| contact with farming environment as a major risk factor for shiga toxin (vero cytotoxin)-producing escherichia coli o157 infection in humans. | in a prospective, unmatched case-control study of sporadic shiga toxin (vero cytotoxin)-producing escherichia coli o157 (stec o157) infection in england, exposure to the farming environment emerged strongly as a risk factor (adjusted odds ratio = 2.45; 95% confidence intervals = 1.49-4.02; p=0.0004) posing further challenges and opportunities for prevention. | 2001 | 11747741 |
| runner-up in the young physician's section of the gowers' prize 2000. epilepsy and the physical basis of consciousness. | the issue of human consciousness, in both its popular and neuroscientific sense, is considered from a clinical perspective. the ictal semiologies of the various epilepsies, together with associated clinical features, are demonstrated to highlight certain neuroanatomical and neurophysiological facets of consciousness. it is suggested that further insights into consciousness, even those bordering on the philosophical, may be led by clinical neurological phenomena and emerging neuroinvestigative te ... | 2001 | 11749104 |
| on call. as a physician, i find harvard men's health watch very helpful for my patients and as a 63-year-old man, i find it interesting and helpful for myself. but i'm puzzled by your november 2001 article, which recommends two drinks a day as the safe maximum. i remember reading an editorial in the lancet a few years ago that recommended up to 25 drinks a week, or three a day. which dose of alcohol is correct? | | 2001 | 11751096 |
| current smoking, occupation, n-acetyltransferase-2 and bladder cancer: a pooled analysis of genotype-based studies. | the aim of this study was to investigate the association of nat2 gene polymorphism with bladder cancer using the data derived from the international project on genetic susceptibility to environmental carcinogens. four case control studies conducted in four european countries, plus two case series, one from england and one from germany, for a total of 1530 cases and 731 controls (all caucasian) were included. the interaction between nat2 and bladder cancer considering smoking habits and occupatio ... | 2001 | 11751441 |
| ludwig guttmann: emerging concept of rehabilitation after spinal cord injury. | ludwig guttmann was a pioneer of the idea of rehabilitation for victims of spinal cord injury. he looked beyond the physical survival of his patients, to their re-integration into a social life worth living. while the international stoke mandeville games are fairly well known to the general public as a gathering for physically handicapped athletes, less is known about the man who helped start the movement. on the occasion of the recent sydney 2000 paralympics, this paper reviews the contribution ... | 2001 | 11770196 |
| a genomewide linkage screen for relative hand skill in sibling pairs. | genomewide quantitative-trait locus (qtl) linkage analysis was performed using a continuous measure of relative hand skill (pegq) in a sample of 195 reading-disabled sibling pairs from the united kingdom. this was the first genomewide screen for any measure related to handedness. the mean pegq in the sample was equivalent to that of normative data, and pegq was not correlated with tests of reading ability (correlations between minus sign0.13 and 0.05). relative hand skill could therefore be cons ... | 2002 | 11774074 |
| clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of zanamivir (relenza): translating the evidence into clinical practice, a national institute for clinical excellence view. | the uk national institute for clinical excellence (nice) is charged with the duty of providing informed guidance on clinical practice (clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness) to patients and health professionals. the appraisal committee through its process of review of evidence advises nice on the clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of new and existing technologies and their appropriate use within the national health service in england and wales. the appraisal process takes into ... | 2001 | 11779390 |
| excess winter mortality: influenza or cold stress? observational study. | | 2002 | 11786453 |
| a genomewide scan identifies two novel loci involved in specific language impairment. | approximately 4% of english-speaking children are affected by specific language impairment (sli), a disorder in the development of language skills despite adequate opportunity and normal intelligence. several studies have indicated the importance of genetic factors in sli; a positive family history confers an increased risk of development, and concordance in monozygotic twins consistently exceeds that in dizygotic twins. however, like many behavioral traits, sli is assumed to be genetically comp ... | 2002 | 11791209 |
| a comparison of software packages that assess linkage using a variance components approach. | we report single-point and multipoint results from three statistical genetics software packages using a variance components approach for quantitative traits. when possible, we have shown the effects of covariates. results from genehunter, solar, and act software packages are compared for the quantitative trait immunoglobulin e (ige) using chromosome 5 asthma familial data from oxfordshire (england), perth (australia), and freiburg (germany), and using the genome-wide german data. although few di ... | 2001 | 11793783 |
