| [emergent viral infections]. | the emergence and re-emergence of viral infections is an ongoing process. large-scale vaccination programmes led to the eradication or control of some viral infections in the last century, but new viruses are always emerging. increased travel is leading to a rise in the importation of exotic infections such as dengue and hepatitis e, but also of hepatitis a, which is no longer endemic. apart from import diseases new viruses have appeared (nipah-virus and transfusion-transmitted virus). existing ... | 2001 | 11305210 |
| cerebrospinal fluid white blood cell counts and lactic acid dehydrogenase in enterovirus type 71 meningitis. | an outbreak of aseptic meningitis involving 36 children is described. enterovirus type 71, a recently recognized cause of central nervous system and systemic illness in children, was found to be the responsible agent. on initial lumbar puncture, cerebrospinal fluid (csf) polymorphonuclear (pmn) cell predominance was seen in 64%, and greater than 200 csf white blood cells (wbc)/mm3 was seen in 25% of these patients. fifty-four per cent of the patients subjected to repeat lumbar puncture and a sig ... | 1981 | 7226683 |
| update on viral encephalitis. | over 100 viruses have been associated with acute central nervous system infections. the present review focuses on some of the most common agents of viral encephalitis, as well as important emerging viral encephalitides. in this context, the initial detection of west nile virus in the western hemisphere during the 1999 new york city outbreak, the first description of nipah virus in malaysia, and the appearance in asia of a new neurovirulent enterovirus 71 strain that causes severe neurologic dise ... | 2001 | 11371762 |
| infections of the nervous system: an update on recent developments. | the past decade has seen major changes in the field of infectious diseases. in particular, many new infections of the nervous system have been recognised, including the lethal infections of enterovirus 71, and the nipah and west nile viruses. increased interest in prion diseases has occurred, following the recognition of animal-to-human transmission in europe. familiar bacteria such as the pneumococcus continue to cause problems due to increasing resistance to multiple antibiotics. furthermore, ... | 2001 | 11406678 |
| phylogenetic analysis of enterovirus 71 strains isolated during linked epidemics in malaysia, singapore, and western australia. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a frequent cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) epidemics associated with severe neurological sequelae in a small proportion of cases. there has been a significant increase in ev71 epidemic activity throughout the asia-pacific region since 1997. recent hfmd epidemics in this region have been associated with a severe form of brainstem encephalitis associated with pulmonary edema and high case fatality rates. in this study, we show that four genetic lineages of ev ... | 2001 | 11462047 |
| [detection of viral aetiology in cerebral spinal fluid samples from 580 clinical cases]. | to investigate the viral aetiology in cerebral spinal fluid (csf) from 580 cases of cns infection or fuo in yuedong district from 1990 to 1997. | 2000 | 11471031 |
| pathogenicity of a poliomyelitis-like disease in monkeys infected orally with enterovirus 71: a model for human infection. | ten cynomolgus monkeys were given enterovirus 71 (e71) by mouth. clinically, only one monkey showed weakness of the lower extremities. histopathologically, vascular lesions of variable intensity, perivascular cuffing, degeneration and necrosis of the neurons and neuronophagia were observed in the cns of 7 monkeys. e71 was recovered from the cns and specific immunofluorescence was detected in the neurons and in associated macrophages in the cns. serum neutralizing antibody titres rose from 14 to ... | 1982 | 7048123 |
| eeg study on the effect of anticonvulsant prophylaxis in enterovirus 71 induced morbid conditions. | | 1981 | 6804333 |
| first fatal case of enterovirus 71 infection in hong kong. | enteroviruses are a common cause of childhood infections, from hand, foot and mouth disease, to lethal brainstem encephalitis. enterovirus 71 was first isolated in 1969. brainstem encephalomyelitis and pulmonary oedema are postulated to be causally related and have been found to be a common feature of fatal enterovirus 71 cases. a fatal case of enterovirus 71 infection in a 2-year-old, previously healthy boy is reported. he presented to the department of paediatrics with clinical features of sep ... | 2001 | 11514756 |
| complete genome analysis of enterovirus 71 isolated from an outbreak in taiwan and rapid identification of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 by rt-pcr. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) and encephalomyelitis were two major clinical manifestations during the 1998 enterovirus 71 (ev71) epidemic in taiwan. to investigate whether different clinical patterns were caused by alterations in ev71 genomes, the complete nucleotide sequences of four ev71 strains associated with hfmd or encephalomyelitis were compared. among these viral strains, two or three nucleotide differences were found within the 5'-noncoding region, and two or four amino acid diff ... | 2001 | 11536241 |
| echovirus 7 associated encephalomyelitis. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is endemic in malaysia. in 1997, a large outbreak of enterovirus 71 (ev-71) associated hfmd resulted in 41 deaths due to severe left ventricular dysfunction and central nervous system infection with extensive damage to the medulla and pons. the clinical presentation in all these patients were rapid cardio-respiratory decompensation leading to cardiac arrest. another large outbreak of hfmd with 55 fatal cases and a similar clinical picture was reported in taiw ... | 2002 | 11595594 |
| [antivirus effect of polysaccharides of brewer yeast in vitro]. | the antivirus effect of polysaccharides of brewer yeast from yeast mud on 13 kinds of viruses including dna and rna virus along with their mechanisms were studied. the result showed that this effect was remarkable on the infections with poliovirus iii, adenovirus iii, echo6 virus, enterovirus 71, vesicular stomatitis virus, herpesvirus i, ii, coxsackie a16 virus and coxsackie b3 virus. the polysaccharides of brewer yeast could also inhibit the development of cytopathic effect(cpe) and protect cu ... | 1998 | 11596239 |
| studies on the pathogenesis of and propagation of enterovirus 71 in poliomyelitis-like disease in monkeys. | | 1982 | 6758469 |
