| decayed wood of syzygium cumini and ficus religiosa living trees in delhi/new delhi metropolitan area as natural habitat of cryptococcus neoformans. | the isolation is reported of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii and c. n. var. neoformans from decayed wood inside trunk hollows of syzygium cumini and of c. n. var. neoformans from ficus religiosa trees in the delhi/new delhi metropolitan area. fourteen of sixty-six (21%) s. cumini trees investigated proved to be positive, seven for each variety. the two varieties never co-occurred in the same hollow. c. n. var. neoformans was also isolated from three of seventeen ficus religiosa-trees. two of ... | 2003 | 12964711 |
| cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in the koala (phascolarctos cinereus): a review of 43 cases of cryptococcosis. | details of 11 previously reported cases and 32 new cases of cryptococcosis in captive and wild koalas were analysed. cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii accounted for all 29 cases in which varietal status was determined. no age or sex predisposition was observed. the respiratory tract was the primary focus of disease in 77% of cases. although the lower respiratory tract was affected most commonly (60% of cases), 30% of cases had upper respiratory tract lesions and 14% had both. dissemination was ... | 2003 | 12964714 |
| avian cryptococcosis. | clinical and laboratory findings in 15 unreported cases of avian cryptococcosis from australia were collated and contrasted with 11 cases recorded in the literature. cryptococcus species produced localized invasive disease of the upper respiratory tract of captive parrots living in australia. this resulted in signs referable to mycotic rhinitis or to involvement of structures contiguous with the nasal cavity, such as the beak, sinuses, choana, retrobulbar space and palate. parrots of widely diff ... | 2003 | 12964843 |
| isolation of two molecular types of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from insect frass. | cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii has regularly been the cause of serious human disease. however, the environmental sources of these infections often remain unclear. during an environmental sampling study, two different strains of c. neoformans var. gattii were isolated from fresh insect frass (order lepidoptera; family oecophoridae) in a shallow cavity in the bark of a living eucalyptus tereticornis tree, one molecular type vgi and the other vgii. this is the first published report of the iso ... | 2003 | 12964851 |
| recapitulation of the sexual cycle of the primary fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii: implications for an outbreak on vancouver island, canada. | cryptococcus neoformans is a human fungal pathogen that exists as three distinct varieties or sibling species: the predominantly opportunistic pathogens c. neoformans var. neoformans (serotype d) and c. neoformans var. grubii (serotype a) and the primary pathogen c. neoformans var. gattii (serotypes b and c). while serotypes a and d are cosmopolitan, serotypes b and c are typically restricted to tropical regions. however, serotype b isolates of c. neoformans var. gattii have recently caused an o ... | 2003 | 14555486 |
| effect of heat-treated amphotericin b on renal and fungal cytotoxicity. | the purpose of this investigation was to determine the cytotoxicity of amphotericin b (amb; trade name fungizone [fz]) following the administration of fz and a heat-treated form of fz (hfz) to llc-pk(1) pig kidney cells and cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii cells. hfz was significantly less toxic to kidney cells than fz at all concentrations tested. for both fz and hfz, the concentration range which resulted in a 50% reduction of the growth of fungal cells was 0.125 to 1 mg/ml. these findings ... | 2004 | 14693561 |
| cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii can exploit acanthamoeba castellanii for growth. | it has recently been proposed that the origin and maintenance of virulence in certain environmental fungi is influenced by their interactions with non-vertebrate hosts such as amoebae and nematodes. in prior studies we have shown that the interactions of the soil amoebae acanthamoeba castellanii with cryptococcus neoformans varieties neoformans and grubii resemble those with macrophages. here we extend those studies to c. neoformans variety gattii and describe quantitative differences in the typ ... | 2004 | 15124868 |
| cryptococcus infection in tropical australia. | eighteen cases of disease caused by the saprophytic fungi cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus bacillisporus are described from the northern territory of australia. the majority of infections were with cryptococcus bacillisporus and in the rural aboriginal population, often causing pulmonary mass lesions. | 2004 | 15297551 |
| cryptococcus neoformans infections at vancouver hospital and health sciences centre (1997-2002): epidemiology, microbiology and histopathology. | an outbreak of infections due to a rare subspecies of cryptococcus neoformans (var. gattii) was recognized on vancouver island (vi), british columbia, in 2002, which had affected 59, mostly immunocompetent, individuals since 1999. the objectives of this study were to: (1) determine if the outbreak had spread to vancouver and its surrounding communities and (2) review the epidemiological, clinical and pathological features of all cryptococcal infections in patients admitted to the vancouver hospi ... | 2004 | 15314203 |
| cryptococcal phospholipases: a novel lysophospholipase discovered in the pathogenic fungus cryptococcus gattii. | the pathogenic fungus cryptococcus neoformans produces an extracellular plb1 (phospholipase b1), shown previously to be a virulence factor. a novel phospholipase (lpl1) with only lpl (lysophospholipase) and lpta (transacylase) activities has now been characterized in c. gattii, and found to be a 66-kda glycoprotein (by sds/page), with a native molecular mass of 670 kda. the pi was 6.3, and it was active at high temperatures (to 70 degrees c), as well as at both acidic and neutral ph values. it w ... | 2004 | 15320865 |
| tolerability and anti-inflammatory effects of glucuronoxylomannan in collagen-induced arthritis. | this investigation was planned to assess the therapeutic efficacy of glucuronoxylomannan (gxm) in collagen-induced arthritis (cia). gxm was isolated from culture filtrate of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, serotype c. cia was induced by the immunization of dark agouti rats with bovine type ii collagen in incomplete freund's adjuvant. gxm solution at two doses, 25 and 50 mg/kg, was administered intraperitoneally. onset of i.p. injections of gxm to prevention and treatment groups was days 0 a ... | 2004 | 15320878 |
| cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis in an hiv-positive patient: first observation in the united kingdom. | we present a case of meningitis due to cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in an hiv-infected man recently returned from south africa. we believe this is the first imported case of meningitis secondary to cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in an hiv-infected patient to be reported in the uk. | 2004 | 15337344 |
