| effect of canavanine from alfalfa seeds on the population biology of bacillus cereus | bacillus cereus uw85 suppresses diseases of alfalfa seedlings, although alfalfa seed exudate inhibits the growth of uw85 in culture (j. l. milner, s. j. raffel, b. j. lethbridge, and j. handelsman, appl. microbiol. biotechnol. 43:685-691, 1995). in this study, we determined the chemical basis for and biological role of the inhibitory activity. all of the alfalfa germ plasm tested included seeds that released inhibitory material. we purified the inhibitory material from one alfalfa cultivar and i ... | 1998 | 9835549 |
| detection and isolation of novel rhizopine-catabolizing bacteria from the environment | microbial rhizopine-catabolizing (moc) activity was detected in serial dilutions of soil and rhizosphere washes. the activity observed generally ranged between 10(6) and 10(7) catabolic units per g, and the numbers of nonspecific culture-forming units were found to be approximately 10 times higher. a diverse set of 37 isolates was obtained by enrichment on scyllo-inosamine-containing media. however, none of the bacteria that were isolated were found to contain dna sequences homologous to the kno ... | 1998 | 9835587 |
| milk production and plasma gossypol of cows fed cottonseed and oilseed meals with or without rumen-undegradable protein. | twenty-four multiparous holstein cows were randomly assigned at calving to treatment diets using a modified split-plot design to determine the effects of protein source on milk production and composition. the treatment diets consisted of an 80:20 combination of corn and alfalfa silages and whole cottonseed at 12% of the dietary dry matter (dm). the treatment diets were formulated to contain 17% crude protein (cp) and 20% acid detergent fiber on a dm basis. one of the following sources of supplem ... | 1998 | 9839237 |
| the effects of starch and protein degradation rates, hay sources, and feeding frequency on rumen microbial fermentation in a continuous culture system. | six continuous culture fermenters were used in three experiments to study the effects of dietary starch and protein degradability combination, hay sources, and feeding frequency on fermentation by rumen microorganisms. experiments 1 and 2 used a 3 x 2 factorial design in which six diets were formulated to contain low (ls), medium (ms), or high starch degradability (hs) in combination with low (lp) or high protein degradability (hp). the dietary combinations were (1) ls + hp, (2) ls + lp, (3) ms ... | 1998 | 9850598 |
| influence of dietary concentrate to forage ratio on the development of rumen mucosa in calves. | effects of structural and non-structural carbohydrates on the development of rumen fermentation and ruminal mucosa in calves were examined during the weaning period. barley/soybean meal (sbm) group was fed a concentrate starting from 2 weeks of age, whereas alfalfa group received a mixture of concentrate and alfalfa hay in which the proportion of the latter was gradually increased from 20% to 70% between weeks 2 and 9 of age. the total volatile fatty acid concentration in rumen fluid of calves i ... | 1998 | 9850796 |
| protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit isoforms from alfalfa: biochemical characterization and cdna cloning. | the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (pp1c) was purified from an alfalfa (medicago sativa) microcallus cell culture. the preparation was inhibited by rabbit muscle inhibitor-2 and okadaic acid and had a molecular mass of 35 kda. five distinct cdnas termed mspp1alpha, -beta, -gamma, -delta, and -epsilon were cloned from a m. sativa somatic embryo library. mspp1alpha was identical to a cdna reported earlier [a. páy, m. pirck, l. bögre, h. hirt, and e. heberle-bors mol. gen. genet. 244, 1 ... | 1998 | 9851832 |
| effect of ruminal cellulolytic bacterial concentrations on in situ digestion of forage cellulose. | to evaluate the effects of ruminal cellulolytic bacterial concentrations on in vivo cellulose digestion, varying percentages of flaked soybean hulls were substituted for orchardgrass hay in high-forage diets fed to sheep. in two experiments, total and cellulolytic ruminal bacterial concentrations were not affected by diet. no differences were found for in situ digestion of forage cellulose in the first experiment; however, in exp. 2, ruminal ph and in situ cellulose digestion were lower (p<.01) ... | 1998 | 9856401 |
| cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase in humans, mice, and voles and phylogenetic analysis of the enzyme family. | in this study, we report cdna sequences of the cytosolic nadp-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase for humans, mice, and two species of voles (microtus mexicanus and microtus ochrogaster). inferred amino acid sequences from these taxa display a high level of amino acid sequence conservation, comparable to that of myosin beta heavy chain, and share known structural features. a caenorhabditis elegans enzyme that was previously identified as a protein similar to isocitrate dehydrogenase is most likel ... | 1998 | 9866202 |
| protein phosphatase 2c (pp2c) function in higher plants. | in the past few years, molecular cloning studies have revealed the primary structure of plant protein serine/threonine phosphatases. two structurally distinct families, the pp1/pp2a family and the pp2c family, are present in plants as well as in animals. this review will focus on the plant pp2c family of protein phosphatases. biochemical and molecular genetic studies in arabidopsis have identified pp2c enzymes as key players in plant signal transduction processes. for instance, the abi1/abi2 pp2 ... | 1998 | 9869399 |
| alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) resistance to the root-lesion nematode, pratylenchus penetrans: defense-response gene mrna and isoflavonoid phytoalexin levels in roots. | alfalfa (medicago sativa) varieties with antibiosis-based resistance to the root-lesion nematode (pratylenchus penetrans), a migratory endoparasite of many crops, have been developed by recurrent selection. individual plants from these varieties that support significantly lower nematode reproduction were identified for molecular and biochemical characterization of defense responses. before nematode infection, rna blot analysis revealed 1.3-1.8-fold higher phenylpropanoid pathway mrna levels in r ... | 1998 | 9869406 |
| alfin1, a novel zinc-finger protein in alfalfa roots that binds to promoter elements in the salt-inducible msprp2 gene. | alfin1 cdna, obtained by differential screening of a poly(a)+ library from salt-tolerant alfalfa cells, encodes a novel protein with a cys4 and his/cys3 putative zinc-binding domain that suggests a possible role for this protein in transcriptional regulation. we have expressed the cdna in escherichia coli and show that the recombinant alfin1 protein binds dna in a sequence-specific manner. the dna recognition sequence was determined from individual clones isolated after four rounds of random oli ... | 1998 | 9869418 |
| production, faecal egg counts and worm burdens of ewe lambs which grazed six contrasting forages. | lambs were grazed on monospecific swards of one of six forages, some containing condensed tannins (ct); sulla (hedysarum coronarium), lotus corniculatus and l. pedunculatus and some without ct (lucerne (medicago sativa), plantain (plantago lanceolata) and a ryegrass/white clover pasture (lolium perenne/trifolium repens)) to evaluate effects of forage type on gastrointestinal nematode burdens, faecal egg count as well as liveweight gain (lwg), wool growth and dag formation over a 42-day period. a ... | 1998 | 9877067 |
