| immunisation of mares to control endometritis caused by streptococcus zooepidemicus. | normal mares were immunised by the intramuscular and intrauterine administration of an antigen with adjuvant and they and unimmunised control mares were later challenged by the intrauterine instillation of pathogenic streptococcus zooepidemicus; the response of all the mares was monitored clinically and bacteriologically for seven days. significantly fewer s zooepidemicus were present in cervical swabs taken from the immunised mares than from the control mares (p < 0.01) and the degree of inflam ... | 1995 | 7709066 |
| epizootic pneumonia in nutria. | this report highlights current knowledge regarding the aetiology, diagnosis and management of nutria (myocastor coypus molina 1792) with spontaneous infectious pneumonia. bacteriological evidence supports the view that streptococcus zooepidemicus could be the specific pathogen, although other bacteria were also isolated. attempts at virus isolation were unsuccessful. pneumonia has rapidly become established as one of the major, life-threatening bacterial diseases, ranking in importance with gast ... | 1994 | 7740854 |
| [the fist detection of giardia spp. in horses in the czech republic]. | the first occurrence of giardia spp. in horses in the czech republic is reported. during preventive examination of 360 five-month up to 14-year horses from various parts of the region of central bohemia carried out from january 1993 to june 1994 in the parasitological laboratory of the state veterinary institute in prague, the giardia cysts were detected in the excrements of 18 (5%) horses, mostly 2-4 years of age, and in two foals 3 and 6 weeks old. during the period between march 1993 and june ... | 1995 | 7762123 |
| [streptococcus zooepidemicus infection in laying hens (author's transl)]. | | 1981 | 7268749 |
| streptococcus zooepidemicus (group c) pneumonia in a human. | lancefield group c streptococcal pneumonia appeared in a previously healthy young adult. the patient apparently acquired the infection while caring for her sick horse, and experienced a gradual onset of the illness. there was rapid accumulation of pleural fluid and empyema requiring open drainage. group c pneumonia cannot be distinguished from classic group a pneumonia on clinical grounds. beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from sputum, transtracheal aspirates, pleural fluid, or blood of patie ... | 1980 | 7354128 |
| isolation and characterization of a novel collagen-binding protein from streptococcus pyogenes strain 6414. | in this report we have analyzed the binding of collagen to streptococcus pyogenes strain 6414. this binding was rapid, specific, and involved a limited number of receptor molecules (11,600 copies per cell). when the proteins in a streptococcal lysate were blotted onto a nitrocellulose filter and probed with 125i-labeled collagen, a prominent collagen-binding protein of 57 kda was identified as well as minor 130-150-kda components. the major 57-kda protein was isolated by affinity chromatography ... | 1995 | 7814395 |
| cloning and sequence analysis of a protective m-like protein gene from streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, a lancefield group c streptococcus, is a frequently isolated opportunist pathogen from a variety of animal hosts, including the horse. previous studies have indicated that equine strains carry antigens with characteristics of the antiphagocytic m proteins on the lancefield groups a and g streptococci. we have cloned a protective m-like protein gene (szpw60) of an equine strain of s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus w60 and determined its sequence. this gene enco ... | 1995 | 7890407 |
| influence of estrous cycle stage on adhesion of streptococcus zooepidemicus to equine endometrium. | equine endometria representative of kenney's categories i, ii, and iii were incubated in vitro with phosphate buffer, streptococcus pneumoniae, or s zooepidemicus. endometrial tissues from mares in estrus and diestrus were first categorized according to kenney's classification, then were tested for adherence of s pneumoniae and s zooepidemicus to the epithelia. bacteria were not observed when the endometrial tissue was incubated with phosphate buffer or s pneumoniae. there was no statistical dif ... | 1994 | 7978620 |
| review of 40 cases of lung abscesses in foals and adult horses. | a retrospective study of 40 horses with primary lung abscesses without pleuropneumonia showed that lung abscesses occurred predominantly in young horses, usually in foals aged < or = 6 months. hyperfibrinogenaemia was present in all but 2 horses, and other common clinical and haematological findings were hyperthermia, tachycardia, polypnoea, and neutrophilic leucocytosis. the most common bacterial species isolated from transtracheal aspirates were streptococcus zooepidemicus (20/34) and rhodococ ... | 1994 | 7988535 |
| effects of potentiated chlorhexidine on bacteria and tarsocrural joints in ponies. | to evaluate the bactericidal properties of chlorhexidine diacetate (chd) after potentiation with edta and tris buffer (edta-tris), and to find a potentiated chd concentration that would achieve 90 to 100% killing for all bacteria tested. | 1996 | 8723895 |
| influence of estrogen on antibacterial and immunoglobulin secretory activities of uterine fluids from ovariectomized mares. | effect of estrogen (e2) and progesterone (p4) on uterine antibacterial activity and immunoglobulin concentrations in mares was studied. in 2 in vitro experiments, 6 mixed-breed mares were ovariectomized, and uterine fluid and blood serum were analyzed. antibacterial assay methods were used to determine inhibitory effects on streptococcus zooepidemicus of uterine fluid samples collected on days 3, 5, and 8, and serum obtained on day 8 of treatment. single radial immunodiffusion methods were used ... | 1994 | 8067611 |
| group c streptococcal meningitis in an adult. probable acquistion from a horse. | although group c streptococci are infrequent pathogens in man, they commonly cause disease in animals. only recently have they been recognized as a causative agent in meningitis in man. to our knowledge, no previous report has documented a source for the infection. we treated a previously healthy young adult with group c streptococcal meningitis, who responded rapidly to antibiotic therapy. the same species (streptococcus zooepidemicus) that was isolated from the csf of the patient also grew fro ... | 1980 | 7387308 |
| trimethoprim and sulfadiazine: experimental infection of beagles. | the purpose in the present study was to determine whether the commercial combination of trimethoprim (tmp) and sulfadiazine (sdz) tribrissen (tri) was more effective than either of the components for treating experimentally induced infection of streptococcus zooepidemicus. two dose levels of each were given subcutaneously for treatment, and their effectiveness was compared with that of sulfadimethoxine (sdm) in terms of (i) clinical manifestations, (ii) hematologic changes, (iii) blood culture e ... | 1980 | 7436108 |
