| in vitro activity of terbinafine associated to amphotericin b, fluvastatin, rifampicin, metronidazole and ibuprofen against pythium insidiosum. | we evaluated the in vitro activities of terbinafine alone and in combination with amphotericin b, fluvastatin, rifampicin, metronidazole or ibuprofen against 17 clinical isolates of pythium insidiosum. the assays were based on technique m38-a2, as well as the checkerboard microdilution method. the main synergism observed was by combination of terbinafine plus amphotericin b (41.18%). antagonisms were observed in combinations of terbinafine with fluvastatin (35.30%) or rifampicin (5.88%). | 2009 | 19269752 |
| in vitro activity of terbinafine combined with caspofungin and azoles against pythium insidiosum. | in this text we evaluated the in vitro antifungal activities of terbinafine combined with caspofungin, miconazole, ketoconazole, and fluconazole against 17 pythium insidiosum strains by using the microdilution checkerboard method. synergistic interactions were observed with terbinafine combined with caspofungin (41.2% of the strains), fluconazole (41.2%), ketoconazole (29.4%), and miconazole (11.8%). no antagonistic effects were observed. the combination of terbinafine plus caspofungin or terbin ... | 2009 | 19289531 |
| hemagglutination test for rapid serodiagnosis of human pythiosis. | human pythiosis is an emerging, life-threatening infectious disease, caused by the oomycete pythium insidiosum. thailand is an area where human pythiosis is endemic and the genetic blood disorder thalassemia is a predisposing factor. patients with pythiosis present with arterial occlusions of the lower extremities, corneal ulcers, or chronic cutaneous infections. diagnosis relies on time-consuming, relatively insensitive tests such as culture identification and immunodiffusion assay. most patien ... | 2009 | 19494087 |
| vascular pythiosis in a thalassemic patient. | pythium insidiosum is a fungus that causes disease in both animals and humans. human pythiosis is an emerging disease in the tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of the world, occurring in localized and systemic or vascular forms. most patients with arterial pythiosis have an underlying hemoglobinopathy, such as thalassemia. a case is presented of a thalassemic horse stable worker who developed an ulcerative cutaneous lesion on the lower left leg followed by progressive ascending involve ... | 2009 | 19698307 |
| cutaneous pythiosis in a dog from brazil. | this report describes a case of cutaneous pythiosis in a 6-year-old female mixed breed dog, from the central west region of são paulo state, brazil. the cytological and histopathological analyses showed an intense inflammatory infiltrate with presence of numerous hyphal elements, suggesting infection due to pythium insidiosum. the diagnosis was confirmed by nested-pcr, which was carried out with specific primers derived from the ribosomal dna region. the pathogen occurs in brazil and veterinaria ... | 2010 | 19706006 |
| in vitro paradoxical growth of pythium insidiosum in the presence of caspofungin. | pythium insidiosum is a zoosporic organism which causes pythiosis in humans and animals. this study aimed to report the paradoxical growth of brazilian p. insidiosum strains when submitted to in vitro susceptibility tests with caspofungin. the growth at concentrations above the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) ranged from 16 to 128 μg/ml and it was observed in 50% of the isolates tested. this paradoxical growth in the presence of caspofungin has been observed with candida and aspergillus s ... | 2010 | 20447776 |
| pythium insidiosum keratitis in contact lens wear: a case report. | the purpose of this study was to report a case of contact lens-related pythium insidiosum corneal ulcer. | 2009 | 19730096 |
| what is your diagnosis? pythium insidiosum or lagenidium sp.? | | 2009 | 19737158 |
| systemic pythium insidiosum in a pediatric burn patient. | | 2010 | 19875237 |
| evaluation of an in-house immunoperoxidase staining assay for histodiagnosis of human pythiosis. | pythiosis, a life-threatening infectious disease of humans and animals in tropical and subtropical countries, is caused by the fungus-like organism pythium insidiosum. as diagnosis of pythiosis is difficult, delayed diagnosis of pythiosis leads to poor prognosis. we developed an immunoperoxidase staining assay using rabbit anti-p. insidiosum antibodies to detect p. insidiosum directly in infected tissues of 19 patients with vascular (n = 11), ocular (n = 7) or cutaneous (n = 1) pythiosis. tissue ... | 2009 | 20578465 |
| vulvar pythiosis in two captive camels (camelus dromedarius). | two camels (camelus dromedarius), 3- and 4-years-old, respectively, from an eastern tennessee wildlife farm presented with persistent weight loss and large vulvar masses. an initial biopsy of the vulvar mass of one of the camels performed by a local veterinarian showed eosinophilic dermatitis. an allergic or parasitic dermatitis was suspected. the two camels were treated with one dose of sodium iodide (66 mg/kg, in 1.0 l of normosolr, iv) and ivermectin 1% (200 ug/kg po). upon presentation at th ... | 2011 | 21696258 |
| expressed sequence tags reveal genetic diversity and putative virulence factors of the pathogenic oomycete pythium insidiosum. | oomycetes are unique eukaryotic microorganisms that share a mycelial morphology with fungi. many oomycetes are pathogenic to plants, and a more limited number are pathogenic to animals. pythium insidiosum is the only oomycete that is capable of infecting both humans and animals, and causes a life-threatening infectious disease, called "pythiosis". in the majority of pythiosis patients life-long handicaps result from the inevitable radical excision of infected organs, and many die from advanced i ... | 2011 | 21724174 |
| does immunotherapy protect equines from reinfection by the oomycete pythium insidiosum? | a cutaneous pythium insidiosum reinfection was diagnosed in an equine in brazil. lesions with focal presentation appeared 2 years apart. the first infection and even immunotherapy were not likely to develop enough immune response to prevent reinfection. the use of adjuvants should be considered in the immunotherapy of pythiosis. | 2011 | 21715582 |
| diphenyl diselenide in vitro and in vivo activity against the oomycete pythium insidiosum. | this study evaluated the in vitro activity of diphenyl diselenide against 19 pythium insidiosum isolates and the in vivo therapeutic response of rabbits with experimentally induced pythiosis. in vitro: susceptibility tests were performed using the broth macrodilution method in accordance with the clsi document m38-a2. the criteria for interpretation were as follows: mic-1 and mic-2 (inhibition of 90% and 100% of mycelium growth, respectively) and the minimum fungicide concentration (mic-3). in v ... | 2011 | 22055205 |
