| [a case of tularemia in a danish hunter]. | "rabbit fever" (francisella tularensis) is a rare infection in denmark. it was first described in denmark in 1987. it is most likely to affect people who come into close contact with infected animals or ticks, such as hunters, butchers and veterinarians. the diagnosis should be suspected in such persons presenting with fever, headache, lethargy, lymphadenitis and bite wounds. we present a danish case describing the diagnosis and treatment of a hunter infected with t. tularensis. | 2010 | 20122335 |
| toll-like receptor 3 agonist protection against experimental francisella tularensis respiratory tract infection. | we investigated whether toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) stimulation would protect the host from inhaled francisella tularensis. tlr3 is expressed by respiratory epithelial cells and macrophages and can be activated by a synthetic double-stranded rna ligand called polyinosine-polycytosine [poly(i:c)]. thus, we evaluated poly(i:c) as a novel treatment against inhaled f. tularensis. in vivo, balb/c mice intranasally (i.n.) treated with poly(i:c) (100 microg/mouse) 1 h before or after schu 4 or lvs (100 ... | 2010 | 20123717 |
| groel and lipopolysaccharide from francisella tularensis live vaccine strain synergistically activate human macrophages. | francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, interacts with host cells of innate immunity in an atypical manner. for most gram-negative bacteria, the release of lipopolysaccharide (lps) from their outer membranes stimulates an inflammatory response. when lps from the attenuated live vaccine strain (lvs) or the highly virulent schu s4 strain of f. tularensis was incubated with human umbilical vein endothelial cells, neither species of lps induced expression of the adhesion molecule e ... | 2010 | 20123721 |
| identification of trkh, encoding a potassium uptake protein required for francisella tularensis systemic dissemination in mice. | francisella tularensis is a highly infectious bacterium causing the zoonotic disease tularaemia. during its infectious cycle, f. tularensis is not only exposed to the intracellular environment of macrophages but also resides transiently in extracellular compartments, in particular during its systemic dissemination. the screening of a bank of f. tularensis lvs transposon insertion mutants on chemically defined medium (cdm) led us to identify a gene, designated trkh, encoding a homolog of the pota ... | 2010 | 20126460 |
| rapid field detection assays for bacillus anthracis, brucella spp., francisella tularensis and yersinia pestis. | rapid detection is essential for timely initiation of medical post-exposure prophylactic measures in the event of intentional release of biological threat agents. we compared real-time pcr assay performance between the applied biosystems 7300/7500 and the razor instruments for specific detection of the causative agents of anthrax, brucellosis, tularemia and plague. furthermore, an assay detecting bacillus thuringiensis, a bacillus anthracis surrogate, was developed for field-training purposes. a ... | 2011 | 20132255 |
| [development of a universal primers pcr-coupled liquid bead array to detect biothreat bacteria]. | to develop a fast, high-throughput screening method with suspension array technique for simultaneous detection of biothreat bacteria. | 2009 | 20137470 |
| large direct repeats flank genomic rearrangements between a new clinical isolate of francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis a1 and schu s4. | francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis consists of two separate populations a1 and a2. this report describes the complete genome sequence of ne061598, an f. tularensis subspecies tularensis a1 isolated in 1998 from a human with clinical disease in nebraska, united states of america. the genome sequence was compared to schu s4, an f. tularensis subspecies tularensis a1a strain originally isolated in ohio in 1941. it was determined that there were 25 nucleotide polymorphisms (22 snps and 3 i ... | 2010 | 20140244 |
| interaction of francisella asiatica with tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) innate immunity. | members of the genus francisella are facultative intracellular bacteria that cause important diseases in a wide variety of animals worldwide, including humans and fish. several genes that are important for intramacrophage survival have been identified, including the iglc gene, which is found in the iglabcd operon in the francisella sp. pathogenicity island (fpi). in the present study, we examined the interaction of wild-type francisella asiatica and a delta iglc mutant strain with fish serum and ... | 2010 | 20160018 |
| tularaemia in minnesota: case report and brief epidemiology. | the 2008 case presented here of tularaemia in a cat and its owner occurred in an urban setting and was associated with animal contact, a relatively rare mode of transmission in minnesota in recent years. response to this case exemplified a 'one health' approach involving pre-existing relationships, cooperation between multiple disciplines and laboratory infrastructure that facilitated information sharing. | 2010 | 20163576 |
| subolesin expression in response to pathogen infection in ticks. | ticks (acari: ixodidae) are vectors of pathogens worldwide that cause diseases in humans and animals. ticks and pathogens have co-evolved molecular mechanisms that contribute to their mutual development and survival. subolesin was discovered as a tick protective antigen and was subsequently shown to be similar in structure and function to akirins, an evolutionarily conserved group of proteins in insects and vertebrates that controls nf-kb-dependent and independent expression of innate immune res ... | 2010 | 20170494 |
| detoxified endotoxin vaccine (j5dlps/omp) protects mice against lethal respiratory challenge with francisella tularensis schus4. | francisella tularensis is a category a select agent. j5dlps/omp is a novel vaccine construct consisting of detoxified, o-polysaccharide side chain-deficient, lipopolysaccharide non-covalently complexed with the outer membrane protein of n. meningitidis group b. immunization elicits high-titer polyclonal antibodies specific for the highly-conserved epitopes expressed within the glycolipid core that constitutes gram-negative bacteria (e.g., f. tularensis). mice immunized intranasally with j5dlps/o ... | 2010 | 20170768 |
| tularemia pneumonia. | francisella tularensis is a zoonotic infection that can be acquired in multiple ways, including a bite from an arthropod, the handling of animal carcasses, consumption of contaminated food and water, or inhalation of infected particles. the most virulent subspecies of f tularensis is type a, which is almost exclusively seen in north america. pneumonia can occur in tularemia, as either a primary process from direct inhalation, or as a secondary manifestation of ulceroglandular or typhoidal diseas ... | 2010 | 20171544 |
| multimethodological approach to identification of glycoproteins from the proteome of francisella tularensis, an intracellular microorganism. | it appears that most glycoproteins found in pathogenic bacteria are associated with virulence. despite the recent identification of novel virulence factors, the mechanisms of virulence in francisella tularensis are poorly understood. in spite of its importance, questions about glycosylation of proteins in this bacterium and its potential connection with bacterial virulence have not been answered yet. in the present study, several putative francisella tularensis glycoproteins were characterized t ... | 2010 | 20175567 |
