| from the centers for disease control and prevention. considerations for distinguishing influenza-like illness from inhalational anthrax. | | 2001 | 11763847 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. interim guidelines for investigation of and response to bacillus anthracis exposures. | | 2001 | 11763848 |
| jama patient page. anthrax. | | 2001 | 11763849 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax, 2001. | | 2001 | 11763854 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. recommendations for antimicrobial prophylaxis for children and breastfeeding mothers and treatment of children with anthrax. | | 2001 | 11763855 |
| cdc updates interim guidelines for anthrax exposure management and antimicrobial therapy. | | 2001 | 11764868 |
| september 11. | | 2001 | 11765105 |
| biological and chemical terrorism: recognition and management. | primary care physicians will be on the front line in detecting and managing any future terrorist attacks that use chemical or biological agents. this article reviews how to recognize and treat disease caused by exposure to nerve agents, blistering agents, hydrogen cyanide, ricin, anthrax, smallpox, plague, and botulinum toxin. | 2001 | 11765118 |
| bioterrorism: an unintended boost to public health? | | 2001 | 11765120 |
| bioterrorism: what practicing physicians can do. | | 2001 | 11765124 |
| cashing in on fear. | | 2001 | 11765372 |
| [anthrax and carbuncle]. | anthrax is a name given in french language to two distinct infectious diseases. one corresponds to carbuncle which is a collection of boils. the other one corresponds to the english term anthrax. this condition has a clinical presentation and an outcome that vary according to the inoculation site being cutaneous, pulmonary or digestive, and to the bacterial and toxin spread in the body. | 2001 | 11765578 |
| bioterrorism: defending the public's health in a time of national crisis. | | 2001 | 11765711 |
| pasteur returns. | | 2001 | 11766555 |
| anthrax. | | 2001 | 11766556 |
| old biological threats. | | 2001 | 11766557 |
| the anthrax detectives. | | 2001 | 11767897 |
| anthrax, bioterrorism fears stimulate immune, other research. | | 2001 | 11768882 |
| are you ready for anthrax, or worse? you must revamp your bioterrorism plan. | a study has shown that eds are unprepared to handle mass casualties of bioterrorism, and plans must be revamped. alternate care and triage areas must be selected in advance and may include parking lots and hallways between buildings. care for contaminated patients in areas that can be abandoned, so regular patient care areas are not disrupted. have a system in place to decontaminate patients before they enter the ed. | 2001 | 11769134 |
| [infectious diseases as a weapon: vigilance is needed]. | the deliberate inclusion of bacillus anthracis spores in mail has led to several cases of anthrax in the usa of which to date four have been fatal. shortly before these incidents, the health council of the netherlands had issued an advisory document which stressed the need for a well-established infrastructure and rigorous protocols so that an immediate and adequate response to cases of bioterrorism could be ensured. physicians are expected to know the characteristics of the relevant diseases an ... | 2001 | 11770262 |
| [anthrax due to deliberate infection]. | anthrax is a zoonosis which is particularly prevalent in cattle, goats and sheep and is caused by bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive spore forming aerobic microorganism. the endospores can survive outside of the body for many decades. the natural form of anthrax has a cutaneous, pulmonary and intestinal form. the pulmonary form can be rapidly fatal but is difficult to recognise due to an initially non-specific, flu-like clinical picture. as a result of spores being inhaled, a mediastinal lympha ... | 2001 | 11770263 |
| [female patient with cutaneous anthrax in belgium]. | a 23-year-old turkish woman was admitted with an infection of the left thumb. the clinical picture was typical for cutaneous anthrax. microbiological tests confirmed the diagnosis 'infection by bacillus anthracis'. she recovered when treated with penicillin, although later tests revealed that the bacteria were resistant to this antibiotic. the patient became infected in belgium as a result of wounding herself on the teeth of an illegally slaughtered sheep, which had possibly become infected in t ... | 2001 | 11770267 |
