| the skeleton of the staghorn coral acropora millepora: molecular and structural characterization. | the scleractinian coral acropora millepora is one of the most studied species from the great barrier reef. this species has been used to understand evolutionary, immune and developmental processes in cnidarians. it has also been subject of several ecological studies in order to elucidate reef responses to environmental changes such as temperature rise and ocean acidification (oa). in these contexts, several nucleic acid resources were made available. when combined to a recent proteomic analysis ... | 2014 | 24893046 |
| coral calcification under daily oxygen saturation and ph dynamics reveals the important role of oxygen. | coral reefs are essential to many nations, and are currently in global decline. although climate models predict decreases in seawater ph (∼0.3 units) and oxygen saturation (∼5 percentage points), these are exceeded by the current daily ph and oxygen fluctuations on many reefs (ph 7.8-8.7 and 27-241% o2 saturation). we investigated the effect of oxygen and ph fluctuations on coral calcification in the laboratory using the model species acropora millepora. light calcification rates were greatly en ... | 2014 | 24857847 |
| analysis of evolutionarily conserved innate immune components in coral links immunity and symbiosis. | reef-building corals are representatives of one of the earliest diverging metazoan lineages and are experiencing increases in bleaching events (breakdown of the coral-symbiodinium symbiosis) and disease outbreaks. the present study investigates the roles of two pattern recognition proteins, the mannose binding lectin millectin and a complement factor c3-like protein (c3-am), in the coral acropora millepora. the results indicate that the innate immune functions of these molecules are conserved an ... | 2010 | 20600272 |
| potential costs of acclimatization to a warmer climate: growth of a reef coral with heat tolerant vs. sensitive symbiont types. | one of the principle ways in which reef building corals are likely to cope with a warmer climate is by changing to more thermally tolerant endosymbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) genotypes. it is highly likely that hosting a more heat-tolerant algal genotype will be accompanied by tradeoffs in the physiology of the coral. to better understand one of these tradeoffs, growth was investigated in the indo-pacific reef-building coral acropora millepora in both the laboratory and the field. in the keppel ... | 2010 | 20454653 |
| characterisation of nitric oxide synthase in three cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses. | nitric oxide synthase (nos) is an enzyme catalysing the conversion of l-arginine to l-citrulline and nitric oxide (no), the latter being an essential messenger molecule for a range of biological processes. whilst its role in higher vertebrates is well understood little is known about the role of this enzyme in early metazoan groups. for instance, nos-mediated signalling has been associated with cnidaria-algal symbioses, however controversy remains about the contribution of enzyme activities by t ... | 2010 | 20442851 |
| estimating the potential for adaptation of corals to climate warming. | the persistence of tropical coral reefs is threatened by rapidly increasing climate warming, causing a functional breakdown of the obligate symbiosis between corals and their algal photosymbionts (symbiodinium) through a process known as coral bleaching. yet the potential of the coral-algal symbiosis to genetically adapt in an evolutionary sense to warming oceans is unknown. using a quantitative genetics approach, we estimated the proportion of the variance in thermal tolerance traits that has a ... | 2010 | 20305781 |
| corals like it waxed: paraffin-based antifouling technology enhances coral spat survival. | the early post-settlement stage is the most sensitive during the life history of reef building corals. however, few studies have examined the factors that influence coral mortality during this period. here, the impact of fouling on the survival of newly settled coral spat of acropora millepora was investigated by manipulating the extent of fouling cover on settlement tiles using non-toxic, wax antifouling coatings. survival of spat on coated tiles was double that on control tiles. moreover, ther ... | 2014 | 24489936 |
| amplicon pyrosequencing reveals spatial and temporal consistency in diazotroph assemblages of the acropora millepora microbiome. | diazotrophic bacteria potentially play an important functional role in supplying fixed nitrogen to the coral holobiont, but the value of such a partnership depends on the stability of the association. here we evaluate the composition of diazotroph assemblages associated with the coral acropora millepora throughout four seasons and at two reefs, an inshore and an offshore (mid-shelf) reef on the great barrier reef, australia. amplicon pyrosequencing of the nifh gene revealed that diazotrophs are ... | 2014 | 24373029 |
