Publications

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arboviruses isolated from mosquitoes collected from urban and peri-urban areas of eastern australia.to determine the presence of arboviruses in mosquito populations from major urban areas of eastern australia, a total of 67,825 mosquitoes, representing -60 species, was collected and tested from cairns, brisbane, and sydney between january 2005 and april 2008. mosquito pools were screened by inoculation onto mosquito cell cultures and the detection of viral antigen using a panel of flavivirus and alphavirus monoclonal antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. suspect positive samples ...200919852216
stone lakes virus (family togaviridae, genus alphavirus), a variant of fort morgan virus isolated from swallow bugs (hemiptera: cimicidae) west of the continental divide.multiple isolates of an alphaviruses within the western equine encephalomyelitis-serocomplex that were related closely to ft. morgan and its variant buggy creek virus were made from swallow bugs, oeciacus vicarius horvath (hemiptera: cimicidae), collected from cliff swallow (petrochelidon pyrrhonota) nests at the stone lakes national wildlife refuge, sacramento county, ca, during the summers of 2005 and 2006. this virus (hereafter stone lakes virus, family togaviridae, genus alphavirus, stlv) wa ...200919769055
differential responses of aedes and culex mosquitoes to octenol or light in combination with carbon dioxide in queensland, australia.field studies were conducted with evs (encephalitis vector surveillance) traps in south-eastern queensland, australia, to determine the relative response rates of mosquitoes to three levels (0.1, 4.5 and 30 mg/h) of 1-octen-3-ol (octenol) in combination with a standard bait of 2200 g carbon dioxide (co2), compared with co2 alone or co2 with light from a 6v incandescent bulb. compared to co2 alone, aedes vigilax collections increased significantly when co2 was supplemented by all three octenol em ...19948161847
quality assurance of aerial applications of larvicides for mosquito control: effects of granule and catch tray size on field monitoring programs.aerial applications of granular insecticides are preferable because they can effectively penetrate vegetation, there is less drift, and no loss of product due to evaporation. we aimed to 1) assess the field efficacy ofvectobac g to control aedes vigilax (skuse) in saltmarsh pools, 2) develop a stochastic-modeling procedure to monitor application quality, and 3) assess the distribution of vectobac g after an aerial application. because ground-based studies with ae. vigilax immatures found that ve ...200919449629
climate variability, social and environmental factors, and ross river virus transmission: research development and future research needs.arbovirus diseases have emerged as a global public health concern. however, the impact of climatic, social, and environmental variability on the transmission of arbovirus diseases remains to be determined.200819079707
complement receptor 3 promotes severe ross river virus-induced disease.alphaviruses such as ross river virus (rrv) and chikungunya virus are mosquito-transmitted viruses that cause explosive epidemics of debilitating arthritis and myositis affecting millions of humans worldwide. previous studies using a mouse model of rrv-induced disease demonstrated that viral infection results in a severe inflammatory arthritis and myositis and that complement component 3 (c3) contributes to the destructive phase of the inflammatory disease but not the recruitment of cellular inf ...200818787004
mosquito feeding patterns and natural infection of vertebrates with ross river and barmah forest viruses in brisbane, australia.host feeding patterns of mosquitoes were assessed through the identification of 865 blood meals collected from brisbane during 2000-2001. under natural conditions, mosquito feeding (including that of culex annulirostris, aedes vigilax, and aedes notoscriptus) was primarily on dogs (37.4%), but also on birds (18.4%), horses (16.8%), brushtail possums (13.3%), humans (11.6%), and cats, flying foxes, and macropods, depending on site. from 1997 to 1999, sera (n=1706) were collected from dogs, cats, ...200717360861
bayesian spatiotemporal analysis of socio-ecologic drivers of ross river virus transmission in queensland, australia.this study aims to examine the impact of socio-ecologic factors on the transmission of ross river virus (rrv) infection and to identify areas prone to social and ecologic-driven epidemics in queensland, australia. we used a bayesian spatiotemporal conditional autoregressive model to quantify the relationship between monthly variation of rrv incidence and socio-ecologic factors and to determine spatiotemporal patterns. our results show that the average increase in monthly rrv incidence was 2.4% ( ...201020810846
