affected and laboratory test results we ... | 2013 | 23837154 |
| development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of ringworm infection in cattle. | the aim of this study was to develop an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the serological diagnosis of ringworm infection in cattle. we used available recombinant forms of trichophyton rubrum dipeptidyl peptidase v (trudppv) and t. rubrum leucin aminopeptidase 2 (trulap2), which are 98% identical to trichophyton verrucosum orthologues. field serum samples from 135 cattle with ringworm infection, as confirmed by direct microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and pcr, and from 55 ... | 2013 | 23740921 |
| de novo production of metabolites by fungal co-culture of trichophyton rubrum and bionectria ochroleuca. | the co-cultivation of fungi has recently been described as a promising strategy to induce the production of novel metabolites through possible gene activation. a large screening of fungal co-cultures in solid media has identified an unusual long-distance growth inhibition between trichophyton rubrum and bionectria ochroleuca. to study metabolite induction in this particular fungal interaction, differential lc-ms-based metabolomics was performed on pure strain cultures and on their co-cultures. t ... | 2013 | 23734767 |
| multiplex pcr assay for the detection of common dermatophyte nail infections. | onychomycosis is one of the most prevalent dermatophytic diseases. mycological methods used in the conventional diagnosis may not be optimal. multiplex (mx) pcr was reported as a reliable alternative. dermatophyte gene sequence records were used to design a mx pcr for detection and identification of dermatophytes in nail specimens. a mx pcr method based on the amplification of the chitin synthase 1 and internal transcribed spacer genes was developed. the study included 93 strains of dermatophyte ... | 2014 | 23734576 |
| nodules on the legs in a renal transplant recipient. deep dermal dermatophytosis caused by trichophyton rubrum. | | 2013 | 23715030 |
| refractory trichophyton rubrum infection in lamellar ichthyosis. | a 10-month-old boy with congenital lamellar ichthyosis presented with a chronic trichophyton rubrum infection. there was no history of atopy or immunosuppression, and examination revealed high total immunoglobulin e (ige) with a positive specific ige for t. rubrum. multiple treatments with fluconazole were necessary to control the infection. t. rubrum is present worldwide and is responsible for the vast majority of chronic dermatophytosis. lamellar ichthyosis is a risk factor for chronic dermato ... | 2014 | 23679236 |
| increase in resistance to fluconazole and itraconazole in trichophyton rubrum clinical isolates by sequential passages in vitro under drug pressure. | trichophyton rubrum, an anthropophilic dermatophyte fungus, is the predominant causative agent of superficial skin infections in human population. there are only scanty reports on drug susceptibility profiling of t. rubrum. neither mechanisms for drug resistance development nor correlation between in vitro drug susceptibility and in vivo response to treatment is known for that species. in this study, changes in the in vitro susceptibilities to fluconazole (flz) and itraconazole (itz) among thirt ... | 2013 | 23595653 |
| is fungal foot infection the initiating and maintaining cause of knee osteoarthritis? | so far fungal foot infection (ffi) has been considered as troubling, however, not dangerous, by the general public as well as doctors. nevertheless, new immunology information and anatomy dispositions led us to the distinct suspicions. we propose a ffi-induced knee joint osteoarthritis (oa) model. we suppose repeated recurrences of fungal foot disease to be the initiating immunology impulse. the aim of the work is to introduce a new model and to determine antigen epitopes initiating and maintain ... | 2013 | 23560598 |
| an observational and descriptive study of the epidemiology of and therapeutic approach to onychomycosis in dermatology offices in brazil. | onychomycosis is a type of fungal infection that accounts for over 50% of all onycopathies. some authors consider superficial mycosis the most difficult to be treated. very few studies have been carried out in order to assess the epidemiology of onychomycosis in brazil. | 2013 | 23539065 |
| an investigation into the inhibitory effect of ultraviolet radiation on trichophyton rubrum. | fungal infection of nails, onychomycosis, is predominantly caused by trichophyton rubrum. this infection is an important public health concern due to its persistent nature and high recurrence rates. alternative treatments are urgently required. one such alternative is phototherapy involving the action of photothermal or photochemical processes. the aim of this novel study was to assess which wavelengths within the ultraviolet (uv) spectrum were inhibitory and equally important nail transmissible ... | 2014 | 23525830 |
