| major histocompatibility complex differentiation in sacramento river chinook salmon. | the chinook salmon of the sacramento river, california, have been reduced to a fraction of their former abundance because of human impact and use of the river system. here we examine the genetic variation at a major histocompatibility complex class ii exon in the four sacramento chinook salmon runs. examination of the alleles found in these and other chinook salmon revealed nucleotide patterns consistent with selection for amino acid replacement at the putative antigen-binding sites. we found a ... | 1999 | 10049927 |
| pcb congener patterns in rats consuming diets containing great lakes salmon: analysis of fish, diets, and adipose tissue. | as part of a multidisciplinary toxicological investigation into great lakes contaminants, chinook salmon were collected from lake huron (lh) and lake ontario (lo) and incorporated (as lyophilized fillets) into standard rat diets as 20 or 100% of the protein complement (5 or 20%, w/w diet-lh5, lh20, lo5, and lo20 diets). final pcb concentrations in the experiment ranged from 3.15 ng/g in the control diet to 1080 ng/g in the high-dose (20%) lo diet, with maximal estimated daily consumption by the ... | 1999 | 10092435 |
| different prevalences of renibacterium salmoninarum detected by elisa in alaskan chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha spawned from freshwater and seawater. | soluble antigen of renibacterium salmoninarum (rs) was detected by a polyclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) at significantly higher prevalences in adult chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha that matured in freshwater than in the same cohort of fish spawned after maturation in seawater. the cumulative results were consistent during 4 yr of comparison at the little port walter hatchery on baranof island, alaska, usa. possible causes for this difference are discussed. maturation of ... | 1999 | 10092972 |
| isolation of infectious salmon anemia virus (isav) from atlantic salmon in new brunswick, canada. | infectious salmon anemia virus (isav) was isolated at a marine grow-out site in new brunswick, canada, from atlantic salmon salmo salar which experienced mortalities due to hemorrhagic kidney syndrome (hks). of 20 fish sampled in this study, 14 showed histologically various degrees of interstitial hemorrhaging, tubular epithelial degeneration and necrosis, and tubular casts in the posterior kidney, typical of hks. posterior kidney and spleen homogenates produced a cytopathic effect on chinook sa ... | 1999 | 10092976 |
| successful aquatic animal disease emergency programmes. | the authors provide examples of emergency programmes which have been successful in eradicating or controlling certain diseases of aquatic animals. the paper is divided into four parts. the first part describes the initial isolation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs) virus in north america in the autumn of 1988 from feral adult chinook (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon (o. kisutch) returning for spawning. the fish disease control policies at both state and federal levels in the unit ... | 1999 | 10190216 |
| locomotor mechanics during early life history: effects of size and ontogeny on fast-start performance of salmonid fishes | fast-start locomotor behavior is important for escaping from predators and for capturing prey. to examine the effects of size and other aspects of developmental morphology on fast-start performance, the kinematics of the fast-start escape behavior were studied through early post-hatching development in three salmonid species: chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho salmon (oncorhynchus kisutch) and brown trout (salmo trutta). these three species, while morphologically and developmentally ... | 1999 | 10229693 |
| antigenic and functional characterization of p57 produced by renibacterium salmoninarum. | renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, produces large quantities of a 57-58 kda protein (p57) during growth in broth culture and during infection of salmonid fish. biological activities of secreted p57 include agglutination of salmonid leucocytes and rabbit erythrocytes. we define the location of epitopes on p57 recognized by agglutination-blocking monoclonal antibodies (mabs) 4c11, 4h8 and 4d3, and demonstrate that the majority of secreted p57 is a monomer ... | 1999 | 10439902 |
| inter-laboratory comparison of cell lines for susceptibility to three viruses: vhsv, ihnv and ipnv. | eleven european national reference laboratories participated in an inter-laboratory comparison of the susceptibility of 5 selected cell lines to 3 fish pathogenic viruses. the test included viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv); infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv), and the cell lines derived from bluegill fry (bf-2), chinook salmon embryo (chse-214), epithelioma papulosum cyprini (epc), fathead minnow (fhm) and rainbow trout gonad ( ... | 1999 | 10494498 |
| infectious pancreatic necrosis virus induces apoptosis due to down-regulation of survival factor mcl-1 protein expression in a fish cell line. | infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv), a member of the virus family birnaviridae, causes an acute, contagious disease in a number of economically important fish species. chse-214, a chinook salmon embryonic cell line, when infected by ipnv showed morphological and biochemical features of apoptosis, including an intense dna laddering pattern and blebbing of the plasma membrane, followed by formation of apoptotic bodies. the mcl-1 gene product proved to be a member of the bcl-2 gene family, ... | 1999 | 10509718 |
| resistance to reinfection in chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha to loma salmonae (microsporidia). | chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha were experimentally infected per os with loma salmonae and held in flow-through seawater tanks at 12 to 14 degrees c. the fish exhibited 100% infection when first examined at 7 wk post initial exposure (p.e.), and by 20 wk p.e. they had completely recovered from gill infections. the recovered fish were then re-exposed the following week. all of these fish showed strong protection to new l. salmonae infections, while naïve fish exposed to the same inoculum ... | 1999 | 10546050 |
| nonisotopic detection of loma salmonae (microspora) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) gills by in situ hybridization. | loma salmonae, a microsporidian parasite of salmonids of the genus oncorhynchus, is a significant cause of economic loss in pen-reared chinook salmon (o. tschawytscha). final stages of l. salmonae infections are easily recognized by the xenomas that form in the gills during sporogony. however, early prexenoma stages of infection (3 weeks or less after infection) are difficult to detect on histologic slides. an l. salmonae-specific single-stranded dna probe labeled with digoxigenin was used to de ... | 1999 | 10568444 |
| denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge): a rapid and sensitive technique to screen nucleotide sequence variation in populations. | we describe a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of nucleotide sequence variation that can be used for large-scale screening of population markers. denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) detects sequence variants of amplified fragments by the differences in their melting behavior. dgge detects most single-base substitutions when carried out on products amplified with a primer to which a gc clamp has been added. although dgge has been primarily used for the detection of limited ... | 1999 | 10572650 |
| shedding of renibacterium salmoninarum by infected chinook salmon oncorhynchus tschawytscha. | laboratory studies of the transmission and pathogenesis of renibacterium salmoninarum may describe more accurately what is occurring in the natural environment if test fish are infected by waterborne r. salmoninarum shed from infected fish. to quantify bacterial shedding by chinook salmon oncorhynchus tschawytscha at 13 degrees c in freshwater, groups of fish were injected intraperitoneally with r. salmoninarum at either 1.3 x 10(6) colony forming units (cfu) fish (-1) (high-dose injection group ... | 1999 | 10590930 |