| adaptations of linkage and association methods for the study of asthma, a complex trait. | early studies that found significant linkage between markers on 5q and asthma and ige have not been reproduced. in an attempt to improve the power of these studies we performed a variance components linkage analysis and transmission-disequilibrium tests (tdt) with haplotypes using markers on 5q, using the southampton and perth data sets supplied by gaw. the linkage analysis with covariates revealed a maximum lod of 1.57 in the perth families. the addition of age and rast significantly improved t ... | 2001 | 11793792 |
| just coercion? detention of nonadherent tuberculosis patients. | the need to balance the rights of individuals and to protect the public health will bring with it demands for the restriction of individuals' liberty. three points should always be considered when these measures are adopted: (1) the lack of evidence that detention benefits the public health; (2) the risk that fundamental human rights may be overridden unnecessarily; and (3) that coercive practices may act as a smokescreen for improved, but more complex or more costly, public health responses to ... | 2001 | 11795415 |
| dermatopathology in historical perspective: the man behind the eponym: horatio george adamson and adamson's fringe. | | 2001 | 11801785 |
| psychotic illness in people with prader willi syndrome due to chromosome 15 maternal uniparental disomy. | in a population-based study of prader willi syndrome (pws), we investigated the relation between genetic subtypes of the syndrome and psychiatric morbidity. of 25 patients aged 18 years or older, seven (28%) had severe affective disorder with psychotic features, with a mean age of onset of 26 years (sd 5.9). the seven people affected, all aged 28 years or older, included all five with disomies of chromosome 15, one with a deletion in this chromosome, and one with an imprinting centre mutation in ... | 2002 | 11809260 |
| a major marker for normal tension glaucoma: association with polymorphisms in the opa1 gene. | normal tension glaucoma (ntg) is a major form of glaucoma, associated with intraocular pressures that are within the statistically normal range of the population. opa1, the gene responsible for autosomal dominant optic atrophy represents an excellent candidate gene for ntg, as the clinical phenotypes are similar and opa1 is expressed in the retina and optic nerve. eighty-three well-characterized ntg patients were screened for mutations in opa1 by heteroduplex analysis and bi-directional sequenci ... | 2002 | 11810296 |
| playing god: mary must die so jodie may live longer. | in 2000, conjoined twins were born in england. what made this case unique was the fact that if the twins remained unseparated, medical opinion held they would die; if they were separated one twin would live, and one twin would die; the parents refused to consent to separation; and the hospital charged with their care brought the matter to court. the trial court and court of appeal approved of the surgery, which was promptly performed, resulting in the immediate death of the weaker twin. the auth ... | 2001 | 11816934 |
| medical decision making and the human rights act 1998. | at present in the uk, when there is conflict of opinion between relatives and health care professionals regarding the treatment of incompetent patients, the courts generally support the latter over the former. this article examines the potential impact of the human rights act 1998, which incorporates the european convention on human rights into uk law, on this position. the possibility of challenges by relatives to disputed decisions on the grounds of articles 2,3,8 and 14 is examined in the lig ... | 2001 | 11817380 |
| immunohistologic evidence of myocardial disease in apparently healthy relatives of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. | this study investigated whether apparently healthy relatives of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (dcm) who have left ventricular enlargement (lve) have biopsy evidence of underlying myocardial disease. | 2002 | 11823084 |
| old age psychiatry and the law. | old age psychiatry is no less subject to increasing legal and quasilegal restraint than other branches of the profession, but the emphases are different. two themes predominate: first, that of capacity or competence; and second, to what extent formal legal measures should be implemented in cases where incapacitated patients do not dissent from, as opposed to giving active consent to, admission to hospital or receiving treatment. | 2002 | 11823319 |
| bristol interim report. | | 2001 | 11831263 |
| hiv/aids and legal issues in england and wales. | in england and wales, the only hiv specialist legal advice service is currently observing "a return of many of the problems that were encountered in the 1980s but which we thought had been resolved." ignorance about hiv and about how hiv is (and is not) transmitted continues, while the many benefits from new treatments have been accompanied by complacency, misunderstanding, and new forms of discrimination. this article, by members of the advice centre of the terrence higgins trust, which include ... | 2000 | 11833210 |
| association between two tumour necrosis factor intronic polymorphisms and hla alleles. | the gene for tumour necrosis factor (tnf) lies at the telomeric end of the class iii region of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc). polymorphisms within this gene have been implicated in the genetic background of a large number of common human diseases. recently two polymorphisms, tnf +489 and +691, have been described in the first intron of tnf (+489, g to a transition; +691, g deletion) and disease associations have been reported; however, the pattern of linkage disequilibrium with othe ... | 2002 | 11841486 |