ross river virus disease clusters and spatial relationship with mosquito biting exposure in redland shire, southern queensland, australia.the spatial heterogeneity in the risk of ross river virus (family togaviridae, genus alphavirus, rrv) disease, the most common mosquito-borne disease in australia, was examined in redland shire in southern queensland, australia. disease cases, complaints from residents of intense mosquito biting exposure, and human population data were mapped using a geographic information system. surface maps of rrv disease age-sex standardized morbidity ratios and mosquito biting complaint morbidity ratios wer ...200617017245
a geospatial evaluation of aedes vigilax larval control efforts across a coastal wetland, northern territory, australia.adjacent to the northern suburbs of darwin is a coastal wetland that contains important larval habitats for aedes vigilax (skuse), the northern salt marsh mosquito. this species is a vector for ross river virus and barmah forest virus, as well as an appreciable human pest. in order to improve aerial larval control efforts, we sought to identify the most important vegetation categories and climatic/seasonal aspects associated with control operations in these wetlands. by using a generalized linea ...200920836835
environmental monitoring to enhance comprehension and control of infectious diseases.in a world of emerging and resurging infectious diseases, dominated by zoonoses, environmental monitoring plays a vital role in our understanding their dynamics and their spillover to humans. here, we critically review the ecology, epidemiology and need for monitoring of a variety of directly transmitted (sin nombre virus, avian influenza) and vector-borne (ross river virus, west nile virus, lyme disease, anaplasmosis and babesiosis) zoonoses. we focus on the valuable role that existing monitori ...201020957286
linking individual phenotype to density-dependent population growth: the influence of body size on the population dynamics of malaria vectors.understanding the endogenous factors that drive the population dynamics of malaria mosquitoes will facilitate more accurate predictions about vector control effectiveness and our ability to destabilize the growth of either low- or high-density insect populations. we assessed whether variation in phenotypic traits predict the dynamics of anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes, the most important vectors of human malaria. anopheles gambiae dynamics were monitored over a six-month period of season ...201121389034
the spatial distribution of ross river virus infections in brisbane: significance of residential location and relationships with vegetation types.for the study area of brisbane city (population 800,000), australia, 2160 cases of ross river virus (rrv) infections from the years 1991 to 1996 were geocoded. their spatial distribution was investigated using census data at the suburb level (162 units). infection rates have been calculated and adjusted to the age distribution within each suburb. signed chi-square tests showed that a large number of suburbs has significantly high or low infection rates. using principal component factor analysis ...200021432483
genetic characterization of k13965, a strain of oak vale virus from western australia.k13965, an uncharacterized virus, was isolated in 1993 from anopheles annulipes mosquitoes collected in the kimberley region of northern western australia. here, we report its genomic sequence, identify it as a rhabdovirus, and characterize its phylogenetic relationships. the genome comprises a p' (c) and sh protein similar to the recently characterized tupaia and durham viruses, and shows overlap between g and l genes. comparison of k13965 genome sequence to other rhabdoviruses identified k1396 ...201121740935
habitat characteristics and eggshell distribution of the salt marsh mosquito, aedes vigilax, in marshes in subtropical eastern australia.research at 10 locations in coastal subtropical queensland, australia, has shown that salt marshes contained heterogeneous distributions of eggshells of the pest and vector mosquito aedes vigilax (skuse) (diptera:culicidae). the eggshell distribution was related to specific vegetation assemblages, with a mix of the grass, sporobolus virginicus (l.) kunth (poales: poaceae), and the beaded glasswort, sarcocornia quinqueflora (bunge ex (ung.-stern) a.j. scott (caryophyllales: chenopodiaceae), as si ...020233077
filariasis serosurvey, new caledonia, south pacific, 2013.lymphatic filariasis (lf) is a major public health problem in the pacific. as the global prevalence of infection was not known in new caledonia (nc), a serosurvey study was conducted by determining the prevalence of circulating filarial antigens, as recommended by the world health organization.201525889011
a comparison of adult mosquito trapping regimes across seasons and ecosystems in darwin, australia.mosquitoes are problematic as vectors and pests in many tropical cities, including darwin, the principal city in the northern territory of australia. to monitor peaks in mosquito populations, the medical entomology unit of the health department sets overnight co(2) -baited traps weekly. trap setting and retrieving, followed by mosquito counting and identification, are labor intensive. aiming to reduce this workload, we tested the hypothesis that fortnightly trapping is as effective as weekly tra ...201223181850