| update: investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax--connecticut, 2001. | cdc and state and local health departments continue investigating cases of bioterrorism-related anthrax. this report revises the number of suspected cases and updates the investigation of a 94-year-old connecticut (ct) resident who died from inhalational anthrax. | 2001 | 11770501 |
| use of onsite technologies for rapidly assessing environmental bacillus anthracis contamination on surfaces in buildings. | environmental sampling to ascertain the presence of bacillus anthracis spores in buildings is an important tool for assessing risk for exposure. similar to diagnostic testing, culture with positive identification of b. anthracis (cdc culture method) is the confirmatory test. laboratory-based polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods for detecting genetic material of b. anthracis can be used in preliminary assessments and as adjuncts to microbiologic methods. although these tests are consistent wit ... | 2001 | 11770505 |
| systemic toxins. signs, symptoms & management of patients in septic shock. | | 2001 | 11771375 |
| is anthrax the next lyme disease? | | 2001 | 11771484 |
| optic neuritis after anthrax vaccination. | to report the occurrence of optic neuritis after anthrax vaccination in two patients. | 2002 | 11772587 |
| optimization of the cell wall microenvironment allows increased production of recombinant bacillus anthracis protective antigen from b. subtilis. | the stability of heterologous proteins secreted by gram-positive bacteria is greatly influenced by the microenvironment on the trans side of the cytoplasmic membrane, and secreted heterologous proteins are susceptible to rapid degradation by host cell proteases. in bacillus subtilis, degradation occurs either as the proteins emerge from the presecretory translocase and prior to folding into their native conformation or after the native conformation has been reached. the former process generally ... | 2002 | 11772631 |
| september 11: the response and role of public health. | | 2002 | 11772747 |
| science and the fight against bioterrorism. | | 2002 | 11772930 |
| biological agents: weapons of warfare and bioterrorism. | the use of microorganisms as agents of biological warfare is considered inevitable for several reasons, including ease of production and dispersion, delayed onset, ability to cause high rates of morbidity and mortality, and difficulty in diagnosis. biological agents that have been identified as posing the greatest threat are variola major (smallpox), bacillus anthracis (anthrax), yersinia pestis (plague), clostridium botulinum toxin (botulism), francisella tularensis (tularaemia), filoviruses (e ... | 2001 | 11774197 |
| bioterrorism. | | 2001 | 11774753 |
| supply chain vulnerable in many ways. | the specter of terrorism has reached the materials management department, now that a supply room worker in a new york hospital has died from anthrax. at the same time, the tragedy of the sept. 11 attacks has led hospitals and their vendors to realize that "partnership" is not just a trendy word for business association anymore; it is a strategy for survival. | 2001 | 11775270 |
| the fallout from september 11. how is health care responding to a new reality? | | 2001 | 11775366 |
| concern about anthrax: protocols for mailrooms. | | 2001 | 11775427 |
| early detection of inhaled anthrax infection: nuclear medicine investigational nod. | | 2001 | 11776251 |
| anthrax: u.s. bioterrorism affecting missourians. | | 2001 | 11778308 |
| anthrax prophylaxis, treatment, and reporting guidelines. | | 2001 | 11778309 |
| what you need to know about anthrax today. | | 2001 | 11778310 |
| the psychosocial aspect of the anthrax vaccine: "the dover experience". | | 2001 | 11778428 |
| wake-up call: a bioterrorism exercise. | operation wake-up call was a simulated bioterrorism exercise conducted in waukesha county, wisconsin (metropolitan milwaukee) on november 6, 1999. the purpose of the exercise was to test and evaluate the emergency response capability of local municipal, county, state, federal, and reserve military agencies to a weapons of mass destruction terrorist act. the exercise simulated a biological agent (bacillus anthracis spores) release, a hostage-taking event, and the management of multiple biological ... | 2001 | 11778452 |
| tracking & treating anthrax. biological terrorism resources for health care providers. | | 2001 | 11778462 |
| delivering death in the mail. | | 2001 | 11780023 |