| intermittency in mastication and apomorphine-induced gnawing. | rhythmic behaviors like mastication, gnawing, and locomotion, are characterized by temporal segmentation or intermittency. that is, they frequently occur as a series of short bursts interrupted by pauses rather than as one long uninterrupted burst. the function of intermittency as well as the mechanisms that produce it are unknown. biogenic amine systems may play a role in producing intermittency; however, experimental work to confirm this is only in its infancy. the current study evaluates the ... | 1998 | 9877425 |
| amino acids of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein that direct formation of unusually long virus particles. | in contrast to most alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) strains (ysmv, s, m and 425), amv strains vru and 1 5/64 can form abnormally long virus particles, an ability which has been linked to the coat protein (cp). in order to study this phenomenon, the cp-encoding rnas 3 of amv strains vru and 1 5/64 were cloned and fully sequenced. comparative sequence analyses of amv rna 3 sequences derived from different strains revealed two non-conservative amino acid substitutions, ser65 and leu175, which occur excl ... | 1998 | 9880033 |
| effects of graded duodenal infusions of glucose on yield and composition of milk from dairy cows. 1. diets based on corn silage. | four fistulated holstein cows were arranged in a 4 x 4 latin square design to study the effects of graded amounts of glucose (0, 500, 750, and 1500 g/d) infused in the duodenum on milk yield and composition and plasma metabolites. cows were fed a basal diet of 50% corn silage, 17% dehydrated alfalfa, and 33% concentrate. the treatments (feed plus infusions) were isoenergetic. increased amounts of glucose did not affect milk yield or protein content. fat yield and content decreased in a curviline ... | 1998 | 9891269 |
| prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among ohio cash grain farmers. | the prevalence of chronic cough, chronic phlegm, dyspnea, and non-cold wheeze was estimated from a mixed-mode survey of ohio cash grain farmers in 1993. | 1999 | 9894539 |
| multinational outbreak of salmonella enterica serotype newport infections due to contaminated alfalfa sprouts. | in december 1995, reported salmonella enterica serotype newport (sn) infections increased sharply in oregon and british columbia but not elsewhere in north america. similar unexplained increases had been noted in 6 other states in the fall of 1995. | 1999 | 9917119 |
| a core promoter hairpin is essential for subgenomic rna synthesis in alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus and is conserved in other bromoviridae. | the nucleotide sequence immediately in front of the initiation site for subgenomic rna 4 synthesis on rna 3 minus strand, which has been proved to function as a core promoter, was inspected for secondary structure in 26 species of the plant virus family bromoviridae. in 23 cases a stable hairpin could be predicted at a distance of 3 to 8 nucleotides from the initiation site of rna 4. this hairpin contained several conserved nucleotides that are essential for core promoter activity in brome mosai ... | 1998 | 9926399 |
| the effect of in vitro fermentation on specific gravity and sedimentation measurements of forage particles. | dry matter degradability (dmd), gas production (gp), functional specific gravity (fsg), volume of gas associated (ga), water-holding capacity (whc), and sedimentation measurements of orchard-grass (og) and alfalfa (aa) hays (ground through a 8-mm screen) were studied before and after in vitro incubation with ruminal fluid for 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 h. the dmd was higher for aa than for og (p < .001), but gp did not differ. the fsg of unfermented og and aa was .59 and .73, respectively (p < .01) ... | 1998 | 9928615 |
| manipulation of ruminal fermentation with organic acids: a review. | the dicarboxylic acids aspartate, fumarate, and malate stimulate lactate utilization by the predominant ruminal bacterium, selenomonas ruminantium. malate stimulates lactate uptake by s. ruminantium more than does aspartate or fumarate, and it seems that malate and sodium are involved in stimulating lactate utilization by this bacterium. based on the ability of s. ruminantium to grow on malate in the presence of extracellular hydrogen and produce succinate, malate may be acting as an electron si ... | 1998 | 9928618 |
| chronic dietary toxicity/oncogenicity studies on 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid in rodents. | 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-db) is principally used in the united states on peanuts, soybeans, and alfalfa. in europe, it is used on cereals, undersown cereals, lucerne (alfalfa), clover, and clover mixtures. doses in the 2-year chronic/oncogenicity rat study were 0, 60, 600, and 1800 ppm. no evidence of an oncogenic potential for 2,4-db was evident and the study clearly established a noel of 2.48 mg/kg/day (60 ppm, males) and 3.23 mg/kg/day (60 ppm, females), as well as an mtd of 78.0 ... | 1998 | 9928665 |
| chronic dietary toxicity study on 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid in the dog. | 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-db) is principally used in the united states as a herbicide on peanuts, soybeans, and alfalfa. in europe, it is used on cereals, undersown cereals, lucerne (alfalfa), clover, and clover mixtures. a 1-year chronic toxicity study in the dog was performed on 2,4-db. doses in the study of 0, 75, 225, and 450 ppm were administered to six animals/sex/group. the top dose was reduced from 675 ppm during week 7 of the study due to body weight loss and decreased food c ... | 1998 | 9928676 |
| comparison of parental and transgenic alfalfa rhizosphere bacterial communities using biolog gn metabolic fingerprinting and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-pcr (eric-pcr). | > abstract rhizosphere bacterial communities of parental and two transgenic alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) of isogenic background were compared based on metabolic fingerprinting using biolog gn microplates and dna fingerprinting of bacterial communities present in biolog gn substrate wells by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-pcr (eric-pcr). the two transgenic alfalfa expressed either bacterial (bacillus licheniformis) genes for alpha-amylase or fungal (phanerochaete chrysos ... | 1999 | 9929401 |
| cis-acting functions of alfalfa mosaic virus proteins involved in replication and encapsidation of viral rna. | cdna clones of rnas 1 and 2 of alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) were slightly modified to permit transcription of infectious rnas with t7 rna polymerase. together with transcripts of an available clone of amv rna 3, these transcripts were used to study cis- and trans-acting functions of amv proteins in protoplasts from nontransgenic tobacco plants and from plants transformed with the p1 and p2 genes, encoded by rnas 1 and 2, respectively. transgenic p1 was unable to complement mutations in the p1 gene ... | 1999 | 9986798 |
| effect of diet on populations of three species of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria in lactating dairy cows. | the effects of four contrasting diets were determined on populations of three species of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria (ruminococcus albus, ruminococcus flavefaciens, and fibrobacter succinogenes) using oligonucleotide probes to rrna. diets based on alfalfa silage or corn silage as the primary fiber source were formulated to contain either 24 or 32% neutral detergent fiber measured after alpha-amylase treatment. the diets were fed twice daily to four ruminally fistulated, lactating holstein cows ... | 1999 | 10022014 |