quantifying the drivers of larval density patterns in two tropical mosquito species to maximize control efficiency.understanding the contributions of environmental variation and density feedbacks to changes in vector populations is essential for designing effective vector control. we analyzed monitoring datasets describing larval densities over 7 yr of the two dominant mosquito species, aedes vigilax (skuse) and culex annulirostris (skuse), of the greater darwin area (northern territory, australia). using generalized linear and linear mixed-effects models, we tested hypotheses regarding the environmental det ...200919689879
evaluations of mosquito age grading techniques based on morphological changes.evaluations were made of the accuracy and practicality of mosquito age grading methods based on changes to mosquito morphology; including the detinova ovarian tracheation, midgut meconium, polovodova ovariole dilatation, ovarian injection, and daily growth line methods. laboratory maintained aedes vigilax (skuse) and culex annulirostris (skuse) females of known chronological and physiological ages were used for these assessments. application of the detinova technique to laboratory reared ae. vig ...200818533427
response of mosquitoes to carbon dioxide and 1-octen-3-ol in southeast queensland, australia.encephalitis vector surveillance (evs) traps were used to study the attractant effect of co2 and 1-octen-3-ol (octenol) on mosquitoes at 2 different locations in southeast queensland. octenol alone was only slightly attractive for aedes vigilax. there was a significant increase in the numbers of ae. vigilax and aedes funereus caught when octenol was added to co2, although catches of culex annulirostris and culex sitiens did not change significantly. the size and age compositions of ae. vigilax a ...19938126478
light and electron microscope studies on three new species of microsporidia from saltmarsh mosquitoes in australia.descriptions are given of three microsporidians found parasitising larvae of culicine mosquitoes in south-east queensland, australia. two, duboscqia aediphaga n.sp. and microsporidium lotaensis n.sp. were recovered from larvae of aedes (ochlerotatus) vigilax (skuse), and a third, amblyospora pinensis n.sp., from culex sitiens wiedemann. the three species were studied by light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. we believe this to be the first detailed account of the ult ...198823195211
laboratory evaluation of predation on mosquito larvae by australian mangrove fish.a series of laboratory experiments compared predation rates of three native eastern australian mangrove fish species (psuedomugil signifer, hyseleotris galii, pseudogobius sp.) and the exotic gambusia holbrooki on 2nd and 4th instar aedes vigilax larvae, in order to determine their potential as mosquito control agents in mangrove forests. all four species preyed on significant numbers of both 2nd and 4th instar larvae. all showed a similar pattern of larval consumption, gorging on larvae in the ...201424820573
interpreting mosquito feeding patterns in australia through an ecological lens: an analysis of blood meal studies.mosquito-borne pathogens contribute significantly to the global burden of disease, infecting millions of people each year. mosquito feeding is critical to the transmission dynamics of pathogens, and thus it is important to understanding and interpreting mosquito feeding patterns. in this paper we explore mosquito feeding patterns and their implications for disease ecology through a meta-analysis of published blood meal results collected across australia from more than 12,000 blood meals from 22 ...201930944025
the highs and lows of making a bucket list-quantifying potential mosquito breeding habitats in metropolitan backyards.while the development of land for residential housing along the swan and canning rivers in perth, wa, australia has reduced natural mosquito breeding sites, the role of backyard container breeding remains a relatively unknown factor. local governments responsible for these areas focus management and control efforts on low lying, tidally driven mosquito habitats to control aedes vigilax (skuse) and aedes camptorhynchus (thomson) mosquitoes in an effort to reduce both the nuisance and disease risk ...201729164098
chikungunya virus with e1-a226v mutation causing two outbreaks in 2010, guangdong, china.chikv is a mosquito-borne emerging pathogen that has a major health impact in humans in tropical zones around the globe. a new variant of the virus, e1-a226v caused a large outbreak in the indian ocean islands and india from 2004-2007. chikv outbreak was initially reported in dongguan region of guangdong in 2010 in china, another smaller chikv outbreak was found in yangjiang region of guangdong two weeks later. the viral agent causing the two outbreaks was inferred to be the new e1-a226v variant ...201323725047