| agents of bioterrorism. preparing for bioterrorism at the community health care level. | bioterrorism preparedness is clearly a goal for the health care community, working in concert with city, county, state, and federal public health and emergency authorities and in collaboration with law enforcement at the local and federal levels. opening the channels of communication between all groups involved, obtaining the necessary resources, and maintaining an understanding of the potential agents and the diseases they cause will foster a smooth transition to a rational program directed at ... | 2001 | 11780270 |
| biological and chemical agents: a brief synopsis. | the objective of this article is to provide a concise overview of the most likely biological and chemical agents that could be used as biochemical weapons. the diagnosis, pathology, prevention, decontamination, treatment, and disposition of these biological and chemical agents are presented in a tabular format for quick reference purposes. the information provided outlines the bare essentials needed to deal with any emergency or catastrophic event involving these agents. | 2002 | 11782813 |
| real risks: the need for health leadership and security. | | 2001 | 11783664 |
| post-traumatic stress disorder. | | 2002 | 11784883 |
| [biological warfare, bioterrorism and public health]. | biological agents as weapons are not new to mankind. for centuries and into the present, biological warfare has been the subject of much research and speculation, but little action. their limited use has probably been due to fear of unexpected counter-effects and doubts about their efficiency as weapons. recently a new form of terrorism employing infectious agents has emerged slowly and without much fanfare, until the recent events with bacillus anthracis in the united states. smallpox is potent ... | 2001 | 11784913 |
| anthrax prevention and treatment. | | 2001 | 11785495 |
| human anthrax associated with an epizootic among livestock--north dakota, 2000. | on august 28, 2000, the north dakota department of health was notified by a local clinician of a patient with a cutaneous lesion suggestive of anthrax following exposure to an infected animal carcass. this report summarizes the investigation of this case, which was associated with an anthrax epizootic among livestock in north dakota, and emphasizes the importance of increased vigilance for human cases of anthrax during and following outbreaks of anthrax among livestock. | 2001 | 11785567 |
| anthrax exceptionalism? | | 2002 | 11786887 |
| what i need to know about anthrax today. | the us department of defense has been concerned about the use of anthrax as a biological weapon by an enemy on us troops for a number of years. this is the reason why the military has embarked on a vaccination program for its forces deployed to regions of the world, which are considered high-risk areas. these areas have been in the southwest asia-persian gulf region as well as the korean peninsula. many intelligence personnel have also been concerned about the possibility of biological agents be ... | 2001 | 11787310 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: adverse events associated with anthrax prophylaxis among postal employees--new jersey, new york city, and the district of columbia metropolitan area, 2001. | | 2001 | 11787481 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: investigation of bioterrorism-related inhalation anthrax--connecticut, 2001. | | 2001 | 11787482 |
| learning about bioterrorism and chemical warfare: medical students explore key threats. | | 2002 | 11788542 |
| [anthrax--the swedish perspective]. | the recent occurrence in the usa of deliberate release of virulent bacillus anthracis in letters sent to three media corporations and to the american senate has led to a great anxiety in sweden and elsewhere in europe. numerous letters have been suspected to contain b. anthracis spores and several have contained powder of different types. in none of the tested letters collected by the swedish police have we been able to detect anthrax bacilli. powder containing letters have been tested with eith ... | 2001 | 11789095 |
| [update on biological weapons and bioterrorism. important that health services pay attention to unusual events]. | biological weapons and biological terrorism have recently been in focus due to the deliberate release of bacillus anthracis via mail delivered in the usa. since the 1930s biological weapons have been developed in a number of countries. in 1975 a biological and toxin weapons convention prohibiting the use of these weapons were signed by a large majority of world countries. unfortunately, a number of countries have failed to respect this treaty. the soviet union continued and expanded its biologic ... | 2001 | 11789096 |