| effects of branched-chain amino acids and sodium caseinate on milk protein concentration and yield from dairy cows. | our study investigated the separate and combined effects of branched-chain amino acids (aa) and sodium caseinate on milk protein concentration and yield. four holstein cows (112 d in milk) were abomasally infused with water, branched-chain aa (150 g/d), sodium caseinate (600 g/d), or branched-chain aa plus sodium caseinate (44 and 600 g/d, respectively) according to a 4 x 4 latin square design with 8-d treatment periods. cows were fed a dry diet based on alfalfa hay and concentrates for ad libit ... | 1999 | 10022018 |
| tn5-induced and spontaneous switching of sinorhizobium meliloti to faster-swarming behavior. | tn5 mutants of sinorhizobium meliloti rmb7201 which swarmed 1.5 to 2. 5 times faster than the parental strain in semisolid agar, moist sand, and viscous liquid were identified. these faster-swarming (fs) mutants outgrew the wild type 30- to 40-fold within 2 days in mixed swarm colonies. the fs mutants survived and grew as well as or better than the wild type under all of the circumstances tested, except in a soil matrix subjected to air drying. exopolysaccharide (eps) synthesis was reduced in ea ... | 1999 | 10049888 |
| expression of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein in tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) deficient in the production of its native coat protein supports long-distance movement of a chimeric tmv. | alfalfa mosaic virus (almv) coat protein is involved in systemic infection of host plants, and a specific mutation in this gene prevents the virus from moving into the upper uninoculated leaves. the coat protein also is required for different viral functions during early and late infection. to study the role of the coat protein in long-distance movement of almv independent of other vital functions during virus infection, we cloned the gene encoding the coat protein of almv into a tobacco mosaic ... | 1999 | 10051680 |
| plants ectopically expressing the iron-binding protein, ferritin, are tolerant to oxidative damage and pathogens. | transgenic tobacco plants that synthesize alfalfa ferritin in vegetative tissues--either in its processed form in chloroplasts or in the cytoplasmic nonprocessed form--retained photosynthetic function upon free radical toxicity generated by iron excess or paraquat treatment. progeny of transgenic plants accumulating ferritin in their leaves exhibited tolerance to necrotic damage caused by viral (tobacco necrosis virus) and fungal (alternaria alternata, botrytis cinerea) infections. these transfo ... | 1999 | 10052358 |
| mechanical maceration of alfalfa. | maceration is an intensive forage-conditioning process that can increase field drying rates by as much as 300%. because maceration shreds the forage and reduces its rigidity, improvements in bulk density, silage compaction, and ensiling characteristics have been observed. macerating forage also increases the surface area available for microbial attachment in the rumen, thereby increasing forage digestibility and animal performance. feeding trials with sheep have shown increases in dmi of 5 to 31 ... | 1999 | 10064043 |
| a technique for assessing the effects of olfaction on feed preference in lactating holstein cows. | our objective was to develop a method for assessing the effects of olfaction on feed preference. two multiparous lactating holstein cows were offered a totally mixed ration consisting of corn silage, alfalfa haylage, and a ground corn and soybean meal-based concentrate mixture (25:25:50 on a dm basis) for their ad libitum consumption in four consecutive 2.5-h periods daily for 5 d. an apparatus was developed that allowed odorants to be distributed at a set rate over two feeding containers with l ... | 1999 | 10064044 |
| degradability of forage proteins by in situ and in vitro enzymatic methods. | the overall objective of these two studies was to evaluate the efficacy of using the proteolytic enzyme from streptomyces griseus to estimate concentrations of ruminally degradable protein (rdp) in a wide array of forages. in the first study, alfalfa and prairie hays that previously had been evaluated in vivo for rdp were incubated in a replicated 3 x 3 factorial combination of enzyme concentrations (6.6, 0.66, and 0.066 activity units/ml of incubation medium) and incubation times (2, 4, and 48 ... | 1999 | 10068956 |
| effects of an enzyme feed additive on extent of digestion and milk production of lactating dairy cows. | a study was conducted using lactating holstein cows with ruminal and duodenal cannulas in a 4 x 4 latin square design to investigate fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on site and extent of nutrient digestion. the four diets consisted of 45% concentrate, 10% barley silage, and 45% cubed alfalfa hay (dry matter basis) and differed in enzyme supplementation: 1) control cubes, 2) cubes treated with 1 g of enzyme mixture/kg of cubes, 3) cubes treated with 2 g of enzyme mixture/kg of cubes, and 4) bot ... | 1999 | 10068960 |
| results of a nationwide survey to determine feedstuffs fed to lactating dairy cows. | a nationwide survey to determine feedstuffs used in the diets of dairy cows was conducted. this survey was mailed to dairy nutritionists at universities in each state to describe the use of 144 feedstuffs. twenty-eight states responded and were grouped by region as follows: northeast (maine, maryland, new hampshire, new york, ohio, vermont, and west virginia), northwest (idaho, oregon, and washington), midwest (iowa, illinois, michigan, minnesota, missouri, nebraska, north dakota, south dakota, ... | 1999 | 10068966 |
| nadh-glutamate synthase in alfalfa root nodules. genetic regulation and cellular expression. | nadh-dependent glutamate synthase (nadh-gogat; ec 1.4.1.14) is a key enzyme in primary nitrogen assimilation in alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) root nodules. here we report that in alfalfa, a single gene, probably with multiple alleles, encodes for nadh-gogat. in situ hybridizations were performed to assess the location of nadh-gogat transcript in alfalfa root nodules. in wild-type cv saranac nodules the nadh-gogat gene is predominantly expressed in infected cells. nodules devoid of bacteroids (emp ... | 1999 | 10069821 |
| induction of a protective antibody response to foot and mouth disease virus in mice following oral or parenteral immunization with alfalfa transgenic plants expressing the viral structural protein vp1. | the utilization of transgenic plants expressing recombinant antigens to be used in the formulation of experimental immunogens has been recently communicated. we report here the development of transgenic plants of alfalfa expressing the structural protein vp1 of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). the presence of the transgenes in the plants was confirmed by pcr and their specific transcription was demonstrated by rt-pcr. mice parenterally immunized using leaf extracts or receiving in their diet ... | 1999 | 10069960 |
| the sinorhizobium meliloti insertion sequence (is) elements isrm102f34-1/isrm7 and isrm220-13-5 belong to a new family of insertion sequence elements. | the sinorhizobium meliloti insertion sequence (is) elements isrm102f34-1 and isrm220-13-5 are 1481 and 1550 base pairs (bp) in size, respectively. isrm102f34-1 is bordered by 15 bp imperfect terminal inverted repeat sequences (two mismatches), whereas the terminal inverted repeat of isrm220-13-5 has a length of 16 bp (two mismatches). both insertion sequence elements generate a 6-bp target duplication upon transposition. the putative transposase enzymes of isrm102f34-1 and isrm220-13-5 consist o ... | 1999 | 10079521 |