| [first local case of human cryptococcosis in spain caused by cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii]. | | 2003 | 15456361 |
| in vitro antifungal susceptibility of cryptococcus gattii. | we have determined the in vitro susceptibilities of 57 strains of cryptococcus gattii to nine antifungal agents and have compared the mics for these strains with those for c. neoformans. mics were determined by a microdilution reference method. albaconazole and ravuconazole (mics of 0.04 and 0.05 microg/ml, respectively) showed the best activities. micafungin showed no activity (mic of >128 microg/ml). in general, c. gattii was less susceptible than c. neoformans to all drugs tested, with the ex ... | 2004 | 15472349 |
| cryptococcosis outbreak in psittacine birds in brazil. | an outbreak of cryptococcosis occurred in a breeding aviary in são paulo, brazil. seven psittacine birds (of species charmosyna papou, lorius lory, trichoglossus goldiei, psittacula krameri and psittacus erithacus) died of disseminated cryptococcosis. incoordination, progressive paralysis and difficulty in flying were seen in five birds, whereas superficial lesions coincident with respiratory alterations were seen in two birds. encapsulated yeasts suggestive of cryptococcus sp. were seen in faec ... | 2004 | 15473361 |
| [first isolates of cryptococcus neoformans var gattii in spain]. | | 1997 | 15482024 |
| paradoxical inflammatory reaction during treatment of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis in an hiv-seronegative woman. | a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-seronegative woman was admitted to the hospital with postpartum onset cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis and markedly increased intracranial pressure. a poor initial response to antifungal therapy was followed, 2 months after hospital admission, by severe acute meningeal and cerebral inflammation and clearance of yeast cells from cerebrospinal fluid. this first reported case of paradoxical inflammatory reaction to c. neoformans illustrates importa ... | 2004 | 15486830 |
| experimental infection of almond trees seedlings (terminalia catappa) with an environmental isolate of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, serotype c. | recently, our laboratory reported the isolation of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, serotype c for the first time from almond trees (terminalia catappa) detritus. the aim of the present study was to establish the survival of c. neoformans in almond trees seedlings. thirty seedlings were infected in the stems and samples were taken and processed at different times and by different techniques. no morphological alterations (macro or microscopic) were observed in the infected plants. however, c. ... | 2001 | 15487923 |
| cutaneous cryptococcosis due to cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. | a case of cutaneous cryptococcosis due to cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in an immunocompetent host is presented. in addition a review of the literature on this subject was carried out and a brief comment made on occurrence of the variety gattii in brazil. | 2001 | 15496130 |
| retrospective study of feline and canine cryptococcosis in australia from 1981 to 2001: 195 cases. | a retrospective study of 155 cats and 40 dogs diagnosed with cryptococcosis between 1981 and 2001 was undertaken. age, sex, breed, clinical findings, feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus status (in cats), species of cryptococcus causing disease and region of domicile were recorded. associations between variables were tested. male and female cats were affected equally. age ranged from 1 to 16 years, with a preponderance of cats aged between 2 and 3 years. siamese, himalayan an ... | 2004 | 15552647 |
| genomic organization and expression of 23 new genes from matalpha locus of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. | the pathogenic yeast cryptococcus neoformans (cn) causes cryptococcosis, a life-threatening disease of the brain. molecular studies of cn variety gattii have lagged behind other two varieties (var. grubii and var. neoformans) although they have distinct biology and disease patterns. we focused on gene discovery in matalpha locus because it predominates in clinical strains. a var. gattii cosmid library was screened with dna probes from other two varieties. two positive clones were sequenced to id ... | 2005 | 15567176 |
| a rare genotype of cryptococcus gattii caused the cryptococcosis outbreak on vancouver island (british columbia, canada). | cryptococcus gattii causes life-threatening infection of the pulmonary and central nervous systems in hosts with normal immunity and traditionally has been considered to be restricted geographically to tropical and subtropical climates. the recent outbreak of c. gattii in the temperate climate of vancouver island, bc, canada, led to a collaborative investigation. the objectives of the current study were to ascertain the environmental source of the outbreak infections, survey the molecular types ... | 2004 | 15572442 |
| invasive fungal infections in kuwait: a retrospective study. | a retrospective review of a five year period (1994-1998) revealed that opportunistic mycoses caused by ubiquitous fungal pathogens are a serious problem in the immunocompromised patient population of kuwait. patients with renal transplantation and diabetes mellitus were most susceptible to aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and zygomycosis, whereas patients with candidemia/hematogenous candidiasis had multiple risk factors. basidiobolomycosis of the rectum in a bangladeshi male, cryptococcosis due t ... | 2000 | 15597675 |
| follow-up of epidemiological data of cryptococcosis in austria, germany and switzerland with special focus on the characterization of clinical isolates. | the present survey in austria, germany and switzerland continued the survey of cryptococcosis set up by the european confederation of medical mycology (ecmm) in 1997. from 2000 to 2003 77 cases have been reported. an hiv infection is still the most important risk factor (68%). young hiv+ women from asia contributed to the increase of cryptococcosis in females. a total of 129 clinical isolates of both surveys were genotyped by pcr fingerprinting to study the prevalence of different genotypes. the ... | 2004 | 15601449 |
| successful treatment of cryptococcal pneumonia in a pony mare. | a 20-year-old welsh mountain pony (212 kg) mare was initially presented for a chronic cough, fever, weight loss and low grade abdominal pain. she later developed dyspnoea, tachypnoea and exercise intolerance. the presence of multiple masses (up to 17 cm diameter) in the pulmonary parenchyma was established using lateral thoracic radiography and transthoracic ultrasonography. encapsulated, budding yeasts were observed in smears made from transtracheal washings and needle aspirates of the pulmonar ... | 2004 | 15977613 |
| first case of human cryptococcosis due to cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in spain. | we report the first case of human cryptococcosis due to cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii described in our country, which was presented as brain cryptococcoma in an immunocompetent patient. an extensive sampling of the patient's environment was carried out to find the source of infection. | 2005 | 16000503 |
