| progression of plasmodium berghei through anopheles stephensi is density-dependent. | it is well documented that the density of plasmodium in its vertebrate host modulates the physiological response induced; this in turn regulates parasite survival and transmission. it is less clear that parasite density in the mosquito regulates survival and transmission of this important pathogen. numerous studies have described conversion rates of plasmodium from one life stage to the next within the mosquito, yet few have considered that these rates might vary with parasite density. here we e ... | 2007 | 18166078 |
| risk factors associated with human infection during the 2006 west nile virus outbreak in davis, a residential community in northern california. | we collected a total of 15,329 mosquitoes during weekly sampling in davis, ca, from april through mid-october 2006 at 21 trap sites uniformly spaced 1.5 km apart over an area of approximately 26 km(2). of these mosquitoes, 1,355 pools of culex spp. were tested by multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, of which 16 pools (1.2%) were positive for west nile virus (wnv). a degree-day model with a developmental threshold of 14.3 degrees c accurately predicted episodic wnv transmiss ... | 2008 | 18187785 |
| annotation and expression profiling of apoptosis-related genes in the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti. | apoptosis has been extensively studied in drosophila by both biochemical and genetic approaches, but there is a lack of knowledge about the mechanisms of apoptosis regulation in other insects. in mosquitoes, apoptosis occurs during plasmodium and arbovirus infection in the midgut, suggesting that apoptosis plays a role in mosquito innate immunity. we searched the aedes aegypti genome for apoptosis-related genes using drosophila and anopheles gambiae protein sequences as queries. in this study we ... | 2008 | 18252247 |
| ticks and mosquitoes as vectors of borrelia burgdorferi s. l. in the forested areas of szczecin. | the aim of the study was to determine the infection level of adult forms and larvae of ticks and mosquitoes with borrelia burgdorferi in the forested areas of szczecin. a total of 1699 ticks ixodes ricinus, including 1422 nymphs, 277 adult forms and 2862 mosquito females representing the genera aedes (89.6%) and culex (10.4%) were collected between the years 2004 and 2005. a further 3746 larvae and 1596 pupae of culex pipiens pipiens were colleted from water bodies. borrelia burgdorferi s. l. wa ... | 2007 | 18274258 |
| host-seeking heights, host-seeking activity patterns, and west nile virus infection rates for members of the culex pipiens complex at different habitat types within the hybrid zone, shelby county, tn, 2002 (diptera: culicidae). | host-seeking heights, host-seeking activity patterns, and west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) infection rates were assessed for members of the culex pipiens complex from july to december 2002, by using chicken-baited can traps (ct) at four ecologically different sites in shelby county, tn. host-seeking height was assessed by ct placed at elevations of 3.1, 4.6, and 7.6 m during one 24-h period per month. host-seeking activity was assessed by paired ct placed at an elevat ... | 2008 | 18402144 |
| resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in culex pipiens pipiens (diptera: culicidae) from tunisia. | resistance toward 2 pyrethroïd insecticides (permethrin and deltamethrin), and an organochloric one (ddt) was analyzed in 18 samples of culex pipiens pipiens common mosquitoes collected from different tunisian areas between march 2002 and november 2005. bioassays were performed over different larvae samples. the recorded mortalities, after 24h exposure to increased doses of insecticides, were compared to those obtained on a susceptible reference strain (s-lab). all samples were resistant to perm ... | 2008 | 18508027 |
| larvicidal activity of sterol carrier protein-2 inhibitor in four species of mosquitoes. | a previous report has shown that mosquito sterol carrier protein-2 inhibitors (scpis) are larvicidal to larvae of the yellowfever mosquito, aedes aegypti (l.) (j. lipid res. 46: 650-657, 2005). in the current study, we tested scpi-1 in an additional four mosquito species for larvicidal activities: culex pipiens pipiens, anopheles gambiae, culex restuans, and aedes vexans. cholesterol accumulation in scpi-treated ae. aegypti fourth instars was examined. scpi-1 is lethal to all tested mosquito spe ... | 2008 | 18533437 |
| extrinsic incubation periods for horizontal and vertical transmission of west nile virus by culex pipiens pipiens (diptera: culicidae). | culex pipiens pipiens l. (diptera: culicidae), infected per os from a membrane feeder, transmitted west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) at 26 degrees c horizontally during feeding to hamsters and suckling mice and vertically to f1 progeny during egg deposition. horizontal transmission rates increased with extrinsic incubation, with 75-100% of the females transmitting on days 16 through 25 postinfection (pi). no females deposited eggs infected with wnv after the first bloo ... | 2008 | 18533438 |
| vector competence of aedes vexans (diptera: culicidae) for west nile virus and potential as an enzootic vector. | vector competence of aedes vexans (meigen) and culex pipiens pipiens l. (diptera: culicidae) for west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) was compared. infection rates of both species were similar 14 d after feeding on chickens, with wnv titers ranging from 10(4.2) to 10(8.7) plaque-forming units (pfu)/ml. median infectious doses and 95% confidence intervals (ci) were 10(6.0(5.8, 63)) and 10(5.7(5.4, 5.9)) pfu for ae. vexans and cx. p. pipiens, respectively. wnv transmission ... | 2008 | 18533439 |
| nutritional stress affects mosquito survival and vector competence for west nile virus. | most anautogenous female mosquitoes ingest plant carbohydrates for flight energy and survival, and they imbibe vertebrate blood for egg development. we evaluated the effect of different sucrose meals following a blood meal containing west nile virus (wnv) on culex pipiens pipiens survival, nutritional status, and susceptibility to viral infection and transmission. ten days after blood feeding, no mosquitoes survived on distilled water, 55% survived on 2% sucrose, 61% on 10 and 20% sucrose meals, ... | 2008 | 18620513 |
| cnact-1 gene is differentially expressed in the subtropical mosquito culex nigripalpus (diptera: culicidae), the primary west nile virus vector in florida. | analysis of differentially expressed genes is a common molecular biological tool to investigate changes in mosquito genes after a bloodmeal or parasite exposure. we report here the characterization of a differentially expressed actin gene, cnact-1, from the subtropical mosquito, culex nigripalpus theobald (diptera: culicidae). the cnact-1 genomic clone is 1.525 kb, includes one 66-bp intron, and a 328-bp 3'-untranslated region. the 376-amino acid putative translation product shares high similari ... | 2008 | 18826030 |
