| natural selection on light response curve parameters in the herbaceous annual, impatiens capensis. | we tested for genetic variation in light response curves and their acclimation to sun versus shade in recombinant inbred lines (rils) of the annual species impatiens capensis derived from a cross between sun and shade populations. we exposed replicates of 49 rils to experimentally manipulated light levels (open versus shade) in a greenhouse and measured photosynthetic light response curves, height, biomass, and reproduction. plants were taller in the shade treatment, but we were unable to detect ... | 2004 | 15083357 |
| frequency and microenvironmental pattern of selection on plastic shade-avoidance traits in a natural population of impatiens capensis. | the frequency and predictability of different selective environments are important parameters in models for the evolution of plasticity but have rarely been measured empirically in natural populations. we used an experimental phytometer approach to examine the frequency, predictability, and environmental determinants of heterogeneous selection on phytochrome-mediated shade-avoidance responses in a natural population of the annual plant impatiens capensis. the strength and direction of selection ... | 2004 | 15122502 |
| anthocyanin production in detached petals of impatiens balsamina l. | | 1961 | 16655455 |
| certain properties of hypocotyl of impatiens balsamina reflecting physiological complexity. | | 1961 | 16655569 |
| chemical factors affecting anthocyanin formation and morphogenesis in cultured hypocotyl segments of impatiens balsamina. | | 1964 | 16655918 |
| effects of clothianidin on bombus impatiens (hymenoptera: apidae) colony health and foraging ability. | we conducted laboratory experiments to investigate the lethal and sublethal effects of clothianidin on bumble bee, bombus impatiens cresson, colony health and foraging ability. bumble bee colonies were exposed to 6 ppb clothianidin, representing the highest residue levels found in field studies on pollen, and a higher dose of 36 ppb clothianidin in pollen. clothianidin did not effect pollen consumption, newly emerged worker weights, amount of brood or the number of workers, males, and queens at ... | 2004 | 15154457 |
| early duplication and functional diversification of the opsin gene family in insects. | recent analysis of the complete mosquito anopheles gambiae genome has revealed a far higher number of opsin genes than for either the drosophila melanogaster genome or any other known insect. in particular, the analysis revealed an extraordinary opsin gene content expansion, whereby half are long wavelength-sensitive (lw) opsin gene duplicates. we analyzed this genomic data in relationship to other known insect opsins to estimate the relative timing of the lw opsin gene duplications and to ident ... | 2004 | 15155799 |
| effect of cyanide in dark and light on the membrane potential and the atp level of young and mature green tissues of higher plants. | the effect of cn(-) and n(2) on the electrical membrane potential (e(m)) was compared with that of cn(-) on the atp levels in cotyledons of gossypium hirsutum and in lemna gibba l. in mature cotton tissue, cn(-) depolarized e(m) to the energy-independent diffusion potential (e(d)) in the dark. in the light e(m) recovered transiently. the same was observed in leaves of nicotiana, avena, impatiens, kalanchoë, and in lemna. in contrast, in young cotton cotyledons and tobacco leaves and, to a large ... | 1983 | 16662984 |
| effects of a reward downshift on the consummatory behavior and flower choices of bumblebee foragers. | insect foragers often exhibit flower constancy, the tendency to visit single flower types rather than sample alternative flowers that provide equal or higher levels of reward. we employed a negative incentive contrast procedure to examine whether a decrease of sucrose concentration in a regularly visited flower type affects bumblebee (bombus impatiens) consummatory or choice behavior. subjects were trained to enter a test arena where they foraged on a single, red, artificial flower that containe ... | 2003 | 12954395 |
| peak shift discrimination learning as a mechanism of signal evolution. | "peak shift" is a behavioral response bias arising from discrimination learning in which animals display a directional, but limited, preference for or avoidance of unusual stimuli. its hypothesized evolutionary relevance has been primarily in the realm of aposematic coloration and limited sexual dimorphism. here, we develop a novel functional approach to peak shift, based on signal detection theory, which characterizes the response bias as arising from uncertainty about stimulus appearance, freq ... | 2005 | 16050106 |