| feline pyothorax: a retrospective study of 27 cases in australia. | pyothorax was diagnosed in 27 cats between 1983 and 2002. in 21 (78%) of the cases, pleural fluid culture and/or cytology was consistent with a mixed anaerobic bacterial infection of oropharyngeal origin. in six cases (22%), infection was caused by unusual pathogens or pathogens of non-oropharyngeal origin, including a mycoplasma species, cryptococcus gattii, escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium and staphylococcus aureus. the overall mortality rate was 22%. treatment was successful in 18 of ... | 2005 | 16055006 |
| manganese superoxide dismutase in pathogenic fungi: an issue with pathophysiological and phylogenetic involvements. | manganese-containing superoxide dismutases (mnsods) are ubiquitous metalloenzymes involved in cell defence against endogenous and exogenous reactive oxygen species. in fungi, using this essential enzyme for phylogenetic analysis of pneumocystis and ganoderma genera, and of species selected among ascomycota, basidiomycota and zygomycota, provided interesting results in taxonomy and evolution. the role of mitochondrial and cytosolic mnsods was explored in some pathogenic basidiomycota yeasts (cryp ... | 2005 | 16055318 |
| comparative analysis of the intergenic spacer regions and population structure of the species complex of the pathogenic yeast cryptococcus neoformans. | cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic basidiomycete responsible for the high incidence of cryptococcosis in patients with aids and in other immune-compromised individuals. this study, which focused on the molecular structure and genetic variability of the two varieties in the c. neoformans and cryptococcus gattii species complex, employed sequence analysis of the intergenic spacer regions, igsi and igsii. the igs region is the most rapidly evolving region of the rdna families. the igsi dis ... | 2005 | 16061425 |
| clonality and recombination in genetically differentiated subgroups of cryptococcus gattii. | cryptococcus gattii is a pathogenic yeast that together with cryptococcus neoformans causes cryptococcosis in humans and animals. high numbers of viable c. gattii propagules can be obtained from certain species of australian eucalyptus camaldulensis trees, and an epidemiological link between eucalyptus colonization and human exposure has been proposed. however, the highest prevalence of c. gattii cryptococcosis occurs in papua new guinea and in regions of australia where the eucalypt species imp ... | 2005 | 16087745 |
| clinical and environmental isolates of cryptococcus gattii from australia that retain sexual fecundity. | cryptococcus gattii is a primary pathogenic yeast that causes disease in both animals and humans. it is closely related to cryptococcus neoformans and diverged from a common ancestor approximately 40 million years ago. while c. gattii has a characterized sexual cycle dependent upon a dimorphic region of the genome known as the mat locus, mating has rarely been observed in this species. in this study, we identify for the first time clinical (both human and veterinary) and environmental isolates f ... | 2005 | 16087746 |
| prevalence of clinical isolates of cryptococcus gattii serotype c among patients with aids in sub-saharan africa. | cryptococcus gattii is a group of exogenous, neurotropic yeasts that possess the capsular serotype b or c. isolates of serotype c are extremely rare and, until recently, were known to infect only immunocompetent individuals. we genotyped 176 isolates of cryptococcus from patients in sub-saharan africa who had aids; 22 (13.7%) of 161 isolates from botswana and 2 (13.3%) of 15 isolates from malawi were c. gattii serotype c strains. all of these serotype c strains belong to the rare vgiv genotype, ... | 2005 | 16088839 |
| pulmonary cryptococcosis in immunocompetent patients: ct findings in 12 patients. | objective: the aim of our study was to review the ct findings of pulmonary cryptococcosis in 12 immunocompetent patients. conclusion: the ct manifestations of pulmonary cryptococcosis consist of pulmonary nodules or masses measuring 5-52 mm in diameter and focal areas of consolidation. the nodules and masses have a predominantly peripheral distribution in 80% of the cases. cavitation of nodules or consolidation is seen in approximately 40% of the cases. the infection can be due to cryptococcus n ... | 2005 | 16120909 |
| selection of optimal host strain for molecular pathogenesis studies on cryptococcus gattii. | encapsulated yeast, cryptococcus gattii (cg) is a primary and emerging fungal pathogen in north america. it has a predilection for invading the central nervous system of both healthy and immunocompromised humans and animals. recently, we initiated molecular pathogenesis studies in cg strain nih444 (atcc 32609). in this report, we compared the biology and pathogenic potential of nih444 to those of wm276, an australian environmental isolate that is being used for the whole genome-sequencing projec ... | 2005 | 16205969 |
| comparative gene genealogies indicate that two clonal lineages of cryptococcus gattii in british columbia resemble strains from other geographical areas. | cryptococcus gattii has recently emerged as a pathogen of humans and animals in the temperate climate of vancouver island, british columbia (b.c.). the majority (approximately 95%) of the isolates from the island belong to the vgii molecular type, and the remainder belong to the vgi molecular type. the goals of this study were to compare patterns of molecular variation among c. gattii isolates from b.c. with those from different areas of the world and to investigate the population structure usin ... | 2005 | 16215170 |
| same-sex mating and the origin of the vancouver island cryptococcus gattii outbreak. | genealogy can illuminate the evolutionary path of important human pathogens. in some microbes, strict clonal reproduction predominates, as with the worldwide dissemination of mycobacterium leprae, the cause of leprosy. in other pathogens, sexual reproduction yields clones with novel attributes, for example, enabling the efficient, oral transmission of the parasite toxoplasma gondii. however, the roles of clonal or sexual propagation in the origins of many other microbial pathogen outbreaks remai ... | 2005 | 16222245 |
| high frequency transformation of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii by agrobacterium tumefaciens. | cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are the caus-ative agents of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis and are amenable to genetic manipulations, making them important models of pathogenic fungi. to improve the efficiency of agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation (atmt) in c. neoformans, we optimized various co-cultivation conditions including incubation time and temperature, and bacteria to yeast ratio. atmt was also applied to both serotypes (b and c) of c. gattii. transforma ... | 2005 | 16260158 |