| genetic and phenotypic characteristics of enterovirus 71 isolates from patients with encephalitis and with hand, foot and mouth disease. | biological and biochemical characters of seven enterovirus 71 (e71) isolates were compared. four isolates (two from patients with hand, foot and mouth disease [hfmd] and two from patients with encephalitis) grew in cynomolgus monkey kidney cells both at 39.5 and 35 degrees c. however, the remaining three strains (from patients with hfmd) grew at 35 degrees c, but not at 39.5 degrees c. three temperature-resistant and two temperature-sensitive strains were tested for neurovirulence in monkeys. te ... | 1984 | 6320781 |
| evaluation of a one-tube rt-pcr system for detection of enteroviruses. | a highly sensitive pcr assay for early and rapid detection of enteroviral (ev) rna in csf is necessary to investigate the role of ev in acute neurological illnesses. | 2002 | 11744425 |
| prevalence of infection with nonpolio enteroviruses among healthy children from a children's home and in a summer camp. | the sera obtained at 6 samplings between june 1981 and may 1982 from 30 children in a children's home were tested for neutralizing antibodies to coxsackieviruses b1 through b5, echovirus serotypes 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 19, 24, 30 and to enterovirus type 71. another group of examined children comprised 19 individuals from the children's home and 63 children from families who enrolled as participants of a summer camp recreation. samples of their sera were obtained at the beginning and the end of c ... | 1983 | 6309958 |
| [study on the circulation of enterovirus 71 in the children population of slovakia (author's transl)]. | | 1981 | 6271350 |
| elimination of some enteroviruses in the excrements of experimentally infected rats (rattus norvegicus) and gulls (larus ridibundus). | young rats of both sexes, weight 150-170 g, the first laboratory progeny of captured wild parent pairs, were used throughout this experiment. rats in two experimental groups comprising a total of 34 animals were infected orally with type 2 poliovirus vaccine strain given in each group at doses of 500, 5000 or 50,000 tcd50. in the first experiment, the presence of poliovirus in rat excrements was detectable irregularly till day 13, in the second experiment till day 2 after infection. small quanti ... | 1984 | 6092458 |
| neutralizing antibody and interferon-alpha in cerebrospinal fluids and sera of acute aseptic meningitis. | cerebrospinal fluids (csfs) and sera from 20 patients with echovirus 30 (e 30) meningitis, 4 patients with enterovirus 71 (ev 71) meningitis, and 5 patients with acute aseptic meningitis (am) of unknown etiology were investigated at the acute and the convalescent phases of the disease to elucidate the roles of neutralizing antibody (nt) and interferon-alpha (ifn-alpha) in the central nervous system (cns) in cases of am in humans. viruses were isolated from the csfs at the acute phase of am, but ... | 1985 | 3981146 |
| cardiopulmonary manifestations of fulminant enterovirus 71 infection. | the pathogenesis of acute pulmonary edema and cardiac collapse after enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection are not completely understood. | 2002 | 11826236 |
| emerging viral infections in australia. | emerging viruses include known viruses that have increased in incidence or geographic range (such as enteroviruses and japanese encephalitis virus), new viruses associated with known diseases (australian bat lyssavirus) and new viruses associated with previously unrecognized diseases (hendra and nipah viruses). some may have a predilection for children (japanese encephalitis, influenza viruses and enterovirus 71) and vigilance is essential to ensure early recognition of these agents. | 2002 | 11869391 |
| case of paralytic illness associated with enterovirus 71 infection. | | 1988 | 3123912 |
| isolation of echovirus type 11 and enterovirus type 71 in a day care winter outbreak. | | 1987 | 3038834 |
| outbreak of enterovirus 71 infection in victoria, australia, with a high incidence of neurologic involvement. | an outbreak of infections caused by enterovirus 71 occurred in southeastern australia during the winter of 1986. infection was confirmed by virus isolation or serology in 114 patients, 65 of whom were admitted to hospital. fifty-one percent of inpatients were infants younger than 12 months old and 85% were younger than 5 years old. many cases of hand, foot and mouth disease occurred in the community during the epidemic, but 51% (33 of 65) of patients admitted to hospital had central nervous syst ... | 1988 | 2841639 |
| molecular classification of enteroviruses not identified by neutralization tests. | we isolated six viruses from patients diagnosed with aseptic meningitis or hand, foot, and mouth disease. the cytopathic effect of these viruses on cultured cells was like that of enteroviruses. however, viral neutralization tests against standard antisera were negative. phylogenetic analysis with the complete vp4 nucleotide sequences of these 6 viruses and 29 serotypes of enteroviruses classified 3 of the viruses as serotype echovirus type 18 (ev18) and 3 as serotype human enterovirus 71 (hev71 ... | 2002 | 11927028 |
| clinical features and risk factors of pulmonary oedema after enterovirus-71-related hand, foot, and mouth disease. | in taiwan, from april to july, 1998, an epidemic of hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with enterovirus 71 (ev71) occurred with fatal complications. we did a clinical study of ev71-related diseases in taiwan. | 1999 | 10568570 |
| design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship of pyridyl imidazolidinones: a novel class of potent and selective human enterovirus 71 inhibitors. | when skeletons of win compounds were used as templates, computer-assisted drug design led to the identification of a novel series of imidazolidinone derivatives with significant antiviral activity against enterovirus 71 (ev 71), the infection of which had resulted in about 80 fatalities during the 1998 epidemic outbreak in taiwan. in addition to inhibiting all the genotypes (a, b, and c) of ev 71 in the submicromolar to low micromolar range, compounds 1 and 8 were extensively evaluated against a ... | 2002 | 11931618 |
| the 1998 enterovirus 71 outbreak in taiwan: pathogenesis and management. | the most recently discovered enterovirus, enterovirus 71 (ev71), is neurotropic and may cause severe disease and sudden death in children. in 1998, a large outbreak of enterovirus infection occurred in taiwan that resulted in 405 severe cases in children and 78 deaths. of the 78 children who died, 71 (91%) were <5 years old. ev71 was the primary agent in fatal cases of infection. most of these patients died within 1-2 days of admission to the hospital. we hypothesize that ev71 directly attacks t ... | 2002 | 11938497 |