| position-independent expression of transgenes in zebrafish. | the variability in expression patterns of transgenes, caused by the influence of neighboring chromatin, is called 'position effect'. border elements are dna sequences, which have the ability to alleviate position effects. the abilities of two types of border elements, scs/scs' from the d. melanogaster 87a7 heat shock locus and the a-element from the chicken lysozyme gene, to protect transgenes from position effects were quantified in developing zebrafish embryos. the transgenic construct used wa ... | 1999 | 10669943 |
| biochemical characterization of salmon pancreas disease virus. | salmon pancreas disease virus (spdv) has been shown to cause severe economic losses in farmed atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and has been reported to occur in europe, scandinavia and the united states. this paper describes the biochemical characterization of spdv in terms of its rna and protein composition. spdv was purified by precipitation from infected chinook salmon embryo (chse-214) cell-culture supernatant and sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. fractions containing virus were identifi ... | 2000 | 10675419 |
| marine netpen farming leads to infections with some unusual parasites. | marine netpen farming of salmonid fishes is a rapidly growing industry in several countries. with this relatively recent industry, new or unusual infections by parasitic pathogens have been observed. this is due to different hosts being reared in new geographic areas, or by indigenous species being reared in a different environmental condition, i.e. the marine netpen. examples of the former include kudoa thyrsites (myxozoa) and hemobaphes disphaerocephalus (copepoda) infections in atlantic salmo ... | 2000 | 10719125 |
| role of motility in adherence to and invasion of a fish cell line by vibrio anguillarum. | to understand further the role of the flagellum of vibrio anguillarum in virulence, invasive and adhesive properties of isogenic motility mutants were analyzed by using a chinook salmon embryo cell line. adhesion was unaffected but invasion of the cell line was significantly decreased in nonmotile or partially motile mutants, and the chemotactic mutant was hyperinvasive. these results suggest that active motility aids invasion by v. anguillarum, both in vivo and in vitro. | 2000 | 10735880 |
| experimental and natural host specificity of loma salmonae (microsporidia). | the microsporidian loma salmonae (putz, hoffman & dunbar, 1965) morrison & sprague, 1981 has caused significant gill disease in pacific salmon oncorhynchus spp. host specificity of the parasite was examined experimentally by per os challenge of selected salmonids and non-salmonids with infective chinook salmon o. tshawytscha gill material. pink oncorhynchus gorbuscha and chum salmon o. keta, brown salmo trutta and brook trout salvelinus fontinalis, and chinook salmon (controls) were positive, wh ... | 2000 | 10782347 |
| rna turnover and protein synthesis in fish cells. | protein synthesis in fish has been previously correlated with rna content. the present study investigates whether protein and rna synthesis rates are similarly related. protein and rna synthesis rates were determined from 3h-phenylalanine and 3h-uridine incorporation, respectively, and expressed as % x day(-1) and half-lives, respectively. three fibroblast cell lines were used: bf-2, rtp, chse 214, which are derived from the bluegill, rainbow trout and chinook salmon, respectively. these cells c ... | 2000 | 10791573 |
| comparison of extraction methods and assay validation for salmon insulin-like growth factor-i using commercially available components. | insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (igfbps) may interfere with accurate measurement of plasma igfs in radioimmunoassay (ria). although several simplified extraction methods for igfs have been developed, these methods are not always validated for differing physiological states, developmental stages, and animal species. for teleost fish, neither the necessity of plasma extraction nor the validity of extraction methods for igf ria is widely established. we systematically examined the valid ... | 2000 | 10882546 |
| induction of mx protein by interferon and double-stranded rna in salmonid cells. | mx protein is one of several antiviral proteins that are induced by the type i interferons (ifn), ifnalpha and beta, in mammals. in this work induction of a 76 kda mx protein by double-stranded rna (dsrna) or type i ifn-like activity in atlantic salmon macrophages, atlantic salmon fibroblast cells (as cells) and in chinook salmon embryo cells (chse-214) is reported. type i ifn-like activity was produced by the stimulation of atlantic salmon macrophages with the synthetic dsrna polyinosinic polyc ... | 2000 | 10994588 |
| evolution of temporal isolation in the wild: genetic divergence in timing of migration and breeding by introduced chinook salmon populations. | the timing of migration and breeding are key life-history traits; they are not only adaptations of populations to their environments, but can serve to increase reproductive isolation, facilitating further divergence among populations. as part of a study of divergence of chinook salmon, oncorhynchus tshawytscha, populations, established in new zealand from a common source in the early 1900s, we tested the hypotheses that the timing of migration and breeding are under genetic control and that the ... | 2000 | 11005303 |
| innate susceptibility differences in chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha to loma salmonae (microsporidia). | loma salmonae (putz, hoffman and dunbar, 1965) morrison & sprague, 1981 (microsporidia) is an important gill pathogen of pacific salmon oncorhynchus spp. in the pacific northwest. three strains of chinook salmon o. tshawytscha were infected in 2 trials with l. salmonae by feeding of macerated infected gill tissue or per os as a gill tissue slurry. intensity of infection was significantly higher in the northern stream (ns) strain as compared to the southern coastal (sc) and a hybrid (h) strain de ... | 2000 | 11129380 |
| viability of loma salmonae (microsporidia) under laboratory conditions. | the viability of the fish-infecting microsporidian loma salmonae morrison and sprague, 1981 was determined under laboratory conditions by polar filament extrusion and infectivity to chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha). extrusion rates of isolated spores decreased from 51.0% to 0.0% by 100 days after storage in fresh or sea water at 4 degrees c. spores stored up to 95 days in either solution infected 80.0-100.0% of exposed chinook, although no spores infected fish at 100 days in one trial. ... | 2000 | 11133113 |
| characterization of a virus obtained from snakeheads ophicephalus striatus with epizootic ulcerative syndrome (eus) in the philippines. | this is the first report of the isolation and characterization of a fish virus from the philippines. the virus was isolated using snakehead spleen cells (shs) from severely lesioned epizootic ulcerative syndrome (eus)-affected snakehead ophicephalus striatus from laguna de bay, in january 1991. the virus induced cytopathic effects (cpe) in shs cells yielding a titer of 3.02 x 10(6) tcid50 ml(-1) at 25 degrees c within 2 to 3 d. other susceptible cell lines included bluegill fry (bf-2), catfish s ... | 2000 | 11206734 |
