| genetic diversity and purifying selection in west nile virus populations are maintained during host switching. | to investigate differential evolutionary rates and selective forces of wnv in hosts and vectors, we measured the genetic diversity that arose during alternating passage in mosquitoes and birds. within-host genetic diversity was monitored in each of three experimentally passed replicates, and the complete genome sequence of each wnv strain was determined after passage. the intrahost genetic diversity that arose during alternating passage was significantly greater than the diversity generated duri ... | 2008 | 18395240 |
| arbovirus transmission by culex nigripalpus in florida, 2005. | understanding the transmission patterns of west nile and st. louis encephalitis viruses (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv and slev) could result in an increased ability to predict transmission risk to humans. to examine transmission patterns between vector and host, we trapped mosquitoes in three florida counties from june to november 2005 by using chicken-baited lard can mosquito traps. these traps were used to monitor for presence of wnv and slev in mosquitoes and subsequent transmis ... | 2008 | 18533444 |
| persistent west nile virus transmission and the apparent displacement st. louis encephalitis virus in southeastern california, 2003-2006. | west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) invaded the colorado desert biome of southern california during summer 2003 and seemed to displace previously endemic st. louis encephalitis virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, slev, an antigenically similar flavivirus in the japanese encephalitis virus serocomplex). western equine encephalomyelitis virus (family togaviridae, genus alphavirus, weev), an antigenically distinct alphavirus, was detected during 2005 and 2006, ind ... | 2008 | 18533445 |
| density-dependent competitive suppression of sylvatic dengue virus by endemic dengue virus in cultured mosquito cells. | mosquito-borne dengue viruses are maintained in two discrete transmission cycles: a sylvatic cycle between nonhuman primates and sylvatic aedes mosquitoes, and an endemic cycle between humans and peridomestic aedes (primarily ae. aegypti and ae. albopictus). most sylvatic strains are genetically distinct from endemic strains, and human infections with sylvatic strains have been detected only rarely. interestingly, sylvatic strains replicate as well as endemic strains in ae. aegypti and experimen ... | 2008 | 18620509 |
| canine vector-borne diseases in brazil. | abstract: canine vector-borne diseases (cvbds) are highly prevalent in brazil and represent a challenge to veterinarians and public health workers, since some diseases are of great zoonotic potential. dogs are affected by many protozoa (e.g., babesia vogeli, leishmania infantum, and trypanosoma cruzi), bacteria (e.g., anaplasma platys and ehrlichia canis), and helminths (e.g., dirofilaria immitis and dipylidium caninum) that are transmitted by a diverse range of arthropod vectors, including tick ... | 2008 | 18691408 |
| seasonal profiles of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) larval habitats in an urban area of costa rica with a history of mosquito control. | dengue is the most important arboviral disease worldwide and the principal vector-borne disease in costa rica. control of aedes aegypti populations through source reduction is still considered the most effective way of prevention and control, although it has proven ineffective or unsustainable in many areas with a history of mosquito control. in this study, seasonal profiles and productivity of aedes aegypti were analyzed in the city of puntarenas, costa rica, where vector control has been pract ... | 2008 | 18697310 |
| identification of two mosquitocidal bacillus cereus strains showing different host ranges. | mosquitocidal bacteria, m413 and c32 have been isolated from sediment samples collected from woodland and ditch, respectively. gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acids methyl esters (gc-fame) and 16s rrna gene sequence alignment results showed these isolates belong to bacillus cereus. the sds-page analysis of sporulated cultures of both isolates showed two major bands very similar in size. interestingly, however, m413 is mainly toxic to 4th instars of ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus whereas c32 i ... | 2009 | 18854193 |
| field evaluation of boric acid- and fipronil-based bait stations against adult mosquitoes. | the effectiveness of boric acid (1%) and fipronil (0.1%) bait stations in reducing the number of laboratory-reared female aedes aegypti and ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus mosquitoes released in outdoor screened cages was evaluated. both toxicants significantly reduced landing rates of the 2 mosquito species on a human subject. however, no significant reduction in the number of adult mosquitoes caught by counterflow geometry (cfg) traps baited with co2 was observed in the boric acid- and fipronil-tr ... | 2008 | 18939695 |
| detection of rna from a novel west nile-like virus and high prevalence of an insect-specific flavivirus in mosquitoes in the yucatan peninsula of mexico. | as part of our ongoing surveillance efforts for west nile virus (wnv) in the yucatan peninsula of mexico, 96,687 mosquitoes collected from january through december 2007 were assayed by virus isolation in mammalian cells. three mosquito pools caused cytopathic effect. two isolates were orthobunyaviruses (cache valley virus and kairi virus) and the identity of the third infectious agent was not determined. a subset of mosquitoes was also tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (r ... | 2009 | 19141845 |
| potential for north american mosquitoes to transmit rift valley fever virus. | the rapid spread of west nile viral activity across north america since its discovery in 1999 illustrates the potential for an exotic arbovirus to be introduced and widely established across north america. rift valley fever virus (rvfv) has been responsible for large outbreaks in africa that have resulted in hundreds of thousands of human infections and major economic disruption due to loss of livestock and to trade restrictions. however, little is known about the potential for north american mo ... | 2008 | 19181056 |
| isoenzyme polymorphism and genetic structure of ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae) in populations from the colombian atlantic coast. | | 2009 | 19452273 |
| natural colonization and adaptation of a mosquito species in galapagos and its implications for disease threats to endemic wildlife. | emerging infectious diseases of wildlife have been recognized as a major threat to global biodiversity. endemic species on isolated oceanic islands, such as the galápagos, are particularly at risk in the face of introduced pathogens and disease vectors. the black salt-marsh mosquito (aedes taeniorhynchus) is the only mosquito widely distributed across the galápagos archipelago. here we show that this mosquito naturally colonized the galápagos before the arrival of man, and since then it has evol ... | 2009 | 19502421 |