| the use of maldi-tof icms as an alternative tool for trichophyton rubrum identification and typing. | in this study, the potential of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight intact cell mass spectrometry (maldi-tof icms) was investigated for the identification of clinical isolates. the isolates were analyzed at the species and strain level. | 2014 | 23522440 |
| superficial white onychomycosis due to trichophyton rubrum in a two-year-old child. | | 2013 | 23442485 |
| complementary role of a polymerase chain reaction test in the diagnosis of onychomycosis. | the successful treatment of onychomycosis depends on accurate diagnosis. conventional diagnostic methods, including direct microscopy and fungal culture, are non-specific, insensitive and time-consuming. recently, pcr has shown promise in improving the diagnosis of onychomycosis. we aimed to evaluate a commercially available pcr kit for the in vitro detection of dermatophytes and specifically trichophyton rubrum in nail specimens with suspected onychomycosis, and to compare the detection rates o ... | 2013 | 23425129 |
| infected nail plate model made of human hair keratin for evaluating the efficacy of different topical antifungal formulations against trichophyton rubrum in vitro. | a novel model of infected nail plate for testing the efficacy of topical antifungal formulations has been developed. this model utilized keratin film made of human hair keratin as a nail plate model. subsequent to infection by trichophyton rubrum, the common causative agent of onychomycosis, keratin films as infected nail plate models were treated with selected topical formulations, that is cream, gel, and nail lacquer. bovine hoof was compared to keratin film. in contrast to the common antifung ... | 2013 | 23419812 |
| antifungal activity of nanocapsule suspensions containing tea tree oil on the growth of trichophyton rubrum. | the aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the antifungal efficacy of nanocapsules and nanoemulsions containing melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (tea tree oil) in an onychomycosis model. the antifungal activity of nanostructured formulations was evaluated against trichophyton rubrum in two different in vitro models of dermatophyte nail infection. first, nail powder was infected with t. rubrum in a 96-well plate and then treated with the formulations. after 7 and 14 days, cell ... | 2013 | 23392821 |
| tinea incognito in korea and its risk factors: nine-year multicenter survey. | tinea incognito (ti) is a dermatophytic infection which has lost its typical clinical appearance because of improper use of steroids or calcineurin inhibitors. the incidence of ti is increasing nowadays. we conducted retrospective review on 283 patients with ti from 25 dermatology training hospitals in korea from 2002-2010 to investigate the demographical, clinical, and mycological characteristics of ti, and to determine the associated risk factors. more than half (59.3%) patients were previousl ... | 2013 | 23341725 |
| exposure to heat-inactivated trichophyton rubrum resulting in a limited immune response of human keratinocytes. | trichophyton rubrum (t. rubrum) represents the most important agent of dermatophytosis in humans. t. rubrum infection causes slight inflammation, and tends to be chronic and recurrent. it is suggested that it may result from the failure of epithelial cells to recognize t. rubrum effectively and initiate effective immune responses. the c-type lectin receptors (clr) and toll-like receptors (tlr) are the two major pattern recognition receptors (prrs) that recognize fungal components. therefore, the ... | 2013 | 23324266 |
| development of a novel polymerase chain reaction-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of trichophyton rubrum onychomycosis. | the prevalence of onychomycosis has increased steadily in the past decade. an accurate diagnosis at the outset is important for successful and cost-effective treatment of patients. however, current diagnostic tests for onychomycosis are not rapid, sensitive or specific. | 2013 | 23301809 |
| mating type gene (mat1-1) in japanese isolates of trichophyton rubrum. | trichophyton rubrum is an anthropophilic species that is the most frequent etiologic agent of human dermatophytosis throughout the world. no teleomorph has been identified for t. rubrum strains. this study used pcr analysis to confirm the presence of a mating type locus in the genome of japanese isolates of t. rubrum. to clarify the epidemiological and ecological characteristics of this fungus, mating type sequences were tested for correlation of mat genotype to mating type. this study examined ... | 2013 | 23212652 |
| investigation on mechanism of antifungal activity of eugenol against trichophyton rubrum. | trichophyton rubrum is a worldwide agent responsible for chronic cases of dermatophytosis which have high rates of resistance to antifungal drugs. attention has been drawn to the antimicrobial activity of aromatic compounds because of their promising biological properties. therefore, we investigated the antifungal activity of eugenol against 14 strains of t. rubrum which involved determining its minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) and effects on mycelial growth (dry weight), conidial germinat ... | 2013 | 23181601 |