| mortality and kidney histopathology of chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha exposed to virulent and attenuated renibacterium salmoninarum strains. | an isolate of renibacterium salmoninarum (strain mt 239) exhibiting reduced virulence in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss was tested for its ability to cause bacterial kidney disease (bkd) in chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha, a salmonid species more susceptible to bkd. juvenile chinook salmon were exposed to either 33209, the american type culture collection type strain of r. salmoninarum, or to mt 239, by an intraperitoneal injection of 1 x 10(3) or 1 x 10(6) bacteria fish(-1), or by a ... | 2000 | 11206735 |
| phagocytosis of loma salmonae (microsporidia) spores in atlantic salmon (salmo salar), a resistant host, and chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha), a susceptible host. | the in vitro phagocytosis of loma salmonae spores by macrophages of atlantic salmon and two strains of chinook salmon were investigated. opsonisation of l. salmonae with plasma factors increased uptake by head kidney macrophages. macrophages of atlantic salmon, which are resistant to the parasite, had a significantly higher phagocytic index (pi) than those of chinook salmon, a susceptible species. this may indicate a possible mechanism contributing to resistance in atlantic salmon or that l. sal ... | 2001 | 11271605 |
| characterization of a hypoxia-inducible factor (hif-1alpha ) from rainbow trout. accumulation of protein occurs at normal venous oxygen tension. | the mammalian hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (hif-1) is a heterodimeric transcription factor that controls the induction of several genes involved in glycolysis, erythropoiesis, and angiogenesis when cells are exposed to hypoxic conditions. until now, the expression and function of hif-1alpha have not been studied in fish, which experience wide fluctuations of oxygen tensions in their natural environment. using electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we have ascertained that a hypoxia-inducible factor ... | 2001 | 11278461 |
| the road to extinction is paved with good intentions: negative association of fish hatcheries with threatened salmon. | hatchery programmes for supplementing depleted populations of fish are undergoing a worldwide expansion and have provoked concern about their ramifications for populations of wild fish. in particular, pacific salmon are artificially propagated in enormous numbers in order to compensate for numerous human insults to their populations, yet the ecological impacts of this massive hatchery effort are poorly understood. here we test the hypothesis that massive numbers of hatchery-raised chinook salmon ... | 2001 | 11375103 |
| cortisol modulates hsp90 mrna expression in primary cultures of trout hepatocytes. | the objective of the present study was to understand the role of cortisol in the cellular stress response process in fish. specifically, our studies addressed whether cortisol exposure modified heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) mrna expression in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes maintained in primary culture. we also subjected these hepatocytes to heat shock (hs) in order to examine the role of cortisol on hs-induced hsp90 mrna expression. a cdna fragment of 500 bp was cloned from tro ... | 2001 | 11399505 |
| characterisation of isav proteins from cell culture. | the characterisation of 2 infectious salmon anemia virus (isav) proteins is described. proteins were harvested from isav-infected chinook salmon embryo (chse)-214 cell culture by continuous elution denaturing gel electrophoresis, enabling the harvest of specific molecular weight fractions. through the use of a polyclonal antiserum to isav, it was possible to identify a potentially autolytic major antigen of 72 kda and a glycosylated protein of approximately 38 kda which varied in size depending ... | 2001 | 11411640 |
| localization of the initial developmental stages of loma salmonae in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | the intracellular microsporidian parasite loma salmonae affects salmonids of the genus oncorhynchus and is a significant cause of economic losses in pen-reared chinook salmon (o. tshawytscha) in british columbia. loma salmonae infection is easily recognized by the xenomas that form in the gills, but early stages of infection are difficult to detect in histologic sections. in situ hybridization (ish), using an l. salmonae-specific digoxigenin-labeled single-stranded dna probe, was used to detect ... | 2001 | 11572561 |
| production and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies to salmon pancreas disease virus. | six mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific to salmon pancreas disease virus (spdv) were produced following immunisation with purified virus preparations. these mabs and 2 mabs resulting from an earlier investigation were characterised. none of the mabs possessed virus neutralising activity but all reacted with 4 geographically different spdv isolates as determined by indirect immunofluorescence. three mabs produced positive immunostaining with western blots of spdv proteins. the 4h1 mab rea ... | 2001 | 11678224 |
| evidence for a carrier state of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha. | in british columbia, canada, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is prevalent in wild sockeye salmon oncorhynchus nerka and has caused disease in seawater net-pen reared atlantic salmon salmo salar. in this study, chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha experimentally exposed to an isolate of ihnv found in british columbia became carriers of the virus. when atlantic salmon were cohabited with these virus-exposed chinook salmon, ihnv was isolated from the atlantic salmon. identificatio ... | 2001 | 11710551 |
| evolution of chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations in new zealand: pattern, rate, and process. | chinook salmon, oncorhynchus tshawytscha, from the sacramento river, california, usa were introduced to new zealand between 1901 and 1907, and colonized most of their present-day range within about 10 years. the new zealand populations now vary in phenotypic traits typically used to differentiate salmon populations within their natural range: growth in freshwater and at sea, age at maturity, dates of return to fresh water and reproduction, morphology, and reproductive allocation. this paper revi ... | 2001 | 11838785 |
| chromosome painting supports lack of homology among sex chromosomes in oncorhynchus, salmo, and salvelinus (salmonidae). | the sex chromosome pair has been identified previously as the largest submetacentric pair in the genome in several species of the genus salvelinus (eastern trouts and chars) including s. namaycush (lake trout) and as a large subtelocentric/acrocentric pair in several species of the genus oncorhynchus (pacific trouts and salmon). sex chromosomes have not been identified in salmo (atlantic salmon and brown trout). two paint probes, one specific for the short arm (yp) and the other for the long arm ... | 2001 | 11841160 |
| preliminary examination of contaminant loadings in farmed salmon, wild salmon and commercial salmon feed. | this pilot study examined five commercial salmon feeds, four farmed salmon (one atlantic, three chinooks) and four wild salmon (one chinook, one chum, two sockeyes) from the pacific coast for pcbs (112 congeners), polybrominated diphenylethers (pbdes - 41 congeners), 25 organochlorine pesticides (ops), 20 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs), and methyl and inorganic mercury. the farmed salmon showed consistently higher levels of pcbs, pbdes, ops (except toxaphene) than the wild salmon. the m ... | 2002 | 11999769 |
| xenoma formation during microsporidial gill disease of salmonids caused by loma salmonae is affected by host species (oncorhynchus tshawytscha, o. kisutch, o. mykiss) but not by salinity. | host species and salinity often affect the development of disease in aquatic species. eighty chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha, 80 coho salmon o. kisutch and 80 rainbow trout o. mykiss were infected with loma salmonae. forty of each species were reared in seawater and 40 in freshwater. the mean number of xenomas per gill filament was 8 to 33 times greater in chinook salmon than in rainbow trout (rbt). coho salmon had a mean xenoma intensity intermediate to that of chinook salmon and rbt. i ... | 2002 | 12005234 |