| comparison of mics of ceftiofur and other antimicrobial agents against bacterial pathogens of swine from the united states, canada, and denmark. | the mics of ceftiofur and other antimicrobial agents, tested for comparison, for 515 bacterial isolates of pigs from the united states, canada, and denmark with various diseases were compared. the organisms tested included actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, escherichia coli, pasteurella multocida, salmonella choleraesuis, salmonella typhimurium, streptococcus suis, streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, streptococcus equi subsp. equi, and streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. in additio ... | 1995 | 7494042 |
| a comparison of the pulmonary defenses against streptococcal infection in rats and mice following o3 exposure: differences in disease susceptibility and neutrophil recruitment. | ozone (o3) exposure reduces alveolar macrophage (am) phagocytosis in mice and increases their susceptibility to streptococcus zooepidemicus. o3 exposure also decreases am phagocytosis in rats but does not result in mortality to infection. to investigate the mechanism of disease protection in rats, antibacterial defenses of two strains of mice and f344 rats were compared. o3 exposure (3 hr, 0.4 or 0.8 ppm) and infection with s. zooepidemicus resulted in a dose-dependent proliferation of bacteria ... | 1993 | 8248928 |
| microbiologic changes during antimicrobial treatment and rate of relapse of distal respiratory tract infections in foals. | despite the high incidence of distal respiratory tract infection of undetermined cause on farms, to our knowledge, the microbiologic effects of conventional antimicrobial treatment for this condition have not been studied. we evaluated the possible pathogenic role of bacterial isolates from the distal airways of foals with clinical respiratory tract disease, by correlating changes in their numbers (increase or decrease) with clinical, endoscopic, and pulmonary cytologic signs of disease resoluti ... | 1993 | 8250385 |
| equine abortion and stillbirth in central kentucky during 1988 and 1989 foaling seasons. | pathologic and microbiologic examinations were performed on 1,211 aborted equine fetuses, stillborn foals, and placentas from premature foals in central kentucky during the 1988 and 1989 foaling seasons to determine the causes of reproductive loss in the mare. placentitis (19.4%) and dystocia-perinatal asphyxia (19.5%) were the 2 most important causes of equine reproductive loss. the other causes (in decreasing order) were contracted foal syndrome and other congenital anomalies (8.5%), twinning ... | 1993 | 8286455 |
| multiple site electromyography recordings of uterine activity following an intrauterine bacterial challenge in mares susceptible and resistant to chronic uterine infection. | the electrical myometrial activity of three mares with a documented increased susceptibility to chronic uterine infection (cui) and three mares considered to be resistant to cui was investigated. electrodes were surgically implanted in the myometrium of the mares and electrical activity was monitored by a grass polygraph. oestrus was determined by transrectal ultrasonography of the reproductive tract and teasing of the mares with a stallion. findings were confirmed by blood progesterone concentr ... | 1993 | 8107011 |
| a case of meningitis due to "streptococcus zooepidemicus". | | 1993 | 8286648 |
| endocarditis due to streptococcus zooepidemicus. | | 1982 | 7083102 |
| sensitivity and specificity of bronchoalveolar lavage and protected catheter brush methods for isolating bacteria from foals with experimentally induced pneumonia caused by klebsiella pneumoniae. | one indication for referral of horses to veterinary hospitals is for diagnosis of the microbiologic cause of pneumonia, particularly when the initial treatment fails. although endoscopic methods have long been available for microbiologic sample collection, accuracy of these methods under these conditions have not been studied in detail. we compared the bacteria isolated from samples obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) with those obtained by protected catheter brush (pcb) from foals with uni ... | 1993 | 8291754 |
| [studies on hemolytic streptococcal infection: 1). outbreak of group c hemolytic streptococcal infection in formosan squirrels]. | between mid-october to mid-november 1992, of 500 freely-ranging formosan and striped squirrels kept at garden y in the suburbs of kanagawa prefecture, 414 (82.8%) suddenly died one after another by bleeding from the nasal and oral cavities after developing a mild facial swelling. isolation of microbes including viruses were carried out from the formosan squirrels that had suddenly died. various organs from these animals were histologically examined. 1. in bacteriological tests, beta-hemolytic st ... | 1993 | 8294764 |
| investigation of milk-borne streptococcus zooepidemicus infection associated with glomerulonephritis in australia. | an outbreak of infection due to streptococcus zooepidermicus is reported. the index case was a patient who suffered an episode of septicaemia complicated by glomerulonephritis. two other persons in his family were found to be asymptomatic throat carriers. the source of the outbreak was unpasteurised milk from a house cow on the farm where the family lived. molecular studies confirmed that the strains isolated from the index case, the other family members and the cow's milk were identical. althou ... | 1993 | 8308327 |
| factors that influence the suppression of pulmonary antibacterial defenses in mice exposed to ozone. | exposure to ozone (o3) has been shown to increase susceptibility of mice to bacterial infection; however, the underlying mechanism has not been well elucidated. this study investigated the effect of o3 exposure on the ability of mice to combat an infectious challenge of streptococcus zooepidemicus. following a 3-h exposure to either air, 0.4 ppm o3, or 0.8 ppm o3, 5- and 9-week-old mice received an aerosol infection of bacteria. intrapulmonary killing of the bacteria was impaired in the o3-expos ... | 1993 | 8319601 |
| in-vitro susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs of bacterial isolates from horses in the netherlands. | minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of 30 antimicrobial agents (including the hitherto unreported antimicrobial agents doxycycline, minocycline, vanomycin, 3 quinolones and 3 combinations of antimicrobial agents) for isolates of salmonella spp. (20), escherichia coli (17), klebsiella spp. (8), proteus spp. (7), pseudomonas aeruginosa (7), actinobacillus equuli (5), rhodococcus equi (4), streptococcus zooepidemicus (23), streptococcus equisimilis (6), streptococcus equi (4), coagulase-positi ... | 1993 | 8354217 |