| In vitro and in vivo susceptibility of two-drug and three-drug combinations of terbinafine, itraconazole, caspofungin, ibuprofen and fluvastatin against Pythium insidiosum. | The present study investigated the in vitro inhibitory activity of terbinafine, itraconazole, caspofungin, fluvastatin and ibuprofen against 15 isolates of Pythium insidiosum in double and triple combinations and determined in vivo correlations using rabbits with experimental pythiosis. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M 38-A2 protocol (2008), and the in vitro interactions were evaluated using a checkerbo ... | 2011 | 22209120 |
| molecular diagnosis of subcutaneous pythium insidiosum infection using pcr screening and dna sequencing. | pythium insidiosum is an emerging human pathogen classified among brown algae and diatoms that can cause significant morbidity and mortality in otherwise healthy individuals. here we describe a pediatric patient with pythiosis acquired in the southern united states, diagnosed by molecular screening and dna sequencing of internal transcribed spacer region 1. | 2011 | 22205808 |
| in vitro antimicrobial activity of volatile organic compounds from muscodor crispans against the pathogenic oomycete pythium insidiosum. | pythium insidiosum is an oomycete capable of causing a life-threatening disease in humans, called pythiosis. conventional antifungal drugs are ineffective against p. insidiosum infection. a synthetic mixture of the volatile organic compounds (vocs) from the endophytic fungus muscodor crispans strain b23 demonstrates antimicrobial effects against a broad range of human and plant pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, and oomycetes. we studied the in vitro effects of b23 vocs against 25 human, 1 an ... | 2012 | 23413712 |
| the immunoreactive exo-1,3-β-glucanase from the pathogenic oomycete pythium insidiosum is temperature regulated and exhibits glycoside hydrolase activity. | the oomycete organism, pythium insidiosum, is the etiologic agent of the life-threatening infectious disease called "pythiosis". diagnosis and treatment of pythiosis is difficult and challenging. novel methods for early diagnosis and effective treatment are urgently needed. recently, we reported a 74-kda immunodominant protein of p. insidiosum, which could be a diagnostic target, vaccine candidate, and virulence factor. the protein was identified as a putative exo-1,3-ß-glucanase (exo1). this st ... | 2015 | 26263509 |
| the elicitin-like glycoprotein, eli025, is secreted by the pathogenic oomycete pythium insidiosum and evades host antibody responses. | pythium insidiosum is a unique oomycete that can infect humans and animals. patients with a p. insidiosum infection (pythiosis) have high rates of morbidity and mortality. the pathogen resists conventional antifungal drugs. information on the biology and pathogenesis of p. insidiosum is limited. many pathogens secrete proteins, known as effectors, which can affect the host response and promote the infection process. elicitins are secretory proteins and are found only in the oomycetes, primarily ... | 2015 | 25793767 |
| development of an anti-elicitin antibody-based immunohistochemical assay for diagnosis of pythiosis. | pythiosis is an emerging and life-threatening infectious disease of humans and animals living in tropical and subtropical countries and is caused by the fungus-like organism pythium insidiosum. antifungals are ineffective against this pathogen. most patients undergo surgical removal of the infected organ, and many die from advanced infections. early and accurate diagnosis leads to prompt management and promotes better prognosis for affected patients. immunohistochemical assays (ihcs) have been d ... | 0 | 26719582 |
| dual infection with pythium insidiosum and blastomyces dermatitidis in a dog. | a 4-year-old male neutered labrador retriever with severe gastrointestinal signs, but no respiratory signs, was diagnosed with multifocal pyogranulomatous gastritis, enteritis, and lymphadenitis with intralesional hyphae and multifocal pyogranulomatous pneumonia with intralesional yeast. based on cytologic evaluation, histologic examination with special stains, and immunohistochemical analysis of tissues collected antemortem or at necropsy, dual infections with pythium insidiosum and blastomyces ... | 2012 | 22747656 |
| detection of diketopiperazine and pyrrolnitrin, compounds with anti-pythium insidiosum activity, in a pseudomonas stutzeri environmental strain. | screening of bacterial flora for strains producing metabolites with inhibitory effects on the human pathogenic oomycete pythium insidiosum. separation and characterization of extracts from pseudomonas stutzeri with anti-pythium inhibitory activity. search for genes with anti-pythium effect within the genome of p. stutzeri. | 2014 | 23149469 |
| stryphnodendron adstringens and purified tannin on pythium insidiosum: in vitro and in vivo studies. | pythium insidiosum is the etiological agent of pythiosis, an emerging life-threatening infectious disease in tropical and subtropical regions. the pathogen is a fungus-like organism resistant to antifungal therapy, for this reason, most cases need extensive surgical debridments as treatment, but depending on the size and anatomical region of the lesion, such approach is unfeasible. we investigate the fungicidal effect and toxicity of crude bark extract of stryphnodendron adstringens and commerci ... | 2017 | 28231795 |
| pythium insidiosum keratitis in israel. | to report with morphologic and phylogenetic speciation the first case from israel of pythium insidiosum keratitis associated with contact-lens wear. | 2011 | 21252687 |
| successful medical management of presumptive pythium insidiosum keratitis. | to describe the previously unreported successful treatment of presumptive pythium keratitis (pk) with medical therapy alone. | 2017 | 28207431 |
| evolution of the sterol biosynthetic pathway of pythium insidiosum and related oomycetes contributes to antifungal drug resistance. | pythiosis is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by the oomycete pythium insidiosum direct exposure to py. insidiosum zoospores can initiate infections of the eye, limb, gastrointestinal tract, or skin/subcutaneous tissue. treatments for pythiosis have mostly relied on surgery. antifungal drugs are generally ineffective against py. insidiosum however, one patient with an invasive py. insidiosum infection recovered completely following treatment with terbinafine and itraconazole. additio ... | 2017 | 28115356 |