| type i ifn signaling constrains il-17a/f secretion by gammadelta t cells during bacterial infections. | recognition of intracellular bacteria by macrophages leads to secretion of type i ifns. however, the role of type i ifn during bacterial infection is still poorly understood. francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, is a pathogenic bacterium that replicates in the cytosol of macrophages leading to secretion of type i ifn. in this study, we investigated the role of type i ifns in a mouse model of tularemia. mice deficient for type i ifn receptor (ifnar1(-/-)) are more resistant t ... | 2010 | 20176744 |
| cpg oligodeoxyribonucleotides protect mice from burkholderia pseudomallei but not francisella tularensis schu s4 aerosols. | abstract: studies have shown that cpg oligodeoxyribonucleotides (odn) protect mice from various bacterial pathogens, including burkholderia pseudomallei and francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (lvs), when administered before parenteral challenge. given the potential to develop cpg odn as a pre-treatment for multiple bacterial biological warfare agents, we examined survival, histopathology, and cytokine data from cpg odn-treated c57bl/6 mice to determine whether previously-reported protect ... | 2010 | 20181102 |
| identification of francisella tularensis by whole-cell matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry: fast, reliable, robust, and cost-effective differentiation on species and subspecies levels. | francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, is a potential agent of bioterrorism. the phenotypic discrimination of closely related, but differently virulent, francisella tularensis subspecies with phenotyping methods is difficult and time-consuming, often producing ambiguous results. as a fast and simple alternative, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) was applied to 50 different strains of the genus francisella to assess its ... | 2010 | 20181907 |
| modulation of iron homeostasis in macrophages by bacterial intracellular pathogens. | intracellular bacterial pathogens depend on acquisition of iron for their success as pathogens. the host cell requires iron as an essential component for cellular functions that include innate immune defense mechanisms. the transferrin receptor tfr1 plays an important part for delivering iron to the host cell during infection. its expression can be modulated by infection, but its essentiality for bacterial intracellular survival has not been directly investigated. | 2010 | 20184753 |
| tularemia, plague, yersiniosis, and tyzzer's disease in wild rodents and lagomorphs in canada: a review. | information related to infection of wild rodents or lagomorphs in canada by francisella tularensis, yersinia pestis, other yersinia spp., and clostridium piliforme was searched for this study. reports on tularemia in humans linked to these species came from diagnostic databases, literature, wildlife health specialists, and public health agencies. tularemia has been diagnosed in 8 species of wild rodent and 2 species in the genus lepus in canada. tularemia occurred in wild animals, or in humans a ... | 2009 | 20190973 |
| rapid differentiation of francisella species and subspecies by fluorescent in situ hybridization targeting the 23s rrna. | francisella (f.) tularensis is the causative agent of tularemia. due to its low infectious dose, ease of dissemination and high case fatality rate, f. tularensis was the subject in diverse biological weapons programs and is among the top six agents with high potential if misused in bioterrorism. microbiological diagnosis is cumbersome and time-consuming. methods for the direct detection of the pathogen (immunofluorescence, pcr) have been developed but are restricted to reference laboratories. | 2010 | 20205957 |
| oropharyngeal tularemia--a differential diagnosis of tonsillopharyngitis and cervical lymphadenitis. | francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, has been recognized as a human and zoonotic pathogen for almost 100 years. the increasing number of tularemia outbreaks in regions of europe outside the classic endemic areas in recent years has prompted renewed interest in this rare infectious disease. we report on a case of oropharyngeal tularemia in an 18-year-old girl from bavaria (germany) who presented with tonsillopharyngitis and cervical lymphadenitis. strongly positive serologica ... | 2010 | 20213378 |
| evaluation of an immunochromatographic test for rapid and reliable serodiagnosis of human tularemia and detection of francisella tularensis-specific antibodies in sera from different mammalian species. | tularemia is a highly contagious infectious zoonosis caused by the bacterial agent francisella tularensis. serology is still considered to be a cornerstone in tularemia diagnosis due to the low sensitivity of bacterial culture and the lack of standardization in pcr methodology for the direct identification of the pathogen. we developed a novel immunochromatographic test (ict) to efficiently detect f. tularensis-specific antibodies in sera from humans and other mammalian species (nonhuman primate ... | 2010 | 20220165 |
| simultaneous detection of cdc category "a" dna and rna bioterrorism agents by use of multiplex pcr & rt-pcr enzyme hybridization assays. | assays to simultaneously detect multiple potential agents of bioterrorism are limited. two multiplex pcr and rt-pcr enzyme hybridization assays (mpcr-eha, mrt-pcr-eha) were developed to simultaneously detect many of the cdc category "a" bioterrorism agents. the "bio t" dna assay was developed to detect: variola major (vm), bacillus anthracis (ba), yersinia pestis (yp), francisella tularensis (ft) and varicella zoster virus (vzv). the "bio t" rna assay (mrt-pcr-eha) was developed to detect: ebola ... | 2009 | 20224751 |
| binding and activation of host plasminogen on the surface of francisella tularensis. | francisella tularensis (ft) is a gram-negative facultative intracellular coccobacillus and is the causal agent of a life-threatening zoonotic disease known as tularemia. although ft preferentially infects phagocytic cells of the host, recent evidence suggests that a significant number of bacteria can be found extracellularly in the plasma fraction of the blood during active infection. this observation suggests that the interaction between ft and host plasma components may play an important role ... | 2010 | 20226053 |
| prevalence and seasonality of tick-borne pathogens in questing ixodes ricinus ticks from luxembourg. | in europe, ixodid ticks are important arthropod vectors of human and animal pathogens, but comprehensive studies of the prevalence of all relevant pathogens in central europe are scarce. as a result of ecological changes, the incidences of tick-borne infections are expected to increase. in this study, 1,394 nymphal and adult ixodes ricinus ticks sampled monthly during the active season from 33 ecologically distinct collection sites throughout luxembourg were screened for all human tick-borne pat ... | 2010 | 20228110 |