| sir victor horsley (1857-1916): pioneer of neurological surgery. | immortalized in surgical history for the introduction of "antiseptic wax," sir victor horsley played a pivotal role in shaping the face of standard neurosurgical practice. his contributions include the first laminectomy for spinal neoplasm, the first carotid ligation for cerebral aneurysm, the curved skin flap, the transcranial approach to the pituitary gland, intradural division of the trigeminal nerve root for trigeminal neuralgia, and surface marking of the cerebral cortex. a tireless scienti ... | 2002 | 11841730 |
| an initial exploration of community mental health nurses' attitudes to and experience of sexuality-related issues in their work with people experiencing mental health problems. | human sexuality is a complex dynamic concept that escapes simple definition. within nursing there seems to be a preference for broad holistic definitions that emphasize sexuality as an aspect of the unique human character. whilst the nursing literature mostly portrays sexuality as wholesome and good, it also notes that sexuality can be a vehicle for the expression of power, hostility or hatred. in this study, the authors did not prescribe or limit the definition of 'sexuality'. rather the term ' ... | 2001 | 11842476 |
| evidence to the independent inquiry into clinical trials in north staffordshire. | | 2000 | 11842853 |
| report of the review into the research framework in north staffordshire. | this review began because of complaints about the conduct of research studies in the paediatric department of the north staffordshire hospital in stroke-on-trent. as it progressed other issues were also examined such as diagnosing munchausen's syndrome by proxy by the use of covert video surveillance. the following extracts concentrate on research issues, and include the whole of the framework for research governance outlined in the report. | 2000 | 11842854 |
| changes in age related seroprevalence of antibody to varicella zoster virus: impact on vaccine strategy. | to study changes in the seroprevalence of varicella zoster virus (vzv) antibody over the past 25 years with a view to determining the target age group for any future vaccination strategy. | 2002 | 11865016 |
| obstacles to influenza immunization in primary care. | general practices undertake annual immunization campaigns to protect susceptible patients against influenza. many practices, however, do not adopt effective approaches and there is great variation in the immunization rates achieved. this study aimed to assess the attitudes of primary care staff to the annual immunization programme, the obstacles they face, and possible reasons for the wide variation in immunization rates. | 2001 | 11873897 |
| the age pattern of mortality in the 1918-19 influenza pandemic: an attempted explanation based on data for england and wales. | | 2002 | 11877981 |
| a study of the criteria used by healthcare professionals, managers and patients to represent and evaluate quality care. | to explore the perceptions of and criteria used by healthcare professionals, managers, patients and relatives to represent and evaluate their concept of quality care. | 2001 | 11879448 |
| james blundell: the first transfusion of human blood. | | 2002 | 11886727 |
| world war i may have allowed the emergence of "spanish" influenza. | the 1918 influenza pandemic caused 40 million deaths, and so dwarfed in mortality and morbidity the preceding pandemic of 1889 and the 1957 and 1968 pandemics. in retrospect, much can be learnt about the source, the possible subterranean spread of virus, and the genetic basis of virulence. the world health organization has urged every nation to prepare a pandemic plan for the first global outbreak of the 21st century. we present an appraisal of epidemiological and mortality evidence of early out ... | 2002 | 11901642 |
| a stepwise multivariate analysis of factors that contribute to stress for mental health nurses working in the community. | the aim of the study was to examine the variety, frequency and severity of stressors experienced by community mental health nurses (cmhns) in wales. | 2001 | 11903710 |
| the workshop as an effective method of dissemination: the importance of the needs of the individual. | the workshop is one of a number of strategies that can be used to disseminate information. this study set out to evaluate the effectiveness of the workshop as a method of disseminating information which had as its aim the introduction of new practices. a series of workshops, attended by g and h grade nurses, were carried out in a large teaching hospital in england. the information which was disseminated concerned recruitment and retention activities for nurses which had been proposed in recent g ... | 2002 | 11906600 |
| howard florey, alexander fleming and the fairy tale of penicillin. | the public myth of the discovery of penicillin is an archetypal "quest story" of the type common to every human culture. but the real story of the discovery, testing and refinement of penicillin is a complex tale of accident, serendipity, oversight, conflict, the pressure of war, idiosyncratic personalities and even--the invention of history. | 2002 | 11913920 |
| the dental caries experience of 12-year-old children in england and wales. surveys coordinated by the british association for the study of community dentistry in 2000/2001. | this paper reports the results of standardised clinical caries examinations of 106,694 twelve-year-old children from england, wales, the isle of man and jersey. these 2000/01 coordinated surveys are the latest in a series which seek to monitor the dental health of children and to assess the delivery of dental services. | 2002 | 11922413 |