| venezuelan equine encephalitis in panama: fatal endemic disease and genetic diversity of etiologic viral strains. | venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) is a reemerging, mosquito-borne viral disease of the neotropics that is severely debilitating and sometimes fatal to humans. periodic epidemics mediated by equine amplification have been recognized since the 1920s, but interepidemic disease is rarely recognized. we report here clinical findings and genetic characterization of 42 cases of endemic vee detected in panama from 1961-2004. recent clusters of cases occurred in darien (eastern panama) and panama prov ... | 2009 | 19564908 |
| microsatellite markers characterized in the mosquito aedes taeniorhynchus (diptera, culicidae), a disease vector and major pest on the american coast and the galápagos islands. | the black salt-marsh mosquito, aedes taeniorhynchus, plays an important role in the transmission of arboviruses such as west nile virus and other pathogens of concern for human and animal health in north and latin america. this mosquito is notably the only widely distributed mosquito species found in the galápagos islands, where its impact as disease vector has not yet been studied. the use of microsatellite markers can significantly improve our understanding of the population structure and dyna ... | 2009 | 19655436 |
| evidence for regular ongoing introductions of mosquito disease vectors into the galapagos islands. | wildlife on isolated oceanic islands is highly susceptible to the introduction of pathogens. the recent establishment in the galápagos islands of the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus, a vector for diseases such as avian malaria and west nile fever, is considered a serious risk factor for the archipelago's endemic fauna. here we present evidence from the monitoring of aeroplanes and genetic analysis that c. quinquefasciatus is regularly introduced via aircraft into the galápagos archipelago. genet ... | 2009 | 19675009 |
| epistatic roles of e2 glycoprotein mutations in adaption of chikungunya virus to aedes albopictus and ae. aegypti mosquitoes. | between 2005 and 2007 chikungunya virus (chikv) caused its largest outbreak/epidemic in documented history. an unusual feature of this epidemic is the involvement of ae. albopictus as a principal vector. previously we have demonstrated that a single mutation e1-a226v significantly changed the ability of the virus to infect and be transmitted by this vector when expressed in the background of well characterized chikv strains lr2006 opy1 and 37997. however, in the current study we demonstrate that ... | 2009 | 19718263 |
| larval environmental temperature and the susceptibility of aedes albopictus skuse (diptera: culicidae) to chikungunya virus. | a key feature in the recent widespread epidemic of the mosquito-borne alphavirus chikungunya virus (chikv) was the important role of aedes albopictus, formerly regarded as a secondary vector, compared to the presumed primary vector aedes aegypti. ae. albopictus, a container-inhabiting mosquito, is an invasive species that occurs over a wide geographic range spanning tropical and temperate latitudes. in this study we examine the effects of a broad range of larval rearing temperatures on chikv inf ... | 2010 | 19725768 |
| encephalitic alphaviruses. | this review will cover zoonotic, encephalitic alphaviruses in the family togaviridae. encephalitic alphaviruses, i.e. western- (weev), eastern- (eeev), venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) and, more rarely, ross river virus, chikungunya virus and highlands j virus (hjv), are neuroinvasive and may cause neurological symptoms ranging from mild (e.g., febrile illness) to severe (e.g., encephalitis) in humans and equines. among the naturally occurring alphaviruses, weev, eeev and veev have wi ... | 2010 | 19775836 |
| detection of novel sequences related to african swine fever virus in human serum and sewage. | the family asfarviridae contains only a single virus species, african swine fever virus (asfv). asfv is a viral agent with significant economic impact due to its devastating effects on populations of domesticated pigs during outbreaks but has not been reported to infect humans. we report here the discovery of novel viral sequences in human serum and sewage which are clearly related to the asfarvirus family but highly divergent from asfv. detection of these sequences suggests that greater genetic ... | 2009 | 19812170 |
| present and future arboviral threats. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are important causes of human disease nearly worldwide. all arboviruses circulate among wild animals, and many cause disease after spillover transmission to humans and agriculturally important domestic animals that are incidental or dead-end hosts. viruses such as dengue (denv) and chikungunya (chikv) that have lost the requirement for enzootic amplification now produce extensive epidemics in tropical urban centers. many arboviruses recently have increased i ... | 2010 | 19857523 |
| genetic variability and heterogeneity of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vector ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae) populations of the colombian atlantic coast, based on microsatellite loci. | in colombia, the mosquito ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus has been identified as an efficient vector of the epidemic-epizootic venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. we evaluated the genetic variability and heterogeneity of this mosquito in colombian populations using eight microsatellite dna loci. two hundred and ten mosquito specimens collected from seven populations of the colombian atlantic coast (san bernardo del viento, coveñas, cartagena, barranquilla, ciénaga, dibulla, and riohacha) were anal ... | 2009 | 19866436 |
| studies on yellow fever in south america : v. transmission experiments with certain species of culex and aedes. | 1. yellow fever virus has been transmitted from monkey to monkey both by the bites of aëdes (ochlerotatus) scapularis which had fed upon monkeys infected with yellow fever and by the injection of the ground up bodies of such mosquitoes. 2. a fatal infection has been obtained by the injection of the ground up bodies of aëdes (ochlerotatus) serratus, which had previously fed on an infected monkey, and a mild infection has been secured by the similar injection of aëdes (taeniorhynchus) taeniorhynch ... | 1929 | 19869666 |
| laboratory transmission of st. louis encephalitis virus by three genera of mosquitoes. | 1. st. louis virus has been successfully transmitted in the laboratory by the following 9 species of mosquitoes from 3 genera: culex tarsalis, culex pipiens, culex coronator, aedes lateralis, aedes taeniorhynchus, aedes vexans, aedes nigromaculis, theobaldia incidens, and theobaldia inornata. 2. though transmission has not been demonstrated, survival of the virus for more than a few days was shown to occur in culex quinquefasciatus, culex stigmatosoma, psorophora ciliata, and anopheles maculipen ... | 1943 | 19871325 |
| ecological correlates of microfilariae prevalence in endangered galápagos birds. | this study assesses the ecological factors associated with microfilariae prevalence in wild populations of endangered flightless cormorants (phalacrocorax harrisi) and galápagos penguins (spheniscus mendiculus). prevalence values were tested for correlation with a large number of environmental variables, as modeled from weather station data and measured by satellite-borne sensors. predictions were made based on the expected effects of climatic and landscape variables on sustained populations of ... | 2010 | 19954259 |