| regulation of virulence gene transcripts by the francisella novicida orphan response regulator pmra: role of phosphorylation and evidence of mgla/sspa interaction. | francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis is the etiologic agent of tularemia and has been designated a category a biothreat agent by the cdc. tularemia is characterized by replication and dissemination within host phagocytes. intramacrophage growth is dependent upon the regulation of francisella pathogenicity island (fpi) virulence genes, which is poorly understood. two-component regulatory systems (tcs) are widely employed by gram-negative bacteria to monitor and respond to environmental signal ... | 2010 | 20231408 |
| francisella acid phosphatases inactivate the nadph oxidase in human phagocytes. | francisella tularensis contains four putative acid phosphatases that are conserved in francisella novicida. an f. novicida quadruple mutant (acpa, acpb, acpc, and hap [deltaabch]) is unable to escape the phagosome or survive in macrophages and is attenuated in the mouse model. we explored whether reduced survival of the deltaabch mutant within phagocytes is related to the oxidative response by human neutrophils and macrophages. f. novicida and f. tularensis subspecies failed to stimulate reactiv ... | 2010 | 20348422 |
| the aim2 inflammasome is essential for host defense against cytosolic bacteria and dna viruses. | inflammasomes regulate the activity of caspase-1 and the maturation of interleukin 1beta (il-1beta) and il-18. aim2 has been shown to bind dna and engage the caspase-1-activating adaptor protein asc to form a caspase-1-activating inflammasome. using aim2-deficient mice, we identify a central role for aim2 in regulating caspase-1-dependent maturation of il-1beta and il-18, as well as pyroptosis, in response to synthetic double-stranded dna. aim2 was essential for inflammasome activation in respon ... | 2010 | 20351692 |
| the aim2 inflammasome is critical for innate immunity to francisella tularensis. | francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, infects host macrophages, which triggers production of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1beta (il-1beta) and il-18. we elucidate here how host macrophages recognize f. tularensis and elicit this proinflammatory response. using mice deficient in the dna-sensing inflammasome component aim2, we demonstrate here that aim2 is required for sensing f. tularensis. aim2-deficient mice were extremely susceptible to f. tularensis infection, ... | 2010 | 20351693 |
| tlr activation of the transcription factor xbp1 regulates innate immune responses in macrophages. | sensors of pathogens, such as toll-like receptors (tlrs), detect microbes to activate transcriptional programs that orchestrate adaptive responses to specific insults. here we report that tlr4 and tlr2 specifically activated the endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress sensor kinase ire1alpha and its downstream target, the transcription factor xbp1. previously described er-stress target genes of xbp1 were not induced by tlr signaling. instead, tlr-activated xbp1 was required for optimal and sustained p ... | 2010 | 20351694 |
| subpopulations of francisella tularensis ssp. tularensis and holarctica: identification and associated epidemiology. | tularemia is primarily caused by two subspecies of francisella tularensis worldwide, ssp. tularensis (type a) and ssp. holarctica (type b), which were originally delineated by phenotypic differences. application of molecular typing methods to investigate population structure of f. tularensis has confirmed that categorizing the two subspecies via phenotypic characteristics corresponds with genotypic differentiation. in addition, genotyping methods have demonstrated that both subspecies, type a an ... | 2010 | 20353304 |
| mycoplasma suppression of thp-1 cell tlr responses is corrected with antibiotics. | mycoplasma contamination of cultured cell lines is a serious problem in research, altering cellular response to different stimuli thus compromising experimental results. we found that chronic mycoplasma contamination of thp-1 cells suppresses responses of thp-1 cells to tlr stimuli. for example, e. coli lps induced il-1 beta was suppressed by 6 fold and il-8 by 10 fold in mycoplasma positive thp-1 cells. responses to live f. novicida challenge were suppressed by 50-fold and 40-fold respectively ... | 2010 | 20360862 |
| immunoproteomics analysis of the murine antibody response to vaccination with an improved francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (lvs). | francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis is the causative agent of a spectrum of diseases collectively known as tularemia. an attenuated live vaccine strain (lvs) has been shown to be efficacious in humans, but safety concerns have prevented its licensure by the fda. recently, f. tularensis lvs has been produced under current good manufacturing practice (cgmp guidelines). little is known about the immunogenicity of this new vaccine preparation in comparison with extensive studies conducted w ... | 2010 | 20368994 |
| the fischer 344 rat reflects human susceptibility to francisella pulmonary challenge and provides a new platform for virulence and protection studies. | the pathogenesis of francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, has been primarily characterized in mice. however, the high degree of sensitivity of mice to bacterial challenge, especially with the human virulent strains of f. tularensis, limits this animal model for screening of defined attenuated vaccine candidates for protection studies. | 2010 | 20376351 |
| study of matrix additives for sensitive analysis of lipid a by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. | matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) has been widely used for structural characterization of bacterial endotoxins (lipid a). however, the mass spectrometric behavior of the lipid a molecule is highly dependent on the matrix. furthermore, this dependence is strongly linked to phosphorylation patterns. using lipid a from escherichia coli o116 as a model system, we have investigated the effects of different matrices and comatrix compounds on th ... | 2010 | 20382818 |
| [a 23-year-old patient with sore throat and cervical lymph node enlargement: a rare presentation of tularemia]. | we report a case of oropharyngeal tularemia--an uncommon manifestation of this disease. there is a low prevalence of tularemia in germany. therefore the diagnosis can be confirmed only by well directed laboratory diagnostics. without correct antibiotic therapy mortality can reach 33%--depending on the subspecies of francisella tularensis. for this reason tularemia should be included into the differential-diagnostic considerations in patients with unclear lymph node enlargement. | 2010 | 20383480 |
| francisella tularensis deltapyrf mutants show that replication in nonmacrophages is sufficient for pathogenesis in vivo. | the pathogenesis of francisella tularensis has been associated with this bacterium's ability to replicate within macrophages. f. tularensis can also invade and replicate in a variety of nonphagocytic host cells, including lung and kidney epithelial cells and hepatocytes. as uracil biosynthesis is a central metabolic pathway usually necessary for pathogens, we characterized deltapyrf mutants of both f. tularensis lvs and schu s4 to investigate the role of these mutants in intracellular growth. as ... | 2010 | 20385757 |
| indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 is a lung-specific innate immune defense mechanism that inhibits growth of francisella tularensis tryptophan auxotrophs. | upon microbial challenge, organs at various anatomic sites of the body employ different innate immune mechanisms to defend against potential infections. accordingly, microbial pathogens evolved to subvert these organ-specific host immune mechanisms to survive and grow in infected organs. francisella tularensis is a bacterium capable of infecting multiple organs and thus encounters a myriad of organ-specific defense mechanisms. this suggests that f. tularensis may possess specific factors that ai ... | 2010 | 20385761 |
| lung cd4-cd8- double-negative t cells are prominent producers of il-17a and ifn-gamma during primary respiratory murine infection with francisella tularensis live vaccine strain. | for several intracellular infections, pulmonary vaccination provides measurably better protection against pulmonary challenge. the unique factors that contribute to pulmonary immune responses are not well characterized. in this study, we show that cd4(-)cd8(-) double negative (dn) t cells are a major responding t cell subset in the lungs of mice during pulmonary francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (lvs) infection. dn t cells were a minor (<2%) subset in spleens and lungs of mice during su ... | 2010 | 20393138 |
| antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of cathelicidins and short, synthetic peptides against francisella. | francisella infects the lungs causing pneumonic tularemia. focusing on the lung's host defense, we have examined antimicrobial peptides as part of the innate immune response to francisella infection. interest in antimicrobial peptides, such as the cathelicidins, has grown due their potential therapeutic applications and the increasing problem of bacterial resistance to commonly used antibiotics. only one human cathelicidin, ll-37, has been characterized. helical cathelicidins have also been disc ... | 2010 | 20399752 |
| sensing cytoplasmic danger signals by the inflammasome. | introduction: the innate immune system depends on molecules collectively known as pattern recognition receptors (prrs) to survey the extracellular space and the cytoplasm for the presence of dangerous pathogens, pathogen-derived molecules, or even self-derived molecular danger signals, which arise from tissue damage. absent in melanoma 2 (aim2) is a newly discovered prr involved in the sensing of dangerous cytosolic dna produced by infection with dna viruses. discussion: remarkably, recent studi ... | 2010 | 20401524 |
| [tularaemia - an overview of the current knowledge]. | francisella tularensis belongs to the family francisellaceae. it is the aetiological agent of a zoonosis called tularaemia, spread throughout the northern hemisphere. currently, several subspecies of f. tularensis may be distinguished with various pathogenicity and geographical distribution. in human medicine, only sporadic infections or local epidemics are reported. given the fact that f. tularensis is highly pathogenic for humans and is easily spread by aerosol, water or food, it may be exploi ... | 2010 | 20401834 |
| [detection of francisella tularensis by blood culture]. | francisella tularensis, from the family francisellaceae, is the aetiological agent of a zoonosis called tularaemia, spread throughout the northern hemisphere. the infectious dose is extremely low (10 cfu/ml) and the infection causes severe diseases or even death if untreated. the transmission to humans is always related to animals, either by a direct contact or by a contact with the environment contaminated by them. clinical symptoms of the disease can vary depending on the point of entry of the ... | 2010 | 20401835 |
| mass mortality of giant abalone haliotis gigantea caused by a francisella sp. bacterium. | in february 2005, a mass mortality of giant abalone haliotis (nordotis) gigantea gmelin, 1791 occurred on a private abalone farm in shimane prefecture, japan. the cumulative mortality rate reached about 84%. in histological observations, bacteria-like spherical particles were found in affected animals, suggesting a bacterial infection. many of the bacteria-like particles were found in the cells that were presumably host phagocytes. dna was extracted from the hemolymph of a diseased abalone and a ... | 2010 | 20402232 |
| [identifying bacteria using a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (maldi-tof) mass spectrometer. comparison with routine methods used in clinical microbiology laboratories]. | the methods routinely used for bacterial identification in clinical microbiology laboratory, although miniaturized and automated, are still based on the same basic principles as classical identification methods. nevertheless, technological advances are emerging which could modify these routine methods. we report a comparative study between conventional identification methods and mass spectrometry maldi-tof (ms maldi-tof) for bacterial identification in the clinical microbiology laboratory. | 2010 | 20409613 |
| azithromycin effectiveness against intracellular infections of francisella. | macrolide antibiotics are commonly administered for bacterial respiratory illnesses. azithromycin (az) is especially noted for extremely high intracellular concentrations achieved within macrophages which is far greater than the serum concentration. clinical strains of type b francisella (f.) tularensis have been reported to be resistant to az, however our laboratory francisella strains were found to be sensitive. we hypothesized that different strains/species of francisella (including type a) m ... | 2010 | 20416090 |
| virulence differences among francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis clades in mice. | francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis (type a) and holarctica (type b) are of clinical importance in causing tularemia. molecular typing methods have further separated type a strains into three genetically distinct clades, a1a, a1b and a2. epidemiological analyses of human infections in the united states suggest that a1b infections are associated with a significantly higher mortality rate as compared to infections caused by a1a, a2 and type b. to determine if genetic differences as define ... | 2010 | 20419133 |
| ecological niche modeling of francisella tularensis subspecies and clades in the united states. | two subspecies of francisella tularensis are recognized: f. tularensis subsp. tularensis (type a) and f. tularensis subsp. holartica (type b). type a has been subdivided further into a1a, a1b, and a2, which differ geographically and clinically. the aim of this work was to determine whether or not differences among subspecies and clades translate into distinct ecological niches. we used 223 isolates from humans and wildlife representing all six genotypes (type a, b, a1, a2, a1a, or a1b). ecologic ... | 2010 | 20439975 |
| cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of macrophage growth locus a (mgla) protein from francisella tularensis. | francisella tularensis, a potential bioweapon, causes a rare infectious disease called tularemia in humans and animals. the macrophage growth locus a (mgla) protein from f. tularensis associates with rna polymerase to positively regulate the expression of multiple virulence factors that are required for its survival and replication within macrophages. the mgla protein was overproduced in escherichia coli, purified and crystallized. the crystals diffracted to 7.5 a resolution at the advanced phot ... | 2010 | 20445258 |