| circadian cycles of gene expression in the coral, acropora millepora. | circadian rhythms regulate many physiological, behavioral and reproductive processes. these rhythms are often controlled by light, and daily cycles of solar illumination entrain many clock regulated processes. in scleractinian corals a number of different processes and behaviors are associated with specific periods of solar illumination or non-illumination--for example, skeletal deposition, feeding and both brooding and broadcast spawning. | 2011 | 21949855 |
| profiling gene expression responses of coral larvae (acropora millepora) to elevated temperature and settlement inducers using a novel rna-seq procedure. | elevated temperatures resulting from climate change pose a clear threat to reef-building corals; however, the traits that might influence corals' survival and dispersal during climate change remain poorly understood. global gene expression profiling is a powerful hypothesis-forming tool that can help elucidate these traits. here, we applied a novel rna-seq protocol to study molecular responses to heat and settlement inducers in aposymbiotic larvae of the reef-building coral acropora millepora. t ... | 2011 | 21801258 |
| differential gene expression at coral settlement and metamorphosis--a subtractive hybridization study. | a successful metamorphosis from a planktonic larva to a settled polyp, which under favorable conditions will establish a future colony, is critical for the survival of corals. however, in contrast to the situation in other animals, e.g., frogs and insects, little is known about the molecular basis of coral metamorphosis. we have begun to redress this situation with previous microarray studies, but there is still a great deal to learn. in the present paper we have utilized a different technology, ... | 2011 | 22065994 |
| environmental factors controlling the distribution of symbiodinium harboured by the coral acropora millepora on the great barrier reef. | the symbiodinium community associated with scleractinian corals is widely considered to be shaped by seawater temperature, as the coral's upper temperature tolerance is largely contingent on the symbiodinium types harboured. few studies have challenged this paradigm as knowledge of other environmental drivers on the distribution of symbiodinium is limited. here, we examine the influence of a range of environmental variables on the distribution of symbiodinium associated with acropora millepora c ... | 2011 | 22065989 |
| historical and contemporary factors shape the population genetic structure of the broadcast spawning coral, acropora millepora, on the great barrier reef. | effective management of reef corals requires knowledge of the extent to which populations are open or closed and the scales over which genetic exchange occurs, information which is commonly derived from population genetic data. such data are sparse for great barrier reef (gbr) corals and other organisms, with the studies that are available being mostly based on a small number of sampling locations spanning only part of the gbr. using 11 microsatellite loci, we genotyped 947 colonies of the reef- ... | 2011 | 22026459 |
| resistance to thermal stress in corals without changes in symbiont composition. | discovering how corals can adjust their thermal sensitivity in the context of global climate change is important in understanding the long-term persistence of coral reefs. in this study, we showed that short-term preconditioning to higher temperatures, 3°c below the experimentally determined bleaching threshold, for a period of 10 days provides thermal tolerance for the symbiosis stability between the scleractinian coral, acropora millepora and symbiodinium. based on genotypic analysis, our resu ... | 2012 | 21976690 |
| early molecular responses of coral larvae to hyperthermal stress. | most of the work on the impact of elevated temperature and light on symbiodinium-invertebrate symbioses have focused primarily on how the photosynthetic (algal) partner is impacted. understanding how the same stresses affect the invertebrate host, however, is in its infancy. in this study, we re-examined the direct effect of elevated temperatures on the invertebrate host exploring the early transcriptional response of aposymbiotic (without algal symbionts) coral larvae. the temperatures tested i ... | 2009 | 19900172 |
| differential expression of three galaxin-related genes during settlement and metamorphosis in the scleractinian coral acropora millepora. | the coral skeleton consists of caco3 deposited upon an organic matrix primarily as aragonite. currently galaxin, from galaxea fascicularis, is the only soluble protein component of the organic matrix that has been characterized from a coral. three genes related to galaxin were identified in the coral acropora millepora. | 2009 | 19638240 |
| the roles and interactions of symbiont, host and environment in defining coral fitness. | reef-building corals live in symbiosis with a diverse range of dinoflagellate algae (genus symbiodinium) that differentially influence the fitness of the coral holobiont. the comparative role of symbiont type in holobiont fitness in relation to host genotype or the environment, however, is largely unknown. we addressed this knowledge gap by manipulating host-symbiont combinations and comparing growth, survival and thermal tolerance among the resultant holobionts in different environments. | 2009 | 19629182 |