| effects of inducing or inhibiting apoptosis on sindbis virus replication in mosquito cells. | sindbis virus (sinv) is a mosquito-borne virus in the genus alphavirus, family togaviridae. like most alphaviruses, sinvs exhibit lytic infection (apoptosis) in many mammalian cell types, but are generally thought to cause persistent infection with only moderate cytopathic effects in mosquito cells. however, there have been several reports of apoptotic-like cell death in mosquitoes infected with alphaviruses or flaviviruses. given that apoptosis has been shown to be an antiviral response in othe ... | 2008 | 18931060 |
| the effect of a single blood meal on the phenotypic expression of insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector anopheles funestus. | anopheles funestus is a major malaria vector in southern africa. vector control relies on the use of insecticide chemicals to significantly reduce the number of malaria vectors by targeting that portion of the female population that takes blood meals and subsequently rests indoors. it has been suggested that the intake of a blood meal may assist female mosquitoes to tolerate higher doses of insecticide through vigour tolerance. it is hypothesized that during the process of blood digestion, detox ... | 2008 | 18973704 |
| energy metabolism during diapause in culex pipiens mosquitoes. | diapause in overwintering adult female culex pipiens mosquitoes plays an important role in the transmission of west nile and other encephalitis-inducing flaviviruses. to investigate the dynamic metabolic processes that control cx. pipiens diapause, we used radioactive tracer techniques with [(14)c]-glucose to investigate the metabolic fate and flux of glucose in adult mosquitoes reared under diapause (18 degrees c, short day) and non-diapause (27 degrees c, long day) conditions. we found that by ... | 2009 | 18992753 |
| a rapid luminescent assay for measuring cytochrome p450 activity in individual larval culex pipiens complex mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae). | multiple assays are available to measure p450 activity in insects, including mosquitoes; however, each of these assays has drawbacks in terms of the number of mosquitoes required, specificity, sensitivity, cost, and/or time required to prepare active enzyme homogenates. in this study, a commercially available luminescent assay, p450-glo, was modified and evaluated to measure p450 activity from the gut of a single larva after removal of the gut contents. we also compared this assay to an earlier ... | 2009 | 19198521 |
| repeated west nile virus epidemic transmission in kern county, california, 2004-2007. | west nile virus (wnv) has remained epidemic in kern county, ca, since its introduction in 2004 through 2007 when the human case annual incidence increased from 6-8 to 17 per 100,000, respectively. the 2007 increase in human infection was associated with contradicting surveillance indicators, including severe drought, warm spring but cool summer temperature anomalies, decreased rural and urban mosquito abundance but increased early season infection in urban culex quinquefasciatus say, moderate av ... | 2009 | 19198528 |
| population genetics of the mosquito culex pipiens pallens reveals sex-linked asymmetric introgression by culex quinquefasciatus. | the culex pipiens complex in asia includes a temperate subspecies, culex pipiens pallens, of uncertain taxonomic status. the shape of the male genitalia suggests it is a hybrid between cx. pipiens and cx. quinquefasciatus. we studied populations of cx. p. pallens in japan, korea, and china and compared them to local populations of cx. quinquefasciatus and cx. p. pipiens. we examined variation in a nuclear intron in the acetylcholinesterase-2 gene [ace] and eight microsatellite loci. we found a d ... | 2009 | 19584006 |
| west nile virus infection alters midgut gene expression in culex pipiens quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae). | alterations in gene expression in the midgut of female culex pipiens quinquefasciatus exposed to blood meals containing 6.8 logs plaque-forming units/ml of west nile virus (wnv) were studied by fluorescent differential display. twenty-six different cdnas exhibited reproducible differences after feeding on infected blood. of these, 21 cdnas showed an increase in expression, and 5 showed a decrease in expression as a result of wnv presence in the blood meal. genbank database searches showed that o ... | 2009 | 19635880 |
| environmental and biological factors influencing culex pipiens quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae) vector competence for saint louis encephalitis virus. | complex interactions between environmental and biological factors influence the susceptibility of culex pipiens quinquefasciatus to st. louis encephalitis virus and could affect the epidemiology of virus transmission. similar interactions could have epidemiologic implications for other vector-virus systems. we conducted an experiment to examine four such factors in combination: mosquito age, extrinsic incubation temperature (eit), virus dose, and colony. the proportion of mosquitoes with body in ... | 2009 | 19635881 |
| susceptibility of culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) field populations in cyprus to conventional organic insecticides, bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, and methoprene. | culex pipiens pipiens l. populations on cyprus were sampled over a 6-yr period from 2002 to 2008 to evaluate the status of insecticide resistance toward the insecticides temephos, chlorpyrifos, and permethrin and to study susceptibility levels toward the recently introduced bacterial insecticide bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis de barjac and the juvenile hormone analog, methoprene. susceptibility to the three conventional chemical insecticides varied between different collections, with ... | 2009 | 19645293 |
| efficacy of fipronil-(s)-methoprene, metaflumizone combined with amitraz, and pyriprole commercial spot-on products in preventing culex pipiens pipiens from feeding on dogs. | a controlled clinical trial was carried out to assess the effectiveness of pyriprole, metaflumizone combined with amitraz, and fipronil-(s)-methoprene commercial spot-on products in preventing adult female culex pipiens pipiens from feeding on dogs. twenty-four beagle dogs were tested for their attractiveness to the mosquitoes and ranked accordingly to produce four groups of equivalent sensitivity to mosquitoes; six were treated with the pyriprole spot-on, six with the metaflumizone combined wit ... | 2009 | 19648637 |
| evaluation of three microbial formulations against culex pipiens pipiens larvae in irrigation fields in wroclaw, poland. | two evaluations of microbial mosquito larvicides were conducted in irrigation fields located along the odra river near the city of wroclaw, poland. in the first evaluation, 3 dosages each of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti)--vectobac water dispersible granule (wdg) and vectobac aqueous suspension formulation (12as)--and bacillus sphaericus (bs)--vectolex wdg--were tested against larvae of culex pipiens pipiens. there was little difference between formulations and rates of application bet ... | 2009 | 19653495 |
| avian malaria parasites share congeneric mosquito vectors. | assessing parasite specificity to vector is crucial to understanding the emergence of vector-borne diseases and the evolution of parasite diversity. avian malaria parasites have a cosmopolitan distribution and broad avian host range, which together predict they are vector generalists, but little is known about parasite-vector associations in the wild. we tested this prediction by asking if 5 different mosquito species, known to feed on birds and abundant in the northeastern united states, were n ... | 2010 | 19697968 |