| an occurrence of equine transport pneumonia caused by mixed infection with pasteurella caballi, streptococcus suis and streptococcus zooepidemicus. | an acute death occurred in a racehorse with pneumonia after long-distance transportation in december, 1990. pasteurella caballi, streptococcus suis and streptococcus zooepidemicus were isolated from the lung at high rate. specific antigens of these bacteria were also demonstrated immunohistologically in the pneumonic lesion. these findings indicated that the disease is equine transport pneumonia caused by a mixed infection of the three bacterial species. this is the first report on the isolation ... | 1993 | 8357920 |
| septicemia and meningitis due to streptococcus zooepidemicus. | a case of septicemia and meningitis due to streptococcus zooepidemicus in an immunocompetent patient is reported. this organism is an uncommon human pathogen that sometimes causes severe infection, usually in immunocompromised patients. in the reported case, the patient required to be mechanically ventilated for one week and was treated with intravenous ampicillin and gentamicin. he recovered and was discharged from hospital three weeks after the initial presentation. streptococcus zooepidemicus ... | 1998 | 9707316 |
| immunoglobulin (igg and iga) and complement (c3) concentrations in uterine secretion following an intrauterine challenge of streptococcus zooepidemicus in mares susceptible to versus resistant to chronic uterine infection. | the validity of measuring concentrations of immunoglobulins in undiluted uterine secretions was established. the concentrations of igg, iga, and cleavage factor c3 of the complement system in uterine secretions were compared in mares with different resistance to chronic uterine infection (cui). the uteri of mares susceptible (n = 6) and resistant to cui (n = 5) were inoculated with 5 x 10(6) streptococcus zooepidemicus when the mares were in estrus. uterine secretions were sampled, and sampling ... | 1993 | 8399842 |
| function of uterine and blood-derived polymorphonuclear neutrophils in mares susceptible and resistant to chronic uterine infection: phagocytosis and chemotaxis. | in vitro phagocytosis and chemotaxis of uterine and blood-derived polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmns) were compared in mares with different resistance to chronic uterine infection (cui). both the primary in vitro function of pmns and the role of uterine environmental factors on pmn function were investigated. the uteri of mares susceptible to (n = 6) and resistant to cui (n = 5) were inoculated with 5 x 10(6) streptococcus zooepidemicus when the mares were in estrus. uterine secretions in addit ... | 1993 | 8399843 |
| ozone-enhanced pulmonary infection with streptococcus zooepidemicus in mice. the role of alveolar macrophage function and capsular virulence factors. | ozone exposure has been shown to increase the susceptibility of mice to pulmonary bacterial infection. we report here the differences in susceptibility of two strains of mice (c3h/hej and c57bl/6) to pulmonary challenge with streptococcus zooepidemicus, and demonstrate an association between o3 exposure, reduced alveolar macrophage (am) function, and increased mortality to infection. after a 3-h exposure to air or to 0.4 or 0.8 ppm o3, mice received an infection of bacteria by aerosol. subsequen ... | 1993 | 8442612 |
| etiology and pathology of equine placentitis. | placentas from aborted, stillborn, and premature foals were examined during the 1988 and 1989 foaling seasons, and 236 of 954 (24.7%) had placentitis. microorganisms associated with placentitis were isolated or demonstrated from 162 of 236 (68.6%) placentitis cases. leptospira spp. and a nocardioform actinomycete were 2 important, newly emerging bacteria associated with equine placentitis. major pathogens identified in decreasing order were streptococcus zooepidemicus, leptospira spp., escherich ... | 1993 | 8466982 |
| correlations between histologic endometrial lesions in mares and clinical response to intrauterine exposure with streptococcus zooepidemicus. | the relationship between histologic lesions in endometrial biopsy specimens and susceptibility to chronic uterine infection (cui) in mares was investigated. mares were allotted to 4 groups on the basis of degree of endometrial lesions. mares in group 1 (n = 6) had no pathologic changes, mares in group 2 (n = 5) had only mild pathologic changes, group-3 mares (n = 7) had moderate changes, and group-4 mares (n = 7) had severe inflammatory and fibrotic endometrial changes. susceptibility to cui was ... | 1993 | 8484576 |
| equine pulmonary disease: a case control study of 300 referred cases. part 1: examination techniques, diagnostic criteria and diagnoses. | three-hundred adult horses, referred from 1990 to 1993 inclusively, for pulmonary examination were assessed using standardised history taking and clinical, intrapleural pressure, arterial blood gases and ph, bronchoscopic and tracheal and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (balf) cytological examinations. two-hundred and thirty-five cases were referred with overt signs of pulmonary disease and the remaining 65 cases were referred for pulmonary examination because of reduced exercise (usually racing) ... | 1995 | 8565937 |
| pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential for repeated oral doses of trimethoprim/sulphachlorpyridazine in horses. | the pharmacokinetic parameters of a powder formulation of trimethoprim/sulphachlorpyridazine were studied in eight healthy horses which received 5 mg/kg trimethoprim and 25 mg/kg sulphachlorpyridazine 12-hourly with concentrate for five days. the intake of the medicated concentrate by the horses was variable during the first two days, but after they became accustomed to the taste the intake by all the horses during the last three days was good. faecal samples taken before and on the last day of ... | 1995 | 8578661 |
| bacterial pneumonia associated with corticosteroid therapy in three horses. | three horses developed severe pulmonary infections while being treated with systemic corticosteroids for other diseases. two of them had an immune-mediated skin disease, compatible with a diagnosis of pemphigus foliaceus, and one had severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. case 1 developed diffuse pneumonia from which streptococcus zooepidemicus and bacteroides melaninogenicus were isolated, and it responded to antibiotic therapy. case 2 developed septicaemia, pulmonary thrombosis and pneu ... | 1996 | 8686153 |
| [an outbreak of streptococcus zooepidemicus-caused infection among laboratory primates]. | an outbreak of septicemia caused by s. zooepidemicus in representatives of 5 species of lower monkeys, viz. macaca mulatta (5), macaca nemestrina (1), macaca fascicularis (2), cercopithecus aethiops (2), mandrillus sphinx (1), is described. the disease was accompanied by the symptoms of enteric infection and well responded to etiotropic therapy with antibiotics of the penicillin row. the source of this infection was not established. until now it is one of few descriptions of enteric infection in ... | 1996 | 8820687 |
| comparison of the phenotypes of streptococcus zooepidemicus isolated from tonsils of healthy horses and specimens obtained from foals and donkeys with pneumonia. | to determine whether streptococcal pneumonia is caused by strains of streptococcus zooepidemicus similar to those obtained from the tonsils of healthy horses. | 2000 | 10685688 |