| mechanisms and function of flower and inflorescence reversion. | flower and inflorescence reversion involve a switch from floral development back to vegetative development, thus rendering flowering a phase in an ongoing growth pattern rather than a terminal act of the meristem. although it can be considered an unusual event, reversion raises questions about the nature and function of flowering. it is linked to environmental conditions and is most often a response to conditions opposite to those that induce flowering. research on molecular genetic mechanisms u ... | 2005 | 16131510 |
| antianaphylactic and antipruritic effects of the flowers of impatiens textori miq. | the anti-anaphylactic and anti-pruritic activities of a 35% etoh extract (it) of the flowers of impatiens textori miq. were investigated by in vivo assay. it and apigenin (1), apigenin 7-glucoside (2) and luteolin (3), principal compounds from it, inhibited compound 48/80 (com)-induced by blood pressure (bp) decrease, which was an immunoglobulin (ig)e-independent anaphylaxis-like response. compounds 1-3 all inhibited bp decrease induced by ige-dependent anaphylaxis. furthermore, it also inhibite ... | 2005 | 16141562 |
| fungicidal and binding properties of three plant peptides. | the fungicidal properties of plant seed peptides from heuchera sanginea (hs-afp1), raphanus sativus (ea-afp2), and impatiens balsamina (ib-amp3) were determined for the non-germinated and germinated conidia of aspergillus flavus and fusarium moniliforme. these peptides were weakly lethal for germinated but not for non-germinated conidia of a. flavus. both non-germinated and germinated conidia of f. moniliforme were susceptible to these peptides. overall, f. moniliforme was more susceptible than ... | 1998 | 16284838 |
| nucleotide sequence of a new isolate of ribgrass mosaic tobamovirus infecting impatiens new guinea. | the complete nucleotide sequence of a tobamovirus isolated from impatiens new guinea was determined. the genome was 6302 nt long, and its genomic organisation was similar to those of other crucufer tobamoviruses. sequence comparisons with the corresponding sequences of other crucifer tobamoviruses revealed highest levels of identity with the ribgrass mosaic virus (shanghai isolate). a small open reading frame putatively encoding a 4.5-kda protein with a low degree of similarity to the orf6 of to ... | 2006 | 16292595 |
| plasmid-determined copper resistance in pseudomonas syringae from impatiens. | a strain of pseudomonas syringae was recently identified as the cause of a new foliar blight of impatiens. the bacterium was resistant to copper compounds, which are used on a variety of crops for bacterial and fungal disease control. the bacterium contained a single 47-kilobase plasmid (ppsi1) that showed homology to a copper resistance operon previously cloned and characterized from p. syringae pv. tomato plasmid ppt23d (d. cooksey, appl. environ. microbiol. 53:454-456, 1987). ppsi1 was transf ... | 1990 | 16348085 |
| leafy, terminal flower1 and agamous are functionally conserved but do not regulate terminal flowering and floral determinacy in impatiens balsamina. | in impatiens balsamina a lack of commitment of the meristem during floral development leads to the continuous requirement for a leaf-derived floral signal. in the absence of this signal the meristem reverts to leaf production. current models for arabidopsis state that leafy (lfy) is central to the integration of floral signals and regulates flowering partly via interactions with terminal flower1 (tfl1) and agamous (ag). here we describe impatiens homologues of lfy, tfl1 and ag (iblfy, ibtfl1 and ... | 2005 | 16359391 |
| spatial encoding by bumblebees (bombus impatiens) of a reward within an artificial flower array. | we presented bumblebees a spatial memory task similar to that used with other species (e.g., cats, dogs, and pigeons). in some conditions we allowed for presence of scent marks in addition to placing local and global spatial cues in conflict. bumblebees (bombus impatiens) were presented an array of artificial flowers within a flight cage, one flower offering reward (s+), while the others were empty (s-). bees were tested with empty flowers. in experiment 1, flowers were either moved at the time ... | 2006 | 16416106 |