| cutaneous pythiosis in calves: an epidemiologic, pathologic, serologic and molecular characterization. | this study reports the epidemiological, pathological and mycological findings of cutaneous pythiosis in cattle in southern brazil. 23 calves, that were kept next to a river with extensive marshy regions, presented ulcerated cutaneous lesions in thoracic and pelvic limbs, sometimes extending to the ventral thoracic region. histopathological examination revealed multifocal pyogranulomas in the superficial and deep dermis. the grocott-methenamine silver, immunohistochemistry anti-pythium insidiosum ... | 2016 | 28050341 |
| in vitro activity of antifungals in combination with essential oils against the oomycete pythium insidiosum. | the aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro susceptibility of pythium insidiosum to combinations of the antifungal drugs terbinafine or itraconazole with melaleuca alternifolia, mentha piperita and origanum vulgare essential oils (eos). | 2016 | 27417677 |
| pythiosis in the nasal cavity of horses. | two cases of nasal pythiosis are reported in horses from the semi-arid region of northeastern brazil. from january 1986 to december 2015, the laboratory of animal pathology, federal university of campina grande received 830 equine samples, 156 (18.79%) of which were diagnosed with pythiosis. of these, two horses (1.28%), a male and a female adult cross-breed, had lesions in the nasal cavity. both horses had access to water reservoirs. clinically, they had swelling in the rhinofacial region and a ... | 2016 | 27406311 |
| cutaneous pythiosis in a donkey (equus asinus) in brazil. | our study describes the clinical, epidemiologic, pathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular aspects pcr of a case of cutaneous pythiosis in a donkey (equus asinus) from brazil. during a dry period, the animal grazed for 4 months around a pond where the vegetation remained green. skin lesions were nodular, multifocal, and disseminated, mainly involving the legs, ventral chest, and mammary gland. on cut surface, there were multifocal to coalescent discrete yellow foci, and occasional small cav ... | 2016 | 27271986 |
| a new furanocoumarin from the fruits of scaevola taccada and antifungal activity against pythium insidiosum. | a new coumarin, scataccanol (1) and 10 known compounds were isolated from the fruits of scaevola taccada (gaertn.) roxb. all compounds were evaluated for antifungal activity against pythium insidiosum. compounds 5 and 7 showed strong antifungal activity with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 5 and 10 μg/ml, respectively. structural determination of all compounds was accomplished by 1d and 2d-nmr, ir and ms. | 2017 | 27223164 |
| in vitro synergism between azithromycin or terbinafine and topical antimicrobial agents against pythium insidiosum. | we describe here in vitro activity for the combination of azithromycin or terbinafine and benzalkonium, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium, mupirocin, triclosan, or potassium permanganate. with the exception of potassium permanganate, the remaining antimicrobial drugs were active and had an mic90 between 2 and 32 μg∕ml. the greatest synergism was observed for the combination of terbinafine and cetrimide (71.4%). in vivo experimental evaluations will clarify the potential of these drugs for the topical t ... | 2016 | 27216049 |
| in vitro susceptibility of pythium insidiosum to melaleuca alternifolia, mentha piperita and origanum vulgare essential oils combinations. | pythium insidiosum is the etiologic agent of pythiosis, a severe and emerging disease that affects mammals. failure of conventional antifungal therapies is partially justified by the absence of ergosterol in the plasma membrane of this oomycete. despite research advancement, the treatment of pythiosis has not been not fully established. the present study investigated the in vitro susceptibility profile of brazilian isolates of p. insidiosum (n = 20) against melaleuca alternifolia, mentha piperit ... | 2016 | 27209011 |
| protein a/g-based immunochromatographic test for serodiagnosis of pythiosis in human and animal subjects from asia and americas. | pythiosis is a life-threatening infectious disease of both humans and animals living in asia, americas, africa, and parts of australia and new zealand. the etiologic pathogen is the fungus-like organism pythium insidiosum the disease has high mortality and morbidity rates. use of antifungal drugs are ineffective against p. insidiosum, leaving radical surgery the main treatment option. prompt treatment leads to better prognosis of affected individuals, and could be achieved by early and accurate ... | 2016 | 27118800 |
| whole genome sequence of the emerging oomycete pathogen pythium insidiosum strain cdc-b5653 isolated from an infected human in the usa. | pythium insidiosum atcc 200269 strain cdc-b5653, an isolate from necrotizing lesions on the mouth and eye of a 2-year-old boy in memphis, tennessee, usa, was sequenced using a combination of illumina miseq (300 bp paired-end, 14 millions reads) and pacbio (10 kb fragment library, 356,001 reads). the sequencing data were assembled using spades version 3.1.0, yielding a total genome size of 45.6 mb contained in 8992 contigs, n50 of 13 kb, 57% g + c content, and 17,867 putative protein-coding gene ... | 2016 | 26981361 |
| swamp cancer: a case of human pythiosis and review of the literature. | pythiosis is an infection caused by the aquatic oomycete pythium insidiosum. commonly known as 'swamp cancer' in veterinary pathology, pythiosis is now considered an emerging human disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. however, because clinical information is limited, many healthcare providers, including dermatologists, are unfamiliar with this diagnosis. to increase awareness of this life-threatening infection, a case of cutaneous pythiosis is presented. we describe a mid ... | 2016 | 26946963 |
| description of three novel lagenidium (oomycota) species causing infection in mammals. | recent molecular phylogenetic analysis of lagenidium strains recovered from subcutaneous lesions in cats, dogs, and a human with lagenidiosis resolved into four clades; one of them was lagenidium giganteum, but three others were novel. | 2017 | 26924580 |
| in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities of minocycline in combination with azithromycin, clarithromycin, or tigecycline against pythium insidiosum. | the present study investigated the in vitro and the in vivo interactions among azithromycin, clarithromycin, minocycline, and tigecycline against pythium insidiosum. in vitro antimicrobial activities were determined by the broth microdilution method in accordance with clsi document m38-a2, and the antibiotic interactions were assayed using the checkerboard mic format. in vivo efficacy was determined using a rabbit infection model. the geometric mean mics of azithromycin, clarithromycin, minocycl ... | 2015 | 26459895 |