| absent in melanoma 2 is required for innate immune recognition of francisella tularensis. | macrophages respond to cytosolic nucleic acids by activating cysteine protease caspase-1 within a complex called the inflammasome. subsequent cleavage and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines il-1beta and il-18 are critical for innate immunity. here, we show that macrophages from mice lacking absent in melanoma 2 (aim2) cannot sense cytosolic double-stranded dna and fail to trigger inflammasome assembly. caspase-1 activation in response to intracellular pathogen francisella tularensis also req ... | 2010 | 20457908 |
| tularemia of european brown hare (lepus europaeus): a pathological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical study. | the european brown hare (lepus europaeus) plays an important role in the ecology of tularemia, and it may serve as a significant source of human infection. the aim of the present study was to examine the lesions induced by francisella tularensis in 50 cases of naturally infected seropositive european brown hares. gross pathological examination revealed scant to numerous grayish-white foci with diameters of 0.1 to 1.0 cm in single organs (24 cases) or multiple organs (20 cases) in 44 of 50 cases ... | 2010 | 20466857 |
| differentiation of bacteria using fatty acid profiles from gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. | fatty acids are essential components in cell membranes of bacteria, and they determine the different structures of lipids and lipid a. therefore, fatty acids are good targets for development of rapid and reliable methods for differentiation of bacteria. | 2010 | 20474059 |
| directed screen of francisella novicida virulence determinants using drosophila melanogaster. | francisella tularensis is a highly virulent, facultative intracellular human pathogen whose virulence mechanisms are not well understood. occasional outbreaks of tularemia and the potential use of f. tularensis as a bioterrorist agent warrant better knowledge about the pathogenicity of this bacterium. thus far, genome-wide in vivo screens for virulence factors have been performed in mice, all however restricted by the necessity to apply competition-based, negative-selection assays. we wanted to ... | 2010 | 20479082 |
| development of a real-time pcr assay for identification and quantification of the fish pathogen francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis. | members of the genus francisella are small gram-negative facultative intracellular bacteria that cause francisellosis in a wide variety of fish species worldwide. f. noatunensis subsp. orientalis has been recently described as a warm-water pathogen of tilapia oreochromis spp. in this study, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) taqman probe assay was developed to rapidly and accurately detect and quantify f. noatunensis subsp. orientalis from fish tissue. the target region of ... | 2010 | 20481087 |
| molecular bases of proliferation of francisella tularensis in arthropod vectors. | arthropod vectors are important vehicles for transmission of francisella tularensis between mammals, but very little is known about the f. tularensis-arthropod vector interaction. drosophila melanogaster has been recently developed as an arthropod vector model for f. tularensis. we have shown that intracellular trafficking of f. tularensis within human monocytes-derived macrophages and d. melanogaster-derived s2 cells is very similar. within both evolutionarily distant host cells, the francisell ... | 2010 | 20482589 |
| molecular complexity orchestrates modulation of phagosome biogenesis and escape to the cytosol of macrophages by francisella tularensis. | upon entry of francisella tularensis to macrophages, the francisella-containing phagosome (fcp) is trafficked into an acidified late endosome-like phagosome with limited fusion to the lysosomes followed by rapid escape into the cytosol where the organism replicates. although the francisella pathogenicity island (fpi), which encodes a type vi-like secretion apparatus, is required for modulation of phagosome biogenesis and escape into the cytosol, the mechanisms involved are not known. to decipher ... | 2010 | 20482590 |
| involvement of the aim2, nlrc4, and nlrp3 inflammasomes in caspase-1 activation by listeria monocytogenes. | infection with listeria monocytogenes can cause meningitis and septicemia in newborn, elderly, or immunocompromised individuals. pregnant women are particularly susceptible to listeria, leading to a potentially fatal infection. cytosolic listeria activates the proinflammatory caspase-1 and induces the processing and secretion of interleukins il-1beta and il-18 as well as caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis. this study elucidates the role of various inflammasome components of host macrophages in the p ... | 2010 | 20490635 |
| j774 macrophage-like cell line cytokine and chemokine patterns are modulated by francisella tularensis lvs strain infection. | mutual interactions were investigated between intracellular parasitic bacterium francisella tularensis (f.t.; highly virulent bacterium responsible for tularemia, replicating within the host macrophages) and murine macrophage-like cell line j774. recombinant murine lymphokine inf-gamma and/or lps derived from e. coli were determined to stimulate in vitro antimicrobial activity of macrophage-like j774 cell line against the live vaccine strain (lvs) of f.t. through their ability to produce proinfl ... | 2010 | 20490763 |
| longitudinal study on the seroprevalence of avian influenza, leptospirosis, and tularemia in an urban population of raccoons (procyon lotor) in ontario, canada. | raccoons (procyon lotor) live at high densities, often in close association with people, in urban areas in ontario and have been implicated as potential reservoirs of numerous zoonotic disease agents. we collected 137 blood samples from 61 apparently healthy raccoons in a small area of toronto, ontario, from june to october 2007 as part of a longitudinal study to determine the seasonal patterns of seroprevalence of francisella tularensis, avian influenza, and leptospira. in addition, we collecte ... | 2011 | 20491583 |
| sdetection of vector-borne agents in lone star ticks, amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae), from mississippi. | in this study, we evaluated amblyomma americanum (lone star tick) in mississippi for the presence of ehrlichia chaffeensis, causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis; ehrlichia ewingii, causative agent of human and canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis; borrelia lonestari, putative agent of southern tick-associated rash illness; francisella tularensis, the agent of tularemia; and rickettsia spp., particularly r. amblyommii, a suspected pathogen. we collected adult a. americanum from four region ... | 2010 | 20496596 |
| [glandular form of tularemia after arthropod bite--cases report]. | tularemia is a rare zoonosis. there are a few ways of transmission of f. tularensis known: from the most common: contaminated meat, water, inhalation to rarely considered as insect or tick bite. insect bites are known. the disease may present non specific clinical picture, its course may be acute or chronic. because of polymorphism of clinical picture specific treatment is often delayed. in our paper we present cases of patients, who were diagnosed with tularemia due to horse-fly or tick bite. | 2010 | 20499663 |