| nutrient-specific preferences by lambs conditioned with intraruminal infusions of starch, casein, and water. | we hypothesized that lambs discriminate between postingestive effects of energy and protein and associate those effects with a food's flavor to modify food choices. based on this hypothesis, we predicted that 1) lambs would acquire a preference for a poorly nutritious food (grape pomace) eaten during intraruminal infusions of energy (starch) or protein (casein) and that 2) shortly after an intraruminal infusion of energy or protein (preload), lambs would decrease their preferences for foods prev ... | 1999 | 10100667 |
| supplemental cracked corn for steers fed fresh alfalfa: i. effects on digestion of organic matter, fiber, and starch. | the effect of supplementation with different levels of cracked corn on the sites of om, total dietary fiber (tdf), adf, and starch digestion in steers fed fresh alfalfa indoors was determined. six angus steers (338 +/- 19 kg) fitted with cannulas in the rumen, duodenum, and ileum consumed 1) alfalfa (20.4% cp, 41.6% ndf) ad libitum (aalf); 2), 3), and 4) aalf supplemented (s) with .4, .8, or 1.2%, respectively, of bw of corn; or 5) alfalfa restricted at the average level of forage intake of s st ... | 1999 | 10100677 |
| supplemental cracked corn for steers fed fresh alfalfa: ii. protein and amino acid digestion. | the effects of different levels of cracked corn on n intake, ruminal bacterial cp synthesis, and duodenal flows and small intestinal digestion of amino acids (aa) in steers fed fresh alfalfa indoors were determined. angus steers (n = 6; average bw 338 +/- 19 kg) cannulated in the rumen, duodenum, and ileum were fed each of five diets over five periods in a latin square design with an extra animal. steers consumed 1) alfalfa (20.4% cp, 41.6% ndf) ad libitum (aalf); 2), 3), and 4) aalf supplemente ... | 1999 | 10100678 |
| degradation of two protein sources at three solids retention times in continuous culture. | effects of solids retention times (srt) of 10, 20, and 30 h on protein degradation and microbial metabolism were studied in continuous cultures of ruminal contents. liquid dilution rate was constant across all retention times at .12 h(-1) (8.3 h mean retention time). two semipurified diets that contained either soybean meal (sbm) or alfalfa hay (alfh) as the sole nitrogen source were provided in amounts that decreased as srt was increased. digestion coefficients for dm, ndf, and adf increased wi ... | 1999 | 10100680 |
| isolation and characterization of alfalfa-nodulating rhizobia present in acidic soils of central argentina and uruguay | we describe the isolation and characterization of alfalfa-nodulating rhizobia from acid soils of different locations in central argentina and uruguay. a collection of 465 isolates was assembled, and the rhizobia were characterized for acid tolerance. growth tests revealed the existence of 15 acid-tolerant (at) isolates which were able to grow at ph 5.0 and formed nodules in alfalfa with a low rate of nitrogen fixation. analysis of those isolates, including partial sequencing of the genes encodin ... | 1999 | 10103231 |
| effect of applying lactic acid bacteria isolated from forage crops on fermentation characteristics and aerobic deterioration of silage. | two selected strains, lactobacillus casei fg 1 and lactobacillus plantarum fg 10 that were isolated from forage crops were used as additives at 1.0 x 10(5) cfu/g of fresh matter to alfalfa, italian ryegrass, and sorghum, and their effect on fermentation characteristics and aerobic deterioration of silage was studied. the three silages treated with strains fg 1 or fg 10 were well preserved; had significantly lower ph values, butyric acid, propionic acid, and ammonia n concentrations, gas producti ... | 1999 | 10194670 |
| milk production and composition from cows fed wet corn distillers grains. | twelve lactating holstein cows were utilized in a repeated switchback design to evaluate milk production and milk fat composition responses to wet corn distillers grains. total mixed diets consisted of 31.4% corn silage, 18.4% alfalfa hay, and either 50.2% of a concentrate mix that contained mostly corn and soybean meal or 19.4% of a concentrate mix that contained mostly corn and 31.2% wet corn distillers grains. the first 4 wk of each 6-wk period were for adaptation to diets; data were collecte ... | 1999 | 10194676 |
| influence of particle size on the effectiveness of the fiber in corn silage. | this experiment evaluated the influence of particle size on the effectiveness of fiber in corn silage relative to that in hay crop, which consisted of mostly alfalfa silage. fifteen multiparous holstein cows were assigned to five treatments in each of 2 yr. the design was replicated but truncated 5 x 5 latin squares with three 21-d periods in 1994 and four 21-d periods in 1995. the five diets (2-yr average, dry basis) were a basal, low fiber control with 12% neutral detergent fiber (ndf) from ha ... | 1999 | 10194677 |
| relationship of portal-drained viscera and liver net flux of glucose, lactate, volatile fatty acids, and nitrogen metabolites to milk production in the ewe. | the objectives of this study were, first, to determine the relationship between hepatic glucose release and milk production and, second, to determine the relationship between net hepatic uptake of gluconeogenic precursors and milk production. nine multiparous ewes were individually penned and fed an alfalfa hay-based diet for ad libitum intake. catheters were surgically placed in the portal vein, a branch of the hepatic vein, a mesenteric vein, and the abdominal aorta. metabolite fluxes across t ... | 1999 | 10194679 |
| effect of direct-fed fibrolytic enzymes on the lactational performance of dairy cows. | in trial 1, 30 midlactation (213 d in milk) holstein cows were randomly assigned to a control or enzyme treatment in a two-period crossover design and were fed a total mixed ration based on alfalfa hay and silage. cows on the enzyme treatment received an enzyme solution containing cellulases and xylanases, which was sprayed on the forage component of the ration at a rate of 1.65 ml/kg of forage dry matter (dm) between 8 and 24 h prior to feeding. cows consuming the forage treated with enzyme pro ... | 1999 | 10194681 |
| pathogenesis, treatment, and therapeutic trials in hemolytic uremic syndrome. | diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome is one of the most common causes of acute renal failure in childhood. nearly all cases are the result of an antecedent infection by shiga toxin--producing strains of escherichia coli, especially the o157:h7 serotype. most cases occur after ingestion of contaminated meat; however, new food sources such as leaf lettuce, alfalfa sprouts, and goat's milk have been identified, and diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome can occur after exposure to c ... | 1999 | 10202627 |
| response of lactating dairy cows to steam-flaked sorghum, steam-flaked corn, or steam-rolled corn and protein sources of differing degradability. | protein sources with different degradabilities were fed to 48 lactating holstein cows receiving 37 or 39% of dietary dry matter as steam-flaked sorghum (360 g/l), steam-flaked corn (360 g/l), or steam-rolled corn (490 g/l) in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. cows were fed an alfalfa-based diet with 7% soybean meal or 5% of an animal-marine protein blend and 37 or 39% grain. although not significant, cows fed flaked grain yielded a mean of 1.5 kg/d more milk than did those fed rolled ... | 1999 | 10212459 |
| predicting the effect of proteolysis on ruminal crude protein degradation of legume and grass silages using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. | two studies were conducted to assess whether routine applications of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy could predict the effects of silage proteolysis on ruminal crude protein (cp) degradation of legume and grass silages. a preliminary study was conducted to assess the effect of laboratory drying method on ruminal cp degradation of silages. thirty legume and grass silages were freeze-, oven-, or microwave-dried and incubated in situ in the ventral rumen of three ruminally cannulated cows fo ... | 1999 | 10212462 |