| [isolation of cryptococcus gattii serotype b from detritus of eucalyptus trees in colombia]. | cryptococcus gattii serotype b has been associated with several species of trees in tropical and subtropical regions. serotype b has been found to be the second most frequently isolated from patients in colombia, but it has not been isolated from the environment. therefore, a study was designed to sample plant material from a forest in the province of cundinamarca, with the aim of establishing the presence and distribution of the c. neoformans complex, specially serotype b. in addition, isolates ... | 2005 | 16276686 |
| cryptococcus gattii in aids patients, southern california. | cryptococcus isolates from aids patients in southern california were characterized by molecular analyses. pheromone mfalpha1 and mfa1 gene fragments were polymerase chain reaction-amplified with fluorescently labeled primers and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (ce) on dna analyzer. ce-fragment-length analyses (ce-flas) and ce-single-strand conformation polymorphisms (ce-sscps) were used to determine cryptococcus gattii (cg), c. neoformans (cn) varieties neoformans (cnvn) and grubii (cnvg), ... | 2005 | 16318719 |
| cryptococcus gattii: in vitro susceptibility to the new antifungal albaconazole versus fluconazole and voriconazole. | minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic) and minimal fungicidal activity of albaconazole, voriconazole and fluconazole against 55 strains of cryptococcus gattii, clinically or environmentally isolated in spain and some latin american countries, were assessed. by means of the microbroth method (national committee for clinical laboratory standards; document m27-a2), the geometric mean value for fluconazole was 5.01 microg/ml; however, mic for 12.7% of isolates ranged from 16 to 32 microg/ml, sugges ... | 2005 | 16320494 |
| sub-clinical infection and asymptomatic carriage of cryptococcus gattii in dogs and cats during an outbreak of cryptococcosis. | since 1999, cryptococcus gattii has emerged as an important pathogen of humans and animals in british columbia, canada. nasal swabs and serum samples were collected from dogs and cats residing within the coastal douglas fir biogeoclimatic zone on vancouver island, where clinical cases have been reported. deep and superficial nasal fungal cultures of 280 dogs and 94 cats identified four (4.3%) cats and three (1.1%) dogs with c. gattii serotype b in their nasal cavity. serum samples collected from ... | 2005 | 16320495 |
| isolation of cryptococcus gattii and cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii from the flowers and bark of eucalyptus trees in india. | the association of cryptococcus gattii with eucalyptus trees has been well established. here we report the isolation of both c. gattii and cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii from the flowers and bark of eucalyptus trees in india. we investigated a total of 233 samples of eucalyptus trees: 120 flowers, 81 fragments of bark, and 32 leaves. c. gattii was isolated from two samples of flowers of eucalyptus terreticornis. c. neoformans var. grubii was recovered twice from the bark of eucalyptus camal ... | 2005 | 16323312 |
| follow-up study of dogs and cats with asymptomatic cryptococcus gattii infection or nasal colonization. | the pathogenesis of cryptococcus spp. infection following nasal colonization is unclear. this article reports follow-up data on a cohort of seven cats and five dogs identified in a previous study as sub-clinically infected with cryptococcus spp. or colonized by c. gattii. two cats progressed to clinical disease within four to six months of initial detection of antigenemia and nasal cavity colonization. the ten other animals remained asymptomatic but many were repeatedly positive on cryptococcal ... | 2005 | 16396253 |
| gene disruption in cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii by in vitro transposition. | cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are basidiomycetous fungi that infect immunocompromised and immunocompetent people. we developed an insertional mutagenesis strategy for these species based on in vitro transposition and we tested the method by disrupting the ura5 gene in a strain of c. neoformans and the cap10 gene in three strains of c. gattii. we targeted plasmid dna containing the ura5 gene or plasmid dna containing the cap10 gene from genomic libraries from the shotgun sequenc ... | 2006 | 16397763 |
| phenotypic switching in a cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii strain is associated with changes in virulence and promotes dissemination to the central nervous system. | this is the first report of a cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii strain (serotype b) that switches reversibly between its parent mucoid (np1-mc) colony morphology and a smooth (np1-sm) colony morphology. similar to c. neoformans var. grubii and c. neoformans var. neoformans strains, the switch is associated with changes in the polysaccharide capsule and virulence in animal models. in murine infection models, np1-mc is significantly more virulent than np1-sm (p < 0.021). in contrast to the serot ... | 2006 | 16428732 |
| hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine) has broad-spectrum fungicidal activity and is efficacious in a mouse model of cryptococcosis. | the alkyl phosphocholine drug miltefosine is structurally similar to natural substrates of the fungal virulence determinant phospholipase b1 (plb1), which is a potential drug target. we determined the mics of miltefosine against key fungal pathogens, correlated antifungal activity with inhibition of the plb1 activities (plb, lysophospholipase [lpl], and lysophospholipase-transacylase [lpta]), and investigated its efficacy in a mouse model of disseminated cryptococcosis. miltefosine inhibited sec ... | 2006 | 16436691 |
| evaluation of risk factors for cryptococcus gattii infection in dogs and cats. | to determine risk factors associated with cryptococcus gattii infection in dogs and cats residing on vancouver island in british columbia, canada. | 2006 | 16448359 |
| cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii isolated from the excreta of psittaciformes in a southern brazilian zoological garden. | cryptococcus neoformans, a major pathogen in immunocompromised patients, is a ubiquitous free-living fungus that can be isolated from soils, avian excreta and plant material. to further study potential saprophytic sources of this yeast in the southern brazilian state rio grande do sul, we analyzed fecal samples from 59 species of captive birds kept in cages at a local zoological garden, belonging to 12 different orders. thirty-eight environmental isolates of c. neoformans were obtained only from ... | 2006 | 16463091 |
| cryptococcosis in apparently immunocompetent patients. | few reports have described the clinical and microbiological features of cryptococcosis in immunocompetent patients. | 2006 | 16504989 |
| cutaneous cryptococccosis due to cryptococcus gattii in immunocompetent hosts: case report and review. | cutaneous cryptococcosis caused by c. gattii, in immunocompent patients is a rare manifestation of disease, and may be one of the first manifestations of disseminated cryptococcosis. we report a case of disseminated cryptococcosis caused by cryptococcus gattii presenting as cutaneous lesions in an immunocompetent patient. previously to our report, only five cases of cutaneous involvement by cryptococcus gattii in immunocompetent patients have been reported in the literature. risk factors for c. ... | 2006 | 16552487 |