| highly infectious symbiont dominates initial uptake in coral juveniles. | the majority of reef-building corals acquire their obligate algal symbionts (symbiodinium) from the environment. however, factors shaping the initial establishment of coral-algal symbioses, including parental effects, local environmental conditions and local availability of symbionts, are not well understood. this study monitored the uptake and maintenance of symbiodinium in juveniles of two common corals, acropora tenuis and acropora millepora, that were reciprocally explanted between sites whe ... | 2009 | 19627495 |
| onset of algal endosymbiont specificity varies among closely related species of acropora corals during early ontogeny. | juveniles of a number of corals with horizontal transmission of dinoflagellate endosymbionts naturally acquire and maintain symbiodinium types that differ from those found in adult populations. however, the duration of this early period of symbiont flexibility and successional changes leading to dominance by the characteristic adult (homologous) type are unknown. to document natural succession of symbiodinium types within juvenile corals, we monitored symbiodinium communities in juveniles of acr ... | 2009 | 19627494 |
| microarray analysis reveals transcriptional plasticity in the reef building coral acropora millepora. | we investigated variation in transcript abundance in the scleractinian coral, acropora millepora, within and between populations characteristically exposed to different turbidity regimes and hence different levels of light and suspended particulate matter. we examined phenotypic plasticity by comparing levels of gene expression between source populations and following 10 days of acclimatization to a laboratory environment. analyses of variance revealed that 0.05% of genes were differentially exp ... | 2009 | 19538339 |
| transcriptomic variation in a coral reveals pathways of clonal organisation. | a microarray study was undertaken to examine the potential for clonal gene expression variation in a branching reef building coral, acropora millepora. the role of small-scale gradients in light and water flow was examined by comparing gene expression levels between branch elevation (tip and base) and position (centre and edge) of replicate coral colonies (n=3). analyses of variance revealed that almost 60% of variation in gene expression was present between colonies and 34 genes were considered ... | 2009 | 21798180 |
| transcriptome analysis of the circadian regulatory network in the coral acropora millepora. | entrained circadian rhythms control many biological processes. these cyclical systems are synchronized by environmental signals but continue to free run for a considerable time when the synchronizing stimuli are removed. in scleractinian corals that reproduce by broadcast spawning, timing processes are essential in ensuring successful fertilization. it is not known whether spawn timing is regulated directly by environmental signals or if it is entrained and regulated by circadian or circalunar r ... | 2009 | 19366924 |
| identification and gene expression analysis of a taxonomically restricted cysteine-rich protein family in reef-building corals. | the amount of genomic sequence information continues to grow at an exponential rate, while the identification and characterization of genes without known homologs remains a major challenge. for non-model organisms with limited resources for manipulative studies, high-throughput transcriptomic data combined with bioinformatics methods provide a powerful approach to obtain initial insights into the function of unknown genes. in this study, we report the identification and characterization of a nov ... | 2009 | 19283069 |
| quantification of algal endosymbionts (symbiodinium) in coral tissue using real-time pcr. | understanding the flexibility of the endosymbioses between scleractinian corals and single-cell algae of the genus symbiodinium will provide valuable insights into the future of coral reefs. here, a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay is presented to accurately determine the cell densities of symbiodinium clades c and d in the scleractinian coral acropora millepora, which can be extended to other coral-symbiont associations in the future. the assay targets single- to low-copy genes o ... | 2009 | 21564569 |
| microsatellite characterization and marker development from public est and wgs databases in the reef-building coral acropora millepora (cnidaria, anthozoa, scleractinia). | mining for microsatellites (also called simple sequence repeats [ssrs]) in public sequence databases of a common indo-pacific coral acropora millepora identified 191 ssrs from 10 258 expressed sequence tag (est) and 618 ssrs from 14 625 whole-genome shotgun (wgs) sequences. in contrast to other animals, trinucleotide repeats, rather than dinucleotide repeats, are dominant in the wgs-ssrs, and aat is the most frequent trinucleotide motif in est-ssrs. we successfully developed 40 polymorphic marke ... | 2009 | 19043068 |
| sox genes in the coral acropora millepora: divergent expression patterns reflect differences in developmental mechanisms within the anthozoa. | sox genes encode transcription factors that function in a wide range of developmental processes across the animal kingdom. to better understand both the evolution of the sox family and the roles of these genes in cnidarians, we are studying the sox gene complement of the coral, acropora millepora (class anthozoa). | 2008 | 19014479 |