| evaluation of application technologies of entomopathogenic nematodes for control of the black vine weevil. | black vine weevil, otiorhynchus sulcatus (f.), is a severe pest of small fruit and nursery crops around the world. these studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes (heterorhabditis marelatus, heterorhabditis bacteriophora, and steinernema riobrave) applied in infected host cadavers or as aqueous applications for black vine weevil larval control. experiments were conducted in the greenhouse and outdoors. application of three infected host cadav ... | 2005 | 16539109 |
| bumble-bee foragers infected by a gut parasite have an impaired ability to utilize floral information. | parasitic infection can influence a variety of behavioural mechanisms in animals, but little is known about the effects of infection on the cognitive processes underlying ecologically relevant behaviours. here, we examined whether parasitic infection alters cognitive aspects of foraging in a social insect, the bumble-bee (bombus impatiens). in controlled experiments, we assessed the ability of foraging bees to discriminate rewarding from non-rewarding flowers on the basis of colour and odour. we ... | 2006 | 16600883 |
| some effects of the photoperiod on development of impatiens balsamea. | | 1935 | 16653295 |
| the differentiation of pigmentation in flower parts, iv. flavonoid elaborating enzymes from petals of impatiens balsamina s. | extracts of the flower petals of impatiens balsamina l. contain enzymes which catalyze the glycosylation of phenolic compounds. enzymes have been extracted which glycosylate hydroquinone to arbutin and at least 3 different flavonols to the 3-monoglucoside. the hydroquinone glucosylating enzyme is similar to enzymes previously described except that it requires an unidentified low molecular weight cofactor. the glucosylation of flavonols follows normal enzyme kinetics; it requires a nucleotide dip ... | 1968 | 16656918 |
| extension growth of impatiens glandulifera at low irradiance: importance of nitrate and potassium accumulation. | the summer annual impatiens glandulifera can reach 3 m in height within deciduous woodland. the primary objective was to determine if no(3)(-) accumulation, and hence its osmotic effect, is an important physiological mechanism allowing impatiens to achieve substantial height under low irradiance. | 2005 | 15644384 |
| testing adaptive plasticity to uv: costs and benefits of stem elongation and light-induced phenolics. | on exposure to ultraviolet radiation (uv), many plant species both reduce stem elongation and increase production of phenolic compounds that absorb in the uv region of the spectrum. to demonstrate that such developmental plasticity to uv is adaptive, it is necessary to show that the induced phenotype is both beneficial in inductive environments and maladaptive in non-inductive environments. we measured selection on stem elongation and phenolic content of seedlings of impatiens capensis transplan ... | 2004 | 15696744 |
| lethal and sub-lethal effects of spinosad on bumble bees (bombus impatiens cresson). | recent developments of new families of pesticides and growing awareness of the importance of wild pollinators for crop pollination have stimulated interest in potential effects of novel pesticides on wild bees. yet pesticide toxicity studies on wild bees remain rare, and few studies have included long-term monitoring of bumble bee colonies or testing of foraging ability after pesticide exposure. larval bees feeding on exogenous pollen and exposed to pesticides during development may result in le ... | 2005 | 15880684 |
| learning in two contexts: the effects of interference and body size in bumblebees. | we examined the effect of learning a new task on the performance of a previously learned task with the same set of visual cues in bumblebees, bombus impatiens. previous studies have shown that given a binary choice at each task, bumblebees do not show retroactive interference, or mistakes in the first task, if the two tasks are in different contexts, feeding and nest location. here we tested whether adding a third, unrewarded choice to each task affects the performance of bees learning in two co ... | 2005 | 15914648 |
| molecular characterization and expression of the uv opsin in bumblebees: three ommatidial subtypes in the retina and a new photoreceptor organ in the lamina. | ultraviolet-sensitive photoreceptors have been shown to be important for a variety of visual tasks performed by bees, such as orientation, color and polarization vision, yet little is known about their spatial distribution in the compound eye or optic lobe. we cloned and sequenced a uv opsin mrna transcript from bombus impatiens head-specific cdna and, using western blot analysis, detected an eye protein band of approximately 41 kda, corresponding to the predicted molecular mass of the encoded o ... | 2005 | 15939775 |