| cryptococcus neoformans granuloma in the lung and spinal cord of a free-ranging cheetah (acinonyx jubatus). a clinical report and literature review. | a 6-year-old, male, wild-born, free-ranging cheetah (acinonyx jubatus) was evaluated for acute onset of progressive lameness in the right hind limb. survey radiographs were unrewarding and myelography indicated an intramedullary compressive mass at the l3-l4 region. a fine needle aspirate of the lesion indicated the presence of cryptococcus organisms. necropsy confirmed the presence of granulomas (cryptococcoma) in the lung and the spinal cord (meningomyelitis) caused by cryptococcus neoformans ... | 2005 | 16642721 |
| emergence of cryptococcus gattii in a novel environment provides clues to its incubation period. | cryptococcus gattii emerged in 1999 in a distinct ecologic environment on vancouver island, canada. estimates of incubation period were derived from an analysis of travelers with discreet exposures to this region. individual case incubation periods ranged from 2 to 11 months, with a median of 6 to 7 months. | 2006 | 16672420 |
| evidence of mrna-mediated intron loss in the human-pathogenic fungus cryptococcus neoformans. | introns are a defining feature of eukaryotic genomes, though the mechanism of intron gain or loss is not well understood. reverse transcription of mrna followed by homologous recombination with the genome has been posited as a mechanism of intron loss, though little direct evidence of recent loss events has been described to support this model. we find supporting evidence for an mrna-mediated mechanism of loss through comparative genome analyses that revealed a recent loss of 10 adjacent introns ... | 2006 | 16682456 |
| application of proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to the study of cryptococcus and cryptococcosis. | proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a nondestructive technique that identifies chemicals in solution and in living cells. it has been used in cryptococcal research to identify the primary structure of capsular glucuronoxylomannans, link cellular apoptosis susceptibility (cas) genes to positioning of residues on the mannose backbone of glucuronoxylomannan, and verify that the cryptococcal virulence determinant, phospholipase b, is elaborated in vivo. promising clinical applications ... | 2006 | 16696651 |
| do major species concepts support one, two or more species within cryptococcus neoformans? | cryptococcus neoformans, the agent of cryptococcosis, had been considered a homogeneous species until 1949 when the existence of four serotypes was revealed based on the antigenic properties of its polysaccharide capsule. such heterogeneity of the species, however, remained obscure until the two morphologically distinct teleomorphs of c. neoformans were discovered during the mid 1970s. the teleomorph filobasidiella neoformans was found to be produced by strains of serotype a and d, and filobasid ... | 2006 | 16696653 |
| looking for sex in the fungal pathogens cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii. | why are we interested in understanding the mode of reproduction being used by the fungal pathogens cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii? empirical evidence has finally supported the long-held assumption that, by increasing the rate of adaptive evolution, sex increases the chances of long-term survival. understanding the ability of pathogenic organisms to adapt to diagnostic and treatment regimes is also important in the fight against the diseases caused by these organisms. this review ... | 2006 | 16696654 |
| unique hybrids between the fungal pathogens cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii. | cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are yeasts that cause meningoencephalitis, but that differ in host range and geographical distribution. cryptococcus neoformans occurs world-wide and mostly infects immunocompromised patients, whereas c. gattii occurs mainly in (sub)tropical regions and infects healthy individuals. anomalous c. neoformans strains were isolated from patients. these strains were found to be monokaryotic, and diploid or aneuploid. amplified fragment length polymorphis ... | 2006 | 16696655 |
| yeast diversity sampling on the san juan islands reveals no evidence for the spread of the vancouver island cryptococcus gattii outbreak to this locale. | biological diversity has been estimated for various phyla of life, such as insects and mammals, but in the microbe world is has been difficult to determine species richness and abundance. here we describe a study of species diversity of fungi with a yeast-like colony morphology from the san juan islands, a group of islands that lies southeast of vancouver island, canada. our sampling revealed that the san juan archipelago biosphere contains a diverse range of such fungi predominantly belonging t ... | 2006 | 16696658 |
| cryptococcus gattii in wildlife of vancouver island, british columbia, canada. | although cryptococcus gattii has emerged as an important pathogen of humans and domestic animals on vancouver island, canada since 1999; its distribution in regional wildlife species is largely unknown. opportunistic sampling methods were employed to obtain nasal swabs for fungal culture from wild mammal species residing within the coastal douglas fir biogeoclimatic zone on the southeast coast of the island. samples were collected from 91 animals representing 14 species. cryptococcus gattii was ... | 2006 | 16699162 |
| physical map-assisted whole-genome shotgun sequence assemblies. | we describe a targeted approach to improve the contiguity of whole-genome shotgun sequence (wgs) assemblies at run-time, using information from bacterial artificial chromosome (bac)-based physical maps. clone sizes and overlaps derived from clone fingerprints are used for the calculation of length constraints between any two bac neighbors sharing 40% of their size. these constraints are used to promote the linkage and guide the arrangement of sequence contigs within a sequence scaffold at the la ... | 2006 | 16741162 |
| in vitro susceptibilities of malaysian clinical isolates of cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and cryptococcus gattii to five antifungal drugs. | the in vitro susceptibilities of malaysian clinical isolates of cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and c . gattii to five antifungal drugs (amphotericin b, flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole and ketoconazole) were determined using the etest method. none of the malaysian isolates was resistant to amphotericin b and ketoconazole. isolates resistant to flucytosine, fluconazole and itraconazole were observed in this study. minimum inhibition concentrations (mics) of > or = 32 microg ml(-1) agai ... | 2006 | 16784448 |
| transcription factor ste12alpha has distinct roles in morphogenesis, virulence, and ecological fitness of the primary pathogenic yeast cryptococcus gattii. | cryptococcus gattii is a primary pathogenic yeast, increasingly important in public health, but factors responsible for its host predilection and geographical distribution remain largely unknown. we have characterized c. gattii ste12alpha to probe its role in biology and pathogenesis because this transcription factor has been linked to virulence in many human and plant pathogenic fungi. a full-length ste12alpha gene was cloned by colony hybridization and sequenced using primer walk and 3' rapid ... | 2006 | 16835451 |