| diagnosis and treatment of pythium insidiosum corneal ulcer in a chinese child: a case report and literature review. | background pythium insidiosum keratitis is a rare but sight-threatening disease with a high morbidity rate. it can be misdiagnosed as fungal keratitis in clinic settings. we report a case of severe pythium insidiosum keratitis in a chinese child, treated with combined approaches. case report a 7-year-old boy from hainan province in the south of china developed a suppurative corneal ulcer after being in a forest. a mass of hyphae was detected by confocal imaging in vivo, fungal smear test, and hi ... | 2016 | 28025573 |
| cutaneous pythiosis in a red brangus beef calf cured by immunotherapy. | pythiosis in southern usa have been increasingly reported in the past ten years. the infection occurs more frequently in dogs and horses inhabiting the endemic areas. cases of the disease are rarely diagnosed in other species including humans. herein, we describe the first case of bovine pythiosis in a breed other than brahman successfully treated by the used of immunotherapy. | 2016 | 27995050 |
| extraction, characterization and biological activity of a (1,3)(1,6)-β-d-glucan from the pathogenic oomycete pythium insidiosum. | pythiosis is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by the pathogenic oomycete pythium insidiosum. this study is the first to evaluate the p. insidiosum glucan content and its biological activities. the enzymatic quantification of the glucans in p. insidiosum mycelia showed that the β-glucan content was 18.99%±3.59. the cell wall polysaccharide extract consisted of ∼81.7% carbohydrates (exclusively glucose) and ∼18.3% residual amino acids and peptides. the results from monosaccharide compo ... | 2017 | 27987983 |
| microevolutionary analyses of pythium insidiosum isolates of brazil and thailand based on exo-1,3-β-glucanase gene. | pythium insidiosum is an important oomycete due to its ability to infect humans and animals. it causes pythiosis, a disease of difficult treatment that occurs more frequently in humans in thailand and in horses in brazil. since cell-wall components are frequently related to host shifts, we decided here to use sequences from the exo-1,3-β-glucanase gene (exo1), which encodes an immunodominant protein putatively involved in cell wall remodeling, to investigate the microevolutionary relationships o ... | 2017 | 27894990 |
| in vitro susceptibility of the oomycete pythium insidiosum to metallic compounds containing cadmium, lead, copper, manganese or zinc. | pythium insidiosum is an aquatic oomycete that causes pythiosis, an important and severe disease of difficult treatment that affects humans, domestic and wild animals. this infection is often described in horses in brazil and humans in thailand. in clinical practice, we have observed many cases that do not respond to available therapies, indicating the need to explore alternative therapeutic approaches. in this sense, studies using metal compounds in conjunction with available antimicrobial agen ... | 2016 | 27816906 |
| outcomes and factors influencing prognosis in patients with vascular pythiosis. | vascular pythiosis, caused by pythium insidiosum, is associated with a high mortality rate. we reviewed the outcomes and established the factors predicting prognosis of patients treated in our institution with surgery, antifungal therapy, or immunotherapy. | 2016 | 26951999 |
| in vitro activity of melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) in its free oil and nanoemulsion formulations against pythium insidiosum. | pythium insidiosum is an important aquatic oomycete which can cause pythiosis in both animals and humans. this microorganism shows low susceptibility to antifungal drugs available. this study analyzed the in vitro antimicrobial activity of melaleuca alternifolia in its free oil (fo) and nanoemulsion (ne) formulations against brazilian p. insidiosum isolates. the antimicrobial activity evaluation was performed by the broth microdilution method according to csli m38-a2 document adapted to phytopha ... | 2016 | 27544535 |
| pythium insidiosum: inhibitory effects of propolis and geopropolis on hyphal growth. | propolis and geopropolis are resinous products of bees showing antimicrobial effects. there is no data concerning their action against pythium insidiosum - the causative agent of pythiosis, a pyogranulomatous disease of the subcutaneous tissue that affects mostly horses, dogs and humans. fragments of 15 isolates of p. insidiodum were incubated with propolis and geopropolis extracts and evaluated for up to seven days to detect the minimal fungicidal concentration (mfc). propolis inhibited three i ... | 2017 | 27522931 |
| pythium insidiosum: a rare necrotizing orbital and facial infection. | pythium insidiosum, also known as "swamp cancer," has been long known for its destructive effects on plants and animals. infections with this fungus-like organism typically occur in temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions [ 1]. human infection with p insidiosum, although exceedingly rare, is characterized by invasion of the cornea, cutaneous, subcutaneous, and orbital tissues with eosinophilic, tumor-like masses demonstrating arterial tropism [ 1, 2]. in most cases, patients have a history ... | 2015 | 26407370 |
| comparative mitochondrial genome analysis of pythium insidiosum and related oomycete species provides new insights into genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships. | oomycetes are eukaryotic microorganisms, which are phylogenetically distinct from the true-fungi, which they resemble morphologically. while many oomycetes are pathogenic to plants, pythium insidiosum is capable of infecting humans and animals. mitochondrial (mt) genomes are valuable genetic resources for exploring the evolution of eukaryotes. during the course of 454-based nuclear genome sequencing, we identified a complete 54.9 kb mt genome sequence, containing 2 large inverted repeats, from p ... | 2016 | 26299654 |
| detection of the oomycete pythium insidiosum by real-time pcr targeting the gene coding for exo-1,3-β-glucanase. | pythiosis is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by pythium insidiosum. early and accurate diagnosis is the key to prompt treatment and an improved prognosis for patients with pythiosis. an alternative to microbiological and immunological approaches for facilitating diagnosis of pythiosis is the pcr-based assay. until recently, the ribosomal dna (rdna) region was the only target available for pcr-based detection of p. insidiosum. failure to detect p. insidiosum by pcr amplification usin ... | 2015 | 26296566 |