| antifungal activity of synthetic peptides derived from impatiens balsamina antimicrobial peptides ib-amp1 and ib-amp4. | seeds of impatiens balsamina contain a set of related antimicrobial peptides (ib-amps). we have produced a synthetic variant of ib-amp1, oxidized to the bicyclic native conformation, which was fully active on yeast and fungal strains; and four linear 20-mer ib-amp variants, including two all-d forms. we show that the all-d variants are as active on yeast and fungal strains as native peptides. in addition, fungal growth inhibition nor salt-dependency of ib-amp4 could be improved by more than two- ... | 2005 | 15949628 |
| purification and serological analyses of tospoviral nucleocapsid proteins expressed by zucchini yellow mosaic virus vector in squash. | a plant viral vector engineered from an in vivo infectious clone of zucchini yellow mosaic virus (zymv) was used to express the nucleocapsid proteins (nps) of tospoviruses in planta. the open reading frames (orfs) of nps of different serogroups of tospoviruses, including tomato spotted wilt virus, impatiens necrotic spot virus, watermelon silver mottle virus, peanut bud necrosis virus, and watermelon bud necrosis virus (wbnv), were in frame inserted in between the p1 and hc-pro genes of the zymv ... | 2005 | 15992936 |
| [studies on chemical constituents from rhizome of impatiens pritzellii var. hupehensis]. | to study the chemical constituents from the rhizome of impatiens pritzellii var. hupehensis. | 2005 | 16011279 |
| within-plant distribution of twospotted spider mites (acari: tetranychidae) on impatiens: development of a presence-absence sampling plan. | the twospotted spider mite, tetranychus urticae koch, is an important pest of impatiens, a floricultural crop of increasing economic importance in the united states. the large amount of foliage on individual impatiens plants, the small size of mites, and their ability to quickly build high populations make a reliable sampling method essential when developing a pest management program. in our study, we were particularly interested in using spider mite counts as a basis for releasing biological co ... | 2005 | 16022337 |
| petaloidy and petal identity mads-box genes in the balsaminoid genera impatiens and marcgravia. | impatiens and marcgravia have striking morphological innovations associated with the flowers. one of the sepals in impatiens is spurred and petaloid, while in marcgravia the petals are fused into a cap and nectary cups are associated with the inflorescence. balsaminaceae (impatiens) and marcgraviaceae have surprisingly been shown to be closely related, since both belong to the balsaminoid clade of ericales (basal asterids). however, several thorough morphological studies thus far have not reveal ... | 2006 | 16856983 |
| a tritrophic effect of host plant on susceptibility of western flower thrips to the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana. | adult female western flower thrips (frankliniella occidentalis) were exposed 12-24h to bean (phaseolus vulgaris) and impatiens (impatiens wallerana) leaf disks treated with beauveria bassiana conidia and then transferred to clean bean or impatiens at various times post-treatment. significantly greater levels of fungal infection were observed when thrips were treated on bean versus impatiens, but exposure to impatiens following treatment had no effect on fungal infection (percent mortality). this ... | 2007 | 17572438 |
| interval timing by an invertebrate, the bumble bee bombus impatiens. | sensitivity to temporal information and the ability to adjust behavior to the temporal structure of the environment should be phylogenetically widespread. some timing abilities, such as sensitivity to circadian cycles, appear in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate taxa [1,2]. interval timing--sensitivity to the duration of time intervals--has, however, only been shown to occur in vertebrates [3,4]. insect pollinators make a variety of decisions that would appear to require the ability to ... | 2006 | 16920625 |
| within-host dynamics of an intestinal pathogen of bumble bees. | the success of a pathogen depends not only on its transmission to new hosts, but also on its ability to colonize and persist within its current host. studies of within-host dynamics have focused on only a few diseases of humans, whereas little is known about the factors that influence pathogen populations as they develop inside non-human hosts. here, we investigate pathogen dynamics occurring within bumble bees (bombus impatiens) infected by the gut trypanosome crithidia bombi. infection by c. b ... | 2006 | 16948877 |