| neutralizing antibodies to enterovirus 71 in belém, brazil. | non-polio enteroviruses (coxsackievirus a, coxsackievirus b, echovirus and ev 68-72) which belong to the enterovirus (ev) genus, picornaviridae family, may be responsible for acute flaccid paralysis, aseptic meningitis, myocarditis, hepatitis, pleurodinia, neonatal sepsis, hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) even though 50-80% of infections are asymptomatic. ev 71 has been responsible for outbreaks and epidemics of hfmd and acute neurologic disease justifying its study in our country. the aim of ... | 2002 | 11992146 |
| comparison of enterovirus 71 and coxsackie-virus a16 clinical illnesses during the taiwan enterovirus epidemic, 1998. | to compare enterovirus 71 (ev 71) with coxsackievirus a16 (cox a16) clinical illness in patients at chang gung children's hospital during taiwan's enterovirus epidemic of 1998. | 1999 | 10608631 |
| expression of capsid [correction of caspid] protein vp1 for use as antigen for the diagnosis of enterovirus 71 infection. | to produce enterovirus 71 antigen for diagnostic purposes, the gene encoding the entire capsid protein vp1 was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), cloned and expressed in escherichia coli as a poly-histidine fusion protein. western blotting experiments with sera from patients with enterovirus 71 infection indicated that immunoglobulin g (igg) and igm antibodies bound to a single polypeptide vp1. according to these results, igm anti-vp1 appeared in sera of patie ... | 2000 | 10797379 |
| enterovirus infections with special reference to enterovirus 71. | the enteroviruses comprise a large group of immunologically distinct serotypes of viruses belonging to the family of picornaviridae. many enteroviruses cause diseases in human, but the infections are generally mild as asymptomatic, therefore, enteroviruses are considered to be unimportant as human pathogens. however, enteroviruses may also result in serious or even fatal disease (as shown in the enterovirus 71 (ev71) epidemic in taiwan in 1998). there are three types of polioviruses, coxsackievi ... | 2000 | 10806956 |
| [aseptic meningitis syndrome due to enterovirus and leptospira sp in children of salvador, bahia]. | for the purpose of identifying the frequency that enterovirus, leptospires, arbovirus cause aseptic meningitis syndrome (ams) during non-epidemic periods and comparing patients with and without laboratory evidence for an etiologic agent, 112 patients were selected aged between 3 months and 15 years and a clinical suspicion of ams and were referred to couto maia hospital, the infectious and parasitic disease reference center for salvador, bahia. in 44.6% (n=50), the etiologic agent for the diagno ... | 2002 | 12011925 |
| enterovirus 71 from fatal and nonfatal cases of hand, foot and mouth disease epidemics in malaysia, japan and taiwan in 1997-1998. | enterovirus 71 (ev71), one of the major causative agents for hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), is sometimes associated with severe central nervous system diseases. in 1997, in malaysia and japan, and in 1998 in taiwan, there were hfmd epidemics involving sudden deaths among young children, and ev71 was isolated from the hfmd patients, including the fatal cases. the nucleotide sequences of each ev71 isolate were determined and compared by phylogenetical analysis. ev71 strains from previously r ... | 1999 | 10808253 |
| infection with enterovirus 71 or expression of its 2a protease induces apoptotic cell death. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is the causative agent of human diseases with distinct severity, from mild hand-foot-and-mouth disease to severe neurological syndromes, such as encephalitis and meningitis. infection of several different cell lines with ev71 causes extensive cytopathic effect, leading to destruction of the entire monolayer and the death of infected cells. in this study, cell death processes during ev71 infection and the underlying mechanisms of them were investigated. the hallmarks of apop ... | 2002 | 12029152 |
| ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study on the infection of enterovirus 71 (ev 71) in rhabdomyosarcoma (rd) cells. | rhabdomyosarcoma monolayers were inoculated with enterovirus 71 (ev 71) at 73 degrees c, sampled at intervals during the replicative cycle, and examined in thin sections by electron microscopy, using routine and immunoelectronmicroscopy with polyclonal antibodies against ev 71. the location of ev 71 or its precursors was followed during the viral replicative cycle. the earliest samples (3 h postinoculation) showed a cell shape change, from elongated to rounded. at 6 h postinoculation, the presen ... | 1998 | 9530854 |
| risk factors of enterovirus 71 infection and associated hand, foot, and mouth disease/herpangina in children during an epidemic in taiwan. | in 1998, an enterovirus 71 (ev71) epidemic in taiwan was associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd)/herpangina and involved 78 fatal cases. we measured ev71 seroprevalence rates before and after the epidemic and investigated risk factors associated with ev71 infection and illness. | 2002 | 12042582 |
| emerging and re-emerging epidemic encephalitis: a tale of two viruses. | two major epidemics of viral encephalitis occurred in asia in 1997 and 1998. the first was a re-emergence of neurovirulent strains of enterovirus 71, which caused severe encephalomyelitis in children in malaysia, taiwan and japan, on a background of hand, foot and mouth disease. necropsy studies of patients who died of enterovirus 71 infection showed severe perivascular cuffing, parenchymal inflammation and neuronophagia in the spinal cord, brainstem and diencephalon, and in focal areas in the c ... | 2000 | 10931364 |
| genetic analysis of enterovirus 71 isolated from fatal and non-fatal cases of hand, foot and mouth disease during an epidemic in taiwan, 1998. | a large scale outbreak of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) occurred in taiwan in 1998, in which more than 80 children died of shock syndrome with pulmonary edema/hemorrhage. enterovirus 71 was implicated as the cause of this outbreak. in order to understand the virological basis responsible for mortality on this scale, nucleotide sequences of vp1 that is important for serotypic specificity, and the 5'-non-coding region (5'-ncr) that is important for replication efficiency, were analyzed compar ... | 2000 | 10958984 |
| congenital enterovirus 71 infection: a case study with virology and immunohistochemistry. | previously reported enterovirus 71 (ev71) infections associated with hand-foot-mouth disease, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, polio-like myelitis, and paralysis all have involved young children. we report a 28-year-old woman who possibly contracted ev71 infection during pregnancy. obstetric ultrasonograms at 25 weeks of gestation revealed an abnormal placenta, as well as hepatosplenomegaly, liver calcification, excessive ascites, and mild hydrocephalus of the fetus. presence of ev71 was determ ... | 2000 | 10987713 |