| development of a novel system to estimate protein degradability in legume and grass silages. | five trials were conducted to develop a system to estimate rumen-undegradable protein (rup) of legume and grass silages using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. in situ procedures were the reference method used to determine silage rup content. trials 1, 2, and 3 were devoted to improving in situ procedures. in trial 1, alfalfa silage with and without heat treatment was incubated ruminally in 30 cows. the standard deviation of in situ rup attributable to cow and diet was 0.82 and 3.80 g/10(- ... | 1999 | 10212464 |
| colletotrichum trifolii mutants disrupted in the catalytic subunit of camp-dependent protein kinase are nonpathogenic. | colletotrichum trifolii is the fungal pathogen of alfalfa that causes anthracnose disease. for successful plant infection, this fungus must undergo a series of morphological transitions following conidial attachment, including germination and subsequent differentiation, resulting in appressorium formation. our previous studies with pharmacological effectors of signaling pathways have suggested the involvement of cyclic amp (camp)-dependent protein kinase (pka) during these processes. to more pre ... | 1999 | 10226376 |
| alfalfa mosaic virus rnas serve as cap donors for tomato spotted wilt virus transcription during coinfection of nicotiana benthamiana. | tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) was shown to use alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) rnas as cap donors in vivo during a mixed infection in nicotiana benthamiana. by use of nested reverse transcription-pcr, tswv n and nss mrnas provided with capped leader sequences derived from all four amv rnas could be cloned and sequenced. the sequence specificity of the putative tswv endonuclease involved is discussed. | 1999 | 10233983 |
| nodule-inducing activity of synthetic sinorhizobium meliloti nodulation factors and related lipo-chitooligosaccharides on alfalfa. importance of the acyl chain structure. | sinorhizobium meliloti nodulation factors (nfs) elicit a number of symbiotic responses in alfalfa (medicago sativa) roots. using a semiquantitative nodulation assay, we have shown that chemically synthesized nfs trigger nodule formation in the same range of concentrations (down to 10(-10) m) as natural nfs. the absence of o-sulfate or o-acetate substitutions resulted in a decrease in morphogenic activity of more than 100-fold and approximately 10-fold, respectively. to address the question of th ... | 1999 | 10318686 |
| the influence of extruding corn grain on glucose metabolism in pregnant ewes. | glucose metabolism was studied in 31 pregnant ewes fed mixtures (50:50) of chopped alfalfa hay and corn grain given in whole (hwc) or extruded form (hec). number of fetuses was 1 (n = 10), 2 (n = 11) or 3 (n = 10). diets were supplied at three dietary levels: maintenance (1.0 m), 1.25 x maintenance (1.25 m) or twice maintenance (2.0 m). glucose metabolism was estimated by a double isotope dilution procedure at days 97-121 of pregnancy. glucose entry rate (ger) was higher (p < 0.04), and glucose ... | 1999 | 10327446 |
| energy source and ionophore supplementation effects on lamb growth, carcass characteristics, visceral organ mass, diet digestibility, and nitrogen metabolism. | in exp. 1, 72 targhee lambs (initial bw 22.1+/-.3 kg) were used to determine the effects of energy source (alfalfa pasture vs limit-fed, all-concentrate) and ionophore addition on performance, visceral organ mass, and carcass characteristics. there were no differences (p > . 10) in adg or gain/ feed due to ionophore supplementation. lambs that grazed alfalfa had greater (p < .05) liver, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, cecum, and large intestine weights than did lambs fed the concentrate diet. ... | 1999 | 10328344 |
| effect of fiber source on cell wall digestibility and rate of passage in rabbits. | the influence of fiber source on fiber digestion and mean retention time was investigated. six fibrous feedstuffs with wide differences in chemical composition and particle size were selected: paprika meal, olive leaves, alfalfa hay, soybean hulls, sodium hydroxide-treated barley straw, and sunflower hulls. six diets were formulated to contain one of these ingredients as the sole source of fiber. to avoid nutrient imbalances, fiber sources were supplemented with different proportions of a concen ... | 1999 | 10328355 |
| evidence for gene flow between wild and cultivated medicago sativa (leguminosae)based on allozyme markers andquantitative traits. | genetic differentiation between co-occurring crops and their wild relatives will be greatly modified by crop-to-weed gene flow and variation between human and natural selective pressures. the maintenance of original morphological features in most natural populations of medicago sativa in spain questions the relative extent of these antagonistic forces. in this paper, we measured and compared the pattern of population differentiation within and among the wild and cultivated gene pool with respect ... | 1999 | 10330071 |
| germination responses and boron accumulation in germplasm from chile and the united states grown with boron-enriched water. | boron (b) is toxic to most plant species when accumulated in high concentrations. differences in a plant's ability to adapt to high concentrations of b may depend on the origin of the germplasm. chilean and domestic (u.s.) germplasm, corn (zea mays l.), carrots (daucus carotas), tomato (lycopersicum esculentum l.), and alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) were evaluated for germination, emergence of cotyledonary leaves, and tissue b accumulation under high-b conditions in both an environmental growth ch ... | 1999 | 10330322 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of ct-pkar, a gene encoding the regulatory subunit of camp-dependent protein kinase in colletotrichum trifolii. | colletotrichum trifolii is a plant pathogenic fungus causing alfalfa anthracnose. prepenetration development, including conidial germination and appressorial formation, are requisite for successful infection. pharmacological data from our laboratory indicated a role for a camp-dependent protein kinase (pka) pathway during these early morphogenic transitions. thus, the cloning and characterization of the genes for pka catalytic and regulatory subunits were undertaken to more precisely determine t ... | 1999 | 10339807 |
| sorghum grain flake density and source of roughage in feedlot cattle diets. | feedlot performance was studied in a 262-d trial using 126 crossbred beef steers (182 kg initial bw) to determine whether source of dietary roughage influences performance and carcass characteristics by steers fed growing (112 d) and finishing (150 d) diets with various flake densities (fd) of steam-processed sorghum grain. a 3 x 3 arrangement of treatments (two pens of seven steers each) was used, with dietary roughages being chopped alfalfa hay or 50:50 mixtures (equal ndf basis) of cotton-see ... | 1999 | 10340571 |
| the effect of forage source and particle size on finishing yearling steer performance and ruminal metabolism. | two finishing trials and a metabolism trial were conducted to evaluate the effect of forage source and particle size in dry-rolled corn finishing diets. in exp. 1, 224 crossbred yearling steers (bw = 342+/-11 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design consisting of seven treatments. treatments were an all-concentrate diet or diets containing equal ndf levels provided by alfalfa hay or wheat straw (three treatments each) with each forage source ground to pass through a .95-, 7.6-, or 12. ... | 1999 | 10340573 |