| structural biology and biochemistry. retrospective: max perutz (1914-2002). | | 2002 | 11923516 |
| guidelines in respect of advance directives: the position in england. | the fundamental aim of the advance directive is to provide a means for the patient to continue to exercise autonomy and shape the end of his/her life. the principle is not new. patients who are aware of approaching death have for many years discussed with their health-care team how they wish to be treated. the advance directive registers these views in a more formal way. however, inconsistencies persist in the understanding of the legal issues around advance directives in the uk, and suggest tha ... | 2001 | 11923751 |
| pilot study of 360 degrees assessment of personal skills to inform record of in training assessments for senior house officers. | the assessment of a trainee doctor's human skills, including teamworking, communication and maintaining trust, is difficult but necessary to confirm competence and to alert trainees and trainers of potential problems before they become intractable. this study used 360 degrees team observation reports for this purpose. the process was easy to administer and valued by trainees. | 2002 | 11933823 |
| infrared spectroscopy of the mineralogy of coprolites from brean down: evidence of past human activities and animal husbandry. | the mineralogy of 11 concretions from the bronze age settlement horizons at brean down near weston-super-mare, somerset, uk, has been examined by infrared spectroscopy. the concretions are found to contain calcite and apatite and, in some cases, quartz. four further concretions from the later iron age meare village, soil samples from brean down and mineralised samples of known faecal origin from a cesspit within the tudor merchant's house in tenby have been similarly examined. it is found that a ... | 2002 | 11942402 |
| the implications of the human rights act 1998 for the removal and detention of persons in need of care and attention. | the human rights act 1998 ('hra 1998') requires public authorities to act compatibly with the european convention on human rights ('echr'). the echr contains rights, inter alia, to liberty and to respect for private life. those rights--and, therefore, the hra 1998--may be breached by provisions in the national assistance act 1948 and the national assistance (amendment) act 1951 that enable persons in need of care and attention to be removed compulsorily to hospital. however, legal proceedings br ... | 2002 | 11961681 |
| winter crisis. mild weather militates against flu outbreak. | | 2000 | 11965813 |
| the human cost of the care homes crisis. | | 2001 | 11966015 |
| a touch of the 'flu. | | 2002 | 11970940 |
| acclimatizing the world: a history of the paradigmatic colonial science. | this paper examines the institutions, personages, and the theories that informed acclimatization activities in nineteenth-century france, england, and the two colonies of algeria and australia. treating acclimatization as a scientific concept and activity the essay begins with the conditions of its emergence in enlightenment france. subsequent sections trace the growth of the acclimatization movement and its translation to the british context, and consider reasons for its decline in the last thi ... | 2000 | 11971295 |
| genotyping of enterocytozoon bieneusi in aids patients from the north west of england. | in this study enterocytozoon bieneusi -positive faeces samples from aids patients in the north west of england were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and dna sequencing for potential zoonotic origins. | 2002 | 11972417 |
| predicting the home location of serial offenders: a preliminary comparison of the accuracy of human judges with a geographic profiling system. | the accuracy with which human judges, before and after 'training', could predict the likely home location of serial offenders was compared with predictions produced by a geographic profiling system known as dragnet. all predictions were derived from ten spatial displays, one for each of ten different u.s. serial murderers, indicating five crime locations. in all conditions participants were asked to place an 'x' on each spatial display corresponding to where they thought the offender lived. in t ... | 2002 | 11979494 |
| use of a high-fidelity simulator to develop testing of the technical performance of novice anaesthetists. | we used the delphi technique to gain a consensus from 26 consultant anaesthetists about technical tasks during general anaesthesia. we then developed a technical scoring system to assess anaesthetists undertaking general anaesthesia with rapid sequence induction. | 2002 | 11990263 |
| centennial of einthoven's first recording of the human electrocardiogram with the string galvanometer. | | 2002 | 11991362 |
| epidemiology of human sapporo-like caliciviruses in the south west of england: molecular characterisation of a genetically distinct isolate. | human enteric caliciviruses have been assigned to two distinct genera: the norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) and the sapporo-like viruses (slvs). during a 3-year surveillance of gastroenteritis in the south west of england during november 1997-2000, a total of 27 clinical samples containing slvs were collected. pcr amplicons covering a region of the rna polymerase gene were obtained from 18 of the slv samples. sequence analysis of the pcr products indicated that the slv isolates could be assigned to o ... | 2002 | 11992591 |