| ecosystem engineers as selective agents: the effects of leaf litter on emergence time and early growth in impatiens capensis. | by physically modifying the abiotic environment, ecosystem engineers can have dramatic effects on the distribution and abundance of species in a community. however, ecosystem engineering can also change the selective environment and evolutionary dynamics of affected species, although this remains relatively understudied. here, we examine the potential for an ecosystem engineer - oak trees - to affect the evolutionary dynamics of the herbaceous, understory annual, impatiens capensis, through leaf ... | 2006 | 16958891 |
| volatile chemical cues guide host location and host selection by parasitic plants. | the importance of plant volatiles in mediating interactions between plant species is much debated. here, we demonstrate that the parasitic plant cuscuta pentagona (dodder) uses volatile cues for host location. cuscuta pentagona seedlings exhibit directed growth toward nearby tomato plants (lycopersicon esculentum) and toward extracted tomato-plant volatiles presented in the absence of other cues. impatiens (impatiens wallerana) and wheat plants (triticum aestivum) also elicit directed growth. mo ... | 2006 | 17008532 |
| type a behaviour differentiates bipolar ii from unipolar depressed patients. | a relation between the type a behaviour pattern (tabp) and coronary heart disease has been found in many studies and the existence of a psychiatric coronary-prone mood profile has been suggested. tabp consist of fairly stable character traits such as time urgency, impatience, irritability and competitiveness, which in patients with affective disorders could be bipolar traits. the aim of this study was to compare tabp in depressed unipolar and bipolar ii patients, and explore the relation between ... | 2006 | 16337008 |
| immunomodulatory activity of the rhizomes of impatiens pritzellii var. hupehensis on collagen-induced arthritis mice. | impatiens pritzellii hook. f. var. hupehensis hook. f. (balsaminaceae) has been well-known and widely used in china as an anti-rheumatoid arthritis (anti-ra) herb. in this present study, mice with collagen-induced arthritis (cia) have been treated with the methanol (meoh) extract (0.56, 1.12, 1.68 and 2.24 g/kg body weight) and the n-butanol (buoh) fraction (0.13, 0.27, 0.40 and 0.53 g/kg body weight) of the rhizomes of impatiens pritzellii orally for 3 weeks. the progression of cia was evaluate ... | 2007 | 17113740 |
| traplining in bumblebees (bombus impatiens): a foraging strategy's ontogeny and the importance of spatial reference memory in short-range foraging. | to test the relative importance of long-term and working spatial memories in short-range foraging in bumblebees, we compared the performance of two groups of bees. one group foraged in a stable array of six flowers for 40 foraging bouts, thereby enabling it to establish a long-term memory of the array, and adjust its spatial movements accordingly. the other group was faced with an array that changed between (but not within) foraging bouts, and thus had only access to a working memory of the flow ... | 2007 | 17136553 |
| flower choice copying in bumblebees. | we tested a hypothesis originating with darwin that bees outside the nest exhibit social learning in flower choices. naive bumblebees, bombus impatiens, were allowed to observe trained bees or artificial bees forage from orange or green flowers. subsequently, observers of bees on green flowers landed more often on green flowers than non-observing controls or observers of models on orange flowers. these results demonstrate that bumblebees can change flower choice by observations of non-nest mates ... | 2005 | 17148244 |
| consequences of vegetative herbivory for maintenance of intermediate outcrossing in an annual plant. | given the occurrence of mixed mating systems among plants, a general mechanism explaining the evolution and maintenance of this condition is needed. although numerous theoretical models predict mixed mating to be evolutionarily stable, conditions favoring intermediate selfing are often stringent and have limited applicability. here we investigated the role of vegetative herbivory, a ubiquitous biotic factor limiting plant reproduction, in the mating system expression of impatiens capensis (balsa ... | 2006 | 17168016 |