| septic pneumonic tularaemia caused by francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica biovar ii. | this case of pneumonic tularaemia elucidates two aspects: it is believed to be the first documented case of bacteraemia caused by francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica biovar ii; furthermore, it illustrates the remission of septic pneumonic tularaemia without appropriate anti-infective therapy. a blood culture from a patient with community-acquired pneumonia was found to be positive for f. tularensis subsp. holarctica biovar ii after 10 days of cultivation. meanwhile, the patient had been tre ... | 2010 | 20522628 |
| effective, broad spectrum control of virulent bacterial infections using cationic dna liposome complexes combined with bacterial antigens. | protection against virulent pathogens that cause acute, fatal disease is often hampered by development of microbial resistance to traditional chemotherapeutics. further, most successful pathogens possess an array of immune evasion strategies to avoid detection and elimination by the host. development of novel, immunomodulatory prophylaxes that target the host immune system, rather than the invading microbe, could serve as effective alternatives to traditional chemotherapies. here we describe the ... | 2010 | 20523903 |
| francisella tularensis suppresses the proinflammatory response of endothelial cells via the endothelial protein c receptor. | various bacterial pathogens activate the endothelium to secrete proinflammatory cytokines and recruit circulating leukocytes. in contrast, there is a distinct lack of activation of these cells by francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia. given the importance of endothelial cells in facilitating innate immunity, we investigated the ability of the attenuated live vaccine strain and virulent schu s4 strain of f. tularensis to inhibit the proinflammatory response of huvecs. living f. ... | 2010 | 20543103 |
| host factors required for modulation of phagosome biogenesis and proliferation of francisella tularensis within the cytosol. | francisella tularensis is a highly infectious facultative intracellular bacterium that can be transmitted between mammals by arthropod vectors. similar to many other intracellular bacteria that replicate within the cytosol, such as listeria, shigella, burkholderia, and rickettsia, the virulence of f. tularensis depends on its ability to modulate biogenesis of its phagosome and to escape into the host cell cytosol where it proliferates. recent studies have identified the f. tularensis genes requi ... | 2010 | 20552012 |
| serological survey of five zoonoses, scrub typhus, japanese spotted fever, tularemia, lyme disease, and q fever, in feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in japan. | we investigated the seroprevalence of five tick- or mite-borne zoonoses, scrub typhus (orientia tsutsugamushi), japanese spotted fever (rickettsia japonica), tularemia (francisella tularensis), lyme disease (borrelia afzelii and borrelia garinii), and q fever (coxiella burnetii), in feral raccoons (procyon lotor) captured in hokkaido and kanagawa prefectures in japan. of the 559 raccoons captured in hokkaido, 8 (1.4%), 3 (0.5%), 1 (0.2%), and 1 (0.2%) carried antibodies against o. tsutsugamushi ... | 2011 | 20553108 |
| characterization of lethal inhalational infection with francisella tularensis in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). | the intracellular gram-negative pathogen francisella tularensis is the causative agent of tularaemia and is prevalent in many countries in the northern hemisphere. to determine whether the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) would be a suitable non-human primate model of inhalational tularaemia, a pathophysiology study was undertaken. ten animals were challenged with approximately 10(2) c.f.u. f. tularensis strain schu s4 (f. tularensis subsp. tularensis). to look for trends in the infection, p ... | 2010 | 20558585 |
| francisella tularensis antioxidants harness reactive oxygen species to restrict macrophage signaling and cytokine production. | francisella tularensis is the etiologic agent of the highly infectious animal and human disease tularemia. its extreme infectivity and virulence are associated with its ability to evade immune detection, which we now link to its robust reactive oxygen species-scavenging capacity. infection of primary human monocyte-derived macrophages with virulent f. tularensis schus4 prevented proinflammatory cytokine production in the presence or absence of ifn-gamma compared with infection with the attenuate ... | 2010 | 20558723 |
| quantum of infection of francisella tularensis tularensis in host-seeking dermacentor variabilis. | the american dog tick, dermacentor variabilis, is fundamental to the perpetuation of francisella tularensis tularensis on martha's vineyard, massachusetts, u.s.a. although infected ticks are relatively common on the island, human cases deriving from tick bite are rare. it may be that the quantum of bacteria within these naturally infected ticks is frequently too small to cause disease. accordingly, we quantified the amount of f.t. tularensis bacteria in host-seeking ticks from the island. contra ... | 2010 | 20563231 |
| accurate detection of low levels of fluorescence emission in autofluorescent background: francisella-infected macrophage cells. | cellular autofluorescence, though ubiquitous when imaging cells and tissues, is often assumed to be small in comparison to the signal of interest. uniform estimates of autofluorescence intensity obtained from separate control specimens are commonly employed to correct for autofluorescence. while these may be sufficient for high signal-to-background applications, improvements in detector and probe technologies and introduction of spectral imaging microscopes have increased the sensitivity of fluo ... | 2010 | 20569528 |
| [infection due to francisella tularensis, myocarditis and dilated myocardiopathy]. | | 2010 | 20570415 |
| francisella-like endosymbiont in dermacentor reticulatus collected in portugal. | in portugal, recent studies have confirmed the presence of francisella tularensis in dermacentor reticulatus. bacterial endosymbionts with significant homology to f. tularensis have been described in several species of ticks. in this work we identified francisella-like endosymbionts in d. reticulatus ticks (39%), confirming the presence of these bacteria in portugal. this finding should be considered in future studies using molecular approaches to detect francisella prevalence in ticks and envir ... | 2011 | 20575645 |
| defect in efferocytosis leads to alternative activation of macrophages in francisella infections. | the macrophage is a versatile cell type that can sense and respond to a particular need based on the conditions of the microenvironment. some studies have recently suggested that pathogens can directly influence the polarization of macrophages. as francisella infections are characterized by intense necrotic infiltrates in the lung as well as in distal sites of infection, we sought to investigate whether pulmonary francisella infections could cause the polarization of alternatively activated macr ... | 2011 | 20585334 |
| bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (balt) and survival in a vaccine mouse model of tularemia. | francisella tularensis causes severe pulmonary disease, and nasal vaccination could be the ideal measure to effectively prevent it. nevertheless, the efficacy of this type of vaccine is influenced by the lack of an effective mucosal adjuvant. | 2010 | 20585390 |