| removing the labels, meeting the needs. | | 2002 | 12001389 |
| the contribution of allison and nissen to the evolution of hiatus herniorrhaphy. | even though it was not until 1950 that barrett introduced the term "reflux esophagitis", this entity is now the most common disease afflicting the western world. diaphragmatic herniation, recognized by sennertus in 1541, was first repaired by potemski (1889). before world-war ii, the condition was considered rare; symptomatology, as in external herniae, was ascribed to pinching of the stomach by the hernial ring. only large protrusions, with signs of impending incarceration, volvulus, or strangu ... | 2001 | 12003049 |
| the number of markers of pancreatic autoimmunity is proportional to the risk for type 1 diabetes mellitus in italian and english patients with organ-specific autoimmune diseases. | an 11-year prospective study was carried out in 226 patients with organ-specific autoimmune disease (osad) coming from northern italy and southern england. patients were investigated for diabetes-related autoantibodies (icas, gadabs, and ia2abs) in order to evaluate the best immunological combination in predicting type 1 dm. one hundred twenty-eight patients were ica positive (77 italian and 51 english), and 98 were ica negative. icas were detected by immunofluorescence technique on human pancre ... | 2002 | 12021123 |
| the impact of the european convention on human rights on medical law. | | 2002 | 12024878 |
| the nhs plan: nurse satisfaction, commitment and retention strategies. | the nhs plan envisages a paradigm shift from a centralized, producer-led national health service (nhs) to a devolved, patient-centred health care service, fuelled by a substantial investment in human resources, beds, hospitals and infrastructure. the planned net increase of 20,000 nurses by 2004 is examined in the light of findings from a qualitative study of nurse satisfaction, commitment or intention to leave their hospital, nursing or the nhs, involving 124 nurses in four london hospitals. th ... | 2002 | 12028798 |
| convincing an asian community of the importance of flu vaccination. | increasing the uptake of flu vaccination in an area with a large bangladeshi population required a tailored approach to getting the message across. every opportunity to communicate the issues was taken by the staff of the healthy living centre, including using the topic as subject matter in a class for those improving their spoken english. | 2001 | 12030065 |
| faecal carriage of verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli o157 in cattle and sheep at slaughter in great britain. | a 12-month abattoir survey was conducted between january 1999 and january 2000, to determine the prevalence of faecal carriage of verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli o157 (vtec o157) in cattle and sheep slaughtered for human consumption in great britain. samples of rectum containing faeces were collected from 3939 cattle and 4171 sheep at 118 abattoirs, in numbers proportional to the throughput of the premises. the annual prevalence of faecal carriage of vtec o157 was 4.7 per cent (95 per c ... | 2002 | 12036241 |
| roe v. wade. 22 jan 1973. | | 1973 | 12038376 |
| more than 4000 children are missing out on hormone treatment. | | 2002 | 12039814 |
| excess winter mortality. method of calculating mortality attributed to influenza is disputed. | | 2002 | 12039836 |
| attorney general v. x. | in this case in which a 14-year-old girl said she had become pregnant after being raped by her friend's father, the attorney general of ireland had enjoined the girl and her parents from traveling to england for an abortion. a psychologist had testified that in her present state of mind, the girl was suicidal. the supreme court of ireland held that the right to life supersedes all other rights, including the right to travel. however, if there is a real and substantial risk to the life of the mot ... | 1992 | 12041095 |
| local irbs fail to assess remote human studies. | | 2002 | 12042790 |
| impact of the insect biting nuisance on a british youth expedition to alaska. | the morbidity and nuisance factor associated with bites from mosquitoes and other insects are one of the many hazards faced by travelers, including those to the arctic. a predeparture literature review suggested that insect bites were such a large problem in the area to be visited that they would probably have a significant impact on expedition activities. therefore, we set out to assess the extent of the insect biting nuisance, focussing particularly on interference with expedition activities, ... | 2002 | 12044274 |
| constructing vital statistics: thomas rowe edmonds and william farr, 1835-1845. | this paper describes the role of these two english statisticians in establishing mortality measurements as means of assessing the health of human populations. key to their innovations was the uses for the law of mortality edmonds claimed to have discovered in 1832. in reality he had merely rediscovered a relationship between aging and mortality first described mathematically by benjamin gompertz a decade earlier. during the 1830s edmonds attempted to interest the medical profession in his discov ... | 2002 | 12050933 |