| recrudescent cryptococcosis, caused by cryptococcus gattii (molecular type vgii), over a 13-year period in a birman cat. | a 17-year-old desexed male birman cat presented with a fleshy mass protruding from the left ear canal. a culture from the mass revealed a heavy growth of cryptococcus gattii (molecular type vgii, serotype b). the lesion resolved with antifungal therapy over 8 weeks. itraconazole was continued indefinitely due to persistent high serum cryptococcal antigen titres. the cat was euthanased 12 months later due to the acute development of hindlimb ataxia and collapse which may or may not have been attr ... | 2006 | 16966175 |
| cryptococcus gattii infection: characteristics and epidemiology of cases identified in a south african province with high hiv seroprevalence, 2002-2004. | we describe 46 cryptococcus gattii-infected persons identified by population-based surveillance conducted in south africa. most patients with c. gattii infection presented with meningitis. the mortality rate during hospitalization was 36%. we found no significant differences between persons with and persons without c. gattii infection with regard to clinical presentation, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome diagnosis, concomitant conditions, or prior opportunistic infections. c. gattii isolates h ... | 2006 | 16983624 |
| cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis in egypt: a case report. | | 2006 | 17037245 |
| experimental systemic infection with cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and cryptococcus gattii in normal and immunodeficient mice. | cryptococcus neoformans (cn) var. grubii or cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans infection is usually associated with immunocompromised hosts, whereas cryptococcusgattii more frequently causes disease in immunocompetent hosts. we examined the effects of immunodeficiency and glucocorticoid-induced immunosuppression on systemic murine infection induced by i.v. inoculation with these pathogens. scid and immunocompetent balb/c and c57bl/6 mice were infected with <or=107 yeast of cn var. grubii or ... | 2006 | 17071553 |
| distribution of cryptococcus gattii and cryptococcus neoformans in decayed trunk wood of syzygium cumini trees in north-western india. | the aim of this study is to report the regional distribution of cryptococcus. gattii and cryptococcus. neoformans in decayed wood inside trunk hollows of syzygium cumini trees (java plum, indian black berry) investigated in amritsar (panjab), meerut cantt. and bulandshahr (uttar pradesh) and delhi, in north-western india. two hundred and seventeen wood samples collected from 74 s. cumini trees were investigated. this includes 7 known positive s. cumini trees in delhi subjected to a mycological s ... | 2006 | 17071556 |
| clinical characteristics and predictors of mortality for cryptococcus gattii infection in dogs and cats of southwestern british columbia. | since 1999, cryptococcus gattii has emerged as an important pathogen of humans and animals in southwestern british columbia. historically thought to be restricted to the tropics and subtropics, c. gattii has posed new diagnostic and treatment challenges to veterinary practitioners working within the recently identified endemic region. clinical reports of canine and feline cryptococcosis caused by c. gattii diagnosed between january 1999 and december 2003 were included in this case series. the mo ... | 2006 | 17078248 |
| immune dysfunction in hiv-seronegative, cryptococcus gattii meningitis. | the pathophysiology of meningitis caused by cryptococcus gattii in apparently immunocompetent individuals remains unclear. we measured multiple cytokines in csf from a hiv-seronegative, apparently immunocompetent, thai patient with c. gattii meningitis, over the first 2 weeks of antifungal therapy. levels of proinflammatory ifn-gamma, tnf-alpha, and il-6 were very low compared to patients with hiv-related cryptococcus neoformans meningitis and of il-10 very high. while patients with c. gattii me ... | 2007 | 17109966 |
| isolation of cryptococcus laurentii from canada goose guano in rural upstate new york. | cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are etiologic agents of cryptococcal pneumonia and meningitis, potentially lethal syndromes associated with aids. a related species, cryptococcus laurentii, has recently been implicated in several cases of human disease. guano from canada goose (branta canadensis), an organism that lives closely beside man and inhabits recreational space in rural and suburban areas, might be a significant environmental reservoir of cryptococcus organisms in non-urb ... | 2006 | 17123035 |
| an efficient method for homologous gene reconstitution in cryptococcus gattii using ura5 auxotrophic marker. | cryptococcus gattii (cg) is an emerging pathogen of both healthy and immunocompromised patients worldwide. understanding the molecular genetic basis of virulence and physiology of this pathogen will be critical for defining its pathogenic mechanisms. the purine biosynthetic gene, ura5 encoding orate phosphorybosyltransferase (oprtase), has been successfully used as a selectable marker for gene disruption by transformation and homologous recombination in cg. here, we report the characterization o ... | 2006 | 17146584 |
| cloning and functional characterization of the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase gene from the heavy-metal-tolerant yeast cryptococcus liquefaciens strain n6. | the deep-sea yeast cryptococcus liquefaciens strain n6 possesses high superoxide dismutase (sod) activity and a high tolerance toward metal ions. to clarify the relationship between metal tolerance and sod activity in this strain, we cloned the cu/zn sod gene. this gene (cl-sod1) consists of 471 bp encoding 157 amino acids; the associated protein had 59.9-76.7% identity with cu/zn sod proteins of other yeast species. the highest identity corresponded to cryptococcus gattii (76.7%). cl-sod1 expre ... | 2007 | 17160414 |
| divergence of protein kinase a catalytic subunits in cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii illustrates evolutionary reconfiguration of a signaling cascade. | gene duplication and divergence via both the loss and gain of gene activities are powerful evolutionary forces underlying the origin of new biological functions. here a comparative genetics approach was applied to examine the roles of protein kinase a (pka) catalytic subunits in three closely related varieties or sibling species of the pathogenic fungus genus cryptococcus. previous studies revealed that two pka catalytic subunits, pka1 and pka2, control virulence factor production and mating. ho ... | 2007 | 17189488 |