| different proinflammatory reactions in fatal and non-fatal enterovirus 71 infections: implications for early recognition and therapy. | the mechanism of pulmonary oedema, a life-threatening manifestation of enterovirus 71 (ev71) encephalitis, is unclear. our aim was to assess the relationship of proinflammatory cytokines to ev71-related pulmonary oedema. | 2002 | 12162592 |
| seroepidemiology of human enterovirus 71, singapore. | human enterovirus 71 has caused outbreaks in many parts of the world, especially southeast asia, with some fatal cases. the epidemiology of this viral infection is not well understood. we conducted a serologic survey in singapore children, and the results indicate that infection occurs largely in preschool settings. | 2002 | 12194783 |
| lactoferrin inhibits enterovirus 71 infection of human embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cells in vitro. | enterovirus 71 (ev71), the newest member of enterovirudae, is notable for its etiological role in epidemics of severe neurological diseases in children. it appears to be emerging as an important virulent neurotropic enterovirus in the upcoming era of poliomyelitis eradication, whereas no effective vaccine or antiviral agents are available at this moment. human and bovine lactoferrins, iron-binding proteins belonging to the nonimmune defense system, were assayed in vitro to assess their inhibitin ... | 2002 | 12355368 |
| responses of igm for enterovirus 71 infection. | a rapid serological assay was developed for detection of specific igm to enterovirus 71, a human picornavirus that is usually associated with severe central nervous system complications. the sensitivity and specificity of this "in-house" mu-capture enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay was assessed by testing 213 serum samples. with the conventional virus culture as a standard method, the sensitivity and specificity were 91.5 and 93.1%, respectively, for this newly developed immunoassay. this method ... | 2002 | 12376966 |
| acute encephalomyelitis during an outbreak of enterovirus type 71 infection in taiwan: report of an autopsy case with pathologic, immunofluorescence, and molecular studies. | we report a fatal case of enterovirus type 71 (ev 71) infection in an 8-year-old girl during a summer outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in 1998 in taiwan. the clinical course was rapidly progressive, with manifestations of hand, foot, and mouth disease, aseptic meningitis, encephalomyelitis, and pulmonary edema. the patient died 24 hours after admission. postmortem study revealed extensive inflammation in the meninges and central nervous system and marked pulmonary edema with focal hemor ... | 2000 | 11106077 |
| neurologic involvement in an outbreak of enterovirus 71 infection: a hospital-based study. | enterovirus (ev) can cause varied clinical manifestations. involvement of the central nervous system (cns) with the nonpolio evs are common and important causes of morbidity in children. to investigate the manifestations of nonpolio enteroviral infections with cns involvement during the ev outbreak, from february 1998 to january 1999, we collected 153 hospitalized patients in our pediatric ward caused by nonpolio ev infections which were diagnosed by history, clinical features, or detected from ... | 2001 | 11270182 |
| outbreak of central nervous system disease associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease in japan during the summer of 2000: detection and molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71. | few outbreaks of the serious enterovirus 71 (ev71) infections, which affect the central nervous system (cns), had been reported in japan before 2000. during june through august 2000, a patient died of pulmonary edema caused by brainstem encephalitis accompanied by ev71-induced hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), and many patients complicated by serious cns disease, including paralysis, were hospitalized in a restricted area in hyogo prefecture, japan (k-area). during the same period, endemics ... | 2002 | 12437029 |
| left ventricular dysfunction and treatment of fulminant enterovirus 71 infection. | | 2002 | 12439812 |
| neurologic complications of enterovirus 71 infection in children: lessons from this taiwan epidemic. | | 2001 | 11270188 |
| molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 in taiwan. | taiwan suffered a severe and widespread outbreak of enterovirus infection in 1998. more than 400 children were hospitalized, with seventy-eight fatalities due to central nerve system (cns) involvement and cardiopulmonary collapse. enterovirus 71 (ev71) was incriminated as the causative agent for the fatal cases. to understand the viral molecular epidemiology in this outbreak, fragments of 207-bp length of the vp4 region in 23 taiwanese ev 71 isolates were sequenced. pair-wise comparison revealed ... | 2001 | 11338392 |
| epidemic hand, foot and mouth disease caused by human enterovirus 71, singapore. | singapore experienced a large epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in 2000. after reviewing hfmd notifications from doctors and child-care centers, we found that the incidence of hfmd rose in september and declined at the end of october. during this period, 3,790 cases were reported. we performed enteroviral cultures on 311 and 157 specimens from 175 hfmd patients and 107 non-hfmd patients, respectively; human enterovirus 71 (hev71) was the most frequently isolated virus from both gro ... | 2003 | 12533285 |
| proinflammatory cytokine reactions in enterovirus 71 infections of the central nervous system. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection can lead to devastating clinical outcomes. an appreciation of the scientific relationship between cytokine response and patient mortality may help limit the risks posed by this deadly illness. we present the results of a study that compared the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) and serum levels of interleukin-6 (il-6) and interleukin-1beta (il-1beta) in 24 patients with ev71 infection. cases in this study involved diverse manifestations or complications, including encepha ... | 2003 | 12539066 |
| genetic diversity of enterovirus 71 isolated from cases of hand, foot and mouth disease in yokohama city between 1982 and 2000. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is known as one of the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouse disease (hfmd) and is also associated with neurological manifestations such as aseptic meningitis, polio-like paralysis and encephalitis. recently, large hfmd outbreaks, involving severe neurological complications, have been experienced in malaysia, taiwan and some other countries in the western-pacific region. to investigate the genetic diversity of ev71 isolates in a single community in japan, nucleotid ... | 2003 | 12556991 |