| [mycotic aortic aneurysm after appendectomy]. | mycotic aneurysms are a rare complication of septic diseases. frequently they are recognized only in an advanced stage, with resulting poor prognosis. this case report describes a perforated mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysm following appendectomy. bacterial culture revealed the presence of streptococcus zooepidemicus, an unusual finding in humans. | 1996 | 8851273 |
| mode of action of a lysostaphin-like bacteriolytic agent produced by streptococcus zooepidemicus 4881. | electron microscopy of zoocin a-treated sensitive streptococcus cells revealed cytoplasmic disruption and ultimately complete rupture of the cell wall. culture viability and optical density were shown to decrease rapidly and simultaneously in streptococcus pyogenes ff22 but less quickly in the relatively more resistant streptococcus mutans 10449. zoocin a was shown to cleave hexaglycine in a colorimetric cell-free microtiter assay system, and it is concluded that the killing action of zoocin a, ... | 1996 | 8953725 |
| distribution of penicillins into subcutaneous tissue chambers in ponies. | the distribution of penicillins into a tissue chamber implanted subcutaneously in ponies was studied. ampicillin sodium (equivalent to 15 mg/kg ampicillin) was administered intravenously. pivampicillin, a prodrug of ampicillin, was administered by nasogastric tube to fed ponies at a dose of 19.9 mg/kg (equivalent to 15 mg/kg ampicillin). procaine penicillin g was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 12 mg/kg (equivalent to 12000 iu/kg). six ponies were used for each medication. antibiotic c ... | 1996 | 8971672 |
| identification of lipoprotein homologues of pneumococcal psaa in the equine pathogens streptococcus equi and streptococcus zooepidemicus. | streptococcus equi and streptococcus zooepidemicus are major etiological agents of upper and lower airway disease in horses. despite the considerable animal suffering and economic burden associated with these diseases, the factors that contribute to the virulence of these equine pathogens have not been extensively investigated. here we demonstrate the presence of a homologue of the streptococcus pneumoniae psaa protein in both of these equine pathogens. inhibition of signal peptide processing by ... | 2000 | 10992520 |
| clinical efficacy of ampicillin, pivampicillin and procaine penicillin g in a soft tissue infection model in ponies. | tissue chambers, implanted subcutaneously in ponies, were inoculated with streptococcus zooepidemicus. the animals received either no antibiotics or one of the following treatments: pivampicillin per os (19.9 mg/kg, equivalent to 15 mg/kg ampicillin, every 12 h) for 7 or 21 days (7 and 5 ponies, respectively), procaine penicillin g intramuscularly (12 mg/kg = 12,000 iu/kg, every 24 h) for 7 days (7 ponies), or ampicillin sodium intravenously (equivalent to 15 mg/ kg ampicillin, every 8 h) for 1 ... | 1996 | 8971673 |
| detection of bacteria in equine synovial fluid by use of the polymerase chain reaction. | equine synovial fluid aliquots were inoculated with salmonella enteritidis, escherichia coli, actinobacillus equuli, staphylococcus aureus, and streptococcus zooepidemicus to obtain approximate concentrations of 1000, 100, 10, and 1 colony forming u/ml. synovial fluid aliquots were also inoculated with an unquantitated inoculum of bacteroides fragilis and clostridium perfringens. inoculated synovial fluid was incubated in trypticase-soy broth or columbia broth for approximately 12 hours. then al ... | 1996 | 9012103 |
| acute hemorrhagic pulmonary infarction and necrotizing pneumonia in horses: 21 cases (1967-1993). | to characterize history, clinical signs, and pathologic findings in horses with histologically confirmed acute hemorrhagic pulmonary infarction and necrotizing pneumonia. | 1997 | 9187729 |
| the occurrence of nephritis plasmin binding protein (speb) in the extracellular products of group c nephritogenic streptococcus zooepidemicus. | | 1997 | 9331620 |
| group c streptococcal meningitis: case report and review of the literature. | group c streptococci are a common cause of epidemic bacterial infection in animals. these organisms are a rare but frequently fatal cause of meningitis in humans. we report the case of a 13-year-old girl with meningitis caused by a group c streptococcus (streptococcus zooepidemicus) successfully treated with vancomycin and third generation cephalosporins. we also review cases of group c streptococcal meningitis reported previously. | 2001 | 11332674 |
| a case-control study of respiratory disease in thoroughbred racehorses in sydney, australia. | in order to investigate the role of infectious agents in the aetiology of lower respiratory tract disease in thoroughbred racehorses, a matched case-control study was conducted. cases were identified by the presence of coughing, and were compared to a control population matched on time of sample collection and location within the same training establishment. tracheal wash samples were collected from 100 cases and 148 controls. case horses were more likely than controls to have endoscopic and cyt ... | 2001 | 11352347 |
| clonal invasion of the equine respiratory tract by streptococcus zooepidemicus. | | 1997 | 9331726 |
| pathogenesis and clinical signs of equine herpesvirus-1 in experimentally infected ponies in vivo. | equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) causes respiratory disease, neonatal death, abortion and neurologic disease. the main purpose of this study was to identify viral antigen in respiratory tract samples by immunoperoxidase staining. six pony foals were selected on the basis of demonstrating seronegativity to ehv-1 by virus neutralization and housed in isolation. they were infected experimentally by administering ehv-1 nebulized ultrasonically through a face mask. successful infection was clinically app ... | 1998 | 9442940 |
| bacteremia due to streptococcus zooepidemicus associated with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. | group c streptococci are a common cause of infection in animals but a rare cause of infection in man. to our knowledge, the english literature contains only three cases of arteriosclerotic aneurysms of the abdominal aorta (aaa) secondarily infected with group c beta-hemolytic streptococci. two cases did not survive in spite of adequate antibiotic therapy. one patient responded to aortic repair with a bifurcated woven dacron graft followed by four weeks of high-dose intravenous penicillin. this a ... | 1998 | 9581510 |
| zoocin a immunity factor: a fema-like gene found in a group c streptococcus. | a 6.8-kb fragment of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus 4881 dna containing the zoocin a gene (zooa) was cloned in escherichia coli and sequenced. we have identified a gene we call zoocin a immunity factor (zif), which protects the producer cell from the otherwise lethal action of its own product. transformation of streptococcus gordonii dl1 with zooa and zif changed its phenotypic character from a non-zoocin a producing-zoocin a sensitive cell to a zoocin a producing-zoocin a resistant cel ... | 1998 | 9631548 |