| selective and irreversible inhibitors of mosquito acetylcholinesterases for controlling malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. | new insecticides are urgently needed because resistance to current insecticides allows resurgence of disease-transmitting mosquitoes while concerns for human toxicity from current compounds are growing. we previously reported the finding of a free cysteine (cys) residue at the entrance of the active site of acetylcholinesterase (ache) in some insects but not in mammals, birds, and fish. these insects have two ache genes (ap and ao), and only ap-ache carries the cys residue. most of these insects ... | 2009 | 19714254 |
| adaptation and evaluation of the bottle assay for monitoring insecticide resistance in disease vector mosquitoes in the peruvian amazon. | the purpose of this study was to establish whether the "bottle assay", a tool for monitoring insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, can complement and augment the capabilities of the established who assay, particularly in resource-poor, logistically challenging environments. | 2009 | 19728871 |
| an unusual larval collection and survival of orthopodomyia signifera in the presence of the predator toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis. | from a discarded heavy-equipment tire (ca. 57 liter) at an industrial construction site, we collected 655 (86.0%) orthopodomyia signifera, 23 (3.0%) toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis, 17 (2.2%) aedes japonicus japonicus, and 67 (8.8%) culex pipiens pipiens. although larvae of aedes albopictus and aedes triseriatus were not collected from this container, both species were prevalent as host-seeking adults and readily collected as larvae from other containers at this site. laboratory trials to ... | 2009 | 19852230 |
| present and future arboviral threats. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are important causes of human disease nearly worldwide. all arboviruses circulate among wild animals, and many cause disease after spillover transmission to humans and agriculturally important domestic animals that are incidental or dead-end hosts. viruses such as dengue (denv) and chikungunya (chikv) that have lost the requirement for enzootic amplification now produce extensive epidemics in tropical urban centers. many arboviruses recently have increased i ... | 2010 | 19857523 |
| effects of latitude and longitude on the population structure of culex pipiens s.l., vectors of west nile virus in north america. | we assessed the structure and latitudinal selection that might result in sensitivities to critical day-lengths that trigger diapause between culex pipiens populations distributed along north-south and east-west axes in eastern north america. strong population structure between cx. p. pipiens and cx. p. quinquefasciatus existed. among cx. p. pipiens, a 100-km increase in the latitudinal change resulted in an increased square root of f(st) by 0.002. a 100-km increase in the longitudinal change cau ... | 2009 | 19861620 |
| rna interference directed against ribosomal protein s3a suggests a link between this gene and arrested ovarian development during adult diapause in culex pipiens. | arrested ovarian development is a key characteristic of adult diapause in the mosquito culex pipiens. in this study we propose that ribosomal protein s3a (rps3a), a small ribosomal subunit, contributes to this shutdown. rps3a is consistently expressed in females of c. pipiens that do not enter diapause, but in females programmed for diapause, expression of the rps3a transcript is dramatically reduced for a brief period in early diapause (7-10 days after adult eclosion). rna interference directed ... | 2010 | 19863669 |
| distribution of brugia malayi larvae and dna in vector and non-vector mosquitoes: implications for molecular diagnostics. | abstract: | 2009 | 19922607 |
| discovery of culex pipiens pipiens form molestus in chicago. | a population of culex pipiens pipiens form molestus was detected in a drainage sump in calumet water reclamation plant on the south side of chicago, il. this is the first documented collection of a molestus population within the city of chicago and the second collection of a molestus population in the chicago metropolitan area in >60 years. field-collected specimens were used to initiate a colony without bloodfeeding, and the colony is autogenous and stenogamous. | 2009 | 20099597 |
| insect-specific irreversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase in pests including the bed bug, the eastern yellowjacket, german and american cockroaches, and the confused flour beetle. | insecticides directed against acetylcholinesterase (ache) are facing increased resistance among target species as well as increasing concerns for human toxicity. the result has been a resurgence of disease vectors, insects destructive to agriculture, and residential pests. we previously reported a free cysteine (cys) residue at the entrance to the ache active site in some insects but not higher vertebrates. we also reported cys-targeting methanethiosulfonate molecules (amtsn), which, under condi ... | 2010 | 20109441 |
| effects of forced egg retention on the temporal progression of west nile virus infection in culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae). | environmental factors that impact the biology of mosquito vectors can have epidemiological implications. lack of oviposition sites facilitated by environmental factors such as temperature and drought can often force culex spp. mosquitoes to retain their eggs. culex pipiens quinquefasciatus say were fed blood meals containing west nile virus (wnv; family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus) and either allowed to oviposit or forced to retain their eggs through different time points postinfection (9, 13 ... | 2010 | 20146856 |
| blood feeding patterns of mosquitoes: random or structured? | abstract: | 2010 | 20205866 |
| male accessory gland proteins induce female monogamy in anopheline mosquitoes. | the role of male accessory gland (mag) secretions in inducing refractoriness to further mating in mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) was established in the late 1960s. in a set of simple experiments, mag extract was injected intra-thoraxically into the hemocoel of virgin aedes aegypti (l.), culex pipiens pipiens (l.) and anopheles quadrimaculatus say females. this subsequently caused most females to remain unmated when exposed to males. for anophelines these findings were later challenged by a stud ... | 2010 | 20377737 |
| effects of warm winter temperature on the abundance and gonotrophic activity of culex (diptera: culicidae) in california. | culex tarsalis coquillett, cx. quinquefasciatus say, and cx. pipiens l. were collected during the warm winter of 2009 using dry ice-baited and gravid traps and walk-in red boxes positioned in desert, urban, and agricultural habitats in riverside, los angeles, kern, and yolo counties. temperatures exceeded the preceding 50 yr averages in all locations for most of january, whereas rainfall was absent or below average. abundance of culex species in traps during january ranged from 83 to 671% of the ... | 2010 | 20380305 |