| molecular characterization of an enterovirus 71 causing neurological disease in germany. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is mainly known as a cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) but sometimes associated with neurological disease, even as fatal brainstem encephalitis. in europe, ev71 infections are extremely rare, in contrast to the worldwide situation. this is the first report of molecular characterization of an ev71 strain isolated in europe that had caused neurological disease. the german strain is closest related to sublineage b2 strains isolated in the united states, which where m ... | 2003 | 12587076 |
| protection against lethal enterovirus 71 infection in newborn mice by passive immunization with subunit vp1 vaccines and inactivated virus. | enterovirus 71 (ev71), the newest member of enteroviridae, is notable for its etiological role in epidemics of severe neurological diseases in children. developing effective vaccines is considered a top choice among all control measures. we compared the inactivated virus vaccine (10 microg protein/mouse) with subunit vaccines--vp1 dna vaccine (100 microg/mouse) or recombinant vp1 protein (10 microg/mouse)--in its ability to elicit maternal antibody and to provide protection against lethal infect ... | 2001 | 11738755 |
| pyramidal and extrapyramidal involvement in experimental infection of cynomolgus monkeys with enterovirus 71. | among the enteroviruses, polioviruses and enterovirus 71 (ev71) are two major neurotropic viruses causing serious neurological manifestations. while polioviruses are being eradicated globally by vaccination, ev71 still has the potential to cause a large outbreak such as that in taiwan in 1998, in which there were many fatalities. in this study, we determined the neurovirulence of ev71 by neuropathological analysis of cynomolgus monkeys after experimental infection with five ev71 strains, which w ... | 2002 | 11992581 |
| pulmonary edema of enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis is associated with left ventricular failure: implications for treatment. | epidemics of enterovirus 71 infections caused the rapid death of many children in malaysia in 1997 and in taiwan in 1998. pulmonary edema occurred in most of the fatal cases and was considered to be neurogenic. the role of the heart was rarely investigated before. between january 1998-january 2001, 34 consecutive patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit due to enterovirus infection were studied prospectively. patients were divided into two groups: group i with pulmonary edema, and g ... | 2003 | 12629622 |
| incidence and case-fatality rates resulting from the 1998 enterovirus 71 outbreak in taiwan. | in 1998, an epidemic of hand-foot-and-mouth disease and herpangina caused by enterovirus 71 occurred in taiwan, leaving many fatalities and severely handicapped survivors in its wake. the reasons this rather common pathogen would cause such a large-scale epidemic remain unknown. a seroepidemiological survey to elucidate the epidemiological characteristics of this outbreak, including its incidence and case-fatality rates was undertaken. microneutralization tests for antibodies against enterovirus ... | 2002 | 11992582 |
| inhibition of enterovirus 71-induced apoptosis by allophycocyanin isolated from a blue-green alga spirulina platensis. | enterovirus 71 infection causes significant morbidity and mortality in children, yet there is no effective treatment. in this study, a protein-bound pigment, allophycocyanin purified from blue-green algae is first reported to exhibit anti-enterovirus 71 activity. allophycocyanin neutralized the enterovirus 71-induced cytopathic effect in both human rhabdomyosarcoma cells and african green monkey kidney cells. the 50% inhibitory concentration of allophycocyanin for neutralizing the enterovirus 71 ... | 2003 | 12629652 |
| enterovirus 71 outbreaks, taiwan: occurrence and recognition. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) caused a large outbreak in taiwan in 1998 with 78 deaths, and smaller outbreaks recurred in 2000 and 2001. the outbreak was recognized because of a large number of hand, foot, and mouth disease cases and the rapid deaths of children with the disease. virologic and pathologic studies indicated that ev71 was the most important agent related to severe and fatal cases and that a neurogenic inflammatory response was involved in the pathogenesis of cardiopulmonary collapse result ... | 2003 | 12643822 |
| sequencing of 'untypable' enteroviruses reveals two new types, ev-77 and ev-78, within human enterovirus type b and substitutions in the bc loop of the vp1 protein for known types. | the n-terminal part of vp1 was sequenced for 43 enterovirus isolates that could not initially be neutralized with lbm pools or in-house antisera. most isolates were found to belong to human enterovirus type a (hev-a) and hev-b (18 isolates of each). all hev-a isolates could be typed by sequencing, with cv (coxsackievirus)-a16 and ev (enterovirus)-71 being dominant (nine and seven isolates, respectively). these types thus seem to have diverged more from their prototypes than the other types. amon ... | 2003 | 12655083 |
| molecular epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 strains and recent outbreaks in the asia-pacific region: comparative analysis of the vp1 and vp4 genes. | this study provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 (hev71) in the asia-pacific region from 1997 through 2002. phylogenetic analysis of the vp4 and vp1 genes of recent hev71 strains indicates that several genogroups of the virus have been circulating in the asia-pacific region since 1997. the first of these recent outbreaks, described in sarawak (malaysian borneo) in 1997, was caused by genogroup b3. this outbreak was followed by large outbreaks in ... | 2003 | 12702227 |
| reduced frequency of hla drb1*03-dqb1*02 in children with type 1 diabetes associated with enterovirus rna. | enteroviruses have been associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus (t1dm), but it is unclear whether there is a distinct disease subtype. plasma and stool samples from 206 consecutively diagnosed children and 160 healthy control children were analyzed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for the rna of 60 enteroviruses. more children with diabetes tested positive for enterovirus rna (30% vs. 4%; odds ratio, 11.1; 95% confidence interval, 4.7-25.7; p<.001). enterovirus 71 was detected ... | 2003 | 12721936 |
| an overview of the evolution of enterovirus 71 and its clinical and public health significance. | since its discovery in 1969, enterovirus 71 (ev71) has been recognised as a frequent cause of epidemics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) associated with severe neurological sequelae in a small proportion of cases. there has been a significant increase in ev71 epidemic activity throughout the asia-pacific region since 1997. recent hfmd epidemics in this region have been associated with a severe form of brainstem encephalitis associated with pulmonary oedema and high case-fatality rates. the ... | 2002 | 12007645 |