| influence of supplemental alfalfa quality on the intake, use, and subsequent performance of beef cattle consuming low-quality roughages. | three experiments were conducted to evaluate influences of supplemental alfalfa quality on intake and use of low-quality meadow grass roughages (mg) by beef cattle. in exp. 1, 15 steers (250 kg) were assigned to three treatments: 1) mg (5.2% cp), no supplement; 2) mg plus high-quality alfalfa (18.8% cp); and 3) mg plus low-quality alfalfa (15.2% cp). high- and low-quality alfalfa supplements were fed at .45 and .55% bw, respectively. total dmi was greater (p < .01) for alfalfa-supplemented steer ... | 1999 | 10340596 |
| response of lactating dairy cows to a cellulase and xylanase enzyme mixture applied to forages at the time of feeding. | fifty holstein cows (20 primiparous and 30 multiparous) were used in an experiment to evaluate the dose response to a direct-fed cellulase and xylanase enzyme mixture applied to the forage portion (60% corn silage and 40% alfalfa hay) of a total mixed ration just prior to feeding. cows were fed one of five treatment diets for 12 wk. diets 1 through 4 were 55% forage: 45% concentrate and consisted of an untreated control and the control diet plus 0.7, 1.0, or 1.5 l of enzyme concentrate/tonne of ... | 1999 | 10342238 |
| increase in alfalfa nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and plant growth by specific dna amplification in sinorhizobium meliloti. | to improve symbiotic nitrogen fixation on alfalfa plants, sinorhizobium meliloti strains containing different average copy numbers of a symbiotic dna region were constructed by specific dna amplification (sda). a dna fragment containing a regulatory gene (nodd1), the common nodulation genes (nodabc), and an operon essential for nitrogen fixation (nifn) from the nod regulon region of the symbiotic plasmid psyma of s. meliloti was cloned into a plasmid unable to replicate in this organism. the pla ... | 1999 | 10347066 |
| [food fibers--blockers and decontaminants of the radionuclides cesium and strontium]. | the chernobyl accident and its resultant radioactive pollution of enormous areas led to long-term entrance of radionuclides into the human habitat. among more than 200 radionuclides, the products of uranium fission in the reactor of the atomic power station, the isotopes of iodine, cesium, and strontium present the highest hazard. if iodine-131 virtually decayed by august, 1986, the long-lived isotopes of cesium and strontium will still stir the world public and scientists for many years. the au ... | 1999 | 10349239 |
| interactions in sheep between tall fescue ergot alkaloids and hepatotoxic carbon tetrachloride and senecio pyrrolizidine alkaloids. | the interaction between ergot alkaloids in endophyte-infected (e+) tall fescue (festuca arundinacea) seed and pyrrolizidine alkaloids (pa) in tansy ragwort (tr; senecio jacobaea) when simultaneously fed to sheep was investigated. because of the hepatogenic effects of prolactin (prl), it was hypothesized that low serum prl induced by ergot alkaloids would increase the susceptibility of sheep to hepatotoxicity induced by pa. sheep are normally resistant to pa-induced hepatotoxicity. twenty-four we ... | 1999 | 10349699 |
| alfalfa mosaic virus and ilarviruses: involvement of coat protein in multiple steps of the replication cycle. | | 1999 | 10355754 |
| bacterial genes induced within the nodule during the rhizobium-legume symbiosis. | during the symbiosis between the bacterium rhizobium meliloti and plants such as alfalfa, the bacteria elicit the formation of nodules on the roots of host plants. the bacteria infect the nodule, enter the cytoplasm of plant cells and differentiate into a distinct cell type called a bacteroid, which is capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. to discover bacterial genes involved in the infection and differentiation stages of symbiosis, we obtained genes expressed at the appropriate time and place ... | 1999 | 10361286 |
| behavior of steers grazing monocultures and binary mixtures of alfalfa and tall fescue. | spectral analysis was used to relate dietary quality and herbage species to the behavior of grazing steers. four .3-ha paddocks were established with either 'au-triumph' tall fescue (f; festuca arundinacea schreb.), 'apollo' alfalfa (a; medicago sativa l.), 1/3 fescue and 2/3 alfalfa (2/3a), or 2/3 fescue and 1/3 alfalfa (1/3a). each paddock was stocked with 10 to 16 steers and defoliated in 5 d. three steers on each paddock carried vibracorders to monitor grazing time. daily forage samples were ... | 1999 | 10375218 |
| detection and isolation of salmonella from naturally contaminated alfalfa seeds following an outbreak investigation. | naturally contaminated alfalfa seeds, epidemiologically linked to foodborne disease outbreaks in oregon and british columbia, were tested for the presence of salmonella. ten sample units from the suspected lot were sprouted and grown for 4 days. after enrichment of the grown sprouts, an enzyme immunoassay (eia) and culture method (modified procedure of the food and drug administration bacteriological analytical manual) were used for the detection and isolation of salmonella. four of the 10 sampl ... | 1999 | 10382657 |
| low genetic diversity among pea aphid (acyrthosiphon pisum) biotypes of different plant affiliation. | genetic diversity in the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum was investigated by a restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of three maternally inherited genomes (mitochondrial dna and plasmids of the symbiotic bacteria buchnera). twenty-nine parthenogenetic clones of three a. pisum biotypes, defined by their capacity to use the legume crops pea, alfalfa and red clover, respectively, were analysed, and a total of 67 restriction sites was scored. no restriction site variation in the mit ... | 1999 | 10383681 |
| performance of lactating dairy cows fed whole cottonseed coated with gelatinized cornstarch. | the handling characteristics of whole cottonseed are improved by coating with gelatinized cornstarch, but limited information is available on the effects of feeding the coated cottonseed to lactating dairy cows. thirty-six lactating jersey cows were used in a crossover design trial with 4-wk experimental periods to evaluate the influence of coating whole cottonseed with 2.5% gelatinized cornstarch on dry matter intake, milk yield, and composition. cows were fed diets containing 10.2% alfalfa-orc ... | 1999 | 10386316 |
| characterization and identification of pediococcus species isolated from forage crops and their application for silage preparation. | pediococcus species isolated from forage crops were characterized, and their application to silage preparation was studied. most isolates were distributed on forage crops at low frequency. these isolates could be divided into three (a, b, and c) groups by their sugar fermentation patterns. strains la 3, la 35, and ls 5 are representative isolates from groups a, b, and c, respectively. strains la 3 and la 35 had intragroup dna homology values above 93.6%, showing that they belong to the species p ... | 1999 | 10388681 |
| production of a diagnostic monoclonal antibody in perennial alfalfa plants. | the increasing use of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) in diagnostic reagents necessitates efficient and cost-effective mab production methods. in blood banks, one of the most routinely used reagents is the anti-human igg reagent used for the detection of non-agglutinating antibodies. here we report the production of a functional, purified anti-human igg, through the expression of its encoding genes in perennial transgenic alfalfa. transgenic plants expressing the light- and heavy-chain encoding mrn ... | 1999 | 10397849 |