| the biological activity of alpha-mangostin, a larvicidal botanic mosquito sterol carrier protein-2 inhibitor. | alpha-mangostin derived from mangosteen was identified as a mosquito sterol carrier protein-2 inhibitor via high throughput insecticide screening, alpha-mangostin was tested for its larvicidal activity against third instar larvae of six mosquito species, and the median lethal concentration values range from 0.84 to 2.90 ppm. the residual larvicidal activity of alpha-mangostin was examined under semifield conditions. the results indicated that alpha-mangostin was photolytic with a half-life of 53 ... | 2010 | 20380307 |
| homogeneity of powassan virus populations in naturally infected ixodes scapularis. | powassan virus (powv, flaviviridae: flavivirus) is the sole north american member of the tick-borne encephalitis complex and consists of two distinct lineages that are maintained in ecologically discrete enzootic transmission cycles. the underlying genetic mechanisms that lead to niche partitioning in arboviruses are poorly understood. therefore, intra- and interhost genetic diversity was analyzed to determine if powv exists as a quasispecies in nature and quantify selective pressures within and ... | 2010 | 20434750 |
| suppressing aedes albopictus, an emerging vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses, by a novel combination of a monomolecular film and an insect-growth regulator. | the asian tiger mosquito aedes albopictus (skuse) is rapidly increasing its global range and importance in transmission of chikungunya and dengue viruses. we tested pellet formulations of a monomolecular film (agnique) and (s)-methoprene (altosid) under laboratory and field conditions. in the laboratory, agnique provided 80% control for 20 days, whereas altosid, in combination with agnique, provided 80% control for > 60 days. during field trials, the 1:1 pellet ratio of combined products provide ... | 2010 | 20439963 |
| a sensitive and reliable restriction enzyme assay to distinguish between the mosquitoes culex torrentium and culex pipiens. | culex pipiens pipiens linnaeus and culex torrentium martini (diptera: culicidae) are closely related vector species that exist sympatrically in europe. the two species are morphologically almost identical and can only be distinguished with certainty by characters of the male genitalia. hence, correct species identification and conclusions on distribution and vector status are very difficult and often neglected. therefore, we developed a reliable and simple mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subu ... | 2010 | 20444079 |
| high incidence of ace-1 duplicated haplotypes in resistant culex pipiens mosquitoes from algeria. | the status of genes conferring resistance to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides has been examined in culex pipiens pipiens mosquitoes sampled in algeria. presence of overproduced esterases was sporadic, but acetylcholinesterase-1 resistant alleles were observed in almost all samples. we focused our study on the ache1 g119s substitution characterized in almost all samples, mostly at the heterozygous state. a genetic test revealed the presence of ace-1 duplication associating a susceptible ... | 2010 | 20887788 |
| seasonal abundance of culex tarsalis and culex pipiens complex mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in california. | large-scale patterns in the seasonal abundance profiles of the arboviral mosquito vectors culex tarsalis coquillett and the species of the culex pipiens complex were described based on a decade of counts from 868 new jersey light traps located throughout the urban and agricultural areas of california. mean seasonal abundance profiles varied markedly among hydrologic regions. for all species, abundance increased earlier and declined later in drier, warmer southern regions, but variation could not ... | 2010 | 20939368 |
| studies on hibernating populations of culex pipiens from a west nile virus endemic focus in new york city: parity rates and isolation of west nile virus. | a 3-year study was undertaken to examine the parity status, survival, and prevalence of west nile virus (wnv) in overwintering populations of culex pipiens pipiens collected from a hibernaculum located in a wnv endemic region in new york city. nearly 6,000 females were collected from december through april. parity rates were highest among females collected in december and january, ranging from 12.3% to 21.9%, depending on the year. in each year of the study, the proportion of parous females decl ... | 2010 | 21033052 |
| field efficacy of granular formulations of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis--strain am65-52 against floodwater mosquitoes in poland and germany. | this paper presents results of studies evaluating the efficacy of various granular formulations of vectobac (bacillus thuringiensis israelensis de barjac [bti] h-14 strain am65-52) against immature mosquitoes in 2 distinct habitats in poland and germany. meadows intermittently flooded with sewage water in the city of wroclaw, poland, provide ideal habitats for immature stages of aedes caspius, ae. vexans, and culex pipiens pipiens. helicopter applications of vectobac g and vectobac tp sand granu ... | 2010 | 21033056 |
| midgut barrier imparts selective resistance to filarial worm infection in culex pipiens pipiens. | mosquitoes in the culex pipiens complex thrive in temperate and tropical regions worldwide, and serve as efficient vectors of bancroftian lymphatic filariasis (lf) caused by wuchereria bancrofti in asia, africa, the west indies, south america, and micronesia. however, members of this mosquito complex do not act as natural vectors for brugian lf caused by brugia malayi, or for the cat parasite b. pahangi, despite their presence in south asia where these parasites are endemic. previous work with t ... | 2010 | 21072236 |
| molecular structure of the prothoracicotropic hormone gene in the northern house mosquito, culex pipiens, and its expression analysis in association with diapause and blood feeding. | we cloned the gene that encodes prothoracicotropic hormone (ptth) in the northern house mosquito, culex pipiens, and investigated its expression profile in short-day (diapause-destined) and long-day (nondiapause-destined) individuals from the fourth-instar larval stage to 2 months of adulthood, as well as after a blood meal. the deduced c. pipiens ptth (cupip-ptth) amino acid sequence contains seven cysteines with a specific spacing pattern. sequence alignment suggests that cupip-ptth is 23% ide ... | 2010 | 21118326 |
| cold storage of culex pipiens in the absence of diapause. | a major expenditure in vector biology laboratories is the rearing of mosquitoes. most mosquito colonies require substantial effort to maintain, including frequent bloodmeals for optimal performance. successful cryopreservation of mosquitoes continues to be elusive. although using diapause as a storage mechanism is an option for mosquito preservation, several obstacles include the lack of a well-characterized diapause or the inability of some species to enter diapause. thus, other options for pre ... | 2010 | 21175055 |