| cardiac troponin i: a reliable marker and early myocardial involvement with meningoencephalitis after fatal enterovirus-71 infection. | a major outbreak of enterovirus 71 (ev71) in taiwan in 1998 caused many severe cases and 78 deaths. our purpose was to find reliable markers and early indicators of fatal ev71 central nervous system (cns) infection. | 2003 | 12799149 |
| pulmonary oedema, encephalitis and retroauricular vesicular rash in a 9-month-old infant. enterovirus 71 infection complicated by pulmonary oedema and encephalitis. | | 2002 | 12014399 |
| molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 in peninsular malaysia, 1997-2000. | human enterovirus 71 (ev71) (genus enterovirus, family picornaviridae) has been responsible for sporadic cases and outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd), aseptic meningitis, encephalitis and poliomyelitis-like disease in europe, the u.s.a., australia and asia. recently, there has been an increase in ev71 activity in the asia-pacific region, with many outbreaks of hfmd associated with brainstem encephalitis manifesting as neurogenic pulmonary oedema with a high case fatality rate. in 19 ... | 2003 | 12827466 |
| differential display rt-pcr analysis of enterovirus-71-infected rhabdomyosarcoma cells reveals mrna expression responses of multiple human genes with known and novel functions. | in order to better understand cellular responses to viral infection at the transcriptional level, we employed differential display rt-pcr to analyze mrnas from rd rhabdomyosarcoma cells following infection with a neurovirulent enterovirus 71 (ev71) strain, compared with mrnas from uninfected cells. of 250 expressed sequence tags (ests) isolated, sequenced, and identified, all were of cellular origin except 1 that was of viral origin. of these, 156 were individual distinctive clones, comprising 4 ... | 2002 | 12033773 |
| characterization of a vero cell-adapted virulent strain of enterovirus 71 suitable for use as a vaccine candidate. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a neurotrophic virus that causes seasonal morbidity and mortality in children throughout the world with increasing frequency in recent years. because of the lack of an effective antiviral agent, primary prevention, including the development of effective vaccines, is a top priority in terms of control strategies. poliovirus vaccine technology, both live attenuated and inactivated, killed virus vaccines, can be adopted for use with ev71 because of their relatedness. in thi ... | 2002 | 12057603 |
| clinical characteristics of an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease in singapore. | we experienced a hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) outbreak in late year 2000 in singapore. between 14 september 2000 and 14 november 2000, a total of 3526 cases of hfmd were notified. there were 652 patients clinically suspected to have hfmd, who were seen at the children's emergency department of kk women's and children's hospital of singapore. | 2003 | 12854382 |
| exotic and emerging viral encephalitides. | the exotic and emerging viral encephalitides are caused by animal or human viruses and characterised by sudden unexpected outbreaks of neurological disease, usually in tropical and sub-tropical regions, but sometimes spreading to temperate areas. although a wide range of viruses come within this label, as this review highlights, there are common research questions as to the origin and spread of the viruses, the contribution of viral and host factors to the clinical presentations and outcome, and ... | 2003 | 12858080 |
| [the usefulness of human lung embryonal fibroblast cells (mrc-5) for isolation of enteroviruses and adenoviruses]. | although various cell lines have been used for virus isolation, few study of virus isolation using mrc-5 cell, a human embryonic lung fibroblasts, have been reported in japan. mrc-5 and other cell lines (caco-2, vero, rd-18s, llc-mk2, hela, mdck, fl, b95a and hmv-ii), and suckling mouse were compared for isolation of viruses from clinical specimens. a total of 3,284 specimens, collected from clinics and hospitals in saitama prefecture between july 1997 and august 2001, were inoculated in these c ... | 2002 | 12136651 |
| formation of enterovirus-like particle aggregates by recombinant baculoviruses co-expressing p1 and 3cd in insect cells. | the assembly of enterovirus requires the cleavage of p1 polyprotein by protease 3cd into individual structural proteins. two recombinant baculoviruses were constructed to encode p1 and 3cd of enterovirus 71 (ev71), respectively. the expressed 3cd successfully cleaved p1 in vitro and in vivo. also, the co-infection in insect cells resulted in crystalline virus-like particle structures morphologically resembling the authentic ev71 aggregates, which are reported for the first time. | 2003 | 12889824 |
| direct detection of enterovirus 71 (ev71) in clinical specimens from a hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreak in singapore by reverse transcription-pcr with universal enterovirus and ev71-specific primers. | a recent outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in singapore in 2000 affected several thousand children and resulted in four deaths. the aim of this study was to determine the applicability of reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) with universal pan-enterovirus primers and enterovirus 71 (ev71) type-specific primers for the direct detection of enteroviruses in clinical specimens derived from this outbreak. with the universal primers, ev71 rna sequences were successfully detected by rt-pcr and di ... | 2002 | 12149336 |
| hand, foot and mouth disease. | hand, foot and mouth disease is a common viral illness of infants and children. | 2003 | 12973865 |
| infectious causes of acute flaccid paralysis. | although acute flaccid paralysis (afp) is more frequently seen in the tropics than in temperate regions, recent outbreaks of west nile virus (wnv) in north america have drawn attention to this important presentation. starting with anatomical and neurophysiological considerations, this article examines data on afp caused by wnv, and considers recent data on paralysis caused by enteroviruses, and guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). | 2003 | 14501988 |
| genetic analysis of the vp1 region of human enterovirus 71 strains isolated in korea during 2000. | we have isolated human enterovirus 71 (ev71) from stool and csf samples taken from patients with acute flaccid paralysis, herpangina, or hand, foot and mouth disease in 2000. both the cell culture-neutralization test and rt-pcr were used to detect enteroviruses. rhabdomyosarcoma (rd), hep2c, and bgm cells were used for the isolation of viruses, and serotypes were determined by the neutralization test using ev71-specific antiserum. for genomic analysis, we amplified a 437-bp fragment of the 5'-no ... | 2003 | 14505086 |