| a new bacilliform fathead minnow rhabdovirus that produces syncytia in tissue culture. | a pathogenic bacilliform virus 130-180 nm in length and 31-47 nm in diameter was isolated from moribund fathead minnows (pimephales promelas) exhibiting hemorrhages in their eyes and skin. a cytopathic effect of multifocal syncytia was observed in the epithelioma papulosum cyprini cell line after a 48 h incubation at 20 degrees c. a similar cytopathic effect was also observed in other cell lines tested, but not in bluegill fry, koi fin, or chinook salmon embryo cells. the filterable agent was in ... | 2002 | 12021863 |
| a single ala139-to-glu substitution in the renibacterium salmoninarum virulence-associated protein p57 results in antigenic variation and is associated with enhanced p57 binding to chinook salmon leukocytes. | the gram-positive bacterium renibacterium salmoninarum produces relatively large amounts of a 57-kda protein (p57) implicated in the pathogenesis of salmonid bacterial kidney disease. antigenic variation in p57 was identified by using monoclonal antibody 4c11, which exhibited severely decreased binding to r. salmoninarum strain 684 p57 and bound robustly to the p57 proteins of seven other r. salmoninarum strains. this difference in binding was not due to alterations in p57 synthesis, secretion, ... | 2002 | 12147498 |
| evaluation of rainbow trout as a model for use in studies on pathogenesis of the branchial microsporidian loma salmonae. | loma salmonae is an economically important gill microsporidian pathogen of pen-reared chinook and coho salmon. chinook and coho salmon are generally poorly suited for use in laboratory studies because of their high mortality rates when infected with l. salmonae and their high-level of susceptibility to other infectious diseases. using gill tissue from chinook salmon that contained mature xenomas laden with l. salmonae spores, we successfully transmitted the infection to rainbow trout. the infect ... | 1998 | 12456170 |
| an antiviral state induced in chinook salmon embryo cells (chse-214) by transfection with the double-stranded rna poly i:c. | type i interferons (ifn alpha and beta) convert vertebrate cells into an antiviral state by inducing expression of proteins that inhibit virus replication. in humans and mice, mx proteins constitute one family of interferon-induced antiviral proteins. mx genes have recently been cloned from atlantic salmon and rainbow trout. moreover, double-stranded rna (dsrna) and type i ifn-like activity have been shown to induce mx protein in salmonid cells. chinook salmon embryo cells (chse-214 cells) have ... | 2002 | 12458743 |
| the metabolic barrier of the lower intestinal tract of salmon to the oral delivery of protein and peptide drugs. | oral delivery of peptide and protein drugs has potential advantages for the aquaculture industry. the bioavailability of proteins and peptides from the intestinal tract is very low. this can be attributed in part to the proteolytic activities of the intestine. bovine serum albumin (bsa), human (hlhrh) and salmon (slhrh) luteinizing-hormone releasing hormones were used to evaluate the proteolytic activity of anterior, middle and posterior sections of the quinnat salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) ... | 2002 | 12480315 |
| immunocompetence of juvenile chinook salmon against listonella anguillarum following dietary exposure to aroclor 1254. | controlled laboratory challenges with pathogenic listonella (formerly vibrio) anguillarum bacteria were used to examine potential effects of dietary exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) on the growth and immunocompetence of juvenile puget sound (wa, usa) chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tschawytscha). salmon were fed four levels of the pcb congener mixture aroclor 1254 for 28 d to bracket likely exposure to pcbs in the lower duwamish waterway near seattle, washington, usa. fish were transfer ... | 2003 | 12558159 |
| transduction of cultured fish cells with recombinant baculoviruses. | five fish cell lines were tested for their ability to be transduced by ac-calacz, a recombinant baculovirus that is capable of expressing a beta-galactosidase reporter gene from the cag promoter (consisting of a cytomegalovirus enhancer element, a chicken actin promoter and rabbit beta-globin termination sequences). to (tilapia ovary), epc (carp), chh-1 (chum salmon heart fibroblast) and chse-214 (chinook salmon embryo) cells were transducible, as demonstrated by an in situ beta-galactosidase as ... | 2003 | 12692282 |
| distribution, prevalence and severity of parvicapsula minibicornis infections among anadromous salmonids in the fraser river, british columbia, canada. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and microscopic examination of stained kidney sections were used to diagnose infections with the myxozoan parasite parvicapsula minibicornis in maturing fraser river salmon. in 2 series of collections, the parasite was detected in 109 of 406 migrating sockeye salmon oncorhynchus nerka belonging to early stuart, early summer and summer run-timing groups, mainly upper fraser river stocks. however, the parasite was detected neither in fish at sea nor once they had mi ... | 2003 | 12718470 |
| trend analysis reveals a recent reduction in mirex concentrations in coho (oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook (o. tshawytscha) salmon from lake ontario. | lake ontario, bordering both canada and the united states, is the only great lake with persistent, significant levels of mirex in its biota. some models suggested that it would take hundreds of years before mirex disappeared from the ecosystem. from 1977 to 1996 the mirex concentrations in coho and chinook salmon greater than 2 kg in weight exceeded the 0.1 mg/kg food and drug administration (fda) action level for mirex. to determine temporal trends in salmonine mirex levels, slopes and elevatio ... | 2003 | 12731833 |
| purification of a 41-kda insulin-like growth factor binding protein from serum of chinook salmon, oncorhynchus tshawytscha. | in salmon, at least three insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (igfbps) with molecular masses of 41, 28, and 22kda exist in serum. the 41-kda igfbp is up-regulated by growth hormone treatment and down-regulated by fasting, suggesting that it is a homolog of igfbp-3. we purified the 41-kda igfbp from chinook salmon serum by igf-i affinity chromatography followed by reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography. purified igfbp appeared as doublet bands on electrophoresis and was n-glyc ... | 2003 | 12765649 |
| effects of sex steroids, sex, and sexual maturity on cortisol production: an in vitro comparison of chinook salmon and rainbow trout interrenals. | sex steroids appear to be responsible for hyperactivation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (hpi) axis that occurs in mature semelparous pacific salmon as a prelude to post-spawning (programmed) death. this study was undertaken to examine the direct effects of sex steroids on interrenal activity of semelparous (chinook salmon) and iteroparous (rainbow trout) salmonids using an in vitro incubation system. in addition, phenotypic sex differences in cortisol production by interrenals of sexu ... | 2003 | 12899856 |
| sporadic neoplasms of farmed chinook salmon, oncorhynchus tshawytscha (walbaum), from new zealand. | eight separate neoplasms with five distinct morphologies are described in the present report. the spontaneous neoplasms were identified in farmed chinook salmon, oncorhynchus tshawytscha (walbaum), during processing. the masses were examined histologically and were classified as teratoma, rhabdosarcoma, biliary and renal cystadenomas, renal carcinoma and three leiomyomas. this represents one neoplasm detected for every 125000 fish processed during the sampling period. | 2003 | 12946008 |