| elevated couch potato transcripts associated with adult diapause in the mosquito culex pipiens. | the couch potato (cpo) cdna that we cloned from the northern house mosquito, culex pipiens, encodes the c-terminus containing a highly conserved rna recognition motif (rrm). protein structure prediction indicates a canonical rrm structure with a ßaßßaß topological structure. northern blots indicate a single mrna band over 9.49 kb, and southern blot analysis suggests that the cpo gene contains large introns. highest expression was noted in first instar larvae and pupae. a comparison of nondiapaus ... | 2011 | 21315077 |
| control of mosquitoes in catch basins in connecticut with bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, bacillus sphearicus, and spinosad. | catch basins are a major source of culex pipiens pipiens, cx. restuans, and aedes japonicus in northeastern usa. vectobac cg (bacillus thuringiensis israelensis [bti]), vectolex cg (bacillus sphaericus [bs]), and vectobac 12as (bti), each applied at maximum label rate of 1.8 g, 1.8 g, and 0.193 ml per catch basin, respectively, significantly reduced the numbers of larvae for 1 wk. the dosages on the labels for treatment of mosquito larvae in catch basins, where mosquito breeding is continuous, a ... | 2011 | 21476447 |
| the distribution of potential west nile virus vectors, culex pipiens pipiens and culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae), in mexico city. | abstract: background: culex spp. mosquitoes are considered to be the most important vectors of west nile virus (wnv) detected in at least 34 species of mosquitoes in the united states. in north america, culex pipiens pipiens, culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, and culex tarsalis are all competent vectors of wnv, which is considered to be enzootic in the united states and has also been detected in equines and birds in many states of mexico and in humans in nuevo leon. there is potential for wnv to b ... | 2011 | 21554725 |
| a model to predict evaporation rates in habitats used by container-dwelling mosquitoes. | container-dwelling mosquitoes use a wide variety of container habitats. the bottle cap is often cited as the smallest container habitat used by container species. when containers are small, the habitat conditions can greatly affect evaporation rates that in turn can affect the species dynamics within the container. an evaporation rate model was adapted to predict evaporation rates in mosquito container habitats. in both the laboratory and field, our model was able to predict actual evaporation r ... | 2011 | 21661337 |
| the major antigenic membrane protein of "candidatus phytoplasma asteris" selectively interacts with atp synthase and actin of leafhopper vectors. | phytoplasmas, uncultivable phloem-limited phytopathogenic wall-less bacteria, represent a major threat to agriculture worldwide. they are transmitted in a persistent, propagative manner by phloem-sucking hemipteran insects. phytoplasma membrane proteins are in direct contact with hosts and are presumably involved in determining vector specificity. such a role has been proposed for phytoplasma transmembrane proteins encoded by circular extrachromosomal elements, at least one of which is a plasmid ... | 2011 | 21799902 |
| relationship between exposure to vector bites and antibody responses to mosquito salivary gland extracts. | mosquito-borne diseases are major health problems worldwide. serological responses to mosquito saliva proteins may be useful in estimating individual exposure to bites from mosquitoes transmitting these diseases. however, the relationships between the levels of these igg responses and mosquito density as well as igg response specificity at the genus and/or species level need to be clarified prior to develop new immunological markers to assess human/vector contact. to this end, a kinetic study of ... | 2011 | 22195000 |
| "Bird biting" mosquitoes and human disease: a review of the role of Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes in epidemiology. | The transmission of vector-borne pathogens is greatly influenced by the ecology of their vector, which is in turn shaped by genetic ancestry, the environment, and the hosts that are fed on. One group of vectors, the mosquitoes in the Culex pipiens complex, play key roles in the transmission of a range of pathogens including several viruses such as West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis viruses, avian malaria (Plasmodium spp.), and filarial worms. The Cx. pipiens complex includes Culex pipiens pipi ... | 2011 | 21875691 |
| frequency threshold curves of auditory interneurons of male mosquitoes culex pipiens pipiens l. (diptera, culicidae). | | 2011 | 21953219 |
| Isolation of usutu virus in Germany. | Usutu virus (USUV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that emerged 2001 in Austria and caused deaths in wild birds. In Germany, 70,378 female mosquitoes were captured in 2009 and 2010 and assayed for USUV. Virus was isolated in cell culture from one pool of Culex pipiens pipiens mosquitoes trapped exclusively in August 2010 in Weinheim, Germany. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a close relationship between the isolated USUV strain from Germany and a USUV strain from Austria, which was d ... | 2011 | 21896821 |
| a comparison of above-ground and below-ground populations of culex pipiens pipiens in chicago, illinois, and new york city, new york, using 2 microsatellite assays. | aboveground and belowground populations of the mosquito culex pipiens pipiens are traditionally classified as form (f.) pipiens and f. molestus, respectively, and gene flow between forms is thought to be limited. relatively few f. molestus populations have been found in the united states, which has hindered their study in north america. in this investigation, we used microsatellites to characterize a recently discovered population of f. molestus in chicago, il, and compared levels of genetic div ... | 2012 | 23401950 |
| studies on the origin of culex pipiens pipiens form molestus in new york city. | culex pipiens pipiens is comprised of two forms: cx. pipiens pipiens form pipiens and culex pipiens pipiens form molestus. one population of cx. p. pipiens form molestus in the united states, located in the 91st street sewer of new york city (nyc), has been relatively well-characterized. the objective of this review is to summarize the results of multiple independent studies on cx. p. pipiens form molestus in nyc and present the current understanding of the origin of this population. while solid ... | 2012 | 23401949 |
| a critical assessment of available molecular identification tools for determining the status of culex pipiens s.l. in the united kingdom. | until the relatively recent application of molecular identification tools, identification of culex pipiens f. pipiens and cx. pipiens f. molestus relied on expressed ecological characteristics, including autogeny, host preference and stenogamy. herein we test two dna assays, one based on the microsatellite locus cq11 and the other on species-diagnostic nucleotide bases in the mtdna cytochrome oxidase i, on 322 wild-caught cx. pipiens s.l. collected in above ground habitats from 6 counties across ... | 2012 | 23401945 |
| a review of the status and significance of the species within the culex pipiens group in australia. | the mosquito known in the northern hemisphere as culex pipiens (a.k.a. culex pipiens pipiens or culex pipiens form pipiens) is not known from australia. however, there are four species of the culex pipiens group: two indigenous, culex australicus and culex globocoxitus, and two introduced, culex quinquefasciatus and what is known locally as culex molestus (? = culex pipiens molestus or culex pipiens form molestus), all four being members of the pipiens subgroup (= 'pipiens complex'). the species ... | 2012 | 23401942 |