| the involvement of il-17a in the murine response to sub-lethal inhalational infection with francisella tularensis. | francisella tularensis is an intercellular bacterium often causing fatal disease when inhaled. previous reports have underlined the role of cell-mediated immunity and ifngamma in the host response to francisella tularensis infection. | 2010 | 20585449 |
| physiologic reference ranges for captive black-tailed prairie dogs (cynomys ludovicianus). | the black-tailed prairie dog (cynomys ludovicianus) is a member of the order rodentia and the family sciuridae. ecologically, prairie dogs are a keystone species in prairie ecology. this species is used as an animal model for human gallbladder disease and diseases caused by infection with clostridium difficile, yersinia pestis, francisella tularensis, and most recently, orthopoxvirus. despite increasing numbers of prairie dogs used in research and kept as pets, few data are available on their ba ... | 2010 | 20587156 |
| attenuated francisella asiatica iglc mutant induces protective immunity to francisellosis in tilapia. | francisella asiatica is a gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacteria that causes fish francisellosis. fish francisellosis is a severe sub-acute to chronic granulomatous disease with high mortalities and high infectivity rates in cultured and wild fish. to date, there is no approved vaccine for this widespread emergent disease. the goal of this study was to characterize the efficacy of a defined f. asiatica mutant (δiglc) as a live attenuated vaccine against subsequent immersion challenge ... | 2011 | 20600508 |
| activation of b cell apoptotic pathways in the course of francisella tularensis infection. | francisella tularensis is a facultative intracellular, gram-negative bacterium that induces apoptosis in macrophages and b cells. here we show apoptotic pathways that are activated in the ramos human b cell line in the course of f. tularensis infection. live bacteria f. tularensis fsc200 activate caspases 8, 9 and 3, as well as bid; release cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor from mitochondria; and induce depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential in the ramos cell line, thus lead ... | 2010 | 20600796 |
| characterization of the o-antigen polymerase (wzy) of francisella tularensis. | the o-antigen polymerase of gram-negative bacteria has been difficult to characterize. herein we report the biochemical and functional characterization of the protein product (wzy) of the gene annotated as the putative o-antigen polymerase, which is located in the o-antigen biosynthetic locus of francisella tularensis. in silico analysis (homology searching, hydropathy plotting, and codon usage assessment) strongly suggested that wzy is an o-antigen polymerase whose function is to catalyze the a ... | 2010 | 20605777 |
| multiple mechanisms of nadph oxidase inhibition by type a and type b francisella tularensis. | ft is a facultative intracellular pathogen that infects many cell types, including neutrophils. in previous work, we demonstrated that the type b ft strain lvs disrupts nadph oxidase activity throughout human neutrophils, but how this is achieved is incompletely defined. here, we used several type a and type b strains to demonstrate that ft-mediated nadph oxidase inhibition is more complex than appreciated previously. we confirm that phagosomes containing ft opsonized with as exclude flavocytoch ... | 2010 | 20610796 |
| method for the isolation of francisella tularensis outer membranes. | francisella tularensis is a gram-negative intracellular coccobacillus and the causative agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia. when compared with other bacterial pathogens, the extremely low infectious dose (<10 cfu), rapid disease progression, and high morbidity and mortality rates suggest that the virulent strains of francisella encode for novel virulence factors. surface-exposed molecules, namely outer membrane proteins (omps), have been shown to promote bacterial host cell binding, entry, ... | 2010 | 20613713 |
| biological properties and structure of the lipopolysaccharide of a vaccine strain of francisella tularensis generated by inactivation of a quorum sensing system gene qsec. | a knockout mutant with a deletion in a quorum sensing system gene qsec was generated from the vaccine strain francisella tularensis 15 by site-directed mutagenesis. the variant with the inactivated gene qsec differed from the parental strain in growth rate on solid nutrient medium but had the same growth dynamics in liquid nutrient medium. the mutation abolished almost completely the resistance of the vaccine strain to normal rabbit serum and its ability to survive in macrophages; in addition, t ... | 2010 | 20618133 |
| triggering ras signalling by intracellular francisella tularensis through recruitment of pkcα and βi to the sos2/grb2 complex is essential for bacterial proliferation in the cytosol. | intracellular proliferation of francisella tularensis is essential for manifestation of the fatal disease tularaemia, and is classified as a category a bioterrorism agent. the f. tularensis-containing phagosome (fcp) matures into a late endosome-like phagosome with limited fusion to lysosomes, followed by rapid bacterial escape into the cytosol. the francisella pathogenicity island (fpi) encodes a type vi-like secretion system, and the fpi-encoded iglc is essential for evasion of lysosomal fusio ... | 2010 | 20618341 |
| construction of a bioluminescence reporter plasmid for francisella tularensis. | a francisella tularensis shuttle vector that constitutively expresses the photorhabdus luminescens lux operon in type a and type b strains of f. tularensis was constructed. the bioluminescence reporter plasmid was introduced into the live vaccine strain of f. tularensis and used to follow f. tularensis growth in a murine intranasal challenge model in real-time by bioluminescence imaging. the results show that the new bioluminescence reporter plasmid represents a useful tool for tularemia researc ... | 2010 | 20620161 |
| essential genes from arctic bacteria used to construct stable, temperature-sensitive bacterial vaccines. | all bacteria share a set of evolutionarily conserved essential genes that encode products that are required for viability. the great diversity of environments that bacteria inhabit, including environments at extreme temperatures, place adaptive pressure on essential genes. we sought to use this evolutionary diversity of essential genes to engineer bacterial pathogens to be stably temperature-sensitive, and thus useful as live vaccines. we isolated essential genes from bacteria found in the arcti ... | 2010 | 20624965 |
| bioavailability and efficacy of levofloxacin against francisella tularensis in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). | pharmacokinetic and efficacy studies with levofloxacin were performed in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) model of inhalational tularemia. plasma levofloxacin pharmacokinetics were determined in six animals in separate single-dose and multidose studies. plasma drug concentrations were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-electrospray ionization. on day 7 of a twice-daily dosing regimen of 40 mg/kg, the levofloxacin half-life, maximum concentration, and area under ... | 2010 | 20625157 |