| a comparative study of the causative agent of a mycobacterial disease of salmonoid fishes. 2. a description of the histopathology of the disease in chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and a comparison of the staining characteristics of the fish disease with leprosy and human tuberculosis. | | 1960 | 14430463 |
| an alternative efficient procedure for purification of the obligate intracellular fish bacterial pathogen piscirickettsia salmonis. | piscirickettsia salmonis is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen of salmonid fish and the etiological agent of the aggressive disease salmonid rickettsial syndrome. today, this disease, also known as piscirickettsiosis, is the cause of high mortality in net pen-reared salmonids in southern chile. although the bacteria can be grown in tissue culture cells, genetic analysis of the organism has been hindered because of the difficulty in obtaining p. salmonis dna free from contaminating host ... | 2003 | 14532090 |
| immunocompetence of juvenile chinook salmon against listonella anguillarum following dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. | juvenile chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tschawytscha) were fed a mixture of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pah) compounds that reflected the pah composition of salmon stomach contents in an urban estuary of puget sound, washington (usa). following a 28-d dietary exposure, a standardized listonella anguillarum challenge model was used to determine whether pah exposure (16, 64, and 252 mg/kg wet wt feed) causes reduced disease resistance under the conditions examined in this study. to assess in ... | 2003 | 14713040 |
| development of an in situ hybridisation procedure for the detection of sole aquabirnavirus in infected fish cell cultures. | an in situ hybridisation (ish) technique has been developed to detect sole aquabirnavirus in infected fish cell lines bluegill fibroblast (bf-2), epc, and chinook salmon embryo cells (chse-214). a 613 bp cdna probe for viral rna coding for a fragment of vp2 protein was generated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) using infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) specific dna primers. infected cells were strongly labelled, and no non-specific reaction was observed in non- ... | 2004 | 14738979 |
| production of transgenic medaka with increased resistance to bacterial pathogens. | cecropins, first identified in silk moth (hyalophora cecropia), are a group of antimicrobial peptides with bactericidal activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria. in this study we investigated whether (1) this group of antimicrobial peptides could exhibit bactericidal activity toward known fish bacterial pathogens and (2) expression of cecropin transgenes in transgenic medaka (oryzias latipas) could result in increasing resistance of the transgenic fish to infection by fish bacterial pathoge ... | 2002 | 14961264 |
| development and application of a salmonid est database and cdna microarray: data mining and interspecific hybridization characteristics. | we report 80,388 ests from 23 atlantic salmon (salmo salar) cdna libraries (61,819 ests), 6 rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) cdna libraries (14,544 ests), 2 chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) cdna libraries (1317 ests), 2 sockeye salmon (oncorhynchus nerka) cdna libraries (1243 ests), and 2 lake whitefish (coregonus clupeaformis) cdna libraries (1465 ests). the majority of these are 3' sequences, allowing discrimination between paralogs arising from a recent genome duplication in the s ... | 2004 | 14962987 |
| detection and antigenic characterization of salmonid alphavirus isolates from sera obtained from farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., and farmed rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | a simple method of detecting the presence of the salmonid alphaviruses (savs), salmon pancreas disease virus (spdv) and sleeping disease virus (sdv), from serum samples is described. using a 96-well tissue-culture plate format, test sera are diluted in medium and added to chinook salmon embryo (chse-214) cells. after incubation for 3 days at 15 degrees c, plates are fixed and stained using a monoclonal antibody (mab)-based immunoperoxidase (ipx) detection system, and virus-infected cells are obs ... | 2004 | 15009240 |
| efficacy of cellular vaccines and genetic adjuvants against bacterial kidney disease in chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha). | dna adjuvants and whole bacterial cell vaccines against bacterial kidney disease (bkd) were tested in juvenile chinook salmon. whole cell vaccines of either a nonpathogenic arthrobacter spp. or an attenuated renibacterium salmoninarum strain provided limited prophylactic protection against acute intraperitoneal challenge with virulent r. salmoninarum, and the addition of either synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides or purified r. salmoninarum genomic dna as adjuvants did not increase protection. howev ... | 2004 | 15123289 |
| characterization of atlantic halibut (hippoglossus hippoglossus) mx protein expression. | mx proteins are antiviral gtpases that are induced by type i interferons in vertebrates. an atlantic halibut mx cdna (hhmx) was recently cloned. in this work, a polyclonal antiserum against hhmx protein was generated that detected a 71 kda protein in the nuclei of chinook salmon embryo cells transfected with the hhmx cdna. mx protein expression in organs of halibut was studied by immunoblot analysis after injection with the double-stranded rna poly i:c or infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. po ... | 2004 | 15236933 |
| susceptibility of captive adult winter-run chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha to waterborne exposures with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). | sexually mature female chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha with no prior history of exposure to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) were susceptible to experimental infection induced by additions of virus to the water. the resulting infections resembled those observed among naturally infected hatchery and wild populations of chinook salmon. virus was detected as early as 4 d post-exposure (p.e.) and subsequently in all virus-exposed fish that died or that were examined at 14 d p.e ... | 2004 | 15264717 |
| 18s ribosomal dna-based pcr identification of neoparamoeba pemaquidensis, the agent of amoebic gill disease in sea-farmed salmonids. | neoparamoeba pemaquidensis is a parasomal amoeboid protozoan identified as the agent of amoebic gill disease (agd) in atlantic salmon salmo salar reared in sea-pens in tasmania, australia, and coho salmon oncorhynchus kisutch farmed on the west coast of the usa. outbreaks of agd caused by immunologically cross-reactive paramoebae have also been reported in sea-farmed salmonids in several other countries. complete 18s rdna sequences were determined for respective paramoebae isolated from infected ... | 2004 | 15352525 |
| morphological characterization and notes on the life cycle of a newly discovered variant of loma salmonae (putz, hoffman & dunbar) from a natural infection of chinook salmon, oncorhynchus tshawytscha (walbaum). | two variants of loma salmonae occur in net-pen reared chinook salmon, oncorhynchus tshawytscha. the typical variant (oa) has a host specificity for salmonids of the genus oncorhynchus whereas the atypical variant (sv) has a host specificity for brook trout, salvelinus fontinalis, and in this study, the ultrastructure of the two are compared. in fish at 8 weeks post-exposure xenomas of the sv variant have a very high proportion of mature spores compared with other developmental stages, while in x ... | 2004 | 15482426 |