| detection of the wolbachia-encoded dna binding protein, hu beta, in mosquito gonads. | wolbachia are obligate intracellular bacteria that cause cytoplasmic incompatibility in mosquitoes. in an incompatible cross, eggs of uninfected females fail to hatch when fertilized by sperm from infected males. we used polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry to identify wolbachia proteins in infected mosquito gonads. these included surface proteins with masses of 25 and 18 kda and the dna binding protein, hu beta. using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, w ... | 2012 | 23287400 |
| sugar feeding improves survival of nondiapausing cold-stored culex pipiens. | the continuous culture of mosquitoes is a costly endeavor for vector biology laboratories. in addition to the resources that must be committed to colony maintenance, biological costs, including genetic drift and accidental colony loss, also can occur. although alternatives do exist, their application to mosquitoes is limited. mosquito cryopreservation remains elusive, and many important species lack a well-defined diapause. previously, we demonstrated that cold storing nondiapausing mated adult ... | 2012 | 23270162 |
| beyond the fire-hazard mentality of medicine: the ecology of infectious diseases. | | 2003 | 14624236 |
| host-feeding patterns of mosquito species in germany. | mosquito-borne pathogens are of growing importance in many countries of europe including germany. at the same time, the transmission cycles of most mosquito-borne pathogens (e.g. viruses or filarial parasites) are not completely understood. there is especially a lack of knowledge about the vector capacity of the different mosquito species, which is strongly influenced by their host-feeding patterns. while this kind of information is important to identify the relevant vector species, e.g. to dire ... | 2016 | 27259984 |
| society of nematologists 2011 meeting: abstracts: alphabetically by first author. | | 2011 | 23431222 |
| symbiotic control of mosquito borne disease. | it is well accepted that the symbiotic relationships insects have established with several microorganisms have had a key role in their evolutionary success. bacterial symbiosis is also prevalent in insects that are efficient disease vectors, and numerous studies have sought to decrypt the basic mechanisms of the host-symbiont relationships and develop ways to control vector borne diseases. 'symbiotic control', a new multifaceted approach that uses symbiotic microorganisms to control insect pests ... | 2012 | 23265608 |
| fighting arbovirus transmission: natural and engineered control of vector competence in aedes mosquitoes. | control of aedine mosquito vectors, either by mosquito population reduction or replacement with refractory mosquitoes, may play an essential role in the fight against arboviral diseases. in this review, we will focus on the development and application of biological approaches, both natural or engineered, to limit mosquito vector competence for arboviruses. the study of mosquito antiviral immunity has led to the identification of a number of host response mechanisms and proteins that are required ... | 2015 | 26463078 |
| morphological abnormalities and cell death in the asian citrus psyllid (diaphorina citri) midgut associated with candidatus liberibacter asiaticus. | candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (clas) is a phloem-limited, gram-negative, fastidious bacterium that is associated with the development of citrus greening disease, also known as huanglongbing (hlb). clas is transmitted by the asian citrus psyllid (acp) diaphorina citri, in a circulative manner. two major barriers to transmission within the insect are the midgut and the salivary glands. we performed a thorough microscopic analysis within the insect midgut following exposure to clas-infected cit ... | 2016 | 27630042 |
| pilot longitudinal mosquito surveillance study in the danube delta biosphere reserve and the first reports of anopheles algeriensis theobald, 1903 and aedes hungaricus mihályi, 1955 for romania. | mosquito-borne viruses (moboviruses) are of growing importance in many countries of europe. in romania and especially in the danube delta biosphere reserve (ddbr), mosquito and mobovirus surveillance are not performed on a regular basis. however, this type of study is crucially needed to evaluate the risk of pathogen transmission, to understand the ecology of emerging moboviruses, or to plan vector control programmes. | 2016 | 27066827 |
| ecological characterization and molecular differentiation of culex pipiens complex taxa and culex torrentium in eastern austria. | culex pipiens complex taxa differ in behaviour, ecophysiology and epidemiologic importance. despite their epidemiologic significance, information on genetic diversity, occurrence and seasonal and spatial distribution patterns of the cx. pipiens complex is still insufficient. assessment of seasonal and spatial distribution patterns of culex pipiens forms and their congener cx. torrentium is crucial for the understanding of their vector-pathogen dynamics. | 2016 | 27067139 |
| direct pcr of indigenous and invasive mosquito species: a time- and cost-effective technique of mosquito barcoding. | millions of people die each year as a result of pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes. however, the morphological identification of mosquito species can be difficult even for experts. the identification of morphologically indistinguishable species, such as members of the anopheles maculipennis complex (diptera: culicidae), and possible hybrids, such as culex pipiens pipiens/culex pipiens molestus (diptera: culicidae), presents a major problem. in addition, the detection and discrimination of newly ... | 2015 | 26663040 |
| differential expression of apoptosis related genes in selected strains of aedes aegypti with different susceptibilities to dengue virus. | aedes aegypti is the principal vector of dengue viruses worldwide. we identified field collected insects with differential susceptibility to dengue-2 virus (denv-2) and used isofemale selection to establish susceptible and refractory strains based on midgut infection barriers. previous experiments had identified higher expression of apoptosis-related genes in the refractory strain. to identify potential molecular mechanisms associated with denv susceptibility, we evaluated the differential expre ... | 2013 | 23593426 |
| monitoring of west nile virus in mosquitoes between 2011-2012 in hungary. | west nile virus (wnv) is a widely distributed mosquito-borne flavivirus. wnv strains are classified into several genetic lineages on the basis of phylogenetic differences. whereas lineage 1 viruses are distributed worldwide, lineage 2 wnv was first detected outside of africa in hungary in 2004. since then, wnv-associated disease and mortality in animal and human hosts have been documented periodically in hungary. after the first detection of wnv from a pool of culex pipiens mosquitoes in 2010, s ... | 0 | 25229703 |
| human infection with west nile virus, xinjiang, china, 2011. | | 0 | 25062043 |