| altered alveolar macrophage function in calorie-restricted rats. | alveolar macrophage functions associated with clearance of bacteria from the lung were assessed in male fischer 344 rats maintained on a 25% calorie-restricted diet. calorie-restricted and ad libitum-fed (control) rats were exposed to concentrations of ozone known to compromise phagocytic function of alveolar macrophages. ozone suppressed alveolar macrophage phagocytosis of latex beads in vitro in ad libitum-fed rats, but not in calorie-restricted rats. in fact, caloric restriction enhanced phag ... | 1998 | 9730874 |
| molecular basis of variation in protective szp proteins of streptococcus zooepidemicus. | to characterize, on a molecular basis, variable regions of the szp proteins of the moore and bryans serovars of streptococcus zooepidemicus and specificity of opsonic responses. | 1998 | 9736390 |
| unusual outbreak of clinical mastitis in dairy sheep caused by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | this work describes an outbreak of clinical mastitis affecting 13 of 58 lactating ewes due to streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus was isolated in pure culture from all milk samples. all the clinical isolates had identical biochemical profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and also exhibited indistinguishable macrorestriction patterns by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, indicating that all cases of mastitis were produced by a single strain. | 2002 | 11880454 |
| streptococcus equi but not streptococcus zooepidemicus produces potent mitogenic responses from equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. | streptococcus equi causes equine strangles. the acute disease has many of the hallmarks of an acute response including high fever, elevated plasma fibrinogen and neutrophilia, affects known to be mediated by proinflammatory cytokines. the objective of this study was to screen-culture supernatants from equine clinical isolates of s. equi and s. zooepidemicus for stimulation of mitogenic responses by horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells. mitogenicity comparable to that of concanavalin a was de ... | 1999 | 10195462 |
| recombinant hyaluronate associated protein as a protective immunogen against streptococcus equi and streptococcus zooepidemicus challenge in mice. | the capsule of streptococcus equi, the cause of strangles, and streptococcus zooepidemicus, associated with equine lower airway disease, plays an important role in evasion of phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leucocytes. it is composed of hyaluronate, making it non-immunogenic. a hyaluronate associated protein (hap) from s. equisimilis, whose gene has been sequenced [1], was investigated (a) for its presence in s. equi and s. zooepidemicus and (b) as an immunogen able to interfere with capsule s ... | 1999 | 10455004 |
| the role of hyaluronic acid capsular material of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in mediating adherence to hela cells and in resisting phagocytosis. | hyaluronic acid is thought to be one of the critical virulence factors of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. the present study was designed to study the role of hyaluronic acid capsular material in mediating adherence and to resist the phagocytosis of the host's immune defence. the studies were performed with two encapsulated s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus and two unencapsulated phase variants. the bacteria had been previously isolated from diseased pigs and monkeys in indonesia. the presenc ... | 1999 | 10502481 |
| structured model-based analysis and control of the hyaluronic acid fermentation by streptococcus zooepidemicus: physiological implications of glucose and complex-nitrogen-limited growth. | the hyaluronic acid (ha) fermentation by streptococcus zooepidemicus under anaerobic and aerated conditions in glucose-complex media was well described by a structured, two-compartment model. the two-compartment model framework was found to be robust, easily adaptable, and able to predict the transient consumption of substrates and formation of products. aerobic culture produced a substantially higher concentration of ha than an equivalent anaerobic culture; however biomass-specific growth rate ... | 1999 | 10514260 |
| streptococcus zooepidemicus meningitis and bacteraemia. | group c streptococci are common causative agents of epidemic infections in animals and a rare cause of meningitis in humans. the case is reported of a 75-y-old man with meningitis caused by a group c streptococcus (streptococcus zooepidemicus). he had frequent contact with horses, which were a possible source of infection. in spite of treatment with a third generation cephalosporin, the outcome was fatal. | 2003 | 12751721 |
| the association of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus with canine infectious respiratory disease. | canine infectious respiratory disease (cird) is a multi-factorial infection that affects many kennelled dogs despite the wide use of vaccination. current vaccines aim to protect against viral agents and a single bacterial agent, bordetella bronchiseptica. we sought to examine the role of streptococcal species in cird. the isolation and identification of streptococci in the lower respiratory tract of clinically healthy dogs and those with cird were used to correlate the presence of specific strep ... | 2003 | 12860084 |
| isolation and further characterization of phase variants of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | in the present study the soft agar technique was used to isolate phase variants of s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus-cultures isolated from infections of horses. the phase variants were characterized by a compact or diffuse colony morphology in this media. the variants could be cultivated separately and further characterized genotypically by rapd analysis and by macrorestriction analysis of their chromosomal dna by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, indicating the identity of both strains of each pair ... | 1999 | 10676151 |
| retrospective study of the relationships between age, inflammation and the isolation of bacteria from the lower respiratory tract of thoroughbred horses. | a total of 1235 tracheal aspirates taken from 724 thoroughbreds in race training, aged from two to 10 years, were examined cytologically and bacteriologically. an inflammation scoring system on a scale of 0 to 9 was devised to allow the severity of lower airway disease to be assessed from the cytological results. the inflammation scores were closely related to the isolation of bacteria (p<0.001), and the most common bacterial isolates were streptococcus zooepidemicus, streptococcus pneumoniae an ... | 2000 | 10682693 |