| characterization of environmental sources of the human and animal pathogen cryptococcus gattii in british columbia, canada, and the pacific northwest of the united states. | cryptococcus gattii has recently emerged as a primary pathogen of humans and wild and domesticated animals in british columbia, particularly on vancouver island. c. gattii infections are typically infections of the pulmonary and/or the central nervous system, and the incidence of infection in british columbia is currently the highest reported globally. prior to this emergence, the environmental distribution of and the extent of colonization by c. gattii in british columbia were unknown. we chara ... | 2007 | 17194837 |
| cryptococcal phospholipase b antigen is not detected in serum of patients infected with cryptococcus neoformans using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | extracellular phospholipase b (plb) is a virulence determinant of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii. in this study, we developed a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for plb antigen with a detection limit of 3.9 ng ml(-1). plb was detected in culture supernatants of c. neoformans and c. gattii. plb, however, was not detected in sera of seven human patients and 10 feline patients with active cryptococcosis. furthermore, none of five rats with extensive pulmonary c. ... | 2007 | 17266733 |
| molecular typing and antifungal susceptibility of clinical sequential isolates of cryptococcus neoformans from sao paulo state, brazil. | the antifungal susceptibility profiles and the genetic variability of 83 sequential clinical isolates of cryptococcus neoformans, including four cryptococcus gattii isolates, obtained from 38 sao paulo aids patients with cryptococcal meningitis were assessed by electrophoretic karyotyping and random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis. the majority of the cryptococcus neoformans isolates were highly susceptible to amphotericin b and fluconazole. twenty percent of the minimum inhibitory con ... | 2007 | 17311593 |
| spread of cryptococcus gattii in british columbia, canada, and detection in the pacific northwest, usa. | cryptococcus gattii, emergent on vancouver island, british columbia (bc), canada, in 1999, was detected during 2003-2005 in 3 persons and 8 animals that did not travel to vancouver island during the incubation period; positive environmental samples were detected in areas outside vancouver island. all clinical and environmental isolates found in bc were genotypically consistent with vancouver island strains. in addition, local acquisition was detected in 3 cats in washington and 2 persons in oreg ... | 2007 | 17370514 |
| cryptococcus gattii dispersal mechanisms, british columbia, canada. | recent cryptococcus gattii infections in humans and animals without travel history to vancouver island, as well as environmental isolations of the organism in other areas of the pacific northwest, led to an investigation of potential dispersal mechanisms. longitudinal analysis of c. gattii presence in trees and soil showed patterns of permanent, intermittent, and transient colonization, reflecting c. gattii population dynamics once the pathogen is introduced to a new site. systematic sampling sh ... | 2007 | 17370515 |
| cryptococcus gattii risk for tourists visiting vancouver island, canada. | | 2007 | 17370544 |
| identification of genotypically diverse cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii isolates by luminex xmap technology. | a luminex suspension array, which had been developed for identification of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii isolates, was tested by genotyping a set of 58 mostly clinical isolates. all genotypes of c. neoformans and c. gattii were included. in addition, cerebrospinal fluid (csf) obtained from patients with cryptococcal meningitis was used to investigate the feasibility of the technique for identification of the infecting strain. the suspension array correctly identified haploid is ... | 2007 | 17442792 |
| cryptococcus neoformans mates on pigeon guano: implications for the realized ecological niche and globalization. | the ecological niche that a species can occupy is determined by its resource requirements and the physical conditions necessary for survival. the niche to which an organism is most highly adapted is the realized niche, whereas the complete range of habitats that an organism can occupy represents the fundamental niche. the growth and development of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii on pigeon guano were examined to determine whether these two species occupy the same or different ecol ... | 2007 | 17449657 |
| antifungal susceptibility of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii isolates from decayed wood of trunk hollows of ficus religiosa and syzygium cumini trees in north-western india. | we present antifungal susceptibility data on environmental isolates of cryptococcus neoformans (serotype a, n=117) and cryptococcus gattii (serotype b, n=65) cultured from decayed wood of trunk hollows of ficus religiosa and syzygium cumini trees. | 2007 | 17553813 |
| first contemporary case of human infection with cryptococcus gattii in puget sound: evidence for spread of the vancouver island outbreak. | we report a case of cryptococcosis due to c. gattii which appears to have been acquired in the puget sound region, washington state. genotyping confirmed identity to the predominant vancouver island genotype. this is the first documented case of human disease by the major vancouver island emergence strain acquired within the united states. | 2007 | 17596366 |
| chronic meningitis in an immunocompetent adult caused by cryptococcus neoformans var gatti. | | 2004 | 17642758 |
| [cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii isolates from two peruvian patients.]. | the ecology of cryptococcus neoformans var. gatti is restricted to tropical and subtropical areas whereas c. neoformans var. neoformans is cosmopolitan. perú is a country with three different well defined geographic areas, some of them have the conditions for the presence of the variety gattii. in order to determine the presence of the two varieties of c. neoformans in perú, we made the c. neoformans differentiation from the clinical isolates. c. neoformans var. gattii was identified by their ab ... | 1998 | 17655399 |
| cryptococcus gattii infection causing fulminant intracranial hypertension. | cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii (c. gattii) causes infection in predominantly immunocompetent individuals. the majority of cases present with headache due to meningitis and its natural history normally follows an indolent course. we report a fatal case of fulminant cryptococcaemia culminating in severe intracranial hypertension due to c. gattii. such cases of fulminant disease are rare and highlight a number of important therapeutic and diagnostic considerations. we discuss the atypical n ... | 2007 | 17656353 |
| ecological niche of cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and cryptococcus gattii in decaying wood of trunk hollows of living trees in jabalpur city of central india. | cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and c. gattii were repeatedly isolated from decaying wood of trunk hollows in living trees growing in jabalpur city in central india. the isolation of c. gattii has been reported from decayed wood inside trunk hollow of tamarindus indica (15.6%), mangifera indica (2.2%), pithecolobium dulce (12.5%), syzygium cumini (14%), and one from bark of s. cumini. c. n. var. grubii was isolated from decaying wood debris of t. indica (4.4%), m. indica (13.3%), terminalia ... | 2007 | 17661160 |