| accurate identification of culicidae at aquatic developmental stages by maldi-tof ms profiling. | the identification of mosquito vectors is generally based on morphological criteria, but for aquatic stages, morphological characteristics may be missing, leading to incomplete or incorrect identification. the high cost of molecular biology techniques requires the development of an alternative strategy. in the last decade, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) profiling has proved to be efficient for arthropod identification at the species le ... | 2014 | 25442218 |
| insecticide susceptibility of field-collected populations of culex tritaeniorhynchus in the republic of korea. | the toxicities of 10 insecticides were examined against late third instar culex tritaeniorhynchus giles (diptera: culicidae) using the direct-contact mortality bioassay. six geospatially-distant field mosquitoes were collected from chuncheon-si, hwaseong, seosan. jeonju, daegu, and busan in the republic of korea. marked regional variations of insecticide susceptibility were observed. field populations of seosan, jeonju, and daegu from agricultural areas showed higher to extremely higher insectic ... | 0 | 23879898 |
| environmental drivers of west nile fever epidemiology in europe and western asia--a review. | abiotic and biotic conditions are both important determinants of west nile fever (wnf) epidemiology. ambient temperature plays an important role in the growth rates of vector populations, the interval between blood meals, viral replication rates and transmission of west nile virus (wnv). the contribution of precipitation is more complex and less well understood. in this paper we discuss impacts of climatic parameters (temperature, relative humidity, precipitation) and other environmental drivers ... | 2013 | 23939389 |
| development of guidelines for the surveillance of invasive mosquitoes in europe. | the recent notifications of autochthonous cases of dengue and chikungunya in europe prove that the region is vulnerable to these diseases in areas where known mosquito vectors (aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti) are present. strengthening surveillance of these species as well as other invasive container-breeding aedine mosquito species such as aedes atropalpus, aedes japonicus, aedes koreicus and aedes triseriatus is therefore required. in order to support and harmonize surveillance activities ... | 2013 | 23866915 |
| usutu virus. | | 2013 | 24659950 |
| epizootic emergence of usutu virus in wild and captive birds in germany. | this study aimed to identify the causative agent of mass mortality in wild and captive birds in southwest germany and to gather insights into the phylogenetic relationship and spatial distribution of the pathogen. since june 2011, 223 dead birds were collected and tested for the presence of viral pathogens. usutu virus (usuv) rna was detected by real-time rt-pcr in 86 birds representing 6 species. the virus was isolated in cell culture from the heart of 18 blackbirds (turdus merula). usuv-specif ... | 2012 | 22389712 |
| insecticide resistance and management strategies in urban ecosystems. | the increased urbanization of a growing global population makes imperative the development of sustainable integrated pest management (ipm) strategies for urban pest control. this emphasizes pests that are closely associated with the health and wellbeing of humans and domesticated animals. concurrently there are regulatory requirements enforced to minimize inadvertent exposures to insecticides in the urban environment. development of insecticide resistance management (irm) strategies in urban eco ... | 2016 | 26751480 |
| effect of trapping methods, weather, and landscape on estimates of the culex vector mosquito abundance. | the local abundance of culex mosquitoes is a central factor adding to the risk of west nile virus transmission, and vector abundance data influence public health decisions. this study evaluated differences in abundance estimates from mosquitoes trapped using two common methods: co2-baited cdc light traps and infusion-baited gravid traps in suburban, chicago, illinois. on a weekly basis, the two methods were modestly correlated (r = 0.219) across 71 weeks over 4 years. lagged weather conditions o ... | 2016 | 27375359 |
| nest mosquito trap quantifies contact rates between nesting birds and mosquitoes. | accurate estimates of host-vector contact rates are required for precise determination of arbovirus transmission intensity. we designed and tested a novel mosquito collection device, the nest mosquito trap (nmt), to collect mosquitoes as they attempt to feed on unrestrained nesting birds in artificial nest boxes. in the laboratory, the nmt collected nearly one-third of the mosquitoes introduced to the nest boxes. we then used these laboratory data to estimate our capture efficiency of field-coll ... | 0 | 22548555 |
| asymmetric effects of native and exotic invasive shrubs on ecology of the west nile virus vector culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae). | exotic invasive plants alter the structure and function of native ecosystems and may influence the distribution and abundance of arthropod disease vectors by modifying habitat quality. this study investigated how invasive plants alter the ecology of culex pipiens, an important vector of west nile virus (wnv) in northeastern and midwestern regions of the united states. | 2015 | 26076589 |
| experimental host preference of diapause and non-diapause induced culex pipiens pipiens (diptera: culicidae). | culex pipiens pipiens plays an important role in the transmission of several vector-borne pathogens such as west nile virus (wnv) in north america. laboratory and field studies suggest that this species is ornithophilic but because of genetic hybridization with sibling species during the active mosquito season, it may occasionally feed on mammals. adult female cx. p. pipiens undergo a facultative diapause and may serve as an overwintering mechanism for wnv. to determine the effect of diapause on ... | 2015 | 26205410 |
| the effect of west nile virus infection on the midgut gene expression of culex pipiens quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae). | the interaction of the mosquito and the invading virus is complex and can result in physiological and gene expression alterations in the insect. the association of west nile virus (wnv) and culex pipiens quinquefasciatus mosquitoes results in measurable changes in gene expression; 22 gene products were shown previously to have altered expression. sequence analysis of one product, cq g1a1, revealed 100% amino acid identity to gram negative bacteria binding proteins (cpqgbp) in cx. p. quinquefasci ... | 2016 | 27999244 |
| first report of l1014f-kdr mutation in culex pipiens complex from morocco. | mosquitoes of the culex pipiens complex, competent vectors for west nile virus (wnv) and rift valley fever virus (rvfv) are widely targeted by insecticide treatments. the intensive application of chemical insecticides led to the development of resistance in many insects including culex pipiens mosquitoes. the absence of data on resistance mechanisms in morocco allow us to assess the levels of lambda-cyhalothrin resistance and the frequency of the mutated gene l1014f kdr in different forms of cx. ... | 2016 | 27986090 |