| stoichiometry of anthrax toxin complexes. | after being proteolytically activated, the protective antigen (pa) moiety of anthrax toxin self-associates to form symmetric, ring-shaped heptamers. heptameric pa competitively binds the enzymatic moieties of the toxin, edema factor and lethal factor, and translocates them across the endosomal membrane by a ph-dependent process. we used two independent approaches to determine how many of the seven identical ef/lf binding sites of the pa heptamer can be occupied simultaneously. we measured isotop ... | 2002 | 11790132 |
| controlling biological warfare threats: resolving potential tensions among the research community, industry, and the national security community. | | 2001 | 11791800 |
| bioterrorism before and after september 11. | | 2001 | 11791801 |
| trips: generic irony. | | 2002 | 11791819 |
| biological weapons: the facts not the fiction. | | 2001 | 11792093 |
| after september 11. | | 2001 | 11794199 |
| friendly fire: the mandatory military anthrax vaccination program. | | 2001 | 11794357 |
| new jersey hospital runs anthrax screening operation for cdc. | | 2001 | 11794944 |
| clinical signs differ between inhalational anthrax, influenza. | | 2001 | 11794945 |
| three steps to targeting anthrax toxin. | | 2002 | 11796256 |
| molecular analysis of rifampin resistance in bacillus anthracis and bacillus cereus. | rifampin-resistant mutants were selected from uv-light-treated bacillus cereus (20 mutants) and attenuated b. anthracis (23 mutants). in addition, spontaneous rifampin-resistant mutants were also isolated in attenuated b. anthracis (22 mutants). the rifampin resistance clusters of the rpob gene were sequenced for all 65 mutants. mutations associated with resistance were consistent with those from other bacteria, though two novel changes were observed. the spontaneous rate of resistance was estim ... | 2002 | 11796364 |
| efficiency of protection of guinea pigs against infection with bacillus anthracis spores by passive immunization. | the efficacy of passive immunization as a postexposure prophylactic measure for treatment of guinea pigs intranasally infected with bacillus anthracis spores was evaluated. antisera directed either against the lethal toxin components (pa or lf) or against a toxinogenic strain (sterne) were used for this evaluation. all antisera exhibited high enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers against the corresponding antigens, high titers of neutralization of cytotoxicity activity in an in vitro mouse ma ... | 2002 | 11796581 |
| anthrax spores make an essential contribution to vaccine efficacy. | anthrax is caused by bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium. septicemia and toxemia rapidly lead to death in infected mammal hosts. currently used acellular vaccines against anthrax consist of protective antigen (pa), one of the anthrax toxin components. however, in experimental animals such vaccines are less protective than live attenuated strains. here we demonstrate that the addition of formaldehyde-inactivated spores (fis) of b. anthracis to pa elicits total protection a ... | 2002 | 11796596 |
| in shift, disease agency recommends combinations of antibiotics for anthrax cases. | | 2001 | 11797263 |
| the generics--other drugs to combat anthrax are in ample supply. | | 2001 | 11797265 |
| drugs and vaccines against biological weapons. | | 2001 | 11797482 |
| post-exposure anthrax prophylaxis. | | 2001 | 11797483 |
| drug shortages. taking a shot. | | 2001 | 11797570 |
| cutaneous anthrax. | | 2001 | 11797590 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax--connecticut, 2001. | | 2002 | 11797623 |
| fast tracking drugs to patients. drug approval agencies are frequently criticised for either being too slow or too fast. | | 2002 | 11799053 |
| anthrax vaccine begins a new round of tests. | | 2002 | 11799216 |
| is your laboratory prepared for a bioterrorism attack? | | 2001 | 11799622 |
| delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to anthrax vaccine. | the anthrax vaccine immunization program is a department of defense initiative to protect military personnel against the threat of anthrax. surveillance for adverse events associated with anthrax vaccination has shown that mild local reactions are not uncommon while systemic reactions are extremely rare. we present a case of 26-year-old male with delayed-type hypersensitivity after two doses of anthrax vaccine. | 2002 | 11799819 |
| from the centers of disease control and prevention. use of onsite technologies for rapidly assessing environmental bacillus anthracis contamination on surfaces in buildings. | | 2002 | 11799964 |