| characterization of the cellular immunity in patients presenting extensive dermatophytoses due to trichophyton rubrum. | dermatophytes invade the stratum corneum of the skin and other keratinized tissues such as hair and nails, and trichophyton rubrum causes approximately 80% of cutaneous mycoses in humans. to evaluate the cellular immune response of patients with extensive dermatophytosis caused by t. rubrum, we evaluated lymphocyte populations, the lymphoproliferative response to: phytohaemagglutinin (pha); anti-cd3 (okt3); and pokeweed mitogen (pwm), candida sp. (cma), an extract of t. rubrum, and the main fung ... | 2013 | 23145831 |
| photodynamic inhibition of trichophyton rubrum: in vitro activity and the role of oxidative and nitrosative bursts in fungal death. | antimicrobial photodynamic inhibition (api) is based on the use of a light source and a photosensitizer to kill pathogens. little is known about api of dermatophytic fungi and its mechanism of action. we aimed to evaluate api of trichophyton rubrum. | 2013 | 23134678 |
| an in vitro study of the photodynamic effect of rose bengal on trichophyton rubrum. | onychomycosis, a fungal infection of the finger or toenails, is predominantly caused by trichophyton rubrum. treatment is difficult due to high recurrence rates and problems with treatment compliance. for these reasons, alternative therapies are needed. here we describe the photoactivation of rose bengal (rb) using a green laser (λ = 532 nm) at fluences of 68, 133 and 228 j/cm(2) , and assess its fungicidal activity on t. rubrum spore suspensions. a 140 µm rb solution was able to induce a fungic ... | 2014 | 23125143 |
| back to the future for dermatophyte genomics. | dermatophytes are a uniquely pathogenic group of fungi that cause most common fungal infections globally. the major cause of athlete's foot is trichophyton rubrum, a pathogen of human skin. a recent paper in this journal reported the sequencing and analysis of five additional genome sequences, including that of trichophyton rubrum. these five join the existing two additional genome sequences to bring the total to seven dermatophyte genome sequences, a notable milestone in the study of these fung ... | 2012 | 23111872 |
| onychomycosis in immunosuppressed children receiving chemotherapy. | onychomycosis in children has a low incidence worldwide; certain conditions such as immunosuppression have been described as risk factors for it. we studied 72 children receiving chemotherapy for different neoplasms to determine the frequency of onychomycosis. only one patient had white superficial onychomycosis from trichophyton rubrum, a frequency of 1.3%, not different from that reported in healthy patients. | 2016 | 23106131 |
| trichophyton rubrum-induced majocchi's granuloma in a heart transplant recipient. a therapeutic challenge. | solid organ transplant recipients are at an increased risk for infections because of long-term immunosuppression to prevent graft rejection. fungal infections with dermatophytes are a common cause of cutaneous infections seen in organ transplant recipients and cutaneous dermatophyte infections may progress to majocchi's granuloma. itraconazole is an anti-fungal compound used for the treatment of infections of the skin, nails and mucous membranes. | 2012 | 23091582 |
| [visit a swimming pool in moscow as a risk of skin diseases of fungal etiology]. | 450 persons visited swimming pools in moscow out of 900 patients seen by a dermatologist, have been questioned. skin and toenail mycoses plates (18.7% and 21.8% respectively) were shown to prevail in the overall structure of the skin disease in persons who regularly visited swimming pool for a long time. in the structure of the species composition of fungal pathogens of diseases in such persons trichophyton rubrum (51%) takes the first place, candida albcans (25.5%) takes the second place. | 2012 | 23082662 |
| effects of laser irradiation on trichophyton rubrum growth and ultrastructure. | trichophyton rubrum (t. rubrum) is the most common causative agent of dermatophytosis worldwide. in this study, we examined the effect of laser irradiation on the growth and morphology of t. rubrum. | 2012 | 23075727 |
| deep trichophyton rubrum infection presenting with umbilicated papulonodules in a cardiac transplant recipient. | | 2013 | 22973894 |
| deep pseudocystic dermatophytosis caused by trichophyton rubrum in a patient with myasthenia gravis. | | 2013 | 22949072 |