application of broad-spectrum resequencing microarray for genotyping rhabdoviruses.the rapid and accurate identification of pathogens is critical in the control of infectious disease. to this end, we analyzed the capacity for viral detection and identification of a newly described high-density resequencing microarray (rma), termed pathogenid, which was designed for multiple pathogen detection using database similarity searching. we focused on one of the largest and most diverse viral families described to date, the family rhabdoviridae. we demonstrate that this approach has th ...201020610710
role of envelope n-linked glycosylation in ross river virus virulence and transmission.with an expanding geographical range and no specific treatments, human arthritogenic alphaviral disease poses a significant problem worldwide. previous in vitro work with ross river virus (rrv) demonstrated that alphaviral n-linked glycosylation contributes to type i ifn (ifn-αβ) induction in myeloid dendritic cells. this study further evaluated the role of alphaviral n-linked glycans in vivo, assessing the effect of glycosylation on pathogenesis in a mouse model of rrv-induced disease and on vi ...201626813162
"looking over the backyard fence": householders and mosquito control.(1) background: vector-borne diseases are a significant public health problem in western australia. mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of a number of pathogens and may pose a serious nuisance problem. prevention efforts in the state are multi-faceted and include physical, chemical, and cultural control methods for restricting mosquito breeding. this is less complex where breeding areas are located within public open spaces. in australia's developed urban areas, breeding sites are, h ...201728257079
efficacy of residual insecticide biflex aquamax applied as barrier treatments for managing mosquito populations in suburban residential properties in southeast queensland.the pyrethroid insecticide biflex aquamax (bifenthrin) was evaluated for its ability to suppress coastal mosquito populations in a controlled suburban backyard study in mango hill, queensland, australia. the insecticide was applied to perimeter vegetation, fencing in selected backyards, or both, and mosquito populations were monitored weekly from 3 wk before to 8 wk after treatment (11 wk total) by using cdc miniature light traps and human bait landing rates. in addition, bioassays were conducte ...201223025182
the phylogenetic relationships of known mosquito (diptera: culicidae) mitogenomes.the known mosquito mitogenomes, containing a total of 34 species, which belong to five genera, were collected from genbank, and the practicality and effectiveness of the variation in the complete mitochondrial dna genome and portions of mitochondrial coi gene were assessed to reconstruct the phylogeny of mosquitoes. phylogenetic trees were reconstructed on the basis of parsimony, maximum likelihood, and bayesian (bi) methods. it is concluded that: (1) both mitogenomes and coi gene support the mo ...201627731651
spatial statistical analysis of adult mosquito (diptera: culicidae) counts: an example using light trap data, in redland shire, southeastern queensland, australia.many mosquito control agencies use carbon dioxide-baited traps as surveillance tools for adult vector populations. however, decisions regarding the number and location of trap sites and the frequency of collections are often based on logistical issues, and not on the bionomics or spatial distribution of the target species. therefore, with the aim of providing practical information for adult mosquito surveillance programs, we used an array of 81 carbon dioxide- and octenol-baited lights traps to ...200415605654
field comparison of cyclopentanone versus carbon dioxide as an attractant for adult mosquitoes in southeast queensland, australia.cyclopentanone is a saturated monoketone typically used as an intermediate in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, biologicals, insecticides, and rubber chemicals. recently, it has been demonstrated that cyclopentanone activates the cpa co2 receptor neuron on the maxillary palp of mosquitoes, suggesting that it may be a viable alternative to co2 as an attractant for mosquitoes. furthermore, semifield experiments showed that traps baited with cyclopentanone attract culex quinquefasciatus say at a ...201526334825
population structure and dispersal of the saltmarsh mosquito aedes vigilax in queensland, australia.population genetics of the mosquito aedes vigilax (skuse) (diptera: culicidae), a major vector of arboviruses (e.g. barmah forest, ross river), were investigated to obtain an indirect estimate of mosquito dispersal characteristics in typical habitats of aedes vigilax in south-east queensland: on the off-shore islands of moreton bay and on the mainland where disjunct breeding populations of ae. vigilax are distributed along intertidal marsh. six allozyme loci were assessed for genetic differentia ...199910608232