| typing and patterns of cellular morphological alterations in cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii isolates exposed to a panel of killer yeasts. | cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are encapsulated basidiomycetous yeasts that cause meningoencephalitis. the action of killer yeasts on the growth of one hundred genotypically characterized c. neoformans var. neoformans, c. neoformans var. grubii, and c. gattii clinical and environmental isolates was evaluated. killer studies were performed on yeast malt-methylene blue (ym-mb) agar petri dishes, and a dendrogram was obtained based on a quantitative data matrix using the diameter o ... | 2007 | 17710619 |
| cryptococcus gattii fungemia: report of a case with lung and brain lesions mimicking radiological features of malignancy. | a 64-year-old apparently immunocompetent white man developed lung and brain lesions of disseminated cryptococcosis. the radiologic features mimicked those of lung cancer metastatic to the central nervous system. c. gattii was recovered from cultures of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, brain biopsy, and blood. the same fungus was recovered from pulmonary and brain specimens at autopsy. serum and cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcal antigen tests were diagnostic in our case and should be included in the ... | 2007 | 17823759 |
| growth and pigment production on d-tryptophan medium by cryptococcus gattii, cryptococcus neoformans, and candida albicans. | given the increasing prevalence of cryptococcosis caused by cryptococcus gattii (serotypes b and c) strains, there is a need for rapid and reliable tests that discriminate c. gattii from cryptococcus neoformans (serotypes a, d, and ad). seventy-two c. neoformans strains, sixty-seven c. gattii strains, and five candida albicans strains were analyzed for their ability to grow and produce pigment on minimal d-tryptophan d-proline (m-dtdp) medium, on yeast carbon base d-tryptophan d-proline (ycb-dtd ... | 2008 | 17989195 |
| cryptococcosis in gilbert's and long-nosed potoroo. | two cases of fatal cryptococcosis are described, one of cryptococcus neoformans infection in a gilbert's potoroo (potorous gilbertii) and one of cryptococcus gattii infection in a long-nosed potoroo (potorous tridactylus). the diagnoses were confirmed by culture and specific immunohistochemistry, respectively. the long-nosed potoroo tested positive using the latex cryptococcal antigen test (lcat), whereas the gilbert's potoroo had a negative lcat result despite having advanced disease of some du ... | 2007 | 18229862 |
| six monophyletic lineages identified within cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii by multi-locus sequence typing. | cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are closely related pathogenic basidiomycetous yeasts in which six haploid genotypic groups have been distinguished. the two haploid genotypic groups of c. neoformans have been described as variety grubii and variety neoformans. the four c. gattii genotypic groups have, however, not been described as separate taxa. one hundred and seventeen isolates representing all six haploid genotypic groups were selected for multi-locus sequence typing using si ... | 2008 | 18261945 |
| evidence of recombination in mixed-mating-type and alpha-only populations of cryptococcus gattii sourced from single eucalyptus tree hollows. | disease caused by the pathogenic yeast cryptococcus gattii begins with the inhalation of an infectious propagule. as c. gattii is heavily encapsulated, this propagule is most likely to be a basidiospore. however, most c. gattii strains are infertile in laboratory crosses, and population studies indicate that recombination and dispersal are very restricted. in addition, strains of the alpha mating type predominate, which would not be expected in a mating population. c. gattii comprises four genet ... | 2008 | 18281600 |
| epidemiology and management of cryptococcal meningitis: developments and challenges. | the significance of cryptococcal infection as a cause of human disease has dramatically evolved in recent years. the objective of this study was to outline the worldwide significance of cryptococcosis and review developments in the management of cryptococcal meningitis. cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii remains an important cause of disease, particularly in hosts with acquired immunosuppression. cryptococcus gattii, on the other hand, infects hosts with seemingly normal immune systems and a re ... | 2008 | 18312157 |
| [cryptococcosis and pets]. | this paper is a review of cryptococcosis in domestic animals. cryptococcosis is an uncommon mycosis in domestic animals and its occurrence is sporadic. the disease is caused by cryptococcus neoformans, although cryptococcus gattii has been also isolated from different animal species. although cryptococcosis has been reported in several animal species, the most frequently affected domestic animal is the cat. the present paper deals with feline and canine cryptococcosis, its common clinical signs ... | 2008 | 18338916 |
| diversity of the cryptococcus neoformans-cryptococcus gattii species complex. | more than 110 years of study of the cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii species complex has resulted in an enormous accumulation of fundamental and applied biological and clinical knowledge. recent developments in our understanding of the diversity within the species complex are presented, emphasizing the intraspecific complexity, which includes species, microspecies, hybrids, serotypes and genotypes. each of these may have different roles in disease. an overview of obsolete and curr ... | 2008 | 18338917 |
| [urease activity in cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii]. | urease is an enzyme considered one of the main virulence factors in cryptococcus neoformans. quantitative differences in urease production between c. neoformans and the new species cryptococcus gattii have not been so far documented. using a standardized method, 25 isolates of c. neoformans and 19 of c. gattii were seeded in christensen urea broth medium for urease activity detection. approximately, the 50% of activity of one unit of commercial jack beans urease (a550=0.215) was considered as a ... | 2008 | 18338924 |
| torsades de pointes in a patient receiving fluconazole for cerebral cryptococcosis. | a case of torsades de pointes associated with fluconazole use is described. | 2008 | 18359968 |
| pulmonary cryptococcosis. | cryptococcosis is a common opportunistic infection in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) patients, also occurring in other immunosuppressed patients and occasionally those with no apparent immunocompromise. the majority of cases are caused by the ubiquitous encapsulated yeast, cryptococcus neoformans, whereas cryptococcus gattii accounts for a smaller proportion of cases, often in immunocompetent patients. severe meningoencephalitis is the commonest presentation; however, pulmonary crypto ... | 2008 | 18365996 |
| mics and minimum fungicidal concentrations of posaconazole, voriconazole and fluconazole for cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii. | | 2008 | 18375969 |