| severe leukopenia and liver necrosis in young african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus erithacus) infected with psittacine circovirus. | this paper describes the signs, clinical pathology, and postmortem findings in 14 young african grey parrots (psittacus erithacus erithacus) that were naturally infected with psittacine beak and feather disease (pbfd) virus (psittacine circovirus). all but two of the parrots had severe leukopenia at clinical presentation. two other parrots also had severe anemia. all birds died within 3 wk after presentation. postmortem examination documented liver necrosis in 11 of 14 birds and secondary bacter ... | 2000 | 10879931 |
| absence of evidence for porcine circovirus type 2 in cattle and humans, and lack of seroconversion or lesions in experimentally infected sheep. | no antibodies to porcine circovirus type 2 were detected in sera from cattle, sheep and humans. experimental infection of lambs with this virus failed to produce lesions or seroconversion. | 2000 | 10893163 |
| evidence of porcine circovirus infection in pigs with wasting disease syndrome from 1985 to 1999 in hokkaido, japan. | an epizootiological survey with histopathological methods was conducted for porcine circovirus in 220 diseased pigs (1-200 days old) in 49 farms from 1985 to 1999. histopathological lesions containing pcv antigen were detected mainly in the lymphoid tissues from 42 of 189 diseased pigs (22.2%) in 4 of 45 farms (8.9%) from 1990 to 1999. the rate of positive pigs gradually increased from 1997 onward and pcv infection was found in 50% of diseased pigs in 1999. histopathologically, the lesions in th ... | 2000 | 10907690 |
| serum antibodies to porcine circovirus type 1 and type 2 in pigs with and without pmws. | | 2000 | 10909911 |
| open reading frame 2 of porcine circovirus type 2 encodes a major capsid protein. | porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2), a single-stranded dna virus associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome of swine, has two potential open reading frames, orf1 and orf2, greater than 600 nucleotides in length. orf1 is predicted to encode a replication-associated protein (rep) essential for replication of viral dna, while orf2 contains a conserved basic amino acid sequence at the n terminus resembling that of the major structural protein of chicken anaemia virus. thus far, the structur ... | 2000 | 10950986 |
| isolation and characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 from pigs showing signs of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in the netherlands. | pigs with wasting syndrome were examined for macroscopic and histopathological lesions, and for porcine circovirus (pcv). histopathological lesions were comparable to those previously documented for post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). in addition, in seven out of ten examined pmws-affected pigs focal-to-slight mononuclear meningitis and focal cerebral mononuclear infiltrates (4 out of 10) were observed. a virus was isolated from organs and sera from pigs showing wasting syndrome. ... | 2000 | 10952449 |
| quantitative, competitive pcr analysis of porcine circovirus dna in serum from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | a competitive pcr (cpcr) assay was developed for monitoring porcine circovirus (pcv) dna in serum samples from piglets. the cpcr was based on competitive coamplification of a 502- or 506-bp region of the pcv type 1 (pcv1) or pcv2 orf2, respectively, with a known concentration of competitor dna, which produced a 761- or 765-bp fragment, respectively. the cpcr was validated by quantification of a known amount of pcv wild-type plasmids. we also used this technique to determine pcv genome copy numbe ... | 2000 | 10970408 |
| the sensitivities of various erythrocytes in a haemagglutination assay for the detection of psittacine beak and feather disease virus. | the erythrocytes of various species were tested in psittacine beak and feather disease (pbfd) virus haemagglutination (ha) and haemagglutination inhibition assays to determine which are suitable for use in these assays. ha activity was observed for erythrocytes of the salmon-crested cockatoo, the sulphur-crested cockatoo, the umbrella cockatoo, the goffin's cockatoo and the cockatiel, with differences amongst individuals within species, but not for erythrocytes of humans, the pig, the guinea pig ... | 2000 | 11014065 |
| increase in pdns diagnoses in the netherlands. | | 2000 | 11037736 |
| xenotransplantation and the potential risk of xenogeneic transmission of porcine viruses. | the clinical success of allotransplantation and the shortage of donor organs have led to a proposal for the use of animal organs as alternative therapeutic materials for humans. in that regard, swine are preferable to non-human primates as a source of donor organs. while applications for clinical trials for xenotransplantation have not yet been received in canada, several trials have already been authorized in the united states. a major concern, however, is the potential for xenogeneic transmiss ... | 2000 | 11041495 |
| fecal excretion of a novel human circovirus, tt virus, in healthy children. | the role of tt virus (ttv) as a human pathogen is unclear, as is the mode of ttv transmission. to determine the prevalence of ttv infection and the possible fecal-oral route of transmission, we analyzed fecal specimens from 67 healthy, nontransfused children for ttv dna sequences by heminested pcr, using the ng and t primer sets. the overall prevalence of ttv fecal excretion was 22.4% (15 of 67), with the t primer set (19.4%) being more sensitive than the ng primer set (10.4%). ttv prevalence ba ... | 2000 | 11063506 |
| seroprevalence of porcine circovirus types 1 and 2 in the belgian pig population. | | 2000 | 11087137 |
| pcr detection and evidence of shedding of porcine circovirus type 2 in boar semen. | an experimental study was conducted to evaluate the potential presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in the semen of infected boars. four mature boars were inoculated intranasally with pcv2 isolate lhva-v53 propagated on pk15 cells. two boars inoculated with the supernatant of noninfected pk15 cells were kept as controls. serum samples were collected from all boars at 4, 7, 11, 13, 18, 21, 25, 28, 35, and 55 days postinoculation (dpi) and from the four pcv2-infected boars at 90 dpi. sample ... | 2000 | 11101608 |
| hepatitis and staging of hepatic damage in pigs naturally infected with porcine circovirus type 2. | a total of 100 liver samples from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) were studied. all livers were evaluated microscopically and were staged based on the severity and localization of lesions. presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) was evaluated using an in situ hybridization technique. eighty-eight of 100 livers (88%) had a variable degree of lymphohistiocytic hepatitis, with apoptotic bodies, disorganization of hepatic plates, and/or perilobular fibrosis. twelve ... | 2000 | 11105965 |