| floral meristem indeterminacy depends on flower position and is facilitated by acarpellate gynoecium development in impatiens balsamina. | * floral meristems are generally determinate. termination of their activity varies with species, occurring after carpel or ovule development, depending on the placentation type. in terminal flowering impatiens balsamina (cv. dwarf bush flowered) some flowers exhibit meristem indeterminacy; they produce organs from the placenta after ovule development. * here we provide a detailed description of gynoecium development in this line and explore the basis of the indeterminate nature of some of its fl ... | 2007 | 17176395 |
| insect cryptochromes: gene duplication and loss define diverse ways to construct insect circadian clocks. | cryptochrome (cry) proteins are components of the central circadian clockwork of metazoans. phylogenetic analyses show at least 2 rounds of gene duplication at the base of the metazoan radiation, as well as several losses, gave rise to 2 cryptochrome (cry) gene families in insects, a drosophila-like cry1 gene family and a vertebrate-like cry2 family. previous studies have shown that insect cry1 is photosensitive, whereas photo-insensitive cry2 functions to potently inhibit clock-relevant clock:c ... | 2007 | 17244599 |
| the selective elimination of inversion dicentric chromatids during meiosis in the eggs of sciara impatiens. | | 1946 | 17247187 |
| abscission of phaseolus and impatiens explants: effects of ionizing radiation upon endogenous growth regulators and de novo enzyme synthesis. | stem-petiole explants from the lower pulvinus of the primary leaves of phaseolus vulgaris l. cv. red kidney and from impatiens sultani hook cv. scarlet baby were exposed to varying dosages of gamma-radiation. with bean, irradiation of 175 to 525 kiloroentgens (kr) significantly accelerated the onset of abscission with a maximum response at 175 to 280 kr. higher dosages (beginning at 600-700 kr) usually prevented abscission. with impatiens, 18 to 35 kr significantly accelerated both the onset of ... | 1975 | 16659338 |
| herbivory and competition interact to affect reproductive traits and mating system expression in impatiens capensis. | as a step toward understanding how community context shapes mating system evolution, we investigated the combined role of two plant antagonisms, vegetative herbivory and intraspecific competition, for reproduction and mating system expression (relative production of selfing, cleistogamous and facultatively outcrossing, chasmogamous flowers and fruits) of impatiens capensis. in a survey of i. capensis populations, we found that vegetative herbivory and intraspecific competition were positively co ... | 2006 | 16671001 |
| impatiens balsamina l.-the inheritance of floral colors. | | 1958 | 17247739 |
| chemical aspects of the inheritance of flower color in impatiens balsamina l. | | 1958 | 17247741 |
| alternative soilless media for growing petunia x hybrida and impatiens wallerana: physical behavior, effect of fertilization and nitrate losses. | the use of alternative soilless media for the production of potted plants requires knowledge of their physical and chemical characteristics to result in the best conditions for plant growth. we investigated the use of alternative soilless media based on river waste and sphagnun sp. and carex sp. from argentinean peatlands on petuniaxhybrida and impatiens wallerana production at two fertilization levels (200 and 400mgl(-1)n). river waste or 'temperate peat' is the name given to a material, result ... | 2008 | 18479912 |
| influence of genes controlling flower color on relative quantities of anthocyanins and flavonols in petals of impatiens balsamina. | | 1959 | 17247857 |
| a new biscoumarin from impatiens balsamina root cultures. | a new biscoumarin, 4,4'-biisofraxidin has been isolated from the root cultures of impatiens balsamina (balsaminaceae). the structure was elucidated by 1d and 2d nmr techniques. | 1998 | 17253327 |
| phylogenetic utility of the ap3/def k-domain and its molecular evolution in impatiens (balsaminaceae). | apetala3 (ap3)/deficiens (def) is a mads-box transcription factor that is involved in establishing the identity of petal and stamen floral organs. the ap3/def gene lineage has been extensively examined throughout the angiosperms in order to better understand its role in floral diversity and evolution. as a result, a large number of cloned ap3/def orthologues are available, which can be used for the design of taxon specific primers for phylogeny reconstruction of close relatives of the group of i ... | 2007 | 17254808 |