| seasonal variation of potential flavivirus vectors in an urban biological reserve in northeastern brazil. | although yellow fever (yf) has not been reported on the eastern coast of brazil since 1942, there was a reemergence of dengue fever in brazil in 1987 due to the reintroduction of aedes aegypti (l.). to assess areas of potential risk for transmission of vector-borne diseases, a surveillance system was placed in a large atlantic forest reserve in natal, rio grande do norte, brazil, where in 2004 unexplained epizootics were reported among marmosets. the etiologic agent causing the mortality in marm ... | 2009 | 19960696 |
| blood feeding patterns of mosquitoes: random or structured? | abstract: | 2010 | 20205866 |
| emergence of zoonotic arboviruses by animal trade and migration. | abstract: arboviruses are transmitted in nature exclusively or to a major extend by arthropods. they belong to the most important viruses invading new areas in the world and their occurrence is strongly influenced by climatic changes due to the life cycle of the transmitting vectors. several arboviruses have emerged in new regions of the world during the last years, like west nile virus (wnv) in the americas, usutu virus (usuv) in central europe, or rift valley fever virus (rvfv) in the arabian ... | 2010 | 20377873 |
| suppressing aedes albopictus, an emerging vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses, by a novel combination of a monomolecular film and an insect-growth regulator. | the asian tiger mosquito aedes albopictus (skuse) is rapidly increasing its global range and importance in transmission of chikungunya and dengue viruses. we tested pellet formulations of a monomolecular film (agnique) and (s)-methoprene (altosid) under laboratory and field conditions. in the laboratory, agnique provided 80% control for 20 days, whereas altosid, in combination with agnique, provided 80% control for > 60 days. during field trials, the 1:1 pellet ratio of combined products provide ... | 2010 | 20439963 |
| vector competence of culex (melanoconion) taeniopus for equine-virulent subtype ie strains of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. | the mosquito culex (melanoconion) taeniopus is a proven vector of enzootic venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) subtype ie in central america. it has been shown to be highly susceptible to infection by this subtype, and conversely to be highly refractory to infection by other veev subtypes. during the 1990s in southern coastal mexico, two vee epizootics in horses were attributed to subtype ie veev. these outbreaks were associated with veev strains with an altered infection phenotype for t ... | 2010 | 20519599 |
| biting midges of the genus culicoides in south carolina zoos. | biting midges of the genus culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) were collected during the summer of 2007 at the greenville and riverbanks zoos in south carolina with centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) traps equipped with ultraviolet or incandescent lights and baited with carbon dioxide. sixteen species of culicoides were collected, four of which represented more than 80%. they were culicoides guttipennis (coquillett), culicoides mulrenanni beck, culicoides obsoletus (meigen), and ... | 2010 | 20569132 |
| incrimination of the mosquito, aedes taeniorhynchus, as the primary vector of heartworm, dirofilaria immitis, in coastal yucatan, mexico. | mosquito collections were carried out on microfilaraemic dogs, positive for dirofilaria sp., for 18 consecutive nights in the coastal town of celestún, yucatan, southeast mexico, during the rainy season (august) of 2007. a total of 292 female mosquitoes representing 12 species of dipteran culicidae were collected: anopheles albimanus (wiedemann); anopheles crucians (wiedemann); anopheles pseudopunctipennis (theobald); culex coronator (dyar & knab); culex interrogator (dyar & knab); culex nigripa ... | 2010 | 20572932 |
| host-seeking activity and avian host preferences of mosquitoes associated with west nile virus transmission in the northeastern u.s.a. | mosquito host-seeking activity was studied using a custom-designed trap to explore: (1) at which time interval of the night adult mosquito abatement would be most effective, and (2) if there exists an avian-specific host-seeking preference. overnight trials using traps baited with dry ice showed that aedes taeniorhynchus (wiedemann) was most active at dusk and was then captured throughout the night. in contrast, culex spp. (cx. pipiens (linnaeus) and cx. restuans (theobald) delayed most activity ... | 2010 | 20618650 |
| pyrethroid resistance in aedes aegypti from grand cayman. | the grand cayman population of aedes aegypti is highly resistant to ddt and pyrethroid insecticides. glutathione transferase, cytochrome p450, and esterase levels were increased in the grand cayman population relative to a susceptible laboratory strain, but synergist studies did not implicate elevated insecticide detoxification as a major cause of resistance. the role of target site resistance was therefore investigated. two substitutions in the voltage-gated sodium channel were identified, v101 ... | 2010 | 20682868 |
| seasonal and diel patterns of biting midges (ceratopogonidae) and mosquitoes (culicidae) on the parris island marine corps recruit depot. | the marine corps recruit depot on parris island, sc, is surrounded by tidal salt marshes, which are breeding habitats for many pestiferous biting flies. knowledge of biting fly behavior patterns is needed to develop effective pest management strategies in urban areas adjacent to salt marshes. we measured biting midge (ceratopogonidae) and mosquito (culicidae) seasonal abundance and diel activity patterns on parris island using co(2)-baited suction traps from november 2001 - november 2004. of the ... | 2009 | 20836813 |
| vector-host interactions governing epidemiology of west nile virus in southern california. | southern california remains an important focus of west nile virus (wnv) activity, with persistently elevated incidence after invasion by the virus in 2003 and subsequent amplification to epidemic levels in 2004. eco-epidemiological studies of vectors-hosts-pathogen interactions are of paramount importance for better understanding of the transmission dynamics of wnv and other emerging mosquito-borne arboviruses. we investigated vector-host interactions and host-feeding patterns of 531 blood-engor ... | 2010 | 21118934 |
| mosquito vectors of west nile virus during an epizootic outbreak in puerto rico. | the purpose of this investigation was to identify the mosquito (diptera: culicidae) vectors of west nile virus (wnv; family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus) during an epizootic wnv outbreak in eastern puerto rico in 2007. in june 2006, 12 sentinel chicken pens with five chickens per pen were deployed in six types of habitats: herbaceous wetlands, mangrove forests, deciduous forests, evergreen forests, rural areas, and urban areas. once wnv seroconversion in chickens was detected in june 2007, we ... | 2010 | 21175071 |
| 110 years of avipoxvirus in the galapagos islands. | the role of disease in regulating populations is controversial, partly owing to the absence of good disease records in historic wildlife populations. we examined birds collected in the galapagos islands between 1891 and 1906 that are currently held at the california academy of sciences and the zoologisches staatssammlung muenchen, including 3973 specimens representing species from two well-studied families of endemic passerine birds: finches and mockingbirds. beginning with samples collected in ... | 2011 | 21249151 |