| a biochemical screening approach to putatively differentiate mammalian pathogenic oomycota species in the clinical laboratory. | the report of four novel mammalian pathogenic species of the genus lagenidium prompted us to study the use of biochemical assays to differentiate the oomycota mammalian pathogens pythium insidiosum and lagenidium spp. we investigated the reaction of 23 lagenidium and eight pythium species in various biochemical assays. because the morphological features of the oomycota species are similar to those of species in the entomophthoramycota and mucormycota, five fungal species with coenocytic hyphae w ... | 2015 | 26293112 |
| vascular pythiosis of the lower extremity in northern thailand: ten years' experience. | pythiosis is a disease caused by pythium insidiosum, a fungus-like organism. p. insidiosum is pathogenic in mammals, particularly in horses, dogs, and humans. human pythiosis can be classified into 4 types: (1) cutaneous/subcutaneous, (2) ocular, (3) vascular, and (4) disseminated pythiosis. vascular pythiosis is a rare disease but a serious limb- and life-threatening infection. we reviewed 22 cases over a 10-year period in maharaj nakorn chiang mai/chiang mai university hospital. the survival r ... | 2015 | 26286930 |
| environmental sampling reveals that pythium insidiosum is ubiquitous and genetically diverse in north central florida. | pythiosis is a deadly disease of horses, dogs, and other mammals, including humans, in tropical and subtropical regions. in the united states, the disease has been reported in the southeast as well as in the temperate north and the dry southwest. the causal agent of pythiosis is pythium insidiosum, one of few mammalian pathogens in the fungus-like oomycetes. p. insidiosum has not been studied in the environment in the united states. given anecdotal reports of pythiosis in gainesville, florida do ... | 2015 | 26229152 |
| draft genome sequence of the pathogenic oomycete pythium insidiosum strain pi-s, isolated from a patient with pythiosis. | pythium insidiosum is an oomycete that causes a life-threatening infectious disease called pythiosis in humans and animals living in tropical and subtropical countries. here, we report the first draft genome sequence of p. insidiosum. the genome of p. insidiosum is 53.2 mb and contains 14,962 open reading frames. | 2015 | 26089407 |
| treatment of experimental pythiosis with essential oils of origanum vulgare and mentha piperita singly, in association and in combination with immunotherapy. | this study investigated the in vivo antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of origanum vulgare and mentha piperita both singly, associated and in combination with immunotherapy to treat experimental pythiosis. the disease was reproduced in 18 rabbits divided into six groups (n=3): group 1, control; group 2, treated with essential oil of mentha piperita; group 3, treated with essential oil of origanum vulgare; group 4, treated with commercial immunotherapic; group 5, treated with a associat ... | 2015 | 26036789 |
| complex interaction of deferasirox and pythium insidiosum: iron-dependent attenuation of growth in vitro and immunotherapy-like enhancement of immune responses in vivo. | pythium insidiosum iron acquisition mechanisms are unknown. we previously showed that the iron chelator deferasirox had weak activity in vitro and in rabbits with experimental pythiosis. here we show that deferasirox causes damage to p. insidiosum hyphae in vitro, but that activity is diminished in the presence of exogenous iron. the tissue activity of the proinflammatory enzyme adenosine deaminase and the histological pattern observed in pythiosis lesions of rabbits treated with deferasirox wer ... | 2015 | 25738758 |
| pythium insidiosum keratitis: clinical profile and role of dna sequencing and zoospore formation in diagnosis. | to report the molecular and microbiological diagnosis and clinical profile of 13 patients with pythium insidiosum keratitis. | 2015 | 25738236 |
| in vitro activity of carvacrol and thymol combined with antifungals or antibacterials against pythium insidiosum. | we describe the in vitro activities of the combinations of carvacrol and thymol with antibiotics (azithromycin, clarithromycin, minocycline and tigecycline) and antifungal agents (amphotericin b, caspofungin, itraconazole and terbinafine) against 23 isolates of the oomycete pythium insidiosum. the assays were based on the m38-a2 technique and checkerboard microdilution. based on the mean fici values, the main synergies observed were combinations of carvacrol+itraconazole and thymol+itraconazole ... | 2015 | 25639921 |
| treatment outcomes of surgery, antifungal therapy and immunotherapy in ocular and vascular human pythiosis: a retrospective study of 18 patients. | human pythiosis is a life-threatening disease for which no standard treatment protocols with proven efficacy exist. we present the results of our institutional pythiosis treatment protocol, composed of surgery, antifungal agents, iron chelator (only vascular cases) and immunotherapy. | 2015 | 25630647 |
| cutaneous pythiosis in a goat. | pythiosis is reported for the first time in a goat. the affected goat had daily access to an aquatic environment and had developed an ulcerative lesion on the skin of the left hindlimb. microscopically, there were dermal pyogranulomas with 'negatively stained' hyphae, which were identified immunohistochemically as pythium insidiosum. | 2015 | 25555632 |
| imported pythium insidiosum keratitis after a swim in thailand by a contact lens-wearing traveler. | a 30-year-old woman with a history of contact lens wear and exposure to swimming pool water in thailand presented with a non-responsive, progressive corneal ulcer of the right eye. confocal microscopy evidenced septate linear branching structures, raising suspicion of fungal keratitis. she was promptly treated with topical antibiotics and both topical and intravenous caspofungin plus voriconazole. worsening of the clinical picture after 1 month of intensive medical therapy led to a large therape ... | 2015 | 25535313 |
| micafungin alone and in combination therapy with deferasirox against pythium insidiosum. | this study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo activity of micafungin alone and in combination with the iron chelator deferasirox against pythium insidiosum. micafungin showed a poor in vitro activity when it was used alone, but synergistic interactions were observed for 88.2% of the strains when the drug was combined with deferasirox. smaller lesions were observed in infected rabbits receiving the combination therapy, although it favored disease dissemination to the lungs. the present results sh ... | 2015 | 25459680 |