| epidemiological aspects of trichophyton rubrum var. raubitschekii in japan. | trichophyton rubrum var. raubitschekii is a rare anthropophilic dermatophyte isolated around the world from tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis and tinea unguium. in this study, the isolation rate of t. rubrum var. raubitschekii was studied in 200 cases of tinea pedis and tinea unguium in japan. the 200 clinical isolates were shown to be of downy type as their colonies on sabouraud's dextrose agar were white to cream, suede-like to downy, with a yellow-brown to wine-red reverse, and they p ... | 2012 | 22900925 |
| laser treatment of onychomycosis: an in vitro pilot study. | laser treatment of onychomycosis is the object of considerable interest. laser therapy could be a safe and cost-effective treatment modality without the disadvantages of drugs. some studies have described the inhibitory effects of lasers on the growth of fungal colonies. we therefore examined the effects of various laser wavelengths, which have previously shown inhibitory potential, on the fungal isolate trichophyton rubrum. | 2012 | 22897199 |
| stability of tandemly repetitive subelement pcr patterns in trichophyton rubrum over serial passaging and with respect to drug pressure. | trichophyton rubrum is the most significant agent of dermatomycoses worldwide, primarily causing tinea pedis and tinea unguium. pcr analysis of tandemly repetitive subelements (trs) within the rdna nontranscribed spacer region is a major tool for molecular typing of t. rubrum. the aim of this study was to investigate the stability of trs pcr patterns by analyzing isogenic strains of t. rubrum. twenty-seven groups of isogenic t. rubrum strains were examined, each composed of an original clinical ... | 2012 | 22814817 |
| [grey relational analysis on fingerprint characteristics of different eluted parts of euphorbia humifusa and antifungal effect]. | to determine the contribution of chemical components represented by characteristic peaks of fingerprint of different eluted parts of euphorbia humifusa to the antifungal effect to provide theoretical basis and data support for the traditional chinese medicine quality control mode. | 2012 | 22693897 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of vinyl ether-containing azole derivatives as inhibitors of trichophyton rubrum. | in an attempt to search for many target compounds with excellent activities, a series of vinyl ether-containing azole derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as antifungal agents. results of preliminary antifungal tests against trichophyton rubrum in vitro indicated that most of the synthesized compounds showed excellent activities. in comparison with fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, omoconazole and amphotericin b, several compounds (such as 7d, 7g and 7h) exhibited more po ... | 2012 | 22683344 |
| etiological agents of superficial mycoses in kayseri, turkey. | in this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of agents that cause superficial mycoses and clinical types of superficial mycoses in terms of age and gender in our region were aimed. | 2013 | 22672104 |
| onychomycosis in the denver pediatrics population, a retrospective study. | onychomycosis (om) is a common nail disorder in adults but has been rare in children. recent international studies have demonstrated a rise in the prevalence of om in children and adolescents, with trichophyton rubrum being the most common pathogen. this 5-year retrospective chart review of children (aged <18) found that 66 of 141 patients (46.8%) presenting to children's hospital colorado or denver health medical center dermatology clinics with nail complaints had om, with the highest prevalenc ... | 2014 | 22612465 |
| phototoxic action of light emitting diode in the in vitro viability of trichophyton rubrum. | trichophyton rubrum is the most common agent of superficial mycosis of the skin and nails causing long lasting infections and high recurrence rates. current treatment drawbacks involve topical medications not being able to reach the nail bed at therapeutic concentrations, systemic antifungal drugs failing to eradicate the fungus before the nails are renewed, severe side effects and selection of resistant fungal isolates. photodynamic therapy (pdt) has been a promising alternative to conventional ... | 2013 | 22570029 |
| antimicrobial effects of allicin and ketoconazole on trichophyton rubrum under in vitro condition. | dermatophytosis is caused by a group of pathogenic fungi namely, dermatophytes, is among the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide. azole drugs are widely used in the treatment of dermatomycosis, but can cause various side effects and drug resistance to the patients. hence, for solving this problem can be used from the plant extract as alternative for chemical drugs. allicin is a pure bioactive compound isolated from garlic was tested for its potential as a treatment of dermatomycosis in ... | 2012 | 24031891 |