| isolation of novel bacillus species showing high mosquitocidal activity against several mosquito species. | two novel mosquitocidal bacteria, vb17 and vb24, identified as new bacillus species were isolated from dead mosquito larvae obtained in florida aquatic habitats. gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (gc-fame) and 16s rrna sequencing indicated that vb24 is closely related to bacillus sphaericus whereas vb17 does not have a close relationship with either bacillus thuringiensis or b. sphaericus. both isolates were significantly more active than b. sphaericus 2362 against aedes t ... | 2011 | 21276795 |
| mosquito infestation and dengue virus infection in aedes aegypti females in schools in merida, mexico. | we determined abundance of aedes aegypti mosquitoes and presence of dengue virus (denv) in females collected from schools in mérida, méxico, during 2008 and 2009. backpack aspiration from 24 schools produced 468 females of ae. aegypti and 1,676 females of another human biter, culex quinquefasciatus. ae. aegypti females were collected most commonly from classrooms followed by offices and bathrooms. of these females, 24.7% were freshly fed. examination of 118 pools of ae. aegypti females (total of ... | 2011 | 21363990 |
| the midgut transcriptome of phlebotomus (larroussius) perniciosus, a vector of leishmania infantum: comparison of sugar fed and blood fed sand flies. | abstract: | 2011 | 21569254 |
| laboratory selection for an accelerated mosquito sexual development rate. | abstract: background: separating males and females at the early adult stage did not ensure the virginity of females of anopheles arabiensis (dongola laboratory strain), whereas two years earlier this method had been successful. in most mosquito species, newly emerged males and females are not able to mate successfully. for anopheline species, a period of 24 h post-emergence is generally required for the completion of sexual maturation, which in males includes a 180degrees rotation of the genital ... | 2011 | 21595988 |
| implications of plasmodium parasite infected mosquitoes on an insular avifauna: the case of socorro island, méxico. | avian malaria (plasmodium spp.) has been implicated in the decline of avian populations in the hawaiian islands and it is generally agreed that geographically isolated and immunologically naïve bird populations are particularly vulnerable to the pathogenic effects of invasive malaria parasites. in order to assess the potential disease risk of malaria to the avifauna of socorro island, méxico, we surveyed for plasmodium isolates from 1,300 resident field-caught mosquitoes. most of them were ident ... | 2011 | 21635660 |
| mosquito (diptera: culicidae) bloodmeal sources during a period of west nile virus transmission in puerto rico. | host bloodmeals of indigenous caribbean mosquitoes have not been studied previously. we identified vertebrate dna in 90 blood-engorged mosquitoes belonging to four genera (aedes, culex, deinocerites, and uranotaenia) and 12 species that were collected in puerto rico within a geographic and temporal focus of west nile virus transmission in 2007. it was found that 62 (68.8%) bloodmeals were from reptiles, 18 (20.0%) from birds, and 10 (11.1%) from mammals. only one bloodmeal of 18 derived from cul ... | 2011 | 21661334 |
| endemic venezuelan equine encephalitis in the americas: hidden under the dengue umbrella. | venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) is an emerging infectious disease in latin america. outbreaks have been recorded for decades in countries with enzootic circulation, and the recent implementation of surveillance systems has allowed the detection of additional human cases in countries and areas with previously unknown vee activity. clinically, vee is indistinguishable from dengue and other arboviral diseases and confirmatory diagnosis requires the use of specialized laboratory tests that are ... | 2011 | 21765860 |
| susceptibility of mosquito and lepidopteran cell lines to the mosquito iridescent virus (iiv-3) from aedes taeniorhynchus. | mosquito iridescent viruses (miv) are members of the genus chloriridovirus that currently contains only the type iiv-3 from aedestaeniorhynchus. the complete genome of invertebrate iridescent virus -3 (iiv-3) has been sequenced and the availability of a tissue culture system would facilitate functional genomic studies. this investigation, using quantitative pcr and electron microscopy, has determined that the mosquito cell lines aedes aegypti (aag2), aedes albopictus (c6/36) and anopheles gambia ... | 2011 | 21741386 |
| the fat body transcriptomes of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti, pre- and post- blood meal. | the fat body is the main organ of intermediary metabolism in insects and the principal source of hemolymph proteins. as part of our ongoing efforts to understand mosquito fat body physiology and to identify novel targets for insect control, we have conducted a transcriptome analysis of the fat body of aedes aegypti before and in response to blood feeding. | 2011 | 21818341 |
| adaptation, isolation by distance and human-mediated transport determine patterns of gene flow among populations of the disease vector aedes taeniorhynchus in the galapagos islands. | the black salt-marsh mosquito (aedes taeniorhynchus) is the only native mosquito in the galapagos islands and potentially a major disease vector for galapagos wildlife. little is known about its population structure, or how its dynamics may be influenced by human presence in the archipelago. we used microsatellite data to assess the structure and patterns of a. taeniorhynchus gene flow among and within islands, to identify potential barriers to mosquito dispersal, and to investigate human-aided ... | 2011 | 21968211 |
| Population Dynamics of Aedes aegypti and Dengue as Influenced by Weather and Human Behavior in San Juan, Puerto Rico. | Previous studies on the influence of weather on Aedes aegypti dynamics in Puerto Rico suggested that rainfall was a significant driver of immature mosquito populations and dengue incidence, but mostly in the drier areas of the island. We conducted a longitudinal study of Ae. aegypti in two neighborhoods of the metropolitan area of San Juan city, Puerto Rico where rainfall is more uniformly distributed throughout the year. We assessed the impacts of rainfall, temperature, and human activities on ... | 2011 | 22206021 |
| candidate vectors and rodent hosts of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, chiapas, 2006-2007. | enzootic venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) has been known to occur in mexico since the 1960s. the first natural equine epizootic was recognized in chiapas in 1993 and since then, numerous studies have characterized the etiologic strains, including reverse genetic studies that incriminated a specific mutation that enhanced infection of epizootic mosquito vectors. the aim of this study was to determine the mosquito and rodent species involved in enzootic maintenance of subtype ie veev in ... | 2011 | 22144461 |