| geographic variation in the elicitin-like glycoprotein, eli025, of pythium insidiosum isolated from human and animal subjects. | oomycetes are fungus-like in appearance, but form a distinct clade within the eukaryotes. while most pathogenic oomycetes infect plants, the understudied oomycete pythium insidiosum infects humans and animals, and causes a life-threatening infectious disease, called pythiosis. phylogenetic analyses divide p. insidiosum into 3 groups, according to geographic origins: clade-i (americas), clade-ii (asia and australia), and clade-iii (thailand). surgical removal of the infected organ is the inevitab ... | 2015 | 26254563 |
| vascular pythiosis in a thalassemic patient presenting as bilateral leg ulcers. | human pythiosis is an emerging disease caused by pythium insidiosum, a fungus-like aquatic organism. clinical presentations can be classified into four types: (i) cutaneous/subcutaneous, (ii) ocular, (iii) vascular, and (iv) disseminated pythiosis. serological tests such as immunodiffusion and immunochromotographic test are useful to make rapid diagnosis in cutaneous and vascular pythiosis. we report a case of 35 year-old male with vascular pythiosis of both legs, diagnosed by serology and molec ... | 2012 | 24432209 |
| cutaneous pythiosis in two dogs from wisconsin, usa. | pythium insidiosum is an oomycete that causes cutaneous lesions or infiltrative gastrointestinal disease in dogs, cats, humans, horses and other mammals, primarily in tropical and subtropical climates. | 2014 | 24372864 |
| in vitro reproduction of the life cycle of pythium insidiosum from kunkers' equine and their role in the epidemiology of pythiosis. | pythium insidiosum is an important pathogen of mammals' species, including humans. equine is the main species affected by this oomycete. p. insidiosum requires an aquatic environment to develop its life cycle, and the susceptible hosts are contaminated when they contact the microorganism in swampy areas. the equine pythiosis is characterized by the formation of irregular masses within the cutaneous lesions, called kunkers, which easily detach from the lesion. from these structures, it is possibl ... | 2014 | 24326464 |
| a peptide elisa to detect antibodies against pythium insidiosum based on predicted antigenic determinants of exo-1,3-beta-glucanase. | human pythiosis is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by the oomycete pythium insidiosum. diagnosis of pythiosis relies on culture identification, serodiagnosis, and molecular-based assay. preparation of a serodiagnostic test requires culture filtrate antigen (cfa) extracted from the live pathogen. a 74-kda immunoreactive protein of p. insidiosum, is encoded by the exo-1,3-beta-glucanase gene (pinsexo1). pinsexo1 protein is recognized by sera from pythiosis patients but not by sera fro ... | 2013 | 24050102 |
| new lignan esters from alyxia schlechteri and antifungal activity against pythium insidiosum. | three new lignan esters, alyterinates a-c (1-3), as well as 10 known compounds were isolated from the roots of alyxia schlechteri. antifungal activity against pythium insidiosum of all lignan derivatives was evaluated using disk diffusion assay. p. insidiosum is not a true fungus since its cell walls do not contain ergosterol as usual fungi, so the antifungals available now are not effective. from activity testing, it was found that compounds 3, 4 and 5 could inhibit the mycelia growth of p. ins ... | 2013 | 23994626 |
| evaluation for the clinical diagnosis of pythium insidiosum using a single-tube nested pcr. | pythiosis is a rare infectious disease caused by pythium insidiosum, which typically occurs in tropical and subtropical regions. the high mortality rate may be in consequence of the lack of diagnosis. the objective of this study was to evaluate reliability of a new single-tube nested pcr for detection of p. insidiosum dna. a total of 78 clinical isolates of various fungi and bacteria, 106 clinical specimens and 80 simulated positive blood samples were tested. the developed primer pairs cpl6-cpr8 ... | 2013 | 23948967 |
| in vitro susceptibility of brazilian pythium insidiosum isolates to essential oils of some lamiaceae family species. | the present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial action of origanum vulgare, origanum majorana, mentha piperita and rosmarinus officinalis on pythium insidiosum oomycete zoospores. the antimicrobial activity evaluation was performed by the broth microdilution method according to csli m38-a2 documentation adapted to phytopharmaceuticals. twenty-two p. insidiosum isolates were evaluated, and the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined at 100% growth inhibition. all p. insidio ... | 2015 | 25431090 |
| keratitis caused by pythium insidiosum in an immunosuppressed patient with crohn's disease. | | 2014 | 24793025 |
| coumarinoids from the fruits of micromelum falcatum. | four new compounds, microminutin b (1), microminutin c (2), micromarinate (3), and secomicromelin (4) as well as 17 known compounds were isolated from the fruits of micromelum falcatum. all compounds were evaluated for antifungal activity against pythium insidiosum using disc diffusion assay. p. insidiosum is a fungus-like microorganism for which antifungal agents now available are not effective. the results show that four compounds including secomicromelin (4), 7-methoxy-8-(4'-methyl-3'-furanyl ... | 2014 | 24561007 |
| in vitro susceptibility of zoospores and hyphae of pythium insidiosum to antifungals. | the purpose of this study was to compare the in vitro susceptibilities of 22 brazilian isolates of pythium insidiosum to antifungals using a standardized inoculum of zoospores and a proposed novel inoculum prepared from cultured mycelia (hyphae) of p. insidiosum. | 2014 | 24521855 |
| photodynamic therapy in pythium insidiosum - an in vitro study of the correlation of sensitizer localization and cell death. | pythiosis is an infectious disease caused by pythium insidiosum, a fungus-like organism. due to the lack of ergosterol on its cell membrane, antibiotic therapy is ineffective. the conventional treatment is surgery, but lesion recurrence is frequent, requiring several resections or limb amputation. photodynamic therapy uses photo-activation of drugs and has the potential to be an attractive alternative option. the in vitro pdt response on the growing of pythium insidiosum culture was investigated ... | 2014 | 24465559 |
| molecular detection of pythium insidiosum from soil in thai agricultural areas. | pythium insidiosum is an aquatic fungus-like organism in the kingdom stramenopila that causes pythiosis in both humans and animals. human pythiosis occurs in ocular, localized granulomatous subcutaneous and systemic or vascular forms. individuals whose occupations involve exposure to aquatic habitats have an elevated risk of contracting pythiosis. previously, we reported the first successful isolation of pythium insidiosum from aquatic environmental samples by culture including confirmation usin ... | 2014 | 24444720 |