| predictive modelling of post-onset xenoma growth during microsporidial gill disease (loma salmonae) of salmonids. | loma salmonae, an obligate intracellular microsporidian parasite, is the causal agent of microsporidial gill disease of salmon (mgds), characterized by the production, growth and eventual rupture of spore-filled xenomas. mgds in farmed chinook salmon remains occult until xenoma rupture, at which time the infected fish respond with intense branchitis and high rates of mortality. the present study showed that in experimentally infected fish the rate of change of xenoma diameter could be modelled t ... | 2004 | 15511541 |
| identification of a third msa gene in renibacterium salmoninarum and the associated virulence phenotype. | renibacterium salmoninarum, a gram-positive diplococcobacillus, causes bacterial kidney disease, a condition that can result in extensive morbidity and mortality among stocks of fish. an immunodominant extracellular protein, called major soluble antigen (msa), is encoded by two identical genes, msa1 and msa2. we found evidence for a third msa gene, msa3, which appears to be a duplication of msa1. unlike msa1 and msa2, msa3 is not present in all isolates of r. salmoninarum. the presence of the ms ... | 2004 | 15528510 |
| preferential induction of apoptosis in the rainbow trout macrophage cell line, rts11, by actinomycin d, cycloheximide and double stranded rna. | the rainbow trout macrophage cell line rts11 was found to be considerably more sensitive than rainbow trout fibroblast (rtg-2) and chinook salmon epithelial (chse-214) cell lines to killing by macromolecular synthesis inhibitors, actinomycin d (amd) and cycloheximide (chx), a synthetic double stranded rna (dsrna), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly ic), and combinations of poly ic with amd or chx. exposures of 24-30 h to amd or chx alone killed rts11, but not chse-214 and rtg-2, in basal medi ... | 2005 | 15561559 |
| molecular characterization of birnaviruses isolated from wild marine fishes at the flemish cap (newfoundland). | several isolates of aquatic birnaviruses were recovered from different species of wild fish caught in the flemish cap, a newfoundland fishery close to the atlantic coast of canada. the nucleotide sequence of a region of the ns gene was identical among the isolates and was most similar to the dry mills and west buxton reference strains of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv). phylogenetic analysis of the sequence of a region of the vp2 gene demonstrated that the isolates were most closely ... | 2004 | 15584405 |
| odontoclasts in the chinook salmon differ from mammalian odontoclasts by exhibiting a great proportion of cells with high nuclei number. | odontoclasts resorbing teeth are multinucleated cells. previously, the authors have investigated the distribution of number of nuclei per human odontoclast and showed that the mean number of nuclei per cell is 5.3, the median is 4, and 93.8% of cells have 10 or fewer nuclei. teleost odontoclasts have features similar to those of mammals; however, the distribution of number of nuclei per cell remains unknown. the present study aimed to examine the distribution of number of nuclei per odontoclast ... | 2004 | 15597190 |
| development of pcr-based methods for detection of sphaerothecum destruens in fish tissues. | single-round and nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) tests were developed for amplification of a 434 bp fragment of the small subunit ribosomal rna (18s rrna) gene from sphaerothecum destruens, previously known as the rosette agent, an intracellular parasite of salmonid fishes. both tests have successfully amplified s. destruens-specific dna from different isolates of s. destruens but not from related organisms. the limits of detection using the nested pcr test were 1 pg for purified s. destr ... | 2004 | 15609874 |
| salmon serum 22 kda insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (igfbp) is igfbp-1. | western ligand blotting of salmon serum typically reveals three insulin-like growth factor (igf) binding proteins (igfbps) at 22, 28 and 41 kda. physiologic regulation of the 22 kda igfbp is similar to that of mammalian igfbp-1; it is increased in catabolic states such as fasting and stress. on the other hand, its molecular mass on western ligand blotting is closest to mammalian igfbp-4. the conflict between physiology and molecular mass makes it difficult to determine the identity of the 22 kda ... | 2005 | 15642803 |
| a deterministic model for the dynamics of furunculosis in chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha. | studies were undertaken to determine the parameters of transmission of aeromonas salmonicida in chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and to develop a deterministic model of the dynamics of experimental furunculosis. for determination of disease transmission coefficient (beta), disease-related mortality rate (alpha) and natural mortality rate (gamma), fish in 70 tanks (approximately 42 fish tank(-1)) were each exposed to a single infectious donor fish, 7 tanks were randomly selected daily and ... | 2004 | 15648831 |
| determination of carotenoids and all-trans-retinol in fish eggs by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. | a novel method was developed for the combined determination of carotenoids and retinoids in fish eggs, which incorporates prior analyte isolation using liquid-liquid partitioning to minimize analyte degradation, and fraction analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray (positive)-quadrupole mass spectrometry (lc-esi(+)-ms; sim or mrm modes). eggs from chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were used as the model fish egg matrix. the methodology was assessed and validated ... | 2005 | 15664333 |
| nitrate toxicity to aquatic animals: a review with new data for freshwater invertebrates. | published data on nitrate (no3-) toxicity to freshwater and marine animals are reviewed. new data on nitrate toxicity to the freshwater invertebrates eulimnogammarus toletanus, echinogammarus echinosetosus and hydropsyche exocellata are also presented. the main toxic action of nitrate is due to the conversion of oxygen-carrying pigments to forms that are incapable of carrying oxygen. nitrate toxicity to aquatic animals increases with increasing nitrate concentrations and exposure times. in contr ... | 2005 | 15667845 |
| molecular cloning and functional characterization of a high-affinity zinc importer (drzip1) from zebrafish (danio rerio). | zinc is a vital micronutrient to all organisms and a potential toxicant to aquatic animals. it is therefore of importance to understand the mechanism of zinc regulation. in the present study, we molecularly cloned and functionally characterized a zinc transporter of the slc39a family [commonly referred to as the zip (zrt- and irt-related protein) family] from the gill of zebrafish (danio rerio) (drzip1). drzip1 protein was found to localize at the plasma membrane and to function as a zinc uptake ... | 2005 | 15683366 |
| characteristics of inhibition of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) by normal rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss serum. | we studied the characteristics of rainbow trout serum (rts) inhibitory activity against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv). serum inhibition was related to the serum source and host cell in which the virus had been propagated. ipnv was more efficiently inhibited by rts in salmonid cell lines than in non-salmonid cell lines, with inhibition highest in rainbow trout gonad (rtg)-2 cells. the rts sensitivity of the virus was modified by the cell line through which the virus passed, with mul ... | 2005 | 15759799 |
| a cohabitation challenge to compare the efficacies of vaccines for bacterial kidney disease (bkd) in chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha. | the relative efficacies of 1 commercial and 5 experimental vaccines for bacterial kidney disease (bkd) were compared through a cohabitation waterborne challenge. groups of juvenile chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha were vaccinated with one of the following: (1) killed renibacterium salmoninarum atcc 33209 (rs 33209) cells; (2) killed rs 33209 cells which had been heated to 37 degrees c for 48 h, a process that destroys the p57 protein; (3) killed r. salmoninarum mt239 (rs mt239) cells; (4) ... | 2005 | 15819430 |