| determination of intraspecies variations of the v2 region of the 16s rrna gene of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | the 16s rrna gene of 39 s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains and two s. equi subsp. equi strains was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and subsequently digested with the restriction enzyme hinc ii. a restriction profile with two fragments with sizes of 1250 bp and 200 bp could be observed for both s. equi subsp. equi strains and for 30 of the 39 s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains indicating a sequence variation within the v2 region of the 16s rrna gene of the remaining nine s. equi subsp. ... | 2000 | 10684756 |
| identification and molecular characterization of serological group c streptococci isolated from diseased pigs and monkeys in indonesia. | the present study was designed to comparatively investigate 34 beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from infected pigs and monkeys from various islands in indonesia. according to the serological and biochemical data, all 34 isolates were lancefield's serological group c streptococci and could be identified as streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. of the 34 group c streptococci investigated, 28 grew on solid media in large, mucoid colonies, in fluid media at a uniform turbidity, and in soft ag ... | 1996 | 8862585 |
| respiratory disease in thoroughbred horses in training: the relationships between disease and viruses, bacteria and environment. | a longitudinal study of respiratory disease in racehorses was carried out to assess its relative associations with different infectious agents and to examine any role that the environmental conditions might play. the relationships between coughing, nasal discharge, pyrexia and lower respiratory tract disease were also examined to provide information for improving clinical diagnosis, particularly of disease of the lower respiratory tract. lower airway disease was closely associated with infection ... | 1996 | 8893488 |
| fibronectin-binding protein of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | by screening a genomic lambda library of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, we have cloned and sequenced a gene, termed fnz, encoding a fibronectin (fn)-binding protein called fnz. on the basis of the deduced amino acid sequence of fnz, the mature protein has a molecular mass of approximately 61 kda. analysis of fnz reveals a structural organization similar to that of other cell surface proteins from streptococci and staphylococci. the fn-binding activity is localized to two domains in the ... | 1996 | 8926060 |
| bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract in 34 horses. | to investigate associations between the bacteriology and aspects of history, clinical presentation, outcome and pathology of lower respiratory tract disease of 34 horses. | 2000 | 10979512 |
| septic orchitis in an alpaca. | an adult, intact male alpaca was presented with an acute onset of unilateral scrotal swelling. following complete physical and ultrasonographic examination, the most likely differential diagnoses were orchitis, hematoma, and testicular torsion. the animal was castrated and histopathologic evaluation revealed unilateral orchitis. streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus was cultured. | 2000 | 10992989 |
| [nutrition condition of hyaluronic acid fermentation with streptococcus zooepidemicus]. | based on the analysis of metabolic pathway streptococcous zooepidemicus for hyaluronic acid (ha) synthesis, nucleotide, especially uracil, was considered to be important to cell growth and metabolism. when 0.005 g.l-1 uracil added in the media in which yeast extract as complex nitrogen source, cell growth and ha production were increased by 32% and 34% respectively. from analysis of amino acid in fermentation process, it was show that arginine(arg) was needed for cell metabolism, and concentrati ... | 2000 | 11059289 |
| characterization of group c and g streptococcal strains that cause streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. | twelve strains (the largest number ever reported) of group c and g(1) streptococci (gcs and ggs, respectively) that caused streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (stss) were collected and characterized. eleven strains were identified as streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, and one strain was identified as streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. we found that it was the first reported case of stss caused by s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus. cluster analysis according to the 16s rrna gene (rdna ... | 2004 | 14715751 |
| severe streptococcus zooepidemicus infection in a gardener. | | 2004 | 15059061 |
| fatal case of toxic shock-like syndrome due to group c streptococcus associated with superantigen exotoxin. | group c streptococci have been reported to cause invasive disease similar to that classically associated with group a streptococcus (gas). we describe a fatal case of toxic shock-like syndrome due to streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. the causative organism did not possess any known gas superantigen exotoxin genes but did show evidence of superantigen production. | 2004 | 15184494 |
| analysis of immunoreactivity to a streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus m-like protein to confirm an outbreak of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, and sequences of m-like proteins from isolates obtained from different host species. | the etiologic agent of a large 1998 outbreak of poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (psgn) in nova serrana, brazil, was found likely to be a specific strain of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus from contaminated cheese (s. balter et al., lancet 355:1776-1780, 2000). in the present study, we used a serologic screen for a known surface-exposed virulence factor to confirm the epidemiologic findings. using primers flanking a previously characterized m-like protein gene (j. f. timoney et ... | 2000 | 11060079 |
| characterization of acid phosphatase activities in the equine pathogen streptococcus equi. | acid phosphatases hydrolyse phosphomonoesters at acidic ph in a variety of physiological contexts. the recently defined class c family of acid phosphatases includes the 32 kda lppc lipoprotein of streptococcus equisimilis. to define further the distribution of acid phosphatases in the genus streptococcus we have examined the equine pathogens streptococcus equi subsp. equi and streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. whole cell assays indicated that these organisms possess two acid phosphatases w ... | 2000 | 11108009 |
| pathogenesis of streptococcus zooepidemicus infection after intratracheal inoculation in llamas. | to test whether generalized streptococcus zooepidemicus infection could be induced by intratracheal inoculation in llamas and to characterize this infection. | 2000 | 11131593 |