| majocchi's granuloma: a symptom complex caused by fungal pathogens. | majocchi's granuloma (mg) is a well-recognized but uncommon infection of dermal and subcutaneous tissues that is caused by mold fungi. although primarily caused by keratinophilic dermatophytes such as anthropophilic trichophyton rubrum, species from the aspergillus and phoma genera have been occasionally detected as etiologic agents of mg. in both healthy individuals and immunocompromised hosts, mg often presents as nodules, plaques, and papules on areas that are prone to trauma. although mg gen ... | 2012 | 22435879 |
| antifungal properties of japanese cedar essential oil from waste wood chips made from used sake barrels. | in this study, we prepared essential oil (eo) from waste wood chips made from used sake barrels (usbs) of japanese cedar (i.e., eo-usb) by steam distillation. we found that eo-usb and three commercially purchased eos derived from xylem tissue of japanese woods, such as japanese cedar (cryptomeria japonica), japanese cypress (chamaecyparis obtusa) and false arborvitae (thujopsis dolabrata), suppressed fungal growth activity against trichophyton rubrum, which is the cause of tinea disease. the mag ... | 2012 | 22395293 |
| evaluation of the morphological effects of tdt 067 (terbinafine in transfersome) and conventional terbinafine on dermatophyte hyphae in vitro and in vivo. | tdt 067 is a novel, carrier-based dosage form of terbinafine in transfersome (1.5%) formulated for topical delivery of terbinafine to the nail, nail bed, and surrounding tissue. we examined the effects of tdt 067 and conventional terbinafine on the morphology of dermatophytes. trichophyton rubrum hyphae were exposed to tdt 067 or terbinafine (15 mg/ml) and examined under white light, scanning electron microscopy (sem), and transmission electron microscopy (tem). subungual debris from patients tr ... | 2012 | 22354309 |
| transcription of n- and o-linked mannosyltransferase genes is modulated by the pacc gene in the human dermatophyte trichophyton rubrum. | in fungi, ambient ph sensing involves the activation of the pal/pacc signalling pathway. in the dermatophyte trichophyton rubrum, ph-dependent secretion of keratinases, which are major virulence determinants, is affected by disruption of the pacc gene. here, the transcription profiling of the genes coding for n- and o-linked mannosyltransferases, enzymes involved in protein glycosylation, was evaluated in t. rubrum in response to disruption of the pacc gene and growth in keratin, glucose, and gl ... | 2012 | 23772361 |
| growth inhibition and morphological alterations of trichophyton rubrum induced by essential oil from cymbopogon winterianus jowitt ex bor. | trichophyton rubrum is one of the most common fungi causer of dermatophytosis, mycosis that affect humans and animals around the world. researches aiming new products with antifungal activity become necessary to overcome difficulties on treatment of these infections. accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of essential oil from cymbopogon winterianus against the dermatophyte t. rubrum. the antifungal screening was performed by solid medium diffusion method with 16 t. ... | 2011 | 24031626 |
| studies on comparison of the efficacy of terbinafine 1% cream and butenafine 1% cream for the treatment of tinea cruris. | in this study, 76 male patients aged between 18 and 61 years affected with tinea cruris attending the outpatient department of nrs medical college during a 1-year period were selected. | 2010 | 23130183 |
| in vitro antifungal activity of limonene against trichophyton rubrum. | in this study, the antifungal activities of limonene against trichophyton rubrum were evaluated via broth microdilution and vapor contact assays. in both assays, limonene was shown to exert a potent antifungal effect against t. rubrum. the volatile vapor of limonene at concentrations above 1 µl/800 ml air space strongly inhibited the growth of t. rubrum. the mic value was 0.5% v/v in the broth microdilution assay. the antifungal activity of limonene against t. rubrum was characterized as a fungi ... | 2009 | 23983542 |
| fungi associated with the hairs of goat and sheep in libya. | the mycoflora on the hair in 25 samples of each of goats and sheep collected from libya was analyzed using two isolation methods at 25℃. seventy species and 3 varieties belonging to 31 genera were collected from the two substrates. the hairs of sheep were polluted with fungi than goat, contained high total counts and number of genera and species. two species of true dermatophytes were isolated namely trichophyton rubrum and t. terrestre. several keratiophilic species were isolated of which chrys ... | 2009 | 23983514 |
| on the incidence of raktaja krimi (dermatophytes) in chhindwara, madhya pradesh. | a survey of raktaja krimis of chhindwara was made during july, 1986 to june, 1987. tinea infections were abundant followed by tinea cruris, tinea pedis, tinear capitis, tinea barbae, and tinea unguinum. tinea infections were common among the youth between 21 - 30 years. the percentage wise tinea infections were as follows : trichophyton rubrum (64.5%), t. mentagrophytes (5.37%), t. violaceum (1.07%), epidermophyton flocceum (18.12%), micrisporum gypseum (7.52%) and m. nanum (5.37%). | 1992 | 22556590 |