| west nile virus vector competency of culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in the galapagos islands. | the mosquito-transmitted pathogen west nile virus (wnv) is not yet present in the galápagos archipelago of ecuador. however, concern exists for fragile endemic island fauna after population decreases in several north american bird species and pathology in certain reptiles. we examined wnv vector competency of a galápagos strain of mosquito (culex quinquefasciatus say). field specimens were tested for their capacity to transmit the wn02-1956 strain of wnv after incubation at 27°c or 30°c. rates o ... | 2011 | 21896799 |
| West Nile virus genetic diversity is maintained during transmission by Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. | Due to error-prone replication, RNA viruses exist within hosts as a heterogeneous population of non-identical, but related viral variants. These populations may undergo bottlenecks during transmission that stochastically reduce variability leading to fitness declines. Such bottlenecks have been documented for several single-host RNA viruses, but their role in the population biology of obligate two-host viruses such as arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) in vivo is unclear, but of central impor ... | 2011 | 21935412 |
| experimental transmission of mayaro virus by aedes aegypti. | outbreaks of mayaro fever have been associated with a sylvatic cycle of mayaro virus (mayv) transmission in south america. to evaluate the potential for a common urban mosquito to transmit mayv, laboratory vector competence studies were performed with aedes aegypti from iquitos, peru. oral infection in ae. aegypti ranged from 0% (0/31) to 84% (31/37), with blood meal virus titers between 3.4 log(10) and 7.3 log(10) plaque-forming units (pfu)/ml. transmission of mayv by 70% (21/30) of infected mo ... | 2011 | 21976583 |
| effect of water quality on the efficacy of water-base suspensions of arosurf msf against larvae of aedes taeniorhynchus: bioassay evaluations. | | 2012 | 3504951 |
| interactive effects of 1-octen-3-ol and carbon dioxide on mosquito (diptera: culicidae) surveillance and control. | responses of natural populations of biting diptera were studied at everglades national park, fla., to three levels (0, 3.0, and 41.1 mg/h) of 1-octen-3-ol (octenol), four levels (0, 20, 200, and 2,000 ml/min) of carbon dioxide (co2), and their combinations. catches of mosquitoes (aedes taeniorhynchus (wiedemann), culex [melanoconion]) spp., cx. nigripalpus theobald, and wyeomyia spp.) and one tabanid (diachlorus ferrugatus (f.)) were affected significantly by co2 and octenol. significantly great ... | 1999 | 1905355 |
| effects of photoperiod on the induction of embryonic diapause in aedes taeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae). | | 2014 | 4045935 |
| the secretion of hyperosmotic fluid by the rectum of a saline-water mosquito larva, aedes taeniorhynchus. | 1. fourth-instar larvae of the mosquito a. taeniorhynchus (wiedemann), when living in sea water, drink at a rate of 100 nl h(-1) larva(-1) and maintain ionic and osmotic levels in the haemolymph at about one-third those of the external medium. 2. hyperosmotic urine is produced in the rectum by secretion of fluid having an osmotic concentration and ionic composition similar to that of sea water, with the exception that potassium levels are elevated 18-fold in the secretion. the average rate of fl ... | 1983 | 1202126 |
| experimental laboratory infection of mosquito larvae with fungi of the genus coelomomyces. 1. experiments with coelomomyces psorophorae var. in aedes taeniorhynchus and coelomomyces psorophorae var. in culiseta inornata. | | 1986 | 239068 |
| personal protection afforded by controlled-release topical repellents and permethrin-treated clothing against natural populations of aedes taeniorhynchus. | field tests evaluated repellent formulations containing deet in combination with permethrin-impregnated or untreated military uniforms against aedes taeniorhynchus. no significant difference was determined between repellents in duration of protection whether or not permethrin-treated clothing was worn, but there were differences in efficacy relative to site of application. the head was the site of shorter duration of protection regardless of repellent tested. on repellent-treated skin, 12-30% of ... | 2009 | 2708993 |
| evolution of dna ligases of nucleo-cytoplasmic large dna viruses of eukaryotes: a case of hidden complexity. | eukaryotic nucleo-cytoplasmic large dna viruses (ncldv) encode most if not all of the enzymes involved in their dna replication. it has been inferred that genes for these enzymes were already present in the last common ancestor of the ncldv. however, the details of the evolution of these genes that bear on the complexity of the putative ancestral ncldv and on the evolutionary relationships between viruses and their hosts are not well understood. | 2009 | 20021668 |
| what is the risk for exposure to vector-borne pathogens in united states national parks? | united states national parks attract > 275 million visitors annually and collectively present risk of exposure for staff and visitors to a wide range of arthropod vector species (most notably fleas, mosquitoes, and ticks) and their associated bacterial, protozoan, or viral pathogens. we assessed the current state of knowledge for risk of exposure to vector-borne pathogens in national parks through a review of relevant literature, including internal national park service documents and organismal ... | 2013 | 23540107 |
| pathogenic landscape of transboundary zoonotic diseases in the mexico-us border along the rio grande. | transboundary zoonotic diseases, several of which are vector borne, can maintain a dynamic focus and have pathogens circulating in geographic regions encircling multiple geopolitical boundaries. global change is intensifying transboundary problems, including the spatial variation of the risk and incidence of zoonotic diseases. the complexity of these challenges can be greater in areas where rivers delineate international boundaries and encompass transitions between ecozones. the rio grande serve ... | 2014 | 25453027 |
| countrywide serological evaluation of canine prevalence for anaplasma spp., borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato), dirofilaria immitis and ehrlichia canis in mexico. | canine vector-borne diseases (cvbd) have become a major concern for canine and human public health. the aim of the study described here is to add epidemiological data regarding four pathogens responsible for cvbd, namely anaplasmosis, borreliosis, dirofilariosis and ehrlichiosis in a national survey conducted in mexico. | 2016 | 27474020 |
| transmission of pathogens by stomoxys flies (diptera, muscidae): a review. | stomoxys flies are mechanical vectors of pathogens present in the blood and skin of their animal hosts, especially livestock, but occasionally humans. in livestock, their direct effects are disturbance, skin lesions, reduction of food intake, stress, blood loss, and a global immunosuppressive effect. they also induce the gathering of animals for mutual protection; meanwhile they favor development of pathogens in the hosts and their transmission. their indirect effect is the mechanical transmissi ... | 2013 | 23985165 |