| culex pipiens forms and urbanization: effects on blood feeding sources and transmission of avian plasmodium. | the wide spread mosquito culex pipiens pipiens have two forms molestus and pipiens which frequently hybridize. the two forms have behavioural and physiological differences affecting habitat requirements and host selection, which may affect the transmission dynamic of cx. p. pipiens-borne diseases. | 2016 | 27931226 |
| distribution of the members of the pipiens assemblage in the sympatric area from argentina: which is where and when? | given their medical and veterinary relevance, the members of the pipiens assemblage are a worldwide target of ecological research. the distribution of culex pipiens s.s. and cx. quinquefasciatus converge in buenos aires, argentina, where hybrids have been detected. each member of the assemblage exhibits a distinct eco-physiological behaviour that can affect its efficiency in pathogen transmission. our aim was to identify the environmental drivers for the spatio-temporal distribution of each memb ... | 2016 | 27783720 |
| aedes mosquito saliva modulates rift valley fever virus pathogenicity. | rift valley fever (rvf) is a severe mosquito-borne disease affecting humans and domestic ruminants. mosquito saliva contains compounds that counteract the hemostatic, inflammatory, and immune responses of the host. modulation of these defensive responses may facilitate virus infection. indeed, aedes mosquito saliva played a crucial role in the vector's capacity to effectively transfer arboviruses such as the cache valley and west nile viruses. the role of mosquito saliva in the transmission of r ... | 2013 | 23785528 |
| first nationwide surveillance of culex pipiens complex and culex torrentium mosquitoes demonstrated the presence of culex pipiens biotype pipiens/molestus hybrids in germany. | mosquitoes and other arthropods may transmit medically important pathogens, in particular viruses such as west nile virus. the presence of suitable hosts and competent vectors for those zoonotic viruses is essential for an enzootic transmission, which is a prerequisite for epidemics. to establish reliable risk projections, it is an urgent need for an exact identification of mosquito species, which is especially challenging in the case of sibling species, such as culex. pipiens pipiens biotypes p ... | 2013 | 24039724 |
| ubiquitous water-soluble molecules in aquatic plant exudates determine specific insect attraction. | plants produce semio-chemicals that directly influence insect attraction and/or repulsion. generally, this attraction is closely associated with herbivory and has been studied mainly under atmospheric conditions. on the other hand, the relationship between aquatic plants and insects has been little studied. to determine whether the roots of aquatic macrophytes release attractive chemical mixtures into the water, we studied the behaviour of mosquito larvae using olfactory experiments with root ex ... | 2008 | 18841203 |
| comparative host feeding patterns of the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, in urban and suburban northeastern usa and implications for disease transmission. | aedes albopictus is an invasive species which continues expanding its geographic range and involvement in mosquito-borne diseases such as chikungunya and dengue. host selection patterns by invasive mosquitoes are critically important because they increase endemic disease transmission and drive outbreaks of exotic pathogens. traditionally, ae. albopictus has been characterized as an opportunistic feeder, primarily feeding on mammalian hosts but occasionally acquiring blood from avian sources as w ... | 2014 | 25101969 |
| assessing the susceptibility status of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in a dirofilariasis focus, northwestern iran. | mosquitoes are considered as the vectors of dirofilariasis and some vector borne disease in iran. the objective of this study was to determine the susceptibility level of the vectors to various insecticides recommended by who for any control measures in an endemic area in northwestern iran. | 2014 | 26114140 |
| transcriptomics of differential vector competence: west nile virus infection in two populations of culex pipiens quinquefasciatus linked to ovary development. | understanding mechanisms that contribute to viral dissemination in mosquito vectors will contribute to our ability to interfere with the transmission of viral pathogens that impact public health. the expression of genes in two culex pipiens quinquefasciatus populations from florida with known differences in vector competence to west nile virus (wnv) were compared using high throughput sequencing. | 2014 | 24952767 |
| vector competence of culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) for west nile virus isolates from florida. | to assess vector competence (infection, dissemination and transmission) of culex pipiens quinquefasciatus for florida (fl) west nile virus (wnv) isolates. | 2014 | 24898274 |
| horizontal and vertical transmission of west nile virus genotype ny99 by culex salinarius and genotypes ny99 and wn02 by culex tarsalis. | culex tarsalis is a superior horizontal and vertical vector of west nile virus (wnv) compared with culex salinarius. culex salinarius transmitted wnv genotype ny99 (ct 2741-99 strain) horizontally to suckling mice at significantly lower rates than cx. tarsalis on days 8, 9, 10, and 12 post-infection, and cx. salinarius transmitted wnv genotype ny99 to offspring at a lower vertical transmission infection rate than cx. tarsalis. culex tarsalis transmitted wnv genotypes ny99 and wn02 (ct s0084-08 s ... | 0 | 22232464 |
| volatile phytochemicals as mosquito semiochemicals. | plant biochemical processes result in the release of an array of volatile chemical substances into the environment, some of which are known to play important plant fitness enhancing functions, such as attracting pollinators, thermal tolerance of photosynthesis, and defense against herbivores. cunningly, phytophagous insects have evolved mechanisms to utilize these volatiles to their own advantage, either to colonize a suitable host for feeding, reproduction and oviposition or avoid an unsuitable ... | 0 | 25383131 |
| ecological differentiation of members of the culex pipiens complex, potential vectors of west nile virus and rift valley fever virus in algeria. | we investigated the ecological differentiation of two members of the culex pipiens complex, cx. p. pipiens form pipiens and cx. p. pipiens form molestus in three sites, el-kala, m'sila and tinerkouk in algeria. these two forms are the most widespread mosquito vectors in temperate regions exhibiting important behavioural and physiological differences. nevertheless, this group of potential vectors has been poorly studied, particularly in north africa. | 2016 | 27534938 |
| diversity and frequency of kdr mutations within anopheles sinensis populations from guangxi, china. | anopheles sinensis is a major vector of malaria in china and its control is under great threat as the development of insecticide resistance. voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) is the target of several classes of insecticides. genetic mutations of vgsc have been documented to confer knockdown resistance (kdr) to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt) and pyrethroids in mosquitoes. to control this vector efficiently, it is important to know the resistance-associated genetic mutations, their distri ... | 2016 | 27527509 |