| utilization of a rate enhancement hybridization buffer system for rapid in situ hybridization for the detection of porcine circovirus in cell culture and in tissues of pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | a rapid in situ hybridization (ish) technique for the detection of porcine circovirus (pcv) nucleic acid in cell culture and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues was developed. a fluorescein-labeled rna probe was transcribed from a plasmid containing 530 bp of the orf1 of a pcv isolated from a pig with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). hybridization using standard hybridization buffer was performed at 42 c for 16 hours and was compared to hybridization using rate enhancement ... | 2000 | 11108458 |
| porcine circovirus induces b lymphocyte depletion in pigs with wasting disease syndrome. | to disclose the mechanism of cellular injury following porcine circovirus (pcv) infection, 12 pigs were examined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dutp-nick end labeling (tunel) method and immunohistochemistry. histologically, the lymphoid tissues were characterized by marked apoptosis of lymphocytes, lymphocyte depletion, and macrophages and giant cells containing numerous inclusion bodies with or without apoptotic bodies. immunohistochemically, there were many lysozyme-posi ... | 2000 | 11129853 |
| igm-class antibodies to tt virus (ttv) in patients with acute ttv infection. | tt virus (ttv) is a human circovirus with a single-stranded, circular dna genome of 3.8 kb. a method was developed to detect igm antibodies to ttv as a serological marker for the diagnosis of acute ttv infection. igm antibodies in test sera were captured by a monoclonal antibody against igm/µ on a solid support followed by binding of igm with ttv derived from fecal extract of a ttv carrier. the presence of igm-specific ttv particles was determined by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using nucleic ... | 2001 | 11137475 |
| bacterial expression of an immunologically reactive pcv2 orf2 fusion protein. | the entire coding region of open reading frame 2 (orf2) of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) was linked to the 3'-end of the maltose-binding protein (mbp)-his(8)-tag gene. the fusion protein was expressed as soluble form after induction by isopropylthio-beta-d-galactoside. mbp-his(8)-orf2 was purified to homogeneity by immobilized metal affinity chromatography based on the interaction of the polyhistidine-tag with metal ions. expression could represent 1% of the total protein in escherichia coli, allo ... | 2001 | 11162395 |
| genetic diversity of beak and feather disease virus detected in psittacine species in australia. | the complete nucleotide (nt) sequence of eight isolates of beak and feather disease virus (bfdv) obtained from a range of psittacine species with psittacine beak and feather disease (pbfd) from throughout australia were compared with the sequences of two bfdv isolates previously reported from australia (bfdv-aus) and america (bfdv-usa), respectively. all isolates had the same basic structure including the position of the open reading frames, the hairpin structure between orf1 and orf2, the nonan ... | 2001 | 11162795 |
| replication of porcine circovirus type 1 requires two proteins encoded by the viral rep gene. | the rep gene of porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) is indispensable for replication of viral dna. truncation or introduction of point mutations into four conserved sequence motifs led to inactivation of rep as replication initiator. transcription of rep starts at nucleotide 767 +/- 10 bp. an intron (nucleotides 1176 to 1558) is removed by splicing. this leads to synthesis of a truncated protein, which was termed rep' (19.2 kda). because of a frameshift, the last 48 amino acids of rep' deviate from ... | 2001 | 11162799 |
| activation of the immune system is the pivotal event in the production of wasting disease in pigs infected with porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2). | porcine circovirus (pcv)-2, a newly described single-stranded circular dna virus pathogen of swine is the cause of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). in gnotobiotic piglets, pcv-2 infection alone produces asymptomatic infection without evidence of overt pmws. gnotobiotic piglets infected with pcv-2 were injected with keyhole limpet hemocyanin in incomplete freund's adjuvant (klh/icfa), and the effects on virus production and development of pmws were determined. in the first exper ... | 2001 | 11199162 |
| viral replication and lesions in balb/c mice experimentally inoculated with porcine circovirus isolated from a pig with postweaning multisystemic wasting disease. | eight-week-old balb/c mice were either sham inoculated (control mice) or were inoculated intraperitoneally (ip) and intranasally (in) with a single (spcv mice) or multiple (mpcv mice) doses of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2). four control mice and 4 spcv mice were sacrificed 7, 14, 28, and 42 days postinoculation (pi). all 4 mpcv mice were sacrificed 42 days pi. in addition, 7-day and 14-day pregnant balb/c mice were either sham inoculated (control mice) or were inoculated ip and in with a single do ... | 2001 | 11199167 |
| cloning and sequencing of columbid circovirus (cocv), a new circovirus from pigeons. | the complete nucleotide sequence of columbid circovirus (cocv) isolated from pigeons is described. cocv was amplified using a consensus primer pcr approach directed against conserved sequences within the rep genes of vertebrate circoviruses. the genome of cocv is circular and 2037 nt in size. it displays 55% homology to the genome of psittacine beak and feather disease virus and is more distantly related (< 40% homology) to porcine circovirus type 1 and 2. two major open reading frames were iden ... | 2000 | 11205099 |
| experimental infection of colostrum deprived piglets with porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) potentiates pcv2 replication. | experimental infection of colostrum-deprived (cd) pigs with a combined inoculum of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) potentiated the replication and distribution of pcv2 virus, when compared with pigs inoculated with pcv2 alone. the replication and distribution of prrsv in dually infected pigs was not enhanced, when compared to pigs inoculated with prrsv alone. the mechanisms involved in the potentiation of pcv2 replication in pcv2/prrsv ... | 2000 | 11205128 |
| optimized protocols for the detection of porcine circovirus 2 dna from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues using nested polymerase chain reaction and comparison of nested pcr with in situ hybridization. | optimized dna extraction method and nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) were developed for the detection of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. conventional pcr, nested pcr, and in situ hybridization methods were also compared for the detection of pcv2 in archival tissues. a method based on xylene deparaffinization followed by proteinase k digestion yielded dna of sufficient quality for pcr analyses reliably and consistently. twenty-six (70%) of the 37 ... | 2001 | 11226557 |