| scope for using plant viruses to present epitopes from animal pathogens. | epitope presentation to the immune system for vaccination purposes can be achieved either via an inactivated or attenuated form of a pathogen or via its isolated antigenic sequences. when free, these peptides can adopt a variety of conformations, most of which will not exist in their native environment. conjugation to carrier proteins restricts mobility of the peptides and increases their immunogenicity. a high local concentration of epitopes boosts the immune response further and can be generat ... | 1998 | 10398492 |
| a novel sinorhizobium meliloti operon encodes an alpha-glucosidase and a periplasmic-binding-protein-dependent transport system for alpha-glucosides. | the most abundant carbon source transported into legume root nodules is photosynthetically produced sucrose, yet the importance of its metabolism by rhizobia in planta is not yet known. to identify genes involved in sucrose uptake and hydrolysis, we screened a sinorhizobium meliloti genomic library and discovered a segment of s. meliloti dna which allows ralstonia eutropha to grow on the alpha-glucosides sucrose, maltose, and trehalose. tn5 mutagenesis localized the required genes to a 6.8-kb re ... | 1999 | 10400573 |
| effect of c-terminal mutations of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein on dimer formation and assembly in vitro. | the coat protein (cp) of alfalfa mosaic virus (amv) strain 425 assembles to bacilliform or rod-shaped particles in the presence of nucleic acids or to t = 1 empty icosahedral particles in the absence of nucleic acids. to study the determinants of cp assembly, recombinant cps (rcps) that contained a (his)(6) region were expressed in escherichia coli. wt rcp and a mutant rcp, which lacked the last nine amino acids of the c terminus (amino acids 213-221), assembled to particles that were identical ... | 1999 | 10405370 |
| deletion of the carbonic anhydrase-like gene nce103 of the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae causes an oxygen-sensitive growth defect. | the yeast protein nce103p encoded by the gene nce103 (ynl036w) was described by cleves et al. (1996) as a substrate of the non-classical export pathway which acts independently of the classical pathway through the er and the golgi compartments. however, the predicted amino acid sequence of nce103p shows high levels of identities to carbonic anhydrases of pro- and eukaryotes. a nce103-delta deletion strain did not grow on a rich peptone-yeast extract-glucose medium under normal aerobic conditions ... | 1999 | 10407265 |
| refined analysis of early symbiotic steps of the rhizobium-medicago interaction in relationship with microtubular cytoskeleton rearrangements. | in situ immunolocalization of tubulin revealed that important rearrangements occur during all the early symbiotic steps in the medicago/r. meliloti symbiotic interaction. microtubular cytoskeleton (mtc) reorganizations were observed in inner tissues, first in the pericycle and then in the inner cortex where the nodule primordium forms. subsequently, major mtc changes occurred in outer tissues, associated with root hair activation and curling, the formation of preinfection threads (pits) and the ... | 1999 | 10409507 |
| interaction of tallow and hay particle size on ruminal parameters. | four nonlactating ruminally cannulated holstein cows were used in a 4 x 4 latin square experiment with 4 21-d periods to determine if the effects of dietary fat would be affected by hay particle length. treatments consisted of two levels of tallow (0 and 5%) and two hay particle lengths (short-cut and long-cut) in a 2 x 2 factorial. diets contained alfalfa hay, corn silage, and concentrate [1:1:2, dry matter (dm) basis] fed as a total mixed ration (tmr) once per day. samples of the 0 and 5% tall ... | 1999 | 10416168 |
| genome activation in alfamo- and ilarviruses. | alfamo- and ilarviruses are characterized by the deficiency of their genomes (three messenger-sense rnas) to start an infection cycle. the rnas are in capsids built from a single species of protein of about 24 kd. a few dimers of this coat protein per rna molecule are sufficient to activate the genome. since the first description of genome activation [bol jf, van vloten-doting l, jaspars emj (1971) virology 46: 73-85] three models have been proposed concerning its mechanism: the protection, the ... | 1999 | 10416370 |
| comparison of chemical treatments to eliminate enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7 on alfalfa seeds. | the focus of this study was to determine the efficacy of various chemicals in eliminating 2.04 to 3.23 log10 cfu/g of escherichia coli o157:h7 from alfalfa seeds and to determine the survivability of the pathogen on seeds stored for prolonged periods at three temperatures. significant (p < or = 0.05) reductions in populations of e. coli o157:h7 on inoculated seeds were observed after treatments with 500 and 1,000 ppm of active chlorine (as ca[ocl]2) for 3 but not 10 min and with > or =2,000 ppm ... | 1999 | 10419202 |
| expression of a serratia marcescens chitinase gene in sinorhizobium fredii usda191 and sinorhizobium meliloti rcr2011 impedes soybean and alfalfa nodulation. | a gene encoding chitinase from serratia marcescens bjl200 was cloned into a broad-host-range vector (prk415) and mobilized into sinorhizobium fredii usda191. chitinolytic activity was detected in s. fredii usda191 transconjugants that carried the s. marcescens chib gene. chitinase-producing s. fredii usda191 formed nodules on soybean cultivar mccall. however, there was a delay in nodule formation and a marked decrease in the total number of nodules formed by the chitinase-producing s. fredii in ... | 1999 | 10432638 |
| methane production and energy partition of cattle in the tropics. | the aim of this experiment was to determine ch4 production and energy partition for a range of diets fed to bos indicus cattle. six brahman cattle were fed on three different diets in a replicated latin square experiment over three periods. the diets were (1) long-chopped angleton grass (dicanthium aristatum) hay ad libitum (dm digestibility (dmd) 41 (se 2)%; 4 g n/kg), (2) long-chopped rhodes grass (chloris gayana) hay ad libitum (dmd 60 (se 1)%; 14 g n/kg) or (3) 2 kg long-chopped lucerne (med ... | 1999 | 10434849 |
| effects of saturation and esterification of fat sources on site and extent of digestion in steers: digestion of fatty acids, triglycerides, and energy. | five steers (mean bw 526 kg) fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were used in a 5 x 6 youden square design with 14-d periods. diets contained chopped alfalfa hay, corn silage, and concentrate (25:35:40, dm basis). treatments were 1) control (no added fat); 2) tallow (t), iodine value (iv) = 51.5; 3) partially hydrogenated tallow (pht), iv = 30.7; 4) hydrogenated tallow (ht), iv = 6.9; 5) blend (1: 1) of ht and hydrogenated free fatty acids (hthfa), iv = 9.0; and 6) hydrogenated fre ... | 1999 | 10438040 |
| ruminal and total tract digestibilities in steers fed diets containing liquefied or prilled saturated fatty acids. | we studied the effects of the addition of liquefied vs prilled mostly saturated fatty acids (fa) to the concentrate portion of total mixed diets on ruminal and total tract digestibilities. four holstein steers (270 +/- 23 kg) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 4 x 4 latin square design with 21-d periods. diets contained (dm basis) 30.0% corn silage, 22.2% chopped alfalfa hay, 25.0% ground shelled corn, 12.5% soybean meal, and 5% of one of the following fat sources: 1) prill ... | 1999 | 10438041 |