eggshell sampling: quantitative or qualitative data?this research evaluated the use of qualitative presence/absence data compared with quantitative real number counts of aedes vigilax eggshell data to obtain information on the spatial distribution of eggshells in several salt marsh vegetation types. eggshells were extracted by subsampling and flotation, a method that does not recover all eggshells. the results of the analysis of presence/absence data were compared with those of real numbers. the general conclusions were similar by either method, ...199910342274
test of a mosquito eggshell isolation method and subsampling procedure.production of aedes vigilax, the common salt-marsh mosquito, can be assessed by determining eggshell densities found in soil. in this study, 14 field-collected eggshell samples were used to test a subsampling technique and compare eggshell counts obtained with a flotation method to those obtained by direct examination of sediment (des). relative precision of the subsampling technique was assessed by determining the minimum number of subsamples required to estimate the true mean and confidence in ...19979152875
spatial stability of aedes vigilax (diptera: culicidae) eggshells in southeastern queensland salt marshes.sampling was done to examine whether eggshells of the saltmarsh mosquito, aedes vigilax (skuse), remained near the oviposition site or were dispersed by tidal flow. few eggshells were found in the water column during tidal floodings or accumulated in the basins of small ponds when compared with pond banks, which is the oviposition site of a. vigilax. these data indicated that relatively few eggshells were flushed by rain or tides and that eggshell sampling can be used to pinpoint oviposition sit ...19947815409
runnelling to control saltmarsh mosquitoes: long-term efficacy and environmental impacts.aedes vigilax is a problem mosquito species prevalent in subtropical australian coastal wetlands. we evaluate the long-term impacts of runnelling, an environmentally benign habitat modification method, on mosquitoes and the wetland environment. runnelling uses shallow channels to enhance flushing of the marsh. the method successfully reduced larval numbers to below nuisance levels for the 6.5 year study period. we did not detect any significant difference in the wetland environment between runne ...19938350074
discovery of cocirculating ross river virus and barmah forest virus at wide bay military training area, northeastern australia.an arbovirus surveillance military exercise was conducted to assess the risk of ross river virus (rrv) and barmah forest virus (bfv) in the australian defence force (adf) wide bay training area (wbta), northeastern australia, in april 2018. of the 5,540 female mosquitoes collected, 3,702 were screened for rrv and bfv by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in a field laboratory. one pool of verrallina funerea was positive for rrv and 8 pools (7 pools of aedes vigilax and ...201931647704
modelling the ecology of the coastal mosquitoes aedes vigilax and aedes camptorhynchus at port pirie, south australia.two mosquito species, aedes camptorhynchus (thomson) and aedes vigilax (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) are responsible for significant nuisance biting and disease transmission in southern coastal australia. mosquito abundance, tide height, temperature and rainfall data were collected over three summer seasons (2002, 2003, 2004) at port pirie, south australia and subjected to statistical analysis to develop ecological models for predicting problem mosquito outbreaks. a logistic regression model for ...200919239618
the complete mitochondrial dna genome of aedes vigilax (diptera: culicidae).the complete mitochondrial genomes of two main clades of the medically significant saltmarsh mosquito aedes vigilax skuse (diptera: culicidae) were obtained using combined illumina and sanger sequencing. the two 15,877 bp circular genomes share 99.0% nucleotide identity and encode 37 genes with identical gene arrangement similar to previously published culicidae species with a non-coding a + t rich region between rns and trna-ile. protein initiation codon is atn apart from nd5 (gtg) and cox1 (tc ...201626099979
the impact of encroachment of mangroves into saltmarshes on saltwater mosquito habitats.will mangrove encroachment into saltmarshes affect saltwater mosquito habitats? to address this, we synthesized information from two perspectives: 1) at a detailed level, the immature mosquito habitat within mangroves; 2) at a more general or regional level, changes due to mangrove expansion into saltmarshes. this is a synthesis of two research projects. one showed that mosquito larval habitats in mangroves are complex, related to the detailed interactions between topography and tidal patterns a ...201324581363
pyriproxyfen for the control of australian salt-marsh mosquito, aedes vigilax.the efficacy of pyriproxyfen against the australian salt-marsh mosquito, aedes vigilax, was examined in 2 laboratory and 1 semi-field study using both technical grade and formulated products. in a dose-response study, the median emergence inhibition (ei50) and ei95 values were determined to be 0.019 and 0.076 ppb, respectively, for pyriproxyfen technical grade, 0.021 and 0.092 ppb for a microencapsulated formulation (sumilarv 90cs), and 0.054 and 0.236 ppb for the formulated s-methoprene product ...201222533086