| development and evaluation of an elisa for the quantitation of anti-lagenidium giganteum forma caninum antibodies in dogs. | lagenidium giganteum forma caninum infection causes severe cutaneous and disseminated disease in dogs. currently, diagnosis requires culture and rrna gene sequencing. | 2017 | 25274441 |
| new insights into the in vitro susceptibility of pythium insidiosum. | we have determined the in vitro activity of several antibacterial and antifungal drugs against pythium insidiosum using broth microdilution (bmd), disk diffusion, and etest methods. the largest zones of inhibition (disk diffusion) and the lowest bmd and etest mics were observed for azithromycin, clarithromycin, linezolid, mupirocin, doxycycline, minocycline, and tigecycline. the in vitro activities observed suggest that antibacterials, which act by inhibiting protein synthesis, are promising can ... | 2014 | 25223997 |
| a complicated case of vascular pythium insidiosum infection treated with limb-sparing surgery. | pythiosis is a serious life- and limb-threatening infection endemic to thailand, but rarely seen in the western hemisphere. here, we present a unique case of vascular pythiosis initially managed with limb-sparing vascular bypass grafts complicated by a pseudoaneurysm in our repair. | 2014 | 25194603 |
| efficiency comparison of three methods for extracting genomic dna of the pathogenic oomycete pythium insidiosum. | the fungus-like organism pythium insidiosum is the causative agent of a life-threatening tropical infectious disease, pythiosis, which has high rates of morbidity and mortality. a lack of reliable diagnostic tools and effective treatments for pythiosis presents a major challenge to healthcare professionals. unfortunately, surgical removal of infected organs remains the default treatment for pythiosis. p. insidiosum is an understudied organism. in-depth study of the pathogen at the molecular leve ... | 2014 | 25123015 |
| transcriptome analysis reveals pathogenicity and evolutionary history of the pathogenic oomycete pythium insidiosum. | oomycetes form a unique group of microorganisms that share hyphal morphology with fungi. most of pathogenic oomycetes infect plants, while some species are capable of infecting animals. pythium insidiosum is the only oomycete that can infect both humans and animals, and causes a life-threatening infectious disease, called 'pythiosis'. controlling an infection caused by p. insidiosum is problematic because effective antimicrobial drugs are not available. information on the biology and pathogenesi ... | 2014 | 25088078 |
| in vitro synergism observed with azithromycin, clarithromycin, minocycline, or tigecycline in association with antifungal agents against pythium insidiosum. | we describe here the in vitro activities of azithromycin, clarithromycin, minocycline, or tigecycline alone and in combination with amphotericin b, itraconazole, terbinafine, voriconazole, anidulafungin, caspofungin, or micafungin against 30 isolates of the oomycete pythium insidiosum. the assays were based on the clsi m38-a2 technique and the checkerboard microdilution method. the main synergisms observed were through the combination of minocycline with amphotericin b (73.33%), itraconazole (70 ... | 2014 | 25001300 |
| evaluation of nested pcr technique for detection of pythium insidiosum in pathological specimens from patients with suspected fungal keratitis. | diagnosis of pythium keratitis is problematic due to the difficulty in obtaining a culture report resulting in unnecessarily prolonged usage of antimicrobial medication due to misdiagnosis. this study evaluated and compared nested pcr technique with culture and immunoperoxidase staining assays of pythium insidiosum in paraffin-embedded corneal tissues from patients with suspected fungal keratitis. six of 51 pathological reports compatible with fungal infection and 6 of 48 culture-proven fungal k ... | 2014 | 24964666 |
| suprainguinal vascular pythiosis: effective long-term outcome of aggressive surgical eradication. | vascular pythiosis, a vascular infectious disease in hemoglobinopathy patients, caused by pythium insidiosum, has an endemic area in tropical and subtropical countries. according to literature review, suprainguinal vascular pythiosis leads to 100% of mortality. the authors report a 35-year-old thalassemic patient who presented with a right inflammatory pulsatile groin mass and right limb ischemia. the computerized tomography angiography indicated a false aneurysm at the right external iliac arte ... | 2014 | 24911809 |
| a simple, rapid and inexpensive screening method for the identification of pythium insidiosum. | growth of pythium insidiosum mycelia around minocycline disks (30μg) did not occur within 7days of incubation at 35°c when the isolates were grown on sabouraud, corn meal, muller-hinton or rpmi agar. this technique offers a simple and rapid method for the differentiation of p. insidiosum from true filamentous fungi. | 2013 | 23419825 |
| photodynamic therapy for pythiosis. | pythiosis is a life-threatening disease caused by pythium insidiosum. photodynamic therapy (pdt) is an alternative treatment to surgery that uses the interaction of a photosensitizer, light and molecular oxygen to cause cell death. | 2013 | 23331689 |
| iron chelation therapy as a treatment for pythium insidiosum in an animal model. | iron plays an important role in the pathogenesis of pythium insidiosum. human pythiosis frequently occurs in iron-overloaded thalassaemic patients and experimentally infected animals develop iron deficiency anaemia. therefore, we sought to determine the in vitro and in vivo activities of the iron chelator deferasirox against p. insidiosum. | 2013 | 23329785 |
| enzymatic variability among brazilian pythium insidiosum isolates. | pythium insidiosum is an oomycete classified in the kingdom stramenopila. p. insidiosum hyphae are not able to initiate infection without the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes, which are considered an important factor in microbial virulence. | 2016 | 23318164 |
| canine gastrointestinal pythiosis treatment by combined antifungal and immunotherapy and review of published studies. | pythium insidiosum is an oomycete, a fungal like microorganism, which infects mammals, causing pythiosis in animals and humans, especially in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. the treatment for this infection is very difficult, and therapeutic options commonly comprise surgery, immunotherapy and antimicrobial drugs. the present report describes the clinical healing of a dog with gastrointestinal pythiosis by treatment with a combination of antifungals and immunotherapy, as well ... | 2013 | 23918089 |