| [omega-3 fatty acids in mood disorders]. | the etiology and treatment of mood disorders has not yet been elucidated. omega (omega)-3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids, which cannot be synthesized in the human body. eicosapentanoic acid (epa) and docosahexaenoic acid (dha) are representative omega-3 fatty acids which are found in fish (eg., mackerel, herring, chinook salmon) and vegetables (eg., flax, walnut, canola). the peripheral level of epa and dha decrease in patients with major depression, and epa is useful for its treatment. f ... | 2005 | 15828266 |
| expression of endogenous and exogenous growth hormone (gh) messenger (m) rna in a gh-transgenic tilapia (oreochromis niloticus). | we have previously produced transgenic fish from crosses between a wild-type female tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) and a g transgenic male. this line of growth-enhanced tilapia carries a single copy of a chinook salmon (s) growth hormone (gh) gene spliced to an ocean pout antifreeze promoter (opa-fpcsgh) co-ligated to a carp beta-actin/lacz reporter gene construct, integrated into the tilapia genome. because little is known about the expression sites of transgenes, we have characterised the gen ... | 2005 | 15865052 |
| perfluorinated compounds in aquatic organisms at various trophic levels in a great lakes food chain. | trophic transfer of perfluorooctanesulfonate (pfos) and other related perfluorinated compounds was examined in a great lakes benthic foodweb including water-algae-zebra mussel-round goby-smallmouth bass. in addition, perfluorinated compounds were measured in livers and eggs of chinook salmon and lake whitefish, in muscle tissue of carp, and in eggs of brown trout collected from michigan. similarly, green frog livers, snapping turtle plasma, mink livers, and bald eagle tissues were analyzed to de ... | 2005 | 15883668 |
| evaluation of an experimental aeromonas salmonicida epidemic in chinook salmon, oncorhynchus tshawytscha (walbaum). | to determine the dynamics of the transmission of aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida infection, chinook salmon, oncorhynchus tshawytscha, were exposed to bacteria by cohabitation. the latent period (time between exposure and infectivity) was determined by exposing a group of chinook salmonid fingerlings to a. salmonicida by bath, then, at daily intervals, by holding five exposed (donor) fish with approximately 50 naive fish for 24 h. the latent period was 3 days post-infection and the time pe ... | 2005 | 15892751 |
| efficacy of an infectious hematopoietic necrosis (ihn) virus dna vaccine in chinook oncorhynchus tshawytscha and sockeye o. nerka salmon. | the level of protective immunity was determined for chinook oncorhynchus tshawytscha and sockeye/kokanee salmon (anadromous and landlocked) o. nerka following intramuscular vaccination with a dna vaccine against the aquatic rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). a dna vaccine containing the glycoprotein gene of ihnv protected chinook and sockeye/kokanee salmon against waterborne or injection challenge with ihnv, and relative percent survival (rps) values of 23 to 86% were o ... | 2005 | 15900683 |
| functional expression of a low-affinity zinc uptake transporter (frzip2) from pufferfish (takifugu rubripes) in mdck cells. | zinc is a vital micronutrient to all organisms and it is therefore very important to determine the mechanisms that regulate cellular zinc uptake. previously, we reported on zinc uptake transporters from zebrafish (danio rerio; drzip1) and fugu pufferfish (takifugu rubripes; frzip1) that facilitated cellular zinc uptake of high affinity (k(m)<0.5 microm) in both chse214 [chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) embryonic 214] cells and xenopus laevis oocytes. to investigate additional biochemica ... | 2005 | 15907194 |
| accumulation and clearance of orally administered erythromycin and its derivative, azithromycin, in juvenile fall chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha. | fall chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha were fed practical diets medicated with azithromycin (30 mg kg(-1) fish for 14 d) or erythromycin (100 mg kg(-1) fish for 28 d) either 1, 2, or 3 times beginning 14 d after initiation of exogenous feeding (february) and ending at smoltification (june). average tissue concentrations of azithromycin increased from 19.0 microg g(-1) in fry to 44.9 microg g(-1) in smolts, and persisted in the tissues > 76 d after treatment ceased. tissue concentrations of ... | 2005 | 15918472 |
| review of the sequential development of loma salmonae (microsporidia) based on experimental infections of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and chinook salmon (o. tshawytscha). | loma salmonae is a common gill parasite of salmonids, and essentially all species in the genus oncorhynchus are susceptible. infections occur in both fresh and salt water. loma salmonae is directly transmissible by ingestion of spores or infected tissue. the parasite infects the wall of blood vessels of various organs, but the gill is the primary site of infection. initial infection occurs in the intestine, and xenomas are easily detected in the gills by standard histology at 4-6 wk post-exposur ... | 2005 | 16004365 |
| circulating serotonin in vertebrates. | the role of circulating serotonin is unclear and whether or not serotonin is present in the blood of non-mammalian species is not known. this study provides the first evidence for the presence of serotonin in thrombocytes of birds and three reptilian species, the endothermic leatherback sea turtle, the green sea turtle and the partially endothermic american alligator. thrombocytes from a fresh water turtle, american bullfrog, yellowfin tuna, and chinook salmon did not contain serotonin. serotoni ... | 2005 | 16041566 |
| immunosuppression in progeny of chinook salmon infected with renibacterium salmoninarum: re-analysis of a brood stock segregation experiment. | female spawner infection level and temperature variation through rearing are sufficient to explain in-hatchery mortality rates and infection levels and smolt to adult return ratios (sars) of progeny of renibacterium salmoninarum infected spring chinook salmon. data from published reports and manuscripts regarding a 1988 brood stock segregation experiment that held progeny of highly infected female spring chinook salmon spawners separate from progeny of other spawners during 16 mo of hatchery rea ... | 2005 | 16042041 |
| synergistic effects of esfenvalerate and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus on juvenile chinook salmon mortality. | sublethal concentrations of pollutants may compromise fish, resulting in increased susceptibility to endemic pathogens. to test this hypothesis, juvenile chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were exposed to sublethal levels of esfenvalerate or chlorpyrifos either alone or concurrently with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). three trials were performed with fish exposed to concentrations of ihnv between 0.8 x 10(2) and 2.7 x 10(6) plaque-forming units/ml and to 5.0 microg/l of c ... | 2005 | 16050595 |
| constitutive expression of atlantic salmon mx1 protein in chse-214 cells confers resistance to infectious salmon anaemia virus. | infectious salmon anaemia (isa) is a highly fatal viral disease affecting marine-farmed atlantic salmon which is caused by isa virus (isav), a fish orthomyxovirus that has recently been assigned to the new genus isavirus within the family orthomyxoviridae. mx proteins are among the interferon (ifn)-induced proteins responsible for the development of an antiviral state in vertebrate cells. we used real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and chinook salmon embryo (chse-2 ... | 2005 | 16124877 |