| molecular detection of flaviviruses and alphaviruses in mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) from coastal ecosystems in the colombian caribbean. | arboviruses belonging to the genera flavivirus and alphavirus were detected in mosquitoes in a rural area of san bernardo del viento (córdoba, colombia). a total of 22,180 mosquitoes were collected, sorted into 2,102 pools, and tested by generic/nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, dengue virus, west nile virus, st. louis encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, and culex flavivirus were detected and identified by sequencing. the detection ... | 2016 | 27706377 |
| comparing aedes vigilax eggshell densities in saltmarsh and mangrove systems with implications for management. | aedes vigilax (skuse), a nuisance and disease vector, is prolific in intertidal wetlands in australia. aedine mosquitoes oviposit directly onto substrate. the eggshells are relatively stable spatially and temporally, providing an estimate of mosquito larval production. the aims of the research were to compare, at a general level, oviposition in mangroves and saltmarshes, and to compare oviposition between different habitats within mangroves and saltmarshes. the results indicated that there were ... | 2014 | 26462954 |
| zoonotic encephalitides caused by arboviruses: transmission and epidemiology of alphaviruses and flaviviruses. | in this review, we mainly focus on zoonotic encephalitides caused by arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) of the families flaviviridae (genus flavivirus) and togaviridae (genus alphavirus) that are important in both humans and domestic animals. specifically, we will focus on alphaviruses (eastern equine encephalitis virus, western equine encephalitis virus, venezuelan equine encephalitis virus) and flaviviruses (japanese encephalitis virus and west nile virus). most of these viruses were origin ... | 2013 | 24427764 |
| wolbachia biocontrol strategies for arboviral diseases and the potential influence of resident wolbachia strains in mosquitoes. | arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes are a major cause of human disease worldwide. the absence of vaccines and effective vector control strategies has resulted in the need for novel mosquito control strategies. the endosymbiotic bacterium wolbachia has been proposed to form the basis for an effective mosquito biocontrol strategy. resident strains of wolbachia inhibit viral replication in drosophila fruit flies and induce a reproductive phenotype known as cytoplasmic incompatibility that allows ... | 2016 | 26925368 |
| arbovirus infections. | arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) infections are increasingly important causes of neurologic disease in the united states through both endemic transmission and travel-associated infections. this article reviews the major arbovirus infections that can cause neurologic disease likely to be encountered in the united states. | 0 | 26633778 |
| vector-host interactions of culiseta melanura in a focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus activity in southeastern virginia. | eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) causes a highly pathogenic mosquito-borne zoonosis that is responsible for sporadic outbreaks of severe illness in humans and equines in the eastern usa. culiseta (cs.) melanura is the primary vector of eeev in most geographic regions but its feeding patterns on specific avian and mammalian hosts are largely unknown in the mid-atlantic region. the objectives of our study were to: 1) identify avian hosts of cs. melanura and evaluate their potential role in ... | 2015 | 26327226 |
| tissue barriers to arbovirus infection in mosquitoes. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) circulate in nature between arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts. arboviruses often cause devastating diseases in vertebrate hosts, but they typically do not cause significant pathology in their arthropod vectors. following oral acquisition of a viremic bloodmeal from a vertebrate host, the arbovirus disease cycle requires replication in the cellular environment of the arthropod vector. once the vector has become systemically and persistently infected, the ... | 2015 | 26184281 |
| global climate change and its potential impact on disease transmission by salinity-tolerant mosquito vectors in coastal zones. | global climate change can potentially increase the transmission of mosquito vector-borne diseases such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis, and dengue in many parts of the world. these predictions are based on the effects of changing temperature, rainfall, and humidity on mosquito breeding and survival, the more rapid development of ingested pathogens in mosquitoes and the more frequent blood feeds at moderately higher ambient temperatures. an expansion of saline and brackish water bodies (water wi ... | 2012 | 22723781 |
| geostatistical evaluation of integrated marsh management impact on mosquito vectors using before-after-control-impact (baci) design. | in many parts of the world, salt marshes play a key ecological role as the interface between the marine and the terrestrial environments. salt marshes are also exceedingly important for public health as larval habitat for mosquitoes that are vectors of disease and significant biting pests. although grid ditching and pesticides have been effective in salt marsh mosquito control, marsh degradation and other environmental considerations compel a different approach. targeted habitat modification and ... | 2009 | 19549297 |
| the 5' and 3' ends of alphavirus rnas--non-coding is not non-functional. | the non-coding regions found at the 5' and 3' ends of alphavirus genomes regulate viral gene expression, replication, translation and virus-host interactions, which have significant implications for viral evolution, host range, and pathogenesis. the functions of these non-coding regions are mediated by a combination of linear sequence and structural elements. the capped 5' untranslated region (utr) contains promoter elements, translational regulatory sequences that modulate dependence on cellula ... | 2015 | 25630058 |
| biological differences between brackish and fresh water-derived aedes aegypti from two locations in the jaffna peninsula of sri lanka and the implications for arboviral disease transmission. | the mainly fresh water arboviral vector aedes aegypti l. (diptera: culicidae) can also undergo pre-imaginal development in brackish water of up to 15 ppt (parts per thousand) salt in coastal areas. we investigated differences in salinity tolerance, egg laying preference, egg hatching and larval development times and resistance to common insecticides in ae. aegypti collected from brackish and fresh water habitats in jaffna, sri lanka. brackish water-derived ae. aegypti were more tolerant of salin ... | 2014 | 25170879 |
| genetic and anatomic determinants of enzootic venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection of culex (melanoconion) taeniopus. | venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) is a re-emerging, mosquito-borne viral disease with the potential to cause fatal encephalitis in both humans and equids. recently, detection of endemic vee caused by enzootic strains has escalated in mexico, peru, bolivia, colombia and ecuador, emphasizing the importance of understanding the enzootic transmission cycle of the etiologic agent, vee virus (veev). the majority of work examining the viral determinants of vector infection has been performed in the ... | 2012 | 22509419 |