| differentiation between natural and cultivated populations of medicago sativa (leguminosae) from spain: analysis with random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) markers and comparison to allozymes. | the conservation of a crop's wild relatives as genetic resources requires an understanding of the way genetic diversity is maintained in their populations, notably the effect of crop-to-wild gene flow. in this study, the amount of differentiation between natural and cultivated populations of medicago sativa was analysed using random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) markers and an extension of the amova procedure adapted to autotetraploid organisms. simulations of structured populations were perf ... | 1999 | 10447872 |
| the mitotic inhibitor ccs52 is required for endoreduplication and ploidy-dependent cell enlargement in plants. | plant organs develop mostly post-embryonically from persistent or newly formed meristems. after cell division arrest, differentiation frequently involves endoreduplication and cell enlargement. factors controlling transition from mitotic cycles to differentiation programmes have not been identified yet in plants. here we describe ccs52, a plant homologue of apc activators involved in mitotic cyclin degradation. the ccs52 cdna clones were isolated from medicago sativa root nodules, which exhibit ... | 1999 | 10449413 |
| behavior of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7 on alfalfa sprouts during the sprouting process as influenced by treatments with various chemicals. | the behavior of escherichia coli o157:h7 on alfalfa seeds subjected to conditions similar to those used commercially to grow and market sprouts as it is affected by applications of naocl, ca(ocl)2, acidified naclo2, acidified clo2, na3po4, vegi-clean, tsunami, vortexx, or h2o2 at various stages of the sprouting process was determined. application of 2,000 ppm of naocl, 200 and 2,000 ppm of ca(ocl)2, 500 ppm of acidified clo2, 10,000 ppm of vegi-clean, 80 ppm of tsunami, or 40 and 80 ppm of vorte ... | 1999 | 10456735 |
| effects of laidlomycin propionate and monensin on the in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation. | the objective of this study was to compare the effects of laidlomycin propionate and monensin on the in vitro fermentation of ground corn, trypticase, or alfalfa hay by mixed ruminal microorganisms. ruminal fluid was collected from two steers fed 9.27 kg dm of a high-concentrate (62.2% ground corn and 17.4% cottonseed hulls) diet per day and composited. in the first study, no ionophore was included in the diet; the diet in the second study contained 11.1 g of laidlomycin propionate per ton of fe ... | 1999 | 10462011 |
| the selective increase or decrease of organellar dna in generative cells just after pollen mitosis one controls cytoplasmic inheritance. | organellar dna in mature pollen grains of eight angiosperm species (actinidia deliciosa lindl., antirrhinum majus l., arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh., medicago sativa l., musa acuminata colla, pelargonium zonale (l.) l'hér, petunia hybrida vilm. and rhododendron mucronatum (blume) g. don, in which the modes of organellar inheritance have been determined genetically, was observed by fluorescence microscopy using technovit 7100 resin sections double-stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (dap ... | 1999 | 10467031 |
| a conformational switch at the 3' end of a plant virus rna regulates viral replication. | 3' untranslated regions of alfamo- and ilar-virus rnas fold into a series of stem-loop structures to which the coat protein binds with high affinity. this binding plays a role in initiation of infection ('genome activation') and has been thought to substitute for a trna-like structure that is found at the 3' termini of related plant viruses. we propose the existence of an alternative conformation of the 3' ends of alfamo- and ilar-virus rnas, including a pseudoknot. based on (i) phylogenetic com ... | 1999 | 10469663 |
| optimized dairy grazing systems in the northeast united states and new zealand. i. model description and evaluation. | parallels exist in the recent developments of dairy systems in the northeast united states and new zealand because of greater use of pasture grazing and feed supplements, respectively. lessons can be learned from each system. however, major differences exist between the regions in the patterns of pasture production, the costs of supplementary feed, and milk prices. these differences affect the optimum use of feed. in this paper, a linear programming model developed to determine optimum feeding s ... | 1999 | 10480106 |
| effects of lasalocid on performance of lactating dairy cows. | sixty lactating dairy cows (30 multiparous and 30 primiparous) were used in a completely randomized block design to determine the effect of lasalocid supplementation on dairy cow performance. starting wk 2 prepartum and lasting through wk 17 of lactation, cows received one of three experimental diets. the experimental total mixed rations were control (cd), control + 10 mg/kg of lasalocid (cd + 10) and control + 20 mg/kg of lasalocid (cd + 20). the alfalfa-based control diet (40:60; forage:concen ... | 1999 | 10480108 |
| effects of tylosin on concentrations of fusobacterium necrophorum and fermentation products in the rumen of cattle fed a high-concentrate diet. | to determine effects of tylosin on ruminal concentrations of fusobacterium necrophorum and fermentation products in cattle during rapid adaptation to a high-concentrate diet. | 1999 | 10490072 |
| variation in food selection among lambs: effects of basal diet and foods offered in a meal. | in studies of behavior and nutrition, we typically determine nutritional needs and formulate diets for the average member of the herd, not for specific individuals within a herd. nevertheless, variation among individuals could affect productivity of the group if the diet diverges too much from what individuals at the extremes prefer to eat. thus, it is important to determine the degree to which individuals within a group vary in their food preferences when offered alternatives. our first objecti ... | 1999 | 10492445 |
| effect of yucca schidigera on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion in heifers. | in a replicated 3 x 3 latin square experiment, six heifers (443 +/- 6.1 kg) fed a 61% barley grain:39% alfalfa silage diet (dm basis) were given intraruminal doses of powdered yucca schidigera (ys). doses of 0 (control), 20, or 60 g/d were given at 0800 daily. ruminal content was sampled 0, 2, 4, and 6 h after dosing. acidity, concentrations of reducing sugars, free amino acids, and peptides in the rumen were not affected (p > .05) by ys. relative to control, ruminal ammonia concentration was re ... | 1999 | 10492465 |
| bios, a biotin-induced, stationary-phase, and possible lysr-type regulator in sinorhizobium meliloti. | sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 produces biotin required for growth, but it also responds to external biotin signals from alfalfa plants through the bios regulatory locus. mutation of bios increases biotin uptake, extends stationary phase in the presence of biotin, and impairs competitive growth in the presence of biotin. new data supporting the relevance of this gene to plant-microbe interactions show that a bios-gusa reporter fusion is expressed by bacteria on plant roots, by bacteria in alfalfa r ... | 1999 | 10494632 |
| a ras protein from a phytopathogenic fungus causes defects in hyphal growth polarity, and induces tumors in mice. | ras is a low-molecular-weight guanine nucleotide (gdp/gtp)-binding protein that transduces signals for growth and differentiation in eukaryotes. in mammals, the importance of ras in regulating growth is underscored by the observation that activating mutations in ras genes are found in many animal tumors. colletorichum trifolii is a filamentous fungal pathogen of alfalfa which causes anthracnose disease. to investigate signaling pathways that regulate growth and development in this fungus, a gene ... | 1999 | 10503535 |