| first isolation of enterovirus 71 (ev-71) from northern brazil. | enterovirus 71 (ev-71) has been associated to cases of neurological disease in many countries including brazil. this virus has now been reported from three of the five brazilian regions. our study relates the findings concerning to the first isolate of this virus in northern region of brazil. a 15-month old female patient, from the rural zone of the municipality of santana do araguaia in southern pará state was admitted at the hospital with acute, flaccid, asymmetric and ascending motor deficien ... | 2003 | 14533990 |
| hand, foot and mouth disease: university malaya medical centre experience. | the prevalence of hfmd as well as the causative agents was unknown in peninsular malaysia prior to may 1997. from may 1997 to june 2001, 585 patients suspected to have enterovirus infections, with 467 patients clinically diagnosed as having hfmd, were investigated in the diagnostic virology unit of the university malaya medical centre. data from this study showed that hfmd is endemic in malaysia with the occurrence of two outbreaks during the study period. in each outbreak, a number of viruses w ... | 2002 | 14569723 |
| emerging viral diseases of southeast asia and the western pacific. | over the past 6 years, a number of zoonotic and vectorborne viral diseases have emerged in southeast asia and the western pacific. vectorborne disease agents discussed in this article include japanese encephalitis, barmah forest, ross river, and chikungunya viruses. however, most emerging viruses have been zoonotic, with fruit bats, including flying fox species as the probable wildlife hosts, and these will be discussed as well. the first of these disease agents to emerge was hendra virus, forme ... | 2001 | 11485641 |
| hand, foot and mouth disease in singapore: a comparison of fatal and non-fatal cases. | an epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) occurred in singapore between september and november 2000. during the epidemic, there were four hfmd-related deaths and after the epidemic, another three hfmd-related deaths. this study sought to determine the risk factors predictive of death from hfmd disease. | 2003 | 14632332 |
| [characterization of enterovirus type 71 isolated in saitama prefecture in 2000]. | coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) has been isolated mainly from hand, foot and mouth disease patients for the past several years in saitama prefecture, japan, but in 2000, enterovirus 71 (ev71) was isolated with high frequency. also, many cases with aseptic meningitis were reported unusually. we determined partial nucleotide sequences of ev71 isolated in this year and compared them with those of the viruses isolated previously. eighteen strains of ev71 were isolated from may to september in 2000. the se ... | 2001 | 11494567 |
| duration of enterovirus shedding in stool. | excretion of enterovirus (ev) may persist for months after an ev infection; the exact duration of excretion, however, is not yet known. twelve children who were infected with ev between september 1998 and june 1999 were enrolled into this study. the patients included 4 boys and 8 girls, aged from 1 month to 5 years. six patients were asked to join this virus isolation program, and the other 6 were followed-up regularly. only 2 of the patients were infected with ev 71. to delineate the duration o ... | 2001 | 11605806 |
| [genetic diagnosis and molecular epidemiological analyses of hand, foot and mouth disease which prevailed in osaka prefecture in 2000]. | direct rapid genetic diagnosis by rt-pcr as well as virus isolation was performed on the 122 patients with hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in osaka prefecture in 2000, followed by molecular epidemiological analyses of the isolated viruses. mrc-5 cells showed the highest sensitivity for virus isolation, recovering 59 strains of viruses from 80 virus-positive patients. by rt-pcr using newly designed primers spanning vp4 and vp2, corresponding genome regions of coxsackievirus type a16 (ca16) an ... | 2001 | 11766373 |
| change of major genotype of enterovirus 71 in outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in taiwan between 1998 and 2000. | two outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) occurred in taiwan between 1998 and 2000. enteroviruses were isolated from a total of 1,892 patients in this laboratory during this period. of the virus isolates, enterovirus 71 (ev71) was diagnosed in 44.4% of the patients (132 of 297) in 1998, 2% (13 of 646) in 1999, and 20.5% (195 of 949) in 2000. genetic analyses of the 5'-untranslated and vp1 regions of ev71 isolates by reverse transcription-pcr and sequencing were performed to understand ... | 2002 | 11773085 |
| five-year surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis in malaysia. | the nation-wide surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (afp) was implemented in malaysia in 1995 and further intensified in 1996 as part of the world health organization's (who) certification process for polio eradication in the western pacific region. clinical data on afp cases during a 5-year surveillance period from 1997 to 2001 were compiled and analysed. | 2004 | 15009577 |
| cardiac complications of enterovirus rhombencephalitis. | epidemics of enterovirus 71 infection have caused the death of many children throughout the world. rhombencephalitis, brain stem encephalitis, and heart failure were present in all of the fatal cases. however, no evidence of myocarditis was noted in the heart specimens, and the mechanism of heart failure remains unknown. | 2004 | 15033850 |
| molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 infection in the western pacific region. | recently, there have been large outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) mainly caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71) associated with severe neurological diseases in the western pacific region (wpr). to monitor the realtime trend of ev71 transmission throughout the wpr, the authors conducted a molecular epidemiological analysis of ev71 infection. | 2004 | 15056257 |
| outcome of enterovirus 71 infections with or without stage-based management: 1998 to 2002. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection may progress through four stages, one of which is cardiopulmonary failure. in taiwan in 1998 almost all the ev71 patients with cardiopulmonary failure died. to improve clinical outcome of ev71 patients, we developed a stage-based management program in 2000. | 2004 | 15071287 |