| streptococcal meningitis resulting from contact with an infected horse. | we report a case of group c streptococcal meningitis in a woman with a history of close animal contact as well as head trauma as a result of a kick by a horse. blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures grew streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, as did a throat culture taken from the colt that had kicked her 2 weeks prior to admission. | 2001 | 11376093 |
| diagnosis and treatment of presumptive pyelonephritis in an asian elephant (elephas maximus). | a 37-yr-old female asian elephant (elephas maximus) presented with anorexia, restlessness, and dark-colored urine. urinalyses showed hematuria, leukocyturia, isosthenuria, proteinuria, granular casts, and no calcium oxalate crystals. bloodwork revealed azotemia. urine culture revealed a pure growth of streptococcus zooepidemicus resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim but susceptible to cephalosporins. a presumptive diagnosis of pyelonephritis was made based on bloodwork, urinalysis, and urin ... | 2004 | 15526898 |
| [infection due to streptococcus zooepidemicus in a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma: a rare zoonosis]. | | 2001 | 11412521 |
| peritonitis in a llama caused by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | a 7-month-old, male llama was diagnosed with peritonitis caused by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. clinical findings, medical treatment, and case outcome are described. hematogenous dissemination from suspected pneumonia is proposed as the route of infection in this case. possible transmission of the organism through contact with horses is discussed. | 2001 | 11424579 |
| association between respiratory disease and bacterial and viral infections in british racehorses. | respiratory disease is important in horses, particularly in young thoroughbred racehorses, and inflammation that is detected in the trachea and bronchi (termed inflammatory airway disease [iad]) is more significant in this population in terms of impact and frequency than other presentations of respiratory disease. iad, which is characterized by neutrophilic inflammation, mild clinical signs, and accumulation of mucus in the trachea, may be multifactorial, possibly involving infections and enviro ... | 2005 | 15634959 |
| follow-up of patients with epidemic poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. | in 1998 there was a large outbreak of acute glomerulonephritis (gn) in nova serrana, brazil, caused by group c streptococcus zooepidemicus and linked to the consumption of contaminated cheese produced with unpasteurized milk. this study describes the follow-up of these patients after a mean of 2 years following the acute episode. of 134 patients identified in 1998, 69 patients were reexamined and underwent measurements of blood pressure, 24-hour creatinine clearance, microalbuminuria (radioimmun ... | 2001 | 11479149 |
| the role of international transport of equine semen on disease transmission. | despite the numerous benefits of having the capability to transport semen internationally, there are serious potential ramifications if that semen is contaminated with a communicable disease. bacteria: many commensal bacteria colonize the exterior of the stallion penis and are not regarded as pathogenic. they may be cultured from an ejaculate. alterations of the normal bacterial flora on the exterior genitalia may cause the growth of opportunistic bacteria such as klebsiella pneumonia, pseudomon ... | 2001 | 11744267 |
| characterization and immunogenicity of pyrogenic mitogens sepe-h and sepe-i of streptococcus equi. | two pyrogenic mitogens, sepe-h and sepe-i, were characterized in streptococcus equi, the cause of equine strangles. sepe-h and sepe-i have molecular masses of 27.5 and 29.5 kda, respectively, and each is almost identical to its counterpart in streptococcus pyogenes m1. both genes are adjacent to a gene encoding a phage muramidase of 49.7 kda and are located immediately downstream from a phage genomic sequence almost identical to a similar phage sequence in s. pyogenes m1. strong mitogenic respon ... | 2002 | 11812213 |
| polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the szp gene of streptococcus zooepidemicus isolated from the respiratory tract of horses. | to develop polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) analysis for molecular typing of strains of streptococcus zooepidemicus and to use the new typing method to analyze a collection of isolates from the respiratory tract of thoroughbreds. | 2002 | 12224864 |
| functional characterization of domains found within a lytic enzyme produced by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | zoocin a is a lysostaphin-like streptococcolytic enzyme produced by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus 4881 that specifically targets the cell walls of some closely related species. on the basis of sequence homology it was suggested that zoocin a was a domain-structured enzyme with the n-terminal domain responsible for catalysis (cat) and the c-terminal domain for target recognition (sbd). polypeptides corresponding to zoocin a (rzooa) and each of the putative domains (rcat and rsbd) were p ... | 2002 | 12393213 |
| evidence of an association between inflammatory airway disease and eiph in young thoroughbreds during training. | in an epidemiological study of risk factors for exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (eiph) in young thoroughbreds in the uk, in which 148 horses contributed 1614 horse-months of data, there were 64 (4%) episodes of endoscopically visible tracheal bleeding and 824 (51%) episodes of increased quantities of haemosiderophages in tracheal washes. there were increases in prevalence and risk of eiph by both definitions with age from < or = 2- > or = 4 years, season of sampling from winter (nov-jan) ... | 2002 | 12405727 |
| amplifying the cellular reduction potential of streptococcus zooepidemicus. | the valuable pharmaceutical polymer, hyaluronic acid, is produced industrially using the gram-positive bacterium streptococcus zooepidemicus. synthesis of this polymer is a significant energetic burden upon the microorganism hence the native nadh oxidase gene was cloned and overexpressed to increase the energy yield of catabolism during aerobic cultivation on glucose. elevated nadh oxidase levels led to a decline in lactic acid generation and prevented ethanol formation, leaving acetate as the m ... | 2003 | 12413784 |
| a survey of equine abortion, stillbirth and neonatal death in the uk from 1988 to 1997. | a detailed review of laboratory records for equine abortion is fundamental in establishing current disease trends and suggesting problems important for further research. | 2003 | 12875329 |
| clinical efficacy of trimethoprim/sulfadiazine and procaine penicillin g in a streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection model in ponies. | tissue chambers, implanted subcutaneously on both sides of the neck in eight ponies, were inoculated with streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in order to compare the clinical efficacy of trimethoprim/sulfadiazine (tmp/sdz) and penicillin g treatment in a purulent infection. the tmp/sdz treatment consisted of one intravenous (i.v.) injection of 5 mg/kg tmp and 25 mg/kg sdz and the same dose of tmp/sdz per os (p.o.), both given 20 h after inoculation. the oral dose was then repeated every 12 h ... | 2003 | 12887605 |