| tissue distribution and genetic typing of porcine circoviruses in pigs with naturally occurring congenital tremors. | congenital tremors (ct) type a2 is associated with porcine circovirus (pcv) and deficient and abnormal myelin. the aim of this study was to determine the tissue distribution and genetic type of pcv in 1-2-day-old pigs with naturally occurring ct type a2 using in situ hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and indirect fluorescent antibody tests on frozen tissue sections. ct-affected and clinically normal pigs were selected from 4 farms in the midwestern usa that were undergoing outbreak ... | 2001 | 11243364 |
| double in situ hybridization for simultaneous detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and porcine circovirus (pcv). | a double in situ hybridization method for the simultaneous detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and porcine circovirus (pcv) genomes in the same tissue section was applied to lung tissues from 9 pigs in which prrsv and pcv coinfection had been previously demonstrated. paraffin-embedded tissue sections were simultaneously hybridized with a digoxigenin-labeled antisense rna probe for prrsv and a fluorescein-labeled antisense rna probe for pcv, and hybridization ... | 2001 | 11243366 |
| dual infection with pcv-2 and porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus in neonatal piglets. | | 2001 | 11334076 |
| granulomatous enteritis and lymphadenitis in iberian pigs naturally infected with lawsonia intracellularis. | intestinal samples and/or lymph nodes of two iberian pigs from two different farms were submitted for histopathologic examination. both pigs had proliferation of ileal and/or cecal crypts with almost complete absence of goblet cells. infection by lawsonia intracellularis was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction assay. the mesenteric lymph node of one pig had moderate lymphocyte depletion with granulomatous inflammation of the lymph node parenchyma. histiocytes and m ... | 2001 | 11355669 |
| new pig disease in hungary: postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome caused by circovirus (short communication). | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), a new disease in hungary, was recognized in a swine herd located in southeast hungary, during the early winter of 1999. the first clinical signs of paleness, anaemia, and leanness appeared immediately after weaning, at the age of 40-50 days. pustules were frequently observed on the skin of the trunk, and signs of necrotic dermatitis were also visible. a syndrome of poor growth and wasting was characteristic of the affected pigs. a porcine circov ... | 2000 | 11402663 |
| isolation and characterization of porcine circovirus 2 from cases of sow abortion and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome. | we report the isolation and characterisation of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) from cases of sow abortion and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome. the results suggest that the clinical scope of pcv2 infections requires continuous re-evaluation. | 2001 | 11402869 |
| [three cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) due to porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv 2) in switzerland]. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv 2) was found in three five- and nine-week-old pigs from two feeder pig producer farms. clinical signs were persistent diarrhea and wasting. the animals showed histomorphologic changes characteristic for "postweaning multisystemic syndrome" (pmws). one animal had the typical basophilic intracytoplasmatic circoviral inclusion bodies in the peyer's patches of the ileum. circoviral dna was detected in the lymphatic organs as well as in the liver. this case report is th ... | 2001 | 11407249 |
| nuclear localization of the orf2 protein encoded by porcine circovirus type 2. | infectious porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was generated following transfection of a porcine retina cell line (vido r1) with cloned circovirus dna. expression of open reading frame 2 (orf2) was detected at 24 h postinfection and onwards increasingly throughout the infection by western blot analysis using orf2 specific polyclonal antibody. moreover, the orf2 protein was also detected in purified pcv2 virus, indicating that orf2 is a structural component of pcv2 viral capsid. nuclear localization ... | 2001 | 11414809 |
| lack of antibodies to porcine circovirus type 2 virus in beef and dairy cattle and horses in western canada. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is a recently recognized agent that is consistently associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting disease in swine. there are conflicting data concerning the ability of this virus to infect and cause disease in other species. to determine if normal cattle, cattle affected with various illnesses, and normal horses in endemic areas of pcv2 infection in swine have had pcv2 infections, 100 randomly selected bovine sera, 100 equine sera, and 100 colostrum samples ... | 2001 | 11424578 |
| tt virus in hematological disorders and bone marrow transplant recipients. | tt virus (ttv) was cloned as a possible causative agent for non a to c posttransfusion hepatitis. determination of the entire sequence of the virus revealed that the virus is the first human circovirus. the nucleotide sequence of ttv has a wide range of diversity and at least sixteen genotypes have been discovered to date. the prevalence of ttv infection in the normal population differs among countries, but exceeds 10% in several countries. most of ttv infections are not associated with hepatiti ... | 2001 | 11426521 |
| transplacental infection with pcv-2 associated with reproductive failure in a gilt. | | 2001 | 11442241 |
| production, characterisation and applications of monoclonal antibodies to porcine circovirus 2. | the production, preliminary characterisation and applications of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against six porcine circovirus 2 isolates are described. a total of 14 stable hybridomas were produced, of which 7 were characterised. all of the mabs characterised were of igg isotype. all the mabs tested reacted by iif with acetone-fixed cell cultures infected with pcv2 isolates from canada, france, spain, denmark, usa and uk. no cross-reactivity with a porcine circovirus 1 field isolate was demonstra ... | 2001 | 11448029 |
| pcv-2 from emaciated pigs in mexico. | | 2001 | 11465277 |
| association of porcine circovirus 2 with reproductive failure in pigs: a retrospective study, 1995-1998. | in order to determine if vertically transmitted porcine circovirus (pcv) has played a role in reproductive failure in pigs in areas of endemic infection, archival fixed tissues were examined by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and immunohistochemistry. tissues tested were from routine cases of abortion or reproductive failure submitted between 1995 and 1998 to the diagnostic laboratory at the western college of veterinary medicine, saskatoon. they originated from 29 high-health herds in the provi ... | 2001 | 11467183 |