| role of micrornas in arbovirus/vector interactions. | the role of micrornas (mirnas) as small non-coding rnas in regulation of gene expression has been recognized. they appear to be involved in regulation of a wide range of cellular pathways that affect several biological processes such as development, the immune system, survival, metabolism and host-pathogen interactions. arthropod-borne viruses impose great economic and health risks around the world. recent advances in mirna biology have shed some light on the role of these small rnas in vector-v ... | 2014 | 25251636 |
| ires-based venezuelan equine encephalitis vaccine candidate elicits protective immunity in mice. | venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) is an arbovirus that causes periodic outbreaks that impact equine and human populations in the americas. one of the veev subtypes located in mexico and central america (ie) has recently been recognized as an important cause of equine disease and death, and human exposure also appears to be widespread. here, we describe the use of an internal ribosome entry site (ires) from encephalomyocarditis virus to stably attenuate veev, creating a vaccine candidat ... | 2013 | 23351391 |
| quantification of intrahost bottlenecks of west nile virus in culex pipiens mosquitoes using an artificial mutant swarm. | mosquito-borne viruses are predominantly rna viruses which exist within hosts as diverse mutant swarms. defining the way in which stochastic forces within mosquito vectors shape these swarms is critical to advancing our understanding of the evolutionary and adaptive potential of these pathogens. there are multiple barriers within a mosquito which a viral swarm must traverse in order to ultimately be transmitted. here, using artificial mutant swarms composed of neutral variants of west nile virus ... | 2012 | 22326536 |
| the evolution of viral emergence. | | 2006 | 16567658 |
| urban mosquito fauna in mérida city, méxico: immatures collected from containers and storm-water drains/catch basins. | we examined the species composition and temporal occurrence of immature mosquitoes in containers and storm-water drains/catch basins from november 2011 to june 2013 in mérida city, méxico. a wide range of urban settings were examined, including residential premises, vacant lots, parking lots, and streets or sidewalks with storm-water drains/catch basins. in total, 111,776 specimens of 15 species were recorded. the most commonly collected species were aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (l.) (n = 60,961) a ... | 0 | 25429168 |
| rna viruses can hijack vertebrate micrornas to suppress innate immunity. | currently, there is little evidence for a notable role of the vertebrate microrna (mirna) system in the pathogenesis of rna viruses. this is primarily attributed to the ease with which these viruses mutate to disrupt recognition and growth suppression by host mirnas. here we report that the haematopoietic-cell-specific mirna mir-142-3p potently restricts the replication of the mosquito-borne north american eastern equine encephalitis virus in myeloid-lineage cells by binding to sites in the 3' n ... | 2013 | 24352241 |
| aedes taeniorhynchus vectorial capacity informs a pre-emptive assessment of west nile virus establishment in galápagos. | increased connectivity with the mainland has led to the arrival of many invasive species to the galápagos islands, including novel pathogens, threatening the archipelago's unique fauna. here we consider the potential role of the mosquito aedes taeniorhynchus in maintaining the flavivirus west nile virus [wnv] should it reach the islands. we report on three components of vectorial capacity - vector competency, distributional abundance and host-feeding. in contrast to usa strains, galápagos a. tae ... | 0 | 23519190 |
| nature, nurture and evolution of intra-species variation in mosquito arbovirus transmission competence. | mosquitoes vary in their competence or ability to transmit arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). many arboviruses cause disease in humans and animals. identifying the environmental and genetic causes of variation in mosquito competence for arboviruses is one of the great challenges in public health. progress identifying genetic (nature) and environmental (nurture) factors influencing mosquito competence for arboviruses is reviewed. there is great complexity in the various traits that comprise m ... | 2013 | 23343982 |
| predicting the mosquito species and vertebrate species involved in the theoretical transmission of rift valley fever virus in the united states. | rift valley fever virus (rvfv) is a mosquito-borne virus in the family bunyaviridiae that has spread throughout continental africa to madagascar and the arabian peninsula. the establishment of rvfv in north america would have serious consequences for human and animal health in addition to a significant economic impact on the livestock industry. published and unpublished data on rvfv vector competence, vertebrate host competence, and mosquito feeding patterns from the united states were combined ... | 2014 | 25211133 |
| insect-specific viruses detected in laboratory mosquito colonies and their potential implications for experiments evaluating arbovirus vector competence. | recently, there has been a dramatic increase in the detection and characterization of insect-specific viruses in field-collected mosquitoes. evidence suggests that these viruses are ubiquitous in nature and that many are maintained by vertical transmission in mosquito populations. some studies suggest that the presence of insect-specific viruses may inhibit replication of a super-infecting arbovirus, thus altering vector competence of the mosquito host. accordingly, we screened our laboratory mo ... | 2014 | 25510714 |
| the risk of rift valley fever virus introduction and establishment in the united states and european union. | rift valley fever virus (rvfv) is an arthropod-borne disease resulting in severe morbidity and mortality in both human and ruminant populations. first identified in kenya in 1930, the geographical range of rvfv has been largely constrained to the african continent, yet has recently spread to new regions, and is identified as a priority disease with potential for geographic emergence. we present a systematic literature review assessing the potential for rvfv introduction and establishment in the ... | 2013 | 26038446 |
| molecular identification of saint louis encephalitis virus genotype iv in colombia. | saint louis encephalitis virus (slev) is a member of the japanese-encephalitis virus serocomplex of the genus flavivirus. slev is broadly distributed in the americas and the caribbean islands, where it is usually transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus culex and primarily to birds and mammalian-hosts. humans are occasionally infected by the virus and are dead-end hosts. slev causes encephalitis in temperate regions, while in tropical regions of the americas, several human cases and a wide biologi ... | 2015 | 26313538 |
| temperature-sensitive mutations for live-attenuated rift valley fever vaccines: implications from other rna viruses. | rift valley fever (rvf) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease endemic to the african continent. rvf is characterized by high rate of abortions in ruminants and hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, or blindness in humans. rvf is caused by the rift valley fever virus (rvfv: genus phlebovirus, family bunyaviridae). vaccination is the only known effective strategy to prevent the disease, but there are no licensed rvf vaccines available for humans. a live-attenuated vaccine candidate derived from the wild ... | 2015 | 26322023 |