| species-specific interactions between algal endosymbionts and coral hosts define their bleaching response to heat and light stress. | the impacts of warming seas on the frequency and severity of bleaching events are well documented, but the potential for different symbiodinium types to enhance the physiological tolerance of reef corals is not well understood. here we compare the functionality and physiological properties of juvenile corals when experimentally infected with one of two homologous symbiodinium types and exposed to combined heat and light stress. a suite of physiological indicators including chlorophyll a fluoresc ... | 2008 | 18577506 |
| unexpected diversity of cnidarian integrins: expression during coral gastrulation. | adhesion mediated through the integrin family of cell surface receptors is central to early development throughout the metazoa, playing key roles in cell-extra cellular matrix adhesion and modulation of cadherin activity during the convergence and extension movements of gastrulation. it has been suggested that caenorhabditis elegans, which has a single beta and two alpha integrins, might reflect the ancestral integrin complement. investigation of the integrin repertoire of anthozoan cnidarians s ... | 2008 | 18466626 |
| microsatellite loci isolated from the scleractinian coral, acropora nobilis. | we report the isolation and characterization of eight microsatellite loci from the scleractinian coral, acropora nobilis. the microsatellite loci were obtained using compound ssr primers or an enrichment protocol. all the loci were polymorphic with four to eight alleles per locus and observed heterozygosities ranging from 0.22 to 0.76. some of the primers developed for the two congeners, acropora palmata and acropora millepora were applicable to a. nobilis. these loci are useful for studying the ... | 2008 | 21585840 |
| a community change in the algal endosymbionts of a scleractinian coral following a natural bleaching event: field evidence of acclimatization. | the symbiosis between reef-building corals and their algal endosymbionts (zooxanthellae of the genus symbiodinium) is highly sensitive to temperature stress, which makes coral reefs vulnerable to climate change. thermal tolerance in corals is known to be substantially linked to the type of zooxanthellae they harbour and, when multiple types are present, the relative abundance of types can be experimentally manipulated to increase the thermal limits of individual corals. although the potential ex ... | 2008 | 18348962 |
| gene expression of a green fluorescent protein homolog as a host-specific biomarker of heat stress within a reef-building coral. | recent incidences of mass coral bleaching indicate that major reef building corals are increasingly suffering thermal stress associated with climate-related temperature increases. the development of pulse amplitude modulated (pam) fluorometry has enabled rapid detection of the onset of thermal stress within coral algal symbionts, but sensitive biomarkers of thermal stress specific to the host coral have been slower to emerge. differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ( ... | 2008 | 17994304 |
| light-responsive cryptochromes from a simple multicellular animal, the coral acropora millepora. | hundreds of species of reef-building corals spawn synchronously over a few nights each year, and moonlight regulates this spawning event. however, the molecular elements underpinning the detection of moonlight remain unknown. here we report the presence of an ancient family of blue-light-sensing photoreceptors, cryptochromes, in the reef-building coral acropora millepora. in addition to being cryptochrome genes from one of the earliest-diverging eumetazoan phyla, cry1 and cry2 were expressed pre ... | 2007 | 17947585 |
| the innate immune repertoire in cnidaria--ancestral complexity and stochastic gene loss. | characterization of the innate immune repertoire of extant cnidarians is of both fundamental and applied interest--it not only provides insights into the basic immunological 'tool kit' of the common ancestor of all animals, but is also likely to be important in understanding the global decline of coral reefs that is presently occurring. recently, whole genome sequences became available for two cnidarians, hydra magnipapillata and nematostella vectensis, and large expressed sequence tag (est) dat ... | 2007 | 17437634 |
| fluorescence lifetime imaging of coral fluorescent proteins. | corals, like many other coelenterates, contain fluorescent pigments that show considerable homology with the well known green fluorescent protein of the jellyfish aequoria. in corals, unlike jellyfish, multiple proteins are present and the range of excitations and emissions suggest the possibility of energy transfer. the occurrence of förster resonant energy transfer (fret) between fluorescent proteins in corals has already been reported and time-resolved spectra have shown the effect on fluores ... | 2007 | 17279514 |