| multiple porcine circovirus 2-associated abortions and reproductive failure in a multisite swine production unit. | porcine circovirus type 2 was detected in several stillborn and nonviable neonatal piglets presenting with chronic passive congestion, cardiac hypertrophy, and severe diffuse myocarditis. the presence of the virus in the heart and other tissues of affected piglets was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and virus isolation techniques. other reproductive losses and associated infectious agents in the herd are discussed. | 2001 | 11467184 |
| colocalization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus 2 in porcine dermatitis and nephrology syndrome by double-labeling technique. | simultaneous detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) was achieved by a double-labeling technique using a combination of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in five pigs with naturally occurring porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns). both prrsv and pcv2 were isolated from a homogenate of pooled skin and kidney from three pigs. prrsv rna was demonstrated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ... | 2001 | 11467478 |
| avian skin diseases. | avian dermatology is an important part of avian practice. feather plucking, or self-mutilation, is one of the most common and challenging syndromes seen in avian practices, yet our understanding of it has developed piecemeal. psittacine circovirus, which causes psittacine beak and feather disease, can devastate breeding programs and cause masked distress to new bird owners and their young birds. cutaneous neoplasms are increasing in incidence as veterinarians are seeing more older bird patients. | 2001 | 11480362 |
| postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome induced after experimental inoculation of cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets with type 2 porcine circovirus. | cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs (n = 23) were inoculated intranasally and subcutaneously with a low cell culture passage of type 2 porcine circovirus. in 11 pigs, a persistent fever that lasted 7-17 days began 12-15 days after inoculation with virus. additional signs of disease in those 11 pigs included depression (11 of 11 pigs), palpable enlargement of inguinal, prefemoral, and popliteal lymph nodes (11 of 11), icterus (6 of 11), and hyperpnea (2 of 11). the remaining 12 pigs had fev ... | 2001 | 11482594 |
| genome sequence determinations and analyses of novel circoviruses from goose and pigeon. | the genomes of novel circoviruses from goose and pigeon, which were isolated using degenerate primer and inverse primer pcr methods, were cloned and sequenced. comparative nucleotide (nt) sequence analyses showed that the goose circovirus (gcv) and pigeon circovirus (picv) possessed genomes which were 1821 and 2037 or 2036 nt, respectively, and which had features in common with the genomes of porcine circoviruses types 1 and 2 (pcv1, pcv2) and psittacine beak and feather disease virus (bfdv), su ... | 2001 | 11485403 |
| changes in peripheral blood leukocyte populations in pigs with natural postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). | the objective of the present study was to analyze, by flow cytometry, changes in pbmc subsets in pigs having postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), a new condition associated to porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection. thirteen acutely pmws affected pigs were selected from a farm seronegative to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and to aujeszky's disease virus (adv); 11 clinically healthy pigs were selected from a high health farm with no history of pmws ... | 2001 | 11498245 |
| identification of an immunorelevant orf2 epitope from porcine circovirus type 2 as a serological marker for experimental and natural infection. | post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is a recently identified disease of pigs linked to the emergence of a new porcine circovirus (pcv2). we report here the characterization of immunorelevant linear b-cell epitopes of the open reading frame 2-encoded protein (orf2) from pcv2 by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using experimental antisera collected from pigs inoculated with a pcv2 isolate. two epitopes spanning residues 69 to 83 and 117 to 131 were specific to pcv2. anti ... | 2001 | 11504425 |
| differentiation of porcine circovirus (pcv)-1 and pcv-2 in boar semen using a multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction. | a multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was developed for the detection of and differentiation between porcine circovirus (pcv)-1 and pcv-2 in boar semen. eighteen (30%) and 30 (50%) out of 60 whole semen samples were found to be positive for pcv using multiplex conventional pcr and multiplex nested pcr, respectively. of the 30 positive samples obtained using multiplex nested pcr, two were found to be positive for pcv-1 only, eight for pcv-2 only, and 20 for pcv-1 and pcv-2. when the ... | 2001 | 11543881 |
| porcine circovirus 2 infection in swine foetuses inoculated at different stages of gestation. | the ability of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) to replicate and cause pathologic abnormalities in foetuses at selected time points of gestation was examined in this study. two foetuses were inoculated in utero in each of two sows at 57, 75 and 92 days of gestation, respectively, with pcv2 (1121). the remaining foetuses were left uninoculated to assess whether intra-uterine spread occurred. twenty-one days after inoculation, the foetuses were collected and examined for gross lesions and for virus and ... | 2001 | 11557157 |
| simultaneous detection of porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine parvovirus in pigs with pmws by multiplex pcr. | | 2001 | 11570792 |
| experimental reproduction of severe disease in cd/cd pigs concurrently infected with type 2 porcine circovirus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. | three-week-old cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived (cd/cd) pigs were inoculated with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2, n = 19), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv, n = 13), concurrent pcv2 and prrsv (pcv2/prrsv, n = 17), or a sham inoculum (n = 12) to compare the independent and combined effects of these agents. necropsies were performed at 7, 10, 14, 21, 35, and 49 days postinoculation (dpi) or when pigs became moribund. by 10 dpi, pcv2/prrsv-inoculated pigs had severe dy ... | 2001 | 11572560 |
| detection of a circovirus-like agent from farmed pheasants in italy. | | 2001 | 11583137 |