| vertical transmission of zika virus in aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | previous experimental studies have demonstrated that a number of mosquito-borne flavivirus pathogens are vertically transmitted in their insect vectors, providing a mechanism for these arboviruses to persist during adverse climatic conditions or in the absence of a susceptible vertebrate host. in this study, designed to test whether zika virus (zikv) could be vertically transmitted, female aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus were injected with zikv, and their f1 adult progeny were tested for zikv ... | 2016 | 27573623 |
| a mark-release-recapture experiment with anopheles sinensis in the northern part of gyeonggi-do, korea. | in order to study the range of flight and feeding activity of anopheles sinensis, the dispersal experiment was conducted in paju city, located in the northern part of gyeonggi-do, republic of korea, during the period of 7th to 28th september 1998. unfed females an. sinensis were collected in cowshed and released after being marked with fluorescent dye at 23:00 hours on the same day. released female mosquitoes were recaptured everyday during 21 days using light traps, which were set at 10 sites i ... | 0 | 12325443 |
| research contributing to improvements in controlling florida's mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases. | research on mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases has contributed to improvements in providing effective, efficient, and environmentally proper mosquito control. florida has benefitted from several research accomplishments that have increased the state's mosquito control capabilities. research with florida's mosquitoes has resulted in the development of ecologically sound management of mosquito impoundments on florida's east coast. this strategy, called rotational impoundment management (rim), ... | 2016 | 27690112 |
| analysis of post-blood meal flight distances in mosquitoes utilizing zoo animal blood meals. | we assessed the post-blood meal flight distance of four mosquito species in a unique environment using blood meal analysis. mosquitoes were trapped at the rio grande zoo in albuquerque, nm, and the blood source of blood-engorged mosquitoes was identified. the distance from the enclosure of the animal serving as a blood source to the trap site was then determined. we found that mosquitoes captured at the zoo flew no more than 170 m with an average distance of 106.7 m after taking a blood meal. th ... | 0 | 22548540 |
| north american wetlands and mosquito control. | wetlands are valuable habitats that provide important social, economic, and ecological services such as flood control, water quality improvement, carbon sequestration, pollutant removal, and primary/secondary production export to terrestrial and aquatic food chains. there is disagreement about the need for mosquito control in wetlands and about the techniques utilized for mosquito abatement and their impacts upon wetlands ecosystems. mosquito control in wetlands is a complex issue influenced by ... | 2012 | 23222252 |
| modeling dynamics of culex pipiens complex populations and assessing abatement strategies for west nile virus. | the primary mosquito species associated with underground stormwater systems in the united states are the culex pipiens complex species. this group represents important vectors of west nile virus (wnv) throughout regions of the continental u.s. in this study, we designed a mathematical model and compared it with surveillance data for the cx. pipiens complex collected in beaufort county, south carolina. based on the best fit of the model to the data, we estimated parameters associated with the eff ... | 2014 | 25268229 |
| passive prophylaxis with permethrin-treated tents reduces mosquito bites among north american summer campers. | over 2 million adolescents participate in summer-camp experiences, placing themselves at risk for mosquito-borne illness. insect repellent is recommended but often not used. it is unknown whether permethrin treatment of a location, such as a campsite, provides passive prophylaxis reducing mosquito bites among all persons in the immediate vicinity. | 0 | 15813141 |
| has rift valley fever virus evolved with increasing severity in human populations in east africa? | rift valley fever (rvf) outbreaks have occurred across eastern africa from 1912 to 2010 approximately every 4-15 years, most of which have not been accompanied by significant epidemics in human populations. however, human epidemics during rvf outbreaks in eastern africa have involved 478 deaths in 1998, 1107 reported cases with 350 deaths from 2006 to 2007 and 1174 cases with 241 deaths in 2008. we review the history of rvf outbreaks in eastern africa to identify the epidemiological factors that ... | 2016 | 27329846 |
| population genetic structure of aedes polynesiensis in the society islands of french polynesia: implications for control using a wolbachia-based autocidal strategy. | aedes polynesiensis is the primary vector of wuchereria bancrofti in the south pacific and an important vector of dengue virus. an improved understanding of the mosquito population genetics is needed for insight into the population dynamics and dispersal, which can aid in understanding the epidemiology of disease transmission and control of the vector. in light of the potential release of a wolbachia infected strain for vector control, our objectives were to investigate the microgeographical and ... | 2012 | 22531297 |
| diversity of mosquitoes and the aquatic insects associated with their oviposition sites along the pacific coast of mexico. | the abundance, richness and diversity of mosquitoes and aquatic insects associated with their oviposition sites were surveyed along eight states of the pacific coast of mexico. diversity was estimated using the shannon index (h'), similarity measures and cluster analysis. | 2014 | 24450800 |
| conditioning individual mosquitoes to an odor: sex, source, and time. | olfactory conditioning of mosquitoes may have important implications for vector-pathogen-host dynamics. if mosquitoes learn about specific host attributes associated with pathogen infection, it may help to explain the heterogeneity of biting and disease patterns observed in the field. sugar-feeding is a requirement for survival in both male and female mosquitoes. it provides a starting point for learning research in mosquitoes that avoids the confounding factors associated with the observer bein ... | 2011 | 21887384 |
| freshwater biodiversity and aquatic insect diversification. | inland waters cover less than 1% of earth's surface but harbor more than 6% of all insect species: nearly 100,000 species from 12 orders spend one or more life stages in freshwater. little is known about how this remarkable diversity arose, although allopatric speciation and ecological adaptation are thought to be primary mechanisms. freshwater habitats are highly susceptible to environmental change and exhibit marked ecological gradients. standing waters appear to harbor more dispersive species ... | 2013 | 24160433 |