| expression of pax gene family members in the anthozoan cnidarian, nematostella vectensis. | pax genes are a family of homeodomain transcription factors that have been isolated from protostomes (e.g., eight in drosophilia) and deuterostomes (e.g., nine in vertebrates) as well as outside the bilateria, from sponges, a placozoan, and several classes of cnidarians. the genome of an anthozoan cnidarian, the starlet sea anemone, nematostella vectensis, has been surveyed by both degenerate polymerase chain reaction and in silico for the presence of pax genes. n. vectensis possesses seven pax ... | 2007 | 17227364 |
| components of both major axial patterning systems of the bilateria are differentially expressed along the primary axis of a 'radiate' animal, the anthozoan cnidarian acropora millepora. | cnidarians are animals with a single (oral/aboral) overt body axis and with origins that nominally predate bilaterality. to better understand the evolution of axial patterning mechanisms, we characterized genes from the coral, acropora millepora (class anthozoa) that are considered to be unambiguous markers of the bilaterian anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes. homologs of otx/otd and emx/ems, definitive anterior markers across the bilateria, are expressed at opposite ends of the acropora ... | 2006 | 16952346 |
| a dm domain protein from a coral, acropora millepora, homologous to proteins important for sex determination. | the identification and functional studies of dm domain-containing proteins doublesex, mab-3, and dmrt1 indicated that flies, nematodes, and humans share at least some of the molecular mechanisms of sex determination. we identified a gene, amdm1, from the coral acropora millepora that encodes a homologous dm domain-containing protein. molecular analyses show that the amdm1 primary transcript is processed to generate four different messenger rnas. alternative use of two polyadenylation sites produ ... | 2016 | 12752764 |
| changes in zooxanthellae density, morphology, and mitotic index in hermatypic corals and anemones exposed to cyanide. | sodium cyanide (nacn) is widely used for the capture of reef fish throughout southeast asia and causes extensive fish mortality, but the effect of nacn on reef corals remains debated. to document the impact of cyanide exposure on corals, the species acropora millepora, goniopora sp., favites abdita, trachyphyllia geoffrio, plerogyra sp., heliofungia actinformis, euphyllia divisa, and scarophyton sp., and the sea anemone aiptasia pallida were exposed to varying concentrations of cyanide for varyi ... | 2003 | 12735955 |
| coral development: from classical embryology to molecular control. | the phylum cnidaria is the closest outgroup to the triploblastic metazoans and as such offers unique insights into evolutionary questions at several levels. in the post-genomic era, a knowledge of the gene complement of representative cnidarians will be important for understanding the relationship between the expansion of gene families and the evolution of morphological complexity among more highly evolved metazoans. studies of cnidarian development and its molecular control will provide informa ... | 2002 | 12141456 |
| localized expression of a dpp/bmp2/4 ortholog in a coral embryo. | as the closest outgroup to the bilateria, the phylum cnidaria is likely to be critical to understanding the origins and evolution of body axes. proteins of the decapentaplegic (dpp)/bone morphogenetic protein (bmp) 2/4 subfamily are central to the specification of the dorsoventral (d/v) axis in bilateral animals, albeit with an axis inversion between arthropods and chordates. we show that a dpp/bmp2/4 ortholog (bmp2/4-am) is present in the reef-building scleractinian coral, acropora millepora (c ... | 2002 | 12048233 |
| intron dynamics and the evolution of integrin beta-subunit genes: maintenance of an ancestral gene structure in the coral, acropora millepora. | we have determined the genomic structure of an integrin beta-subunit gene from the coral, acropora millepora. the coding region of the gene contains 26 introns, spaced relatively uniformly, and this is significantly more than have been found in any integrin beta-subunit genes from higher animals. twenty-five of the 26 coral introns are also found in a beta-subunit gene from at least one other phylum, indicating that the coral introns are ancestral. while there are some suggestions of intron gain ... | 2001 | 11677630 |
| the evolution of nuclear receptors: evidence from the coral acropora. | we have amplified and sequenced pcr products derived from 10 nuclear receptor (nr) genes from the anthozoan cnidarian acropora millepora, including five products corresponding to genes not previously reported from the phylum cnidaria. cdnas corresponding to seven of these products were sequenced and at least three encode full-length proteins, increasing the number of complete cnidarian nr coding sequences from one to four. all clear orthologs of acropora nrs either lack an activation domain or l ... | 2001 | 11603940 |