| a new cytotoxic lanostane-type triterpene glycoside from the sea cucumber holothuria impatiens. | a new lanostane-type triterpene glycoside, impatienside a (1), was isolated from the sea cucumber holothuria impatiens, together with a structurally related, known compound, bivittoside d (2). their structures were elucidated by in-depth spectroscopic and mass-spectrometric methods, including (1)h-, (13)c-, and 2d-nmr, esi-ms, and hr-esi-ms experiments, as well as by chemical evidence. compounds 1 and 2 possess the same hexasaccharide moieties, but differ slightly in their holostane-type triterp ... | 2007 | 17372947 |
| commercial bumble bee bombus impatiens (hymenoptera: apidae) as a pollinator in lowbush blueberry (ericale: ericaceae) fields. | here, we evaluate the potential of the bumble bee bombus impatiens cresson, obtained from commercial colonies, as a pollen vector for lowbush blueberry, vaccinium augustifolium aiton. we wanted to gain insight into the relationships between pollination by introduced bumble bees, the categories of seeds produced, and the weight and the maturity of the blueberries. the effect of b. impatiens foraging in blueberry stands was measured quantitatively through fruit set and seed set analysis. we create ... | 2006 | 16686145 |
| three new triterpenoid saponins from the rhizomes of impatiens pritzellii var. hupehensis. | three new triterpenoid saponins, impatiprins a-c (1-3), together with a known triterpenoid (4) and two known triterpenoid saponins (5, 6), were isolated from the rhizomes of impatiens pritzellii hook. f. var. hupehensis hook. f. the structures of 1-3 were determined by 1d and 2d nmr, fab-ms techniques and chemical methods. compounds 1 and 2 showed weak cytotoxicities against s-180, hela and hepg2 cell lines. | 2007 | 17613624 |
| effects of the compounds 2-methoxynaphthoquinone, 2-propoxynaphthoquinone, and 2-isopropoxynaphthoquinone on ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity. | the effects of the natural compound 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, isolated from the leaves of impatiens glandulifera and the synthetic compounds 2-propoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-isopropoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone on ecdysone 20-monooxygenase (e-20-m) activity were examined in three insect species. homogenates of wandering stage third instar larvae of drosophila melanogaster, or abdomens from adult female aedes aegypti, or fat body or midgut from fifth instar larvae of manduca sexta were incubated w ... | 2007 | 17694563 |
| habitat assessment ability of bumble-bees implies frequency-dependent selection on floral rewards and display size. | foraging pollinators could visit hundreds of flowers in succession on mass-flowering plants, yet they often visit only a small number--potentially saving the plant from much self-pollination among its own flowers (geitonogamy). this study tests the hypothesis that bumble-bee (bombus impatiens) residence on a particular plant depends on an assessment of that plant's reward value relative to the overall quality experienced in the habitat. in a controlled environment, naive bees were given experien ... | 2007 | 17711839 |
| contact networks and transmission of an intestinal pathogen in bumble bee (bombus impatiens) colonies. | in socially living animals, individuals interact through complex networks of contact that may influence the spread of disease. whereas traditional epidemiological models typically assume no social structure, network theory suggests that an individual's location in the network determines its risk of infection. empirical, especially experimental, studies of disease spread on networks are lacking, however, largely due to a shortage of amenable study systems. we used automated video-tracking to quan ... | 2007 | 17713789 |
| investigation of the glyceride structure ofcardamine impatiens l. seed oil. | | 1966 | 17805636 |
| glyceride structure ofcardamine impatiens l. seed oil. | a group of unusual triglycerides, in which one of the acyl groups is a vicinal dihydroxy acid with one of the hydroxyl groups acetylated, has been isolated fromcardamine impatiens l. (cruciferae) seed oil. hydrolysis of these triglycerides with castor bean lipase facilitated isolation and identification of a mixture of c(18), c(20), c(22), and c(24) hydroxy acetoxy fatty acids. pancreatic lipase hydrolysis data revealed that these monoacetylated dihydroxy acid residues are esterified exclusively ... | 1968 | 17805858 |