| clinical and pathological observations on pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | the aim of this work was to characterise the lesions and agents present in clinically normal and clinically affected pigs on a farm during an outbreak of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), and to evaluate the diagnostic techniques for detecting porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) and other microorganisms. four pigs in the early stage and 11 pigs in the late stage of the disease, and eight clinically normal pigs were necropsied. samples of lymphoid tissue and serum were also obtaine ... | 2001 | 11594382 |
| nucleotide sequence analysis of a novel circovirus of canaries and its relationship to other members of the genus circovirus of the family circoviridae. | the circular, single-stranded dna genome of a novel circovirus of canaries, tentatively named canary circovirus (cacv), was cloned and sequenced. sequence analysis indicated that the genome was 1952 nucleotides (nt) in size and had the potential to encode three viral proteins, including the putative capsid and replication-associated (rep) proteins. the cacv genome shared greatest sequence similarity (58.3% nt identity) with the newly characterized columbid circovirus (cocv) and was more distantl ... | 2001 | 11602793 |
| immunohistochemical characterisation of the lymph node reaction in pig post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). | the superficial inguinal lymph nodes of 10 piglets which had died spontaneously of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), in which the porcine circovirus type ii (pcv-ii) genome was revealed by pcr, were submitted to immunohistochemical investigation for cd4, cd8, igm, mac387, s-100 protein, vimentin and f-viii-ra and compared with three normal cases. the lymph node reaction was graded as initial, intermediate and end stage according to histological criteria. in the initial and inte ... | 2001 | 11604161 |
| differentiation of porcine circovirus 1 and 2 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-wax-embedded tissues from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome by in-situ hybridisation. | non-radioactive digoxigenin (dig)-labelled probes that can differentiate porcine circovirus (pcv) 1 from pcv2 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-wax-embedded tissues by in-situ hybridisation were developed. a 349 base pair (bp) dna fragment from open reading frame (orf) 1 of pcv1 and a 481 bp dna fragment from orf2 of pcv2 generated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) were used as pcv1 and pcv2 probes, respectively. a specific dig-labelled pcv1 dna probe did not hybridise with pcv2-infected pk-15 cells ... | 2001 | 11676625 |
| animal circoviruses. | | 2001 | 11680382 |
| detection of circovirus infection in pigeons by in situ hybridization using cloned dna probes. | degenerate primers were designed based on known sequence information for the circoviruses psittacine beak and feather disease virus and porcine circovirus and applied by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to known virus-infected bursa of fabricius (bf) from a pigeon. a 548-bp dna fragment was amplified and shown to be specific to a novel circovirus, named pigeon circovirus (picv), and was used to produce sensitive and specific probes for detection of circovirus dna by in situ hybridization (ish). u ... | 2001 | 11724137 |
| cloned genomic dna of type 2 porcine circovirus is infectious when injected directly into the liver and lymph nodes of pigs: characterization of clinical disease, virus distribution, and pathologic lesions. | infection of animals with a molecular viral clone is critical to study the genetic determinants of viral replication and virulence in the host. type 2 porcine circovirus (pcv2) has been incriminated as the cause of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), an emerging disease in pigs. we report here for the first time the construction and use of an infectious molecular dna clone of pcv2 to characterize the disease and pathologic lesions associated with pcv2 infection by direct in vivo t ... | 2002 | 11752145 |
| modified indirect porcine circovirus (pcv) type 2-based and recombinant capsid protein (orf2)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of antibodies to pcv. | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome of swine associated with porcine circovirus (pcv) is a recently reported and economically important disease. simple and reliable diagnostic methods are needed for detecting antibodies to pcv type 2 (pcv2) for monitoring of pcv infection. here, we report the development of two modified indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas): a pcv2 elisa based on cell-culture-propagated pcv2 and an orf2 elisa based on recombinant major capsid protein. pcv2 ... | 2002 | 11777826 |
| porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection status in pigs naturally affected with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in spain. | the purpose of the study reported here was to determine the prevalence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) in pigs affected with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), a disease believed to be caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). from may 1997 to february 2000, pmws was diagnosed in 277 pigs (from 120 farms) submitted to the veterinary pathology diagnostic service, veterinary school of barcelona, spain. in each case, the pmws diagnosis was based on ... | 2002 | 11792488 |
| [group groot dagen 2001: diverse and useful]. | | 2002 | 11795033 |
| an experimental model for post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in growing piglets. | post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is a comparatively new disease of swine, and known to occur in france since 1996. a porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is found in the lesions of affected piglets. six piglets aged 10-13 weeks were obtained from a french pmws-affected farm. two showing characteristic signs of pmws (palor, weakness and emaciation) remained in poor condition and were finally killed 6 and 9 days after their arrival in the experimental unit. tissue homogenates from th ... | 2001 | 11798246 |
| the effects of immuno-modulation on the clinical and pathological expression of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), primarily caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2), is an economically important disease of pigs in many countries. a trial was designed to investigate the hypothesis that non-specific immuno-modulation can influence the clinical and pathological expression of pmws in pigs naturally infected with pcv-2. eighty-four pigs on a commercial pig farm were allocated to three groups of 28 pigs each, during an outbreak of pmws. the pigs in the first ... | 2002 | 11814320 |
| postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome of pigs in korea: prevalence, microscopic lesions and coexisting microorganisms. | a retrospective study was performed on natural cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), recorded from january 1999 to december 2000, to determine the prevalence, microscopic lesions, and other coexisting pathogens associated with pmws. pmws is diagnosed based on three criteria: the presence of clinical signs (retardation of growth), characteristic microscopic lesions (granulomatous inflammation and inclusion body), and the presence of porcine circovirus (pcv)-2 within these le ... | 2002 | 11853147 |
| molecular epidemiology of ttv-like mini virus in norway. | tt virus (ttv), the first human circovirus to be discovered, appears to be present in most people; less is known about the prevalence of the related ttv-like mini virus (tlmv). a sensitive nested pcr, specific for tlmv, detected the virus in 48% of 201 sera (norwegian blood donors) previously found to have a 90% prevalence of ttv. more samples were either positive for both or negative for both viruses than what would have been expected from a random distribution (p = 0.08). sequence analysis rev ... | 2002 | 11855630 |
| kinetics of porcine circovirus type 2 replication. | the kinetics of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) replication in pk15 cells was examined. during productive infection, viral antigens, rna transcripts and progeny viruses all increased in a time dependent manner. viral antigens were observed in a few cells at 18 hour postinfection (h p.i.) and cell-free progeny viruses began to appear at about 30 h p.i. viral transcripts were detected by 18 h p.i. and the capsid protein rna of 950 nucleotides (nt) was the most abundant rna species. two other rnas ... | 2002 | 11855635 |
| infectious agents identified in pigs with multifocal interstitial nephritis at slaughter. | one kidney was taken from each of 100 pigs at slaughter; 50 had gross lesions of multifocal interstitial nephritis and 50 had no gross lesions. forty-nine of the affected kidneys had lesions that were characterised by the presence of either a few randomly distributed or numerous widely disseminated pale foci, 1 to 3 mm in diameter, on the cortical surface (white-dotted kidneys). microscopically, these focal inflammatory lesions often had a distinct lymphofollicular pattern (follicular nephritis) ... | 2002 | 11871667 |
| changes in cd4(+), cd8(+), cd4(+) cd8(+), and immunoglobulin m-positive peripheral blood mononuclear cells of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome-affected pigs and age-matched uninfected wasted and healthy pigs correlate with lesions and porcine circovirus type 2 load in lymphoid tissues. | forty-one 8- to 12-week-old wasted pigs were selected from several conventional farms with histories of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and classified into two groups according to their porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection status, as determined by in situ hybridization (ish). twenty-four pigs tested positive for pcv2 (pcv2-positive group), while 17 pigs tested negative for pcv2 (pcv2-negative group). in addition, eight uninfected healthy pigs from an experimental farm wer ... | 2002 | 11874858 |
| rep and rep' protein of porcine circovirus type 1 bind to the origin of replication in vitro. | genome replication of porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) relies upon expression of the full-length protein rep and a spliced isoform (rep'), and the presence of a 111-bp genomic fragment comprising the origin of replication. using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (emsa), the capability of both rep proteins to bind to partial fragments of the origin of replication of pcv1 was investigated in vitro. both proteins formed complexes with double-stranded dna origin fragments containing a stem-loo ... | 2001 | 11878884 |
| experimental inoculation of conventional pigs with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus 2. | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is a disease of nursery and fattening pigs characterized by growth retardation, paleness of the skin, dyspnea, and increased mortality rates. porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) has been demonstrated to be the cause of pmws. however, other factors are needed for full development of the syndrome, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection has been suggested to be one of them. twenty-four conventional 5-week-old pigs were dis ... | 2002 | 11884547 |
| dynamics of porcine circovirus type 2 infection in a herd of pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | to determine the pattern of infection for porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in a herd of pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). | 2002 | 11911570 |
| pmws in argentina. | | 2002 | 11913593 |
| reproduction of pmws with a 1993 swedish isolate of pcv-2. | | 2002 | 11916032 |
| evaluation of a porcine circovirus type 2-specific antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs: comparison with virus isolation, immunohistochemistry, and the polymerase chain reaction. | quantitative virus isolation, immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay, and a porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2)-specific antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) were used for differentiation between clinical and subclinical pcv2 infections of swine. tissue samples from pigs experimentally infected with pcv2 and field cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and pcv2-associated reproductive disorders were used in this evaluation. in initial studies on 6 p ... | 2002 | 11939330 |
| exudative epidermitis and porcine circovirus-2 infection in a swedish spf-herd. | an outbreak of exudative epidermitis (ee) among piglets in a swedish spf-herd initiated a survey for indications as to the cause of disease. the herd was established by caesarean section and has been closed to all new animal material, with the exception of semen for artificial insemination (ai). the study comprised serum samples from the spf-herd over a 10-year period (n=109) and a close monitoring of animals in the herd during the period after the ee outbreak. serum samples from conventional bo ... | 2002 | 11955778 |
| detection of porcine circovirus types 1 and 2 in serum and tissue samples of pigs with and without postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | presence of porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) and pcv2 was studied in sera and superficial inguinal lymph nodes from postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws)-affected and non-pmws-affected pigs by using in situ hybridization and pcr. pcv1 and pcv2 were found in less than 3% and more than 50% of the samples, respectively. the most sensitive technique and site was pcr in superficial inguinal lymph nodes, but in situ hybridization correlated better with presence of characteristic lesions. | 2002 | 11980975 |