| morphological presentation of a dendritic-like cell within the gills of chinook salmon infected with loma salmonae. | | 2006 | 16139356 |
| release of persistent organic contaminants from carcasses of lake ontario chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha). | about 20,000 chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from lake ontario enter the credit river, ontario, canada every fall to spawn and die. in this study, samples of muscle and eggs collected from female chinook salmon entering the credit river contained total pcbs, ddt compounds and other organochlorine (oc) compounds at mug/kg concentrations. semi-permeable membrane devices (spmds) were deployed at a reference site above the spawning grounds and at two downstream sites at intervals over a 14 ... | 2006 | 16169134 |
| polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in adult chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) returning to coastal and puget sound hatcheries of washington state. | identifying the source of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) is the first step to eliminating contamination within anadromous salmonids and other aquatic species. we evaluated pcb concentrations in the muscle tissue of 4-year old puget sound and coastal hatchery chinook salmon in an effortto identify potential locations where contamination occurs. ten muscle samples were taken from each of two puget sound hatcheries and two coastal hatcheries in washington state to determine pcb concentrations. tw ... | 2005 | 16201615 |
| impact of environmental stressors on the dynamics of disease transmission. | infectious disease within outmigrant juvenile salmon in the columbia river basin is modulated, in part, by abiotic stressors that influence host-susceptibility. through the application of a dose-structured population dynamic model, we show that chemical (both in the river and in the estuary) and in-river (e.g., dams and/or predation) stressors influence host-susceptibility, increasing the mean force of infection (defined as the per capita acquisition rate of infection) by a factor of 2.2 and 1.6 ... | 2005 | 16201666 |
| use of sequence data from rainbow trout and atlantic salmon for snp detection in pacific salmon. | single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) are a class of genetic markers that are well suited to a broad range of research and management applications. although advances in genotyping chemistries and analysis methods continue to increase the potential advantages of using snps to address molecular ecological questions, the scarcity of available dna sequence data for most species has limited marker development. as the number and diversity of species being targeted for large-scale sequencing has incre ... | 2005 | 16262869 |
| detection of renibacterium salmoninarum in chinook salmon, oncorhynchus tshawytscha (walbaum), using quantitative pcr. | a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assay has been developed to detect varying levels of renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease. this assay allows for the direct enumeration of bacterial dna or rna copy number within tissues and body fluids. the assay can be applied non-lethally and can be used to determine whether r. salmoninarum is transcriptionally active. the presence of r. salmoninarum in kidney tissues from 430 chinook salmon collected from ... | 2005 | 16302955 |
| features of the clear zone of odontoclasts in the chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha). | this study aims to clarify the features of the clear zone of odontoclasts on shedding teeth of a teleost fish, chinook salmon, oncorhynchus tshawytscha (walbaum), using a light microscope to determine the orientation between a cell body and a resorptive lacuna, followed by transmission electron microscopy. ultrathin sections of lr white embedded material were incubated in rabbit anti-actin polyclonal antibody and then were incubated with 15 nm gold-conjugated goat anti-rabbit igg. the clear zone ... | 2006 | 16328359 |
| growth of fish cell lines on microcarriers. | microcarrier beads were evaluated as substrates for the propagation of five anchorage-dependent fish cell lines. growth of rainbow trout gonad (rtg-2) and atlantic salmon cells was limited on microcarriers maintained in suspension. however, stationary microcarriers were suitable substrates for the growth of rtg-2, as, chinook salmon embryo (chse-214), and fathead minnow cells. cell yields ranged from 2 x 10 to 2.9 x 10 cells per ml, representing 7- to 10-fold increases over the initial cell conc ... | 1980 | 16345513 |
| comparison of representative strains of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus by serological neutralization and cross-protection assays. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is a pathogen of young salmon and trout. viral epizootics among these fish in private and public rearing facilities have been a problem in the northwestern united states from california to alaska, and an ihnv vaccine has been sought by the aquaculture experts. since an ihnv vaccine must be designed to immunize against all viral serotypes, an analysis of ihnv serotypes was made. a large number of viruses from widely separated geographic locations and ... | 1991 | 16348480 |
| infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., post-smolts in the shetland isles, scotland: virus identification, histopathology, immunohistochemistry and genetic comparison with scottish mainland isolates. | during mid-june 1999 peak mortalities of 11% of the total stock per week were seen at a sea cage site of atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., post-smolts in the shetland isles, scotland. virus was isolated on chinook salmon embryo (chse) cells in a standard diagnostic test and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ipnv was confirmed as serogroup a by a cell immunofluorescent antibody test using the cross-reactive monoclonal antibody as-1. four w ... | 2006 | 16351696 |
| in infectious pancreatic necrosis virus carrier atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., post-smolts, almost all kidney macrophages ex vivo contain a low level of non-replicating virus. | the level of infection by infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) of kidney macrophages from 12 asymptomatic carrier atlantic salmon post-smolts was studied. kidney leucocytes were fractionated on 34/51% percoll gradients, allowed to adhere to plastic wells overnight, washed to remove non-adherent cells and cultured for up to 7 days with or without renewal of medium on day 3. on day 1, supernatants were harvested, macrophages were counted, lysed and ipnv in the supernatants and lysates was t ... | 2006 | 16351697 |
| assessing the accuracy of a polymerase chain reaction test for ichthyophonus hoferi in yukon river chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha. | ichthyophonus hoferi plehn & mulsow, 1911, is a cosmopolitan, protistan pathogen of marine fishes. it is prevalent in mature returning chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the yukon river watershed, and may be associated with prespawning mortality. we developed and evaluated a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test for i. hoferi using primers specific to the parasite's small subunit rdna. the test has a minimum detection limit of approximately 10(-5) parasite spores per reaction and does not ... | 2006 | 16532605 |
| both msa genes in renibacterium salmoninarum are needed for full virulence in bacterial kidney disease. | renibacterium salmoninarum, a gram-positive diplococcobacillus that causes bacterial kidney disease among salmon and trout, has two chromosomal loci encoding the major soluble antigen (msa) gene. because the msa protein is widely suspected to be an important virulence factor, we used insertion-duplication mutagenesis to generate disruptions of either the msa1 or msa2 gene. surprisingly, expression of msa protein in broth cultures appeared unaffected. however, the virulence of either mutant in ju ... | 2006 | 16597972 |