| toll-deficient drosophila is susceptible to pythium insidiosum infection. | there is a paucity of animal models of pythiosis, a life-threatening disease of humans and animals, the immunopathogenesis of which is poorly understood. a pythiosis model was developed by injecting toll (tl)-deficient drosophila melanogaster flies with pythium insidiosum zoospores. the infected tl mutant flies had significantly lower survival rates (73.7%) than did control flies. this study reveals the important role of tl pathway activation in fly immune response to pythiosis. | 2013 | 23865688 |
| long-term follow-up after successful treatment of pythium insidiosum keratitis in israel. | the purpose of this project is to report a case of severe pythium insidiosum keratitis confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and its long-term cure after therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty. a 24-year-old woman with a history of contact lens wear and exposure to swimming pool water presented with a severe corneal abscess. she was treated with intensive fortified topical antibiotics and natamycin with limited response. initial cultures suggested the presence of a septate mold, unclearly ... | 2013 | 23627654 |
| clauraila e from the roots of clausena harmandiana and antifungal activity against pythium insidiosum. | a new carbazole alkaloid named clauraila e (1) together with 8 known compounds were isolated from the methanol extract of the roots of clausena harmandiana. all compounds were evaluated for antifungal activity against pythium insidiosum using disc diffusion assay. pythium insidiosum is a fungus-like microorganism, for which antifungals available now are not effective. it was found that compounds 3, 6, 7 and 9 could inhibit the mycelia growth of p. insidiosum. the results show convincingly that t ... | 2013 | 23595552 |
| performance comparison of immunodiffusion, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunochromatography and hemagglutination for serodiagnosis of human pythiosis. | pythiosis is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by the fungus-like organism pythium insidiosum. morbidity and mortality rates of pythiosis are high. the treatment of choice for pythiosis is surgical debridement of infected tissue. early and accurate diagnosis is critical for effective treatment. in-house serodiagnostic tests, including immunodiffusion (id), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), immunochromatography (ict) and hemagglutination (ha) have been developed to detect anti ... | 2013 | 23537786 |
| insights into the pathophysiology of iron metabolism in pythium insidiosum infections. | pythium insidiosum causes life-threatening disease in mammals. animals with pythiosis usually develop anemia, and most human patients are reported to have thalassemia and the major consequence of thalassemia, iron overload. therefore, this study evaluated the iron metabolism in rabbits experimentally infected with p. insidiosum. ten infected rabbits were divided into two groups: one groups received a placebo, and the other was treated with immunotherapy. five rabbits were used as negative contro ... | 2013 | 23182911 |
| e-ada activity in lymphocytes of an experimental model of pythiosis treated with immunotherapy. | pythiosis is a life-threatening disease caused by the oomycete pythium insidiosum. some authors have suggested the involvement of a th2-like immune response in the infected host, which leads to extensive tissue damage. the switch from a th2 to a th1 response pattern is one hypothesis to explain the curative properties of immunotherapy. taking into account the importance of immunotherapy for pythiosis treatment and the contribution of adenine nucleotides in the immunoregulation of the host, we ev ... | 2013 | 23086808 |
| pythiosis of the digestive tract in sheep. | cutaneous and rhinofacial infections by pythium insidiosum have previously been reported in sheep in brazil. in the current study, a new form of pythiosis involving the alimentary tract of 2 nursing lambs from 2 different farms in the semiarid region of brazil is described. the first lamb showed food regurgitation, lethargy, and anorexia, and died 5 days after the presentation of clinical signs. the second lamb had no history of gastrointestinal disease before death. necropsy findings were simil ... | 2012 | 23051827 |
| [pythium insidiosum ocular infection]. | | 2013 | 22981326 |
| outbreak of pythium keratitis during rainy season: a case series. | to describe typical clinical and laboratory characteristics of severe fungal keratitis caused by pythium insidiosum during the rainy season in northeast thailand and to report the efficacy of p. insidiosum vaccine in the treatment of pythium keratitis. | 2013 | 22902492 |
| treatment of pythiosis in equine limbs using intravenous regional perfusion of amphotericin b. | to evaluate the effects of intravenous regional limb perfusion (irlp) administration of amphotericin b in horses to treat pythiosis after surgical excision and thermocautery. | 2012 | 22846053 |
| treatment of intestinal pythiosis in a dog with a combination of marginal excision, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. | a 1.5-year-old mixed-breed dog was examined because of a 1-month history of anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss. | 2012 | 22812473 |
| equine pythiosis: report in crossed bred (criole venezuelan) horses. | pythium insidiosum is a pathogenic oomycete known since 1890 that causes pythiosis in mammals. in this report, seven p. insidiosum isolates were recovered from venezuelan horses and were characterized. the strains were recovered from biopsied tissues and kunkers collected from granulomatous masses located on the hind limb and from a nodular lesion in the left upper eyelid, which decrease the ability of the horses to be used for working purposes. the methods used to identify p. insidiosum isolate ... | 2012 | 22772508 |
| in vitro susceptibility of pythium insidiosum isolates to aminoglycoside antibiotics and tigecycline. | this study evaluated the in vitro activity of aminoglycoside antibiotics and tigecycline against pythium insidiosum. the susceptibility tests were carried out using the broth microdilution method in accordance with the clsi document m38-a2. mic values for gentamicin, neomycin, paromomycin, and streptomycin ranged from 32 to 64 mg/liter, and the minimal fungicidal concentration (mfc) ranged from 32 to 128 mg/liter, which are incompatible with safe concentrations of these drugs in plasma in vivo. ... | 2012 | 22508303 |