| perceptions of influenza and influenza vaccination in patients attending hospital outpatient clinics. | influenza remains a major cause of morbidity and disruption to health services during winter. annual vaccination of risk groups is the mainstay of influenza management policy. despite much national publicity, vaccine uptake remains below desired levels. we investigated the perceptions of influenzal illness and opinions on vaccination in hospital outpatients attending clinics associated with risk and non-risk (i.e. control) morbidities. there were 270 recruited patients in risk groups: 90 each fr ... | 2002 | 12070969 |
| local surveillance of influenza in the united kingdom: from sentinel general practices to sentinel cities? | surveillance of influenza in england and wales utilises a disparate geographical network of general practices to provide clinical data in the form of weekly consultation rates for influenza and 'influenza-like illness'. this network accurately detects and monitors seasonal influenza activity at national and supra-regional levels. localised regional and sub-regional epidemics are less easily detected. we describe a localised epidemic of influenza affecting a deprived urban community in the north ... | 2002 | 12070970 |
| the man who saved us all. | | 2002 | 12082340 |
| clinical research and its ethical control in durham between 1974 and 1979. | | 1980 | 12085872 |
| virus isolation data from water of some european rivers: an overview. | the present overview is the result of our scrutiny of data concerning the presence of viruses in the water of diverse european rivers. these data were assembled from the published literature--articles, doctoral theses and reports from investigations conducted by environmental virologists beginning during the final years of the sixth decenium of the twentieth century, first in france, czechoslovakia, romania, ukraine, u.s.a. then in other european and countries worldwide. the overview covers the ... | 2002 | 12096684 |
| the big brown eyes of samuel pepys. | samuel pepys (1633-1703) is known for writing the finest diary in the english language. he was a man of remarkable accomplishments who transformed the english navy, was president of the royal society, and was a member of the british parliament. he survived the great plague and imprisonment in the tower of london. during the years when he was writing the diary, pepys began to experience great pain in his eyes when reading and writing and from photophobia, which caused him to give up writing the d ... | 2002 | 12096971 |
| preventing drug-related morbidity--determining valid indicators. | to describe the process that is being undertaken to validate a series of indicators for preventable drug-related morbidity - originally developed in the us - for application in the uk health care system. | 2002 | 12108529 |
| crossed wires: interpreters, translators, and bilingual workers in cross-language research. | increasingly, researchers are undertaking studies involving people who do not speak the same language as they do. sociologists have long argued that language constructs the social world at the same time as it describes it. however, the implications of this for cross-language research are rarely considered. employing interpreters/translators and "cultural brokers" in research raises methodological issues around the meanings of concepts and how to convey difference. using a project that employed t ... | 2002 | 12109728 |
| support for students with academic difficulties. | the human and financial costs of academic failure amongst medical students are extremely high. often, remedial support is infrequently available or is available only for students failing their final examinations. we describe the design, implementation and preliminary evaluation of a remedial programme (rp) for students who experience academic difficulties. | 2002 | 12109986 |
| sero-epidemiological patterns of epstein-barr and herpes simplex (hsv-1 and hsv-2) viruses in england and wales. | the aim was to carry out a population-based sero-prevalence survey of epstein-barr virus (ebv) across a wide age range in england and wales and to identify any associations between ebv and herpes simplex virus types one and two (hsv-1 and 2). sera from an age-stratified sample of 2,893 individuals, submitted for diagnostic purposes to 15 public health laboratories in england and wales in 1994, were tested for immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody to ebv. the samples had been tested previously for igg ... | 2002 | 12115998 |
| seroprevalence of antibodies to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 among two sexually active female populations in middlesbrough, england. | herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection occurs worldwide but its epidemiology varies between different countries and between groups of individuals. seroprevalence of hsv-1 and hsv-2 antibodies is a more accurate method of determining epidemiology of this infection. in this cross-sectional study, 467 blood samples were obtained from women attending the genitourinary medicine clinic (gum) and antenatal clinic (anc) in middlesbrough, england. analysis of their blood samples showed that 69.5% gum patie ... | 2002 | 12134761 |
| thomas stephenson, dsc, phc, frsedin, fcs: a man of parts. | | 2002 | 12138907 |
| occupational continuity and international migration of skilled workers: the case of mersey port workers. | "as part of a current concern among geographers to identify the local specificity of labour markets...and the regional impacts of international migration from [the united kingdom], this paper considers one case of regional specificity--the port of liverpool--and how the traditional skills of the port and associated activities, on and off-shore, have provided important linkages with international demand for skills in these occupations, and have spontaneously maintained international but non-perma ... | 1990 | 12159601 |