| ttv, a new human virus with single stranded circular dna genome. | tt virus (ttv) was found in 1997 from a hepatitis patient without virus markers. however, the real impact of ttv on liver diseases remains uncertain to date. due to the lack of suitable cell systems to support the growth of ttv, the biology of ttv is still obscure. this review tries to summarise the current status of ttv on aspects other than the taxonomic diversity of ttv. ttv was the first human virus with a single stranded circular dna genome. ttv was considered to be a member of circoviridae ... | 2002 | 11987140 |
| first evidence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) infection of pigs in the czech republic by semi-nested pcr. | three oligonucleotide primers for semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) were designed according to already published sequences of porcine circovirus types 1 (pcv-1) and 2 (pcv-2) isolates. these primers were used to detect pcv-2 dna. a positive amplification reaction was visualized from a dna suspension containing as few as 10 copies of virus dna. in total. 77 samples of inguinal lymph nodes and nasal swabs from pigs in the czech republic were used to detect the virus. thirty-seven of them ... | 2002 | 12019948 |
| a method to diagnose pigeon circovirus infection in vivo. | this study describes a method to detect in vivo pigeon circovirus (picv, also called columbid circovirus, cocv) identified recently. blood samples of healthy and diseased pigeons were investigated. dna was isolated from a drop of blood spotted and dried on filter paper. a nested pcr using two primer pairs from the cap gene was performed to detect picv. using this method, picv nucleic acid was detected in 17 of 53 pigeons examined. pcr using dna from dried blood samples is a simple, fast and reli ... | 2002 | 12020792 |
| simultaneous detection of porcine circovirus 2 and porcine parvovirus in naturally and experimentally coinfected pigs by double in situ hybridization. | a technique for double in situ hybridization to simultaneously detect porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) and porcine parvovirus (ppv) in the same tissue section was developed and applied to lymph node and spleen from 8 pigs experimentally coinfected with pcv2 and ppv and 20 pigs with naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. for double labeling studies, the tissue samples were processed sequentially, first for ppv in situ hybridization using a digoxigenin-labeled probe and then fo ... | 2002 | 12033680 |
| [circovirus type 2 widely spread in the dutch pig husbandry]. | | 2002 | 12046457 |
| experimental inoculation of porcine circoviruses type 1 (pcv1) and type 2 (pcv2) in rabbits and mice. | the objective of this work was to investigate the susceptibility of rabbits and mice experimentally inoculated with porcine circoviruses type 1 (pcv1) and type 2 (pcv2) to infection and development of disease and/or lesions. forty six new zealand rabbits and 50 icr-cdi mice were both divided into two groups comprising pcvi and pcv2 inoculated animals, and a third group inoculated with non-infected cell culture medium. rabbits were inoculated intranasally while mice were inoculated intraperitonea ... | 2002 | 12056474 |
| occurrence of porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome in hungary. | in the past few years a characteristics, often fatal disease associated with cutaneous lesions and nephropathy has been observed in several large pig herds and household pig stocks of hungary. in addition to general symptoms and slight fever in several cases, the disease was characterised by cutaneous lesions occurring mostly on the ventral part of the thorax and abdomen, on the extremities and ear pinnae, and in the nasal and perianal region. in the acute phase, circumscribed hyperaemic, conflu ... | 2002 | 12061235 |
| detection of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv-2) dna by nested pcr from formalin-fixed tissues of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) pigs in thailand. | a retrospective study for the detection of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv-2) dna was conducted by nested pcr method in 16 cases of swine post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in thailand. histopathology showed characteristic lesions of pmws and intracytoplasmic viral inclusion bodies in macrophages infiltrating in lymphoid tissues. pcv-2 dna was detected from formalin-fixed and/or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from all pigs with pmws. the amplified products were digested with ... | 2002 | 12069080 |
| first report of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome in pigs in greece. | post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns) are two recently described conditions of pigs at the late nursery and fattening stages. the aim of this short communication was to describe the first reported occurrence of these conditions and of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection in greece. the clinical signs, gross post-mortem changes and histopathological changes observed in affected pigs, were similar to those previously describ ... | 2002 | 12069275 |
| a longitudinal study of cell-mediated immunity in pigs infected with porcine parvovirus. | porcine parvovirus (ppv) is an ubiquitous pathogen causing reproductive failure in swine. protection against reproductive failure caused by acute ppv infection has commonly been related to the presence of specific antibodies in the dam. however, the role of cell-mediated immunity during chronic ppv infection remains to be elucidated, and may be relevant to the pathogenesis of novel diseases such as postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), which may be triggered by coinfection with ppv ... | 2002 | 12081019 |
| high genetic diversity revealed by the study of tlmv infection in french hemodialysis patients. | tt virus-like minivirus (tlmv) was recently discovered as a human circovirus. little is known about its natural history and molecular epidemiology. a study of tlmv infection is described in a population of french hemodialysis patients. tlmv dna was tested by seminested pcr system located in the noncoding region in 81 patients divided into seven groups according to the origin of their renal disease. quantitation of tlmv dna in serum was carried out. sequences from 28 patients were compared with 4 ... | 2002 | 12116016 |
| psittacine beak and feather disease in three captive sulphur-crested cockatoos (cacatua galerita) in thailand. | three sulphur-crested cockatoos (cacatua galerita) were diagnosed as psittacine beak and feather disease (pbfd). histopathology of the feather pulp and follicles showed intracytoplasmic botryoid clusters or granular inclusion bodies in epithelial cells and macrophages. electron microscopy revealed multiple cytoplasmic clusters of electron dense viral particles corresponding to the inclusions. pbfd virus (circovirus) dna-specific product was detected from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded feathers ... | 2002 | 12130840 |