| conservation of a dpp/bmp signaling pathway in the nonbilateral cnidarian acropora millepora. | members of the tgf-beta superfamily of signaling molecules are widespread in metazoans, but the evolutionary origin of particular subclasses of signaling mechanisms is poorly defined. the dpp/bmp class, for example, is implicated in dorsal-ventral patterning, neural patterning, and limb development. here we report the presence of several components of a dpp/bmp-specific signal transduction cascade in a nonbilateral animal, the coral acropora millepora. the discovery of these components, a putati ... | 2010 | 11478521 |
| gene structure and larval expression of cnox-2am from the coral acropora millepora. | we have cloned a hox-like gene, cnox-2am, from a staghorn coral, acropora millepora, an anthozoan cnidarian, and characterised its embryonic and larval expression. cnox-2am and its orthologs in other cnidarians and trichoplax most closely resemble the gsx and, to a lesser extent, hox 3/4 proteins. developmental northern blots and in situ hybridisation are consistent in showing that cnox-2am message appears in the planula larva shortly after the oral/aboral axis is formed following gastrulation. ... | 2001 | 11277400 |
| inhibition of coral fertilisation and larval metamorphosis by tributyltin and copper. | fertilisation and larval metamorphosis of reef-building corals are important life history events leading to recruitment of juvenile corals to reef populations. little is known of the sensitivity of these early life phases to pollution, or their relative susceptibility to certain toxicants compared with established coral colonies. inhibition of fertilisation and larval metamorphosis of the coral acropora millepora (ehrenberg, 1834) was assessed in response to solutions of the antifoulants tributy ... | 2001 | 11125701 |
| pax gene diversity in the basal cnidarian acropora millepora (cnidaria, anthozoa): implications for the evolution of the pax gene family. | pax genes encode a family of transcription factors, many of which play key roles in animal embryonic development but whose evolutionary relationships and ancestral functions are unclear. to address these issues, we are characterizing the pax gene complement of the coral acropora millepora, an anthozoan cnidarian. as the simplest animals at the tissue level of organization, cnidarians occupy a key position in animal evolution, and the anthozoa are the basal class within this diverse phylum. we ha ... | 2000 | 10781047 |
| pax-6 origins--implications from the structure of two coral pax genes. | vertebrate pax-6 and its drosophila homolog eyeless play central roles in eye specification, although it is not clear if this represents the ancestral role of this gene class. as the most "primitive" animals with true nervous systems, the cnidaria may be informative in terms of the evolution of the pax gene family. for this reason we surveyed the pax gene complement of a representative of the basal cnidarian class (the anthozoa), the coral acropora millepora. cdnas encoding two coral pax protein ... | 1998 | 9716726 |
| nucleotide sequence of ub52 from the cnidarian acropora millepora reveals high evolutionary conservation. | we report the cdna sequence encoding ub52 from the cnidarian acropora millepora. as in other eukaryotes, the n-terminal region of the deduced amino-acid sequence is a ubiquitin moiety and the c-terminal region cep52, a protein component of the large ribosomal subunit. a millepora ub52 is highly homologous (> 95% identical) with the corresponding drosophila and vertebrate sequences, the cnidarian sequence having higher identity with these 'higher' metazoan homologs than does the corresponding cae ... | 1996 | 8921914 |
| effects of algal turfs and sediment on coral settlement. | successful settlement and recruitment of corals is critical to the resilience of coral reefs. given that many degraded reefs are dominated by benthic algae, recovery of coral populations after bleaching and other disturbances requires successful settlement amidst benthic algae. algal turfs often accumulate sediments, sediments are known to inhibit coral settlement, and reefs with high inputs of terrestrial sediments are often dominated by turfs. we investigated the impacts of two algal turf asse ... | 2005 | 15757739 |
| effects of the herbicide diuron on the early life history stages of coral. | the effects of the herbicide diuron on the early life history stages of broadcast spawning and brooding corals were examined in laboratory experiments. fertilisation of acropora millepora and montipora aequituberculata oocytes were not inhibited at diuron concentrations of up to 1000 microg l(-1). metamorphosis of symbiont-free a. millepora larvae was only significantly inhibited at 300 microg l(-1) diuron. pocillopora damicornis larvae, which contain symbiotic dinoflagellates, were able to unde ... | 2005 | 15757736 |
| tandem organization of independently duplicated homeobox genes in the basal cnidarian acropora millepora. | a number of examples of independently duplicated regulatory genes have been identified in cnidarians, but the extent of this phenomenon and organization of these duplicated genes are unknown. here we describe the identification of three pairs of independently duplicated homeobox genes in the anthozoan cnidarian, acropora millepora. in each case, the pairs of paralogous genes are tightly linked, but the extent of sequence divergence implies that these do not reflect recent duplication events. the ... | 2005 | 15702325 |