| the use of the portable ergonomic observation method (peo) to monitor the sitting posture of schoolchildren in the classroom. | contrary to common belief, back pain amongst young people is a frequent phenomenon. epidemiological studies have found high prevalence rates of back pain amongst schoolchildren. the investigation reported here aims to validate children's self-reporting and the observation of sitting postures to establish the intensity, duration and frequency of exposure in the classroom. the sitting postures of 18 children were recorded using three methods, the portable ergonomic observation method (peo), video ... | 2002 | 12160340 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of streptococcus suis isolated from swine in france and from humans in different countries between 1996 and 2000. | the susceptibility of 135 streptococcus suis strains isolated from pigs (n = 110) and from humans (n = 25) to 13 antimicrobial agents was studied by microdilution and disc diffusion methods using mueller-hinton agar ii (mh) supplemented with either defibrinated sheep blood (mhsb) or horse serum (mhhs). results were similar for both methods used except for penicillin g whose zone diameters were reduced with mhsb compared with mhhs. when mh was supplemented with sheep blood, 39% of s. suis strains ... | 2002 | 12161400 |
| mrs pretty and ms b. | | 2002 | 12161565 |
| birth weight, childhood socioeconomic environment, and cognitive development in the 1958 british birth cohort study. | to examine the combined effect of social class and weight at birth on cognitive trajectories during school age and the associations between birth weight and educational outcomes through to 33 years. | 2002 | 12169505 |
| western medicine and marketing: construction of an inadequate milk syndrome in lactating women. | i conducted a longitudinal phenomenological study in england to explore the perceptions of 10 lactating women related to the nature of their breast milk and their ability to exclusively breast-feed their babies. the women viewed breast-feeding as a mechanical manufacturing process, and they carefully monitored the output of breast milk. health care professionals contributed to the women's perceptions and displayed mechanistic assumptions in relation to breastfeeding, reflecting their enculturati ... | 2002 | 12171699 |
| small town development and urban illiteracy: comparative evidence from leicestershire marriage registers 1754-1890. | "based on the analysis of anglican marriage registers for the period 1754 to 1890, the article explores patterns of illiteracy in three small leicestershire [england] towns with contrasting economic functions. illiteracy levels were closely related to urban occupational and social structures, which also affected distinct gender differentials. evidence [of] the effect of literacy on age at marriage and marriage distance suggests that demographic behaviour and spatial interaction were determined m ... | 1998 | 12178166 |
| men too--a retrospective view of the family planning association's male responsibility campaign. | england's family planning association's (fpa) men too campaign evolved from the recognition that men seemed to receive less support and encouragement than women in their involvement in the emotional aspects of relationships, family planning, and child rearing. created out of a concern for balancing the selective attention given to men and women, the longterm goal of the men too campaign was to support the growing number of men who are concerned about increasing their participation in emotional ... | 1986 | 12178355 |
| human metapneumovirus as a cause of community-acquired respiratory illness. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a recently identified paramyxovirus first isolated from hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infections (arti). we sought evidence of hmpv infection in patients who had visited general practitioners, had influenzalike illnesses (ili), and had negative tests for influenza and human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv). as part of national virologic surveillance, sentinel general practices in england and wales collected samples from patients of all ages ... | 2002 | 12194763 |
| a comparison of different biogeographical classifications of europe, great britain and spain. | various biogeographical and bioclimatic classifications of a number of regions, countries and continents have been created to meet different objectives. a policy maker might ask the question 'why is there no single accepted classification and how do the different classifications compare with one another?' in order to answer these two questions three classifications created by different methods for great britain and two for spain are compared using the kappa statistic. all of the classifications ... | 2002 | 12197075 |
| implications of the mental health act 1983 (remedial) order 2001. | | 2002 | 12201063 |
| mycobacterium microti infection (vole tuberculosis) in wild rodent populations. | mycobacterium microti (vole tuberculosis) infections in small wild mammals were first described more than 60 years ago in several populations in great britain. few studies of vole tuberculosis have been undertaken since then, and little is known about the relationship between m. microti isolates originating from different populations or at different times or of the prevalence of this infection in wild rodent populations, despite human cases of m. microti infections being increasingly reported. i ... | 2002 | 12202566 |