| chicken anemia virus vp2 is a novel dual specificity protein phosphatase. | the function of viral protein 2 (vp2) of the immunosuppressive circovirus chicken anemia virus (cav) has not yet been established. we show that the cav vp2 amino acid sequence has some similarity to a number of eukaryotic, receptor, protein-tyrosine phosphatase (ptpase) alpha proteins as well as to a cluster of human tt viruses within the sanban group. to investigate if cav vp2 functions as a ptpase, purified glutathione s-transferase (gst)-vp2 fusion protein was assayed for ptpase activity usin ... | 2002 | 12151384 |
| evaluation of polymerase chain reaction and dot blot hybridisation tests in the diagnosis of pigeon circovirus infections. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and dot blot hybridisation (dbh) tests for detecting pigeon circovirus (picv) dna were developed and evaluated using tissue samples obtained from diseased and clinically normal pigeons, which originated in belgium and northern ireland. when pcr product was visually detected, the limit of detection of the pcr test was 31 fg, while that of the dbh was 1.6p g. for evaluation purposes, the results of the pcr and dbh tests, performed with dnas extracted from samples of ... | 2002 | 12223158 |
| reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in immunostimulated and non-immunostimulated 3-week-old piglets experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in swine is causally associated with the newly recognised pathogen, porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). in this study, 3-week-old spf pcv2-seronegative piglets were inoculated intranasally with pcv2. the effect of immunostimulation on the induction of pmws was investigated by immunisation with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (klh) emulsified in incomplete freunds adjuvant. the study was terminated 5 weeks after inoculation. while disease was not observed ... | 2002 | 12243888 |
| analysis of transcription of porcine circovirus type 1. | porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) contains two major open reading frames encoding the replication initiator proteins, rep and rep', and the structural protein, cap. the promoters of these two genes (p(cap) and p(rep)) have been mapped. p(cap) is located within the rep open reading frame (nt 1328-1252). p(rep) has been mapped to the intergenic region immediately upstream of the rep gene (nt 640-796) and overlaps the origin of replication of pcv1. although binding of both rep gene products to a fra ... | 2002 | 12388810 |
| postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs. a review. | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), is a recently described clinical condition which affects nursery and growing pigs. pmws was initially recognized in canada in 1991 and nowadays is considered to be worldwide distributed. clinically, pmws most representative symptoms include wasting, unthriftness, paleness of the skin, respiratory distress, diarrhea and sometimes icterus. pcv2 infection occurs in both pmws affected and non-affected farms, and ... | 2002 | 12400999 |
| concurrent outbreak of pmws and pdns in a herd of pigs in korea. | | 2002 | 12418534 |
| sequence analysis of old and new strains of porcine circovirus associated with congenital tremors in pigs and their comparison with strains involved with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | the entire genomes of 7 isolates of porcine circovirus (pcv) from pigs with congenital tremors (ct), type a2, or postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) were cloned and sequenced. one isolate (ct-pcv-p7) originated from the late 1960s from a neonatal pig with ct, type a2. two recent pcv isolates (ct-pcv-p5, ct-pcv-p6) were from 2 affected neonatal pigs, from different farms, with unrelated outbreaks of ct; type a2. four isolates (pmws-pcv-p1, pmws-pcv-p2, pmws-pcv-p3, pmws-pcv-p4) orig ... | 2002 | 12418776 |
| seroprevalence of porcine circovirus type 2 in swine populations in canada and costa rica. | porcine circovirus (pcv) was recently divided into 2 antigenically distinct types that differ (65% amino acid identity) in the protein encoded by open reading frame 2 (orf2). porcine circovirus 1 is apparently non-pathogenic and, in contrast, pcv2 is associated with porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). our objective was to determine the extent of exposure of normal pigs in canada and costa rica to pcv2. recombinant dna techniques were used to produce an antigen from orf2 of pcv2 that w ... | 2002 | 12418777 |
| case-control study on the association of porcine circovirus type 2 and other swine viral pathogens with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | a field-based case-control study was conducted to assess the strength of association of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and some major swine viruses with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). cases were defined as individual pigs with a clinical history of progressive weight loss and histopathological lesions characteristic of pmws. controls were pigs without clinical signs and histopathological lesions typical of pmws. a total of 31 cases and 56 controls was identified from diagno ... | 2002 | 12423025 |
| experimental in utero inoculation of late-term swine fetuses with porcine circovirus type 2. | all 37 fetuses of 3 laparotomized pregnant sows at 86, 92, and 93 days of gestation were inoculated intramuscularly through the uterine wall with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2). the sows were allowed to farrow, and blood and tissue samples were collected from their piglets before and after suckling colostrum. thirteen fetuses from 2 sows at 90 and 103 days of gestation were used as controls. of the 37 pcv-2 inoculated fetuses, 24 were grossly normal and 13 were mummified, stillborn, or weak-b ... | 2002 | 12423036 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) coinfections in us field cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). | the prevalence of different pathogens detected in combination with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) was studied retrospectively in field cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) diagnosed at the iowa state university veterinary diagnostic laboratory, ames, iowa, between january 2000, and september 2001. the presence of pcv-2 antigen in lymphoid tissues and/or lung, demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, together with moderate to severe lymphoid depletion and/or granulomatous ly ... | 2002 | 12423038 |
| [the sen virus--will there be another letter in the alphabet of viral hepatitis?] ]. | the sen virus (senv) is a small nonenveloped single-stranded dna virus which is probably a circovirus. by phylogenetic analysis it is possible to differentiate genotypes senv a-h. the pathway of transmission of infection is not known so far but the infection by this virus is frequent in recipients of blood transfusions and liver grafts and in intravenous drug addicts. this suggests possible parenteral transmission of infection. other routes of transmission of the infection are also possible as t ... | 2002 | 12425208 |