experimental comparison of aerial larvicides and habitat modification for controlling disease-carrying aedes vigilax mosquitoes.microbial and insect-growth-regulator larvicides dominate current vector control programmes because they reduce larval abundance and are relatively environmentally benign. however, their short persistence makes them expensive, and environmental manipulation of larval habitat might be an alternative control measure. aedes vigilax is a major vector species in northern australia. a field experiment was implemented in darwin, australia, to test the hypotheses that (1) aerial microbial larvicide appl ...201222076747
a comparison of aedes vigilax larval population densities and associated vegetation categories in a coastal wetland, northern territory, australia.darwin's northern suburbs border an extensive coastal reed and upper mangrove wetland recognized as an important larval habitat for aedes vigilax (skuse), the northern salt marsh mosquito, an established vector for ross river and barmah forest viruses and an appreciable pest species. we sought to identify the most important vegetation categories associated with ae. vigilax breeding to maximize the efficiency of mosquito control efforts. using a generalized linear model with negative binominal di ...200920836834
endogenous and exogenous factors controlling temporal abundance patterns of tropical mosquitoes.the growing demand for efficient and effective mosquito control requires a better understanding of vector population dynamics and how these are modified by endogenous and exogenous factors. a long-term (11-year) monitoring data set describing the relative abundance of the saltmarsh mosquito (aedes vigilax) in the greater darwin region, northern australia, was examined in a suite of gompertz-logistic (gl) models with and without hypothesized environmental correlates (high tide frequency, rainfall ...200819263895
evaluation of bifenthrin and permethrin as barrier treatments for military tents against mosquitoes in queensland, australia.a study comparing the effectiveness of barrier treatment of military tents with bifenthrin and permethrin in preventing entry of mosquitoes was conducted at wide bay training area, queensland, australia. five military tents were erected at a site in bushland at mosquito creek, about 2 km from the coast. two tents were sprayed with bifenthrin (bistar 80sc, 0.1% mix, 12.5 ml/liter) and 2 with permethrin (perigen 500, 1.2%, 24 ml/liter). one was left untreated and served as a control. carbon dioxid ...200717847855
repellency of permethrin-treated battle-dress uniforms during operation tandem thrust 2001.successful feeding by mosquitoes through permethrin-treated battle-dress uniforms (bdus) was observed in the shoalwater bay training area (swbta), queensland, australia, during operation tandem thrust 1997 (tt97). therefore, during operation tandem thrust 2001, the repellency of permethrin-treated bdus was evaluated. washing permethrin-treated bdus 1 time reduced the permethrin concentration by 60%, but permethrin concentration was not reduced further after subsequent washings (up to 20 times). ...200415669394
autogeny in ochlerotatus vigilax (diptera: culicidae) from southeast queensland, australia.field and laboratory investigations were undertaken to determine the level of expression of autogeny in the mosquito ochlerotatus vigilax (skuse) from southeast queensland, australia, and whether there was evidence of seasonal variation. at two field sites in southeast queensland, wellington point and donnybrook, autogeny rates were determined on six occasions between january 2001 and january 2002. the autogeny rate varied between 71 and 100% at wellington point and between 63 and 100% at donnyb ...200314765668
dispersal of the mosquito aedes vigilax (diptera: culicidae) from urban estuarine wetlands in sydney, australia.aedes vigilax (skuse) is a pest and vector species associated with coastal wetlands and the abundance of this mosquito has been identified as contributing to increased risk of mosquito-borne disease outbreaks. as urban development continues to encroach on these coastal wetlands, pest and public health impacts are becoming of increasing concern and in the absence of broadscale mosquito control. urban planners are looking to buffer zones and other land use planning options to minimize contact betw ...201931095691
temperature explains broad patterns of ross river virus transmission.thermal biology predicts that vector-borne disease transmission peaks at intermediate temperatures and declines at high and low temperatures. however, thermal optima and limits remain unknown for most vector-borne pathogens. we built a mechanistic model for the thermal response of ross river virus, an important mosquito-borne pathogen in australia, pacific islands, and potentially at risk of emerging worldwide. transmission peaks at moderate temperatures (26.4°c) and declines to zero at thermal ...201830152328
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