| design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines: a novel class of potent enterovirus inhibitors. | a series of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines were synthesized and their antiviral activity was evaluated in a plaque reduction assay. it is very interesting that this class of compounds provide remarkable evidence that they are very specific for human enteroviruses, in particular, coxsackieviruses. some derivatives proved to be highly effective in inhibiting enterovirus replication at nanomolar concentrations. sar studies revealed that the phenyl group at the n-1 position and the hydrophobic diarylmet ... | 2004 | 15109643 |
| molecular phylogeny and proposed classification of the simian picornaviruses. | the simian picornaviruses were isolated from various primate tissues during the development of general tissue culture methods in the 1950s to 1970s or from specimens derived from primates used in biomedical research. twenty simian picornavirus serotypes are recognized, and all are presently classified within the enterovirus genus. to determine the phylogenetic relationships among all of the simian picornaviruses and to evaluate their classification, we have determined complete vp1 sequences for ... | 2002 | 11773400 |
| ciguatera poisoning: a global issue with common management problems. | ciguatera poisoning, a toxinological syndrome comprising an enigmatic mixture of gastrointestinal, neurocutaneous and constitutional symptoms, is a common food-borne illness related to contaminated fish consumption. as many as 50000 cases worldwide are reported annually, and the condition is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the pacific basin, indian ocean and caribbean. isolated outbreaks occur sporadically but with increasing frequency in temperate areas such as europe and north a ... | 2001 | 11785597 |
| the hand, foot and mouth disease virus capsid: sequence analysis and prediction of antigenic sites from homology modelling. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is the most common aetiological agent detected in cases of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) resulting in incidences of neurological complications and fatality in recent years. a comparison of the capsid proteins implicated in the pathogenicity of the fatal and non-fatal strains of ev71, reveals a high degree of homology (93%-100% identity). to facilitate diagnostic immunoassays and vaccine development, a consensus structural model for the ev71 coat protein has been devel ... | 2002 | 15130856 |
| use of molecular assay in diagnosis of hand, foot and mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71 or coxsackievirus a 16. | hand, foot and mouth disease is a common illness in children and is usually caused by coxsackievirus a 16 and enterovirus 71. it has been noted that enterovirus 71 infection is more severe with significantly greater frequency of serious complications and fatality than coxsackievirus a 16. therefore, it is important to develop a rapid and specific assay for discriminating coxsackievirus a 16 and enterovirus 71 in hand, foot and mouth disease outbreaks. in this study we designed two sets of rt-pcr ... | 2002 | 11879688 |
| left ventricular dysfunction in children with fulminant enterovirus 71 infection: an evaluation of the clinical course. | we describe 2 children with typical hand, foot, and mouth disease due to enterovirus 71 infection, 1 of whom died. both cases were complicated by acute fulminant shock syndrome; the patients had remarkable acute left ventricular dysfunction. the clinical experience indicates that the rapid death associated with fulminant enterovirus rhombencephalitis is the result of rapid cardiogenic shock rather than neurogenic pulmonary edema. | 2002 | 11880970 |
| mechanism of fulminant pulmonary edema caused by enterovirus 71. | pulmonary edema (pe) may occur with enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection. we monitored arterial pressure (ap) and heart rate (hr) in patients with ev71 infection and analyzed the variability of ap and hr. sympathetic activity, ap, and hr increased with respiratory stress. thereafter, parasympathetic activity increased with decreases in ap and hr. the lungs showed edema with inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) expression. destruction of the medial, ventral, and caudal medulla may lead to sympatheti ... | 2004 | 15227628 |
| the 3c protease activity of enterovirus 71 induces human neural cell apoptosis. | the human glioblastoma sf268 cell line was used to investigate the induction of apoptosis by the 3c protease of enterovirus 71 (ev71). transient expression in these cells of the wild-type 3c protein encoded by ev71 induced morphological alterations typical of apoptosis, including generation of apoptotic bodies. degradation of cellular dna in nucleosomes was also observed. when two of the amino acids in the catalytic motif of 3c were changed by mutagenesis, the 3c protein not only lost its proteo ... | 2002 | 11886259 |
| a mouse-adapted enterovirus 71 strain causes neurological disease in mice after oral infection. | a mouse-adapted enterovirus 71 (ev71) strain with increased virulence in mice, mp4, was generated after four serial passages of the parental ev71 strain 4643 in mice. strain mp4 exhibited a larger plaque size, grew more rapidly, and was more cytotoxic in vitro than strain 4643. although strains 4643 and mp4 both induced apoptosis of sk-n-sh human neuroblastoma cells, mp4 was more virulent than 4643 in 1-day-old mice (50% lethal doses, 10(2) and 10(4) pfu/mouse, respectively). strain mp4 (5 x 10( ... | 2004 | 15254164 |
| mutation in enterovirus 71 capsid protein vp1 confers resistance to the inhibitory effects of pyridyl imidazolidinone. | enterovirus 71 is one of the most important pathogens in the family of picornaviridae that can cause severe complications in the postpoliovirus era, such as encephalitis, pulmonary edema, and even death. pyridyl imidazolidinone is a novel class of potent and selective human enterovirus 71 inhibitor. pyridyl imidazolidinone was identified by using computer-assisted drug design. this virologic investigation demonstrates that bpr0z-194, one of the pyridyl imidazolidinones, targets enterovirus 71 ca ... | 2004 | 15328120 |
| clinical manifestations and laboratory assessment in an enterovirus 71 outbreak in southern taiwan. | an epidemic of enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection compatible with hand, foot and mouth disease and associated with high morbidity and mortality occurred in taiwan in 1998. we recruited 90 patients (50 males, 40 females) with definite ev71 infections for clinical and laboratory analysis. the neurological signs and symptoms, all of which occurred during the febrile period, in patients with central nervous system (cns) involvement (aseptic meningitis, encephalitis or myelitis) were myoclonic jerks (23 ... | 2002 | 11928838 |