| investigation of the link between visceral surface rib lesions and tuberculosis in a medieval skeletal series from england using ancient dna. | seven human skeletons from a large assemblage from a rural english medieval burial site show lesions, predominantly proliferative in nature, on the visceral surfaces of the ribs. in order to investigate whether these rib lesions were regularly associated with tuberculous infection, these individuals, together with a group of age- and sex-matched control skeletons without bony signs of infection, were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays aimed at detecting traces of dna from infect ... | 2002 | 12209571 |
| monoclonal anti-d development programme. | administration of anti-d immunoglobulin to d- women after delivery of a d+ infant has dramatically reduced the number of immunised women and cases of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. the use of monoclonal anti-d might alleviate some of the pressures on maintaining adequate supplies of plasma sourced anti-d. two human monoclonal antibodies, brad-3 (igg1) and brad-5 (igg3), with proven activity in in vitro functional (immunological) assays with cells bearing igg fc receptors (fc gammar ... | 2002 | 12216950 |
| epidemiology of variant cjd. | there are 100 confirmed cases of variant cjd (vcjd) in the u.k., with four cases in other countries (france and the republic of ireland). in the u.k., the mean age of onset is 28 years (range 12-74) with a median duration of 13 months (range 6-39). there are reported regional variations in incidence in the u.k., with a north/south difference and a 'cluster' of cases in one county, leicestershire. the incidence of cases in the u.k. is rising. there are concerns about the possibility of secondary, ... | 2002 | 12220145 |
| trend in suicide in england and wales, 1982-96. | trends in suicide in england and wales for the period 1982-1986 are analyzed by age, sex, method of suicide , and occupation. the authors also consider trends in factors associated with an increased risk of suicide, such as marital status, drug and alcohol misuse, imprisonment, and aids. | 1998 | 12222173 |
| paget's disease of bone in lancashire and arsenic pesticide in cotton mill wastewater: a speculative hypothesis. | a 1974 survey of paget's disease of bone in 31 uk towns identified a cluster of six lancashire former cotton mill towns with the highest prevalence rates of the disease and noted a link with the cotton industry. the two highest-prevalence towns are situated on estuaries and are jointly the smallest of the six by the size of their former cotton industry. the two lowest-prevalence towns of the six are highest above sea level and jointly the largest by the size of their former cotton industry. this ... | 2002 | 12231419 |
| boosting uptake of influenza immunisation: a randomised controlled trial of telephone appointing in general practice. | immunisation against influenza is an effective intervention that reduces serologically confirmed cases by between 60% and 70%. almost all influenza immunisation in the uk is done within general practice. current evidence on the effectiveness of patient reminders for all types of immunisation programmes is largely based on north american studies. | 2002 | 12236273 |
| improving uptake of influenza vaccination among older people: a randomised controlled trial. | the uptake of influenza vaccination among older people is suboptimal. contact with a doctor or nurse is associated with older people deciding to accept influenza vaccination. | 2002 | 12236274 |
| cluster randomised controlled trial of an educational outreach visit to improve influenza and pneumococcal immunisation rates in primary care. | improvement in the delivery of influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations to high-risk groups is an important aspect of preventive care for primary healthcare teams. | 2002 | 12236277 |
| teen-aged mothers in contemporary britain. | this paper describes the circumstances of contemporary young mothers and their children from a nationally representative sample, and compares them to the circumstances of mothers who delayed childbearing beyond age 20. | 2002 | 12236608 |
| genital herpes: general practitioners' knowledge and opinions. | to evaluate gps' knowledge about genital herpes, especially recent information and to assess their attitudes towards serotesting. | 2002 | 12238653 |
| testimony in seventeenth-century english natural philosophy: legal origins and early development. | this essay argues that techniques for assessing testimonial credibility were well established in english legal contexts before they appeared in english natural philosophy. 'matters of fact' supported by testimony referred to human actions and events before the concept was applied to natural phenomena. the article surveys english legal views about testimony and argues that the criteria for credible testimony in both legal and scientific venues were not limited to those of gentle status. natural p ... | 2002 | 12240684 |
| contacts with varicella or with children and protection against herpes zoster in adults: a case-control study. | whether exogenous exposure to varicella-zoster-virus protects individuals with latent varicella-zoster virus infection against herpes zoster by boosting immunity is not known. to test the hypothesis that contacts with children increase exposure to varicella-zoster virus and protect latently infected adults against zoster, we did a case-control study in south london, uk. | 2002 | 12241874 |