| [anthrax. history of a public health threat]. | | 2001 | 11802503 |
| when privacy and terror collide. | | 2001 | 11803938 |
| we are all in this together. terrorism and the physician executive. | the threat of bioterrorism striking america is no longer a threat. it's real. take a look at how the anthrax-laced letters and future acts of terrorism impact physician executives. also consider some ways to prepare your physicians for a bioterrorism emergency. | 2002 | 11806232 |
| service in the front lines for america. | | 2001 | 11806342 |
| editorial: the risk of anthrax and smallpox in australia. | | 2001 | 11806654 |
| anthrax: a molecular full nelson. | | 2002 | 11807530 |
| structural basis for the activation of anthrax adenylyl cyclase exotoxin by calmodulin. | oedema factor, a calmodulin-activated adenylyl cyclase, is important in the pathogenesis of anthrax. here we report the x-ray structures of oedema factor with and without bound calmodulin. oedema factor shares no significant structural homology with mammalian adenylyl cyclases or other proteins. in the active site, 3'-deoxy-atp and a single metal ion are well positioned for catalysis with histidine 351 as the catalytic base. this mechanism differs from the mechanism of two-metal-ion catalysis pr ... | 2002 | 11807546 |
| delivery of exogenous protein antigens to major histocompatibility complex class i pathway in cytosol. | a fragment of anthrax lethal factor possesses the interesting function of delivering recombinant protein antigens through the classical major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i pathway. this region of the lethal factor lacks the domain associated with anthrax cytotoxicity and functions independently of its binary partner, protective antigen. experiments that used inhibitors at different steps of the mhc class i pathway supported this hypothesis. application of this discovery to current t c ... | 2002 | 11807699 |
| on the front lines. anthrax scare, jittery public put focus on the healthcare industry. | | 2001 | 11808414 |
| update: investigation of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax--connecticut, 2001. | since october 3, 2001, cdc and state and local public health authorities have been investigating cases of bioterrorism-related anthrax. as of november 28, a total of 23 cases have been identified; 11 were confirmed as inhalational anthrax, and 12 (seven confirmed and five suspected) were cutaneous. epidemiologic investigations to identify the source of exposure to bacillus anthracis continue for a case of inhalational anthrax in a hospital stockroom worker in new york city (nyc) and, most recent ... | 2001 | 11808925 |
| update: adverse events associated with anthrax prophylaxis among postal employees--new jersey, new york city, and the district of columbia metropolitan area, 2001. | antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent inhalational anthrax has been recommended for persons potentially exposed to bacillus anthracis as a result of the recent bioterrorist attacks. during october 26-november 6, 2001, an epidemiologic evaluation to detect adverse events associated with antimicrobial prophylaxis was conducted among 8,424 postal employees who had been offered antimicrobial prophylaxis for 60 days in new jersey (nj), new york city (nyc), and one postal facility in the district of co ... | 2001 | 11808926 |
| preparing for bioterrorism: category a agents. | september 11, 2001, brought the possibility of biologic acts of terrorism against the united states into the national consciousness. as the american people brace themselves for this new threat to the national well-being, clinicians must understand how to prevent, recognize, and treat the biologic agents that could be used in terrorist attacks. this article discusses the most likely biologic agents, including diagnostic laboratory procedures, treatment options, psychological effects, special popu ... | 2001 | 11809039 |
| acth analogue in treatment of acute aortic dissection. | | 2002 | 11809289 |
| highlights from the annual scientific assembly: weapons of mass destruction: organized medicine's role in the national response to terrorism. | | 2001 | 11811866 |
| inhalation anthrax revisited. | | 2002 | 11812397 |
| an epidemic of inhalation anthrax, the first in the twentieth century: i. clinical features. 1960. | | 2002 | 11812400 |
| detection of bacillus anthracis using multiplex pcr on the oligonuclotide biochip. | | 2001 | 11813549 |
| preparing for bioterrorism. | | 2002 | 11813831 |