| identification, characterization and immunogenicity of an o-antigen capsular polysaccharide of francisella tularensis. | capsular polysaccharides are important factors in bacterial pathogenesis and have been the target of a number of successful vaccines. francisella tularensis has been considered to express a capsular antigen but none has been isolated or characterized. we have developed a monoclonal antibody, 11b7, which recognizes the capsular polysaccharide of f. tularensis migrating on western blot as a diffuse band between 100 kda and 250 kda. the capsule stains poorly on sds-page with silver stain but can be ... | 2010 | 20625403 |
| th17 cytokines in recall responses against francisella tularensis in humans. | to determine whether cytokines and t-cell subsets other than th1 cells contribute to secondary immune responses against francisella species, we investigated production of th17-associated cytokines il-17 and il-22 in a recall response to francisella tularensis. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from volunteers previously immunized with the f. tularensis live vaccine strain (lvs) were stimulated in vitro with bacterial lysates of lvs or a nonpathogenic type a b38 strain. gene expression a ... | 2010 | 20626289 |
| pathology in practice. tularemia. | | 2010 | 20632788 |
| a francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (lvs) mutant with a deletion in capb, encoding a putative capsular biosynthesis protein, is significantly more attenuated than lvs yet induces potent protective immunity in mice against f. tularensis challenge. | francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, is in the top category (category a) of potential agents of bioterrorism. the f. tularensis live vaccine strain (lvs) is the only vaccine currently available to protect against tularemia; however, this unlicensed vaccine is relatively toxic and provides incomplete protection against aerosolized f. tularensis, the most dangerous mode of transmission. hence, a safer and more potent vaccine is needed. as a first step toward addressing this ne ... | 2010 | 20643859 |
| francisella philomiragia septicemia in a dog. | | 2010 | 20649752 |
| deletion of the bacillus anthracis capb homologue in francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis generates an attenuated strain that protects mice against virulent tularaemia. | as there is currently no licensed vaccine against francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularaemia, the bacterium is an agent of concern as a potential bioweapon. although f. tularensis has a low infectious dose and high associated mortality, it possesses few classical virulence factors. an analysis of the f. tularensis subspecies tularensis genome sequence has revealed the presence of a region containing genes with low sequence homology to part of the capbcade operon of bacillus anthra ... | 2010 | 20651039 |
| optimal swab processing recovery method for detection of bioterrorism-related francisella tularensis by real-time pcr. | francisella tularensis, the etiological agent of tularemia, is regarded as a potential bioterrorism agent. the advent of bioterrorism has heightened awareness of the need for validated methods for processing environmental samples. in this study we determined the optimal method for processing environmental swabs for the recovery and subsequent detection of f. tularensis by the use of real-time pcr assays. four swab processing recovery methods were compared: heat, sonication, vortexing, and the sw ... | 2010 | 20654658 |
| whole-genome sequencing reveals distinct mutational patterns in closely related laboratory and naturally propagated francisella tularensis strains. | the f. tularensis type a strain fsc198 from slovakia and a second strain fsc043, which has attenuated virulence, are both considered to be derivatives of the north american f. tularensis type a strain schu s4. these strains have been propagated under different conditions: the fsc198 has undergone natural propagation in the environment, while the strain fsc043 has been cultivated on artificial media in laboratories. here, we have compared the genome sequences of fsc198, fsc043, and schu s4 to exp ... | 2010 | 20657845 |
| a two-component kdo hydrolase in the inner membrane of francisella novicida. | lipid a coats the outer surface of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. in francisella tularensis subspecies novicida lipid a is present either as the covalently attached anchor of lipopolysaccharide (lps) or as free lipid a. the lipid a moiety of francisella lps is linked to the core domain by a single 2-keto-3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (kdo) residue. f. novicida kdta is bi-functional, but f. novicida contains a membrane-bound kdo hydrolase that removes the outer kdo unit. the hyd ... | 2010 | 20662782 |
| ulceroglandular tularemia. | a 14-year-old boy presented with fevers and nonspecific flulike symptoms, as well as an enlarging ulcerated plaque involving the upper back, lymphadenopathy, and bilateral pulmonary nodules. bacterial cultures of ulcer tissue grew francisella tularensis on enriched chocolate agar plates. making the diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion, and communication with the laboratory to successfully and safely culture these highly pathogenic bacteria is imperative. | 2010 | 20678093 |
| cutting edge: mutation of francisella tularensis mvin leads to increased macrophage absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome activation and a loss of virulence. | the mechanisms by which the intracellular pathogen francisella tularensis evades innate immunity are not well defined. we have identified a gene with homology to escherichia coli mvin, a putative lipid ii flippase, which f. tularensis uses to evade activation of innate immune pathways. infection of mice with a f. tularensis mvin mutant resulted in improved survival and decreased bacterial burdens compared to infection with wild-type f. tularensis. the mvin mutant also induced increased absent in ... | 2010 | 20679532 |
| mutations of francisella novicida that alter the mechanism of its phagocytosis by murine macrophages. | infection with the bacterial pathogen francisella tularensis tularensis (f. tularensis) causes tularemia, a serious and debilitating disease. francisella tularensis novicida strain u112 (abbreviated f. novicida), which is closely related to f. tularensis, is pathogenic for mice but not for man, making it an ideal model system for tularemia. intracellular pathogens like francisella inhibit the innate immune response, thereby avoiding immune recognition and death of the infected cell. because acti ... | 2010 | 20686600 |
| long lived protection against pneumonic tularemia is correlated with cellular immunity in peripheral, not pulmonary, organs. | protection against the intracellular bacterium francisella tularensis within weeks of vaccination is thought to involve both cellular and humoral immune responses. however, the relative roles for cellular and humoral immunity in long lived protection against virulent f. tularensis are not well established. here, we dissected the correlates of immunity to pulmonary infection with virulent f. tularensis strain schus4 in mice challenged 30 and 90 days after subcutaneous vaccination with lvs. regard ... | 2010 | 20688042 |
| objections to the transfer of francisella novicida to the subspecies rank of francisella tularensis. | | 2010 | 20688748 |
| objections to the transfer of francisella novicida to the subspecies rank of francisella tularensis - response to johansson et al. | | 2010 | 20688749 |