| a case control study of factors and infections associated with clinically apparent respiratory disease in uk thoroughbred racehorses. | a matched case control study was used to determine infections and other factors associated with clinically apparent respiratory disease in young racehorses in training in the uk. a total of 170 cases, defined as horses with sudden onset coughing, nasal discharge or pyrexia, were identified and matched to 632 non-affected controls by trainer and time period. factors examined included age, sex, time since entry into the training yard, time since last race and different infections including trachea ... | 2003 | 12900152 |
| production and properties of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances from the swine pathogen streptococcus suis serotype 2. | streptococcus suis serotype 2 is a major pathogen found in the upper respiratory tract of swine. in this study, isolates of this bacterial species were tested for the production of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (blis). of the 38 strains tested, four inhibited the growth of other s. suis isolates according to a deferred-antagonism plate assay. interestingly, three of the strains were originally isolated from healthy carrier pigs and were considered nonvirulent. three isolates (94-623, 90 ... | 2003 | 12902232 |
| study of intragastric administration of doxycycline: pharmacokinetics including body fluid, endometrial and minimum inhibitory concentrations. | the objectives of this study were to determine the pharmacokinetics and tissue concentrations of doxycycline after repeated intragastric administration, and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) for equine pathogenic bacteria. in experiment 1, 2 mares received a single intragastric dose of doxycycline hyclate (3 mg/kg bwt). mean peak serum concentration was 0.22 microg/ml 1 h postadministration. in experiment 2, 5 doses of doxycycline hyclate (10 mg/kg bwt), dissolved in water ... | 2000 | 10836479 |
| studies on the experimental epidemiology of respiratory infections. ii. observations on the behavior of aerosols of streptococcus zooepidemicus. | | 1950 | 14774527 |
| expression of the genes for lysostaphin and lysostaphin resistance in streptococci. | to determine if the genes for lysostaphin endopeptidase (end) and lysostaphin resistance (epr) function in streptococci, we transferred these genes from staphylococcus simulans biovar staphylolyticus into two strains of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. the end-containing streptococci were able to produce and process proendopeptidase. strains containing epr were more resistant to lysis by the streptococcolytic enzyme zoocin a and amino acid analysis of the peptidoglycans of the epr-contai ... | 2003 | 14612246 |
| magnetic resonance imaging of a brain abscess in a 10-month-old filly. | the purpose of this paper was to correlate the magnetic resonance imaging (mri) characteristics of a mature brain abscess in a horse with histopathologic alterations of brain tissue. eight months after the onset of clinical signs, mri of the brain of a 10-month-old filly was performed. a large space-occupying lesion in the right cerebral hemisphere was identified. this space-occupying lesion was delineated by a thick and well-defined capsule that was isointense to brain parenchyma on the t1-weig ... | 2004 | 15200257 |
| outbreak of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections on the island of gran canaria associated with the consumption of inadequately pasteurized cheese. | streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections are infrequent in humans. a clinical and epidemiological study of a milk-borne outbreak caused by this organism is described. fifteen patients (5 females, 10 males) with a median age of 70 years (range 47-86) were infected. twelve (80%) had underlying diseases. infection with s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus presented as primary bacteremia in six cases, as bacteremia associated with aortic aneurism in four cases, as septic arthritis in two cases, as ... | 2006 | 16550347 |
| the streptococcolytic enzyme zoocin a is a penicillin-binding protein. | zoocin a is a streptococcolytic enzyme produced by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus 4881 that has an unknown site of action on the peptidoglycans of susceptible organisms. analysis of a mutant strain in which the genes for zoocin a and resistance to zoocin a were inactivated revealed that this strain was more susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics than the parental organism. purified zoocin a had weak beta-lactamase activity, bound radioactive penicillin covalently, and its streptococcoly ... | 2004 | 15251198 |
| persistent occurrence of a single streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus clone in the pig and monkey population in indonesia. | in the present study 41 mucoid growing streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains (37 strains isolated from healthy two from diseased pigs, two strains isolated from healthy monkeys) appeared to be phenotypically and genotypically identical to mucoid growing s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains isolated from a previously described outbreak among the pig and monkey population on the island of bali, indonesia. these findings indicate that the mucoid growing s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus clone ... | 2004 | 15365243 |
| amplifying the manganese scavenging potential of streptococcus zooepidemicus to reactive oxygen species during production of hyaluronic acid. | streptococcus zooepidemicus (sz) is an aerotolerant bacteria and its ability to survive under reactive oxidant challenge raises the question of the existence of a defense system. thus growth, hyaluronic acid (ha) and hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) production by sz in the presence of increasing concentration of mn2+ were studied. the results suggested that the tested strain supported growth and ha production in cultures treated with 1 and 10 mm of mn2+ regardless of h2o2 presence in the medium. this sh ... | 2004 | 15468818 |
| evaluation of hyaluronan from different sources: streptococcus zooepidemicus, rooster comb, bovine vitreous, and human umbilical cord. | sodium hyaluronate (ha) is widely distributed in extracellular matrixes and can play a role in orchestrating cell function. consequently, many investigators have looked at the effect of exogenous ha on cell behavior in vitro. ha can be isolated from several sources (e.g., bacterial, rooster comb, umbilical cord) and therefore can possess diverse impurities. this current study compares the measured impurities and the differences in biological activity between ha preparations from these sources. i ... | 2004 | 15530025 |