| the interactive effects of herbivory and mixed mating for the population dynamics of impatiens capensis. | in this study, we examine the demographic consequences of mixed mating and explore the interactive effects of vegetative herbivory and mating system for population dynamics of impatiens capensis, a species with an obligate mixed mating system (i.e., individuals produce both obligately selfing cleistogamous and facultatively outcrossing chasmogamous flowers). in two natural populations, we followed seeds derived from cleistogamous and chasmogamous flowers subject to different herbivory levels thr ... | 2007 | 17853996 |
| the mixed mating system of impatiens capensis and infection by a foliar rust pathogen: patterns of resistance and fitness consequences. | outcrossing by hosts may offer protection from natural enemies adapted to parental genotypes by creating diverse progeny that differ from their parents through genetic recombination. however, past experimental work addressing the relationship between mating system and disease in offspring has given conflicting results, suggesting that outcrossing might also cause the dissolution of resistant genotypes. to determine if selfed progeny are more susceptible to disease caused by the heteroecious rust ... | 2007 | 17894807 |
| in vitro activity of kaempferol isolated from the impatiens balsamina alone and in combination with erythromycin or clindamycin against propionibacterium acnes. | the in vitro antibacterial activity against antibiotic-resistant propionibacterium acnes of kaempferol isolated from the impatiens balsamina alone and in combination with erythromycin or clindamycin antibiotics was investigated. the antibiotic combination effect against antibiotic-resistant p. acnes was studied by checkerboard test. kaempferol and quercetin demonstrated antibacterial activities against p. acnes. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) for both compounds were < or =32 ug/ml and ... | 2007 | 17978809 |
| pollinator experience, neophobia and the evolution of flowering time. | environmental changes, such as current climate warming, can exert directional selection on reproductive phenology. in plants, evolution of earlier flowering requires that the individuals bearing genes for early flowering successfully reproduce; for non-selfing, zoophilous species, this means that early flowering individuals must be visited by pollinators. in a laboratory experiment with artificial flowers, we presented captive bumble-bees (bombus impatiens) with flower arrays representing stages ... | 2009 | 19129131 |
| partitioning adaptive differentiation across a patchy landscape: shade avoidance traits in impatiens capensis. | adaptation to different habitat types across a patchy landscape may either arise independently in each patch or occur due to repeated colonization of each patch by the same specialized genotype. we tested whether open- and closed-canopy forms of impatiens capensis, an herbaceous annual plant of eastern north america, have evolved repeatedly by comparing hierarchical measures of f(st) estimated from aflps to morphological differentiation measured by q(st) for five pairs of populations found in op ... | 2008 | 18081714 |
| multimodal signals enhance decision making in foraging bumble-bees. | multimodal signals are common in nature and have recently attracted considerable attention. despite this interest, their function is not well understood. we test the hypothesis that multimodal signals improve decision making in receivers by influencing the speed and the accuracy of their decisions. we trained bumble-bees (bombus impatiens) to discriminate between artificial flowers that differed either in one modality, visual (specifically, shape) or olfactory, or in two modalities, visual plus ... | 2008 | 18198150 |
| aesthetic damage thresholds for twospotted spider mites (acari: tetranychidae) on impatiens: effect of plant age and level of infestation. | the effects of plant age and infestation level of twospotted spider mite, tetranychus urticae koch (acari: tetranychidae), on visible plant damage, and the effect of plant age on spider mite population growth on impatiens, impatiens wallerana hook.f. (ericales: balsaminaceae), were determined by inoculating impatiens plants of three different ages with two densities of spider mites. each plant was inoculated with either one adult female mite per three leaves or six leaves based on the average nu ... | 2007 | 18232409 |
| isolation and identification of an anti-tumor component from leaves of impatiens balsamina. | we have previously shown that ethanol or chloroform extracts of the leaves of impatiens balsamina (lib) have anti-tumor activity against the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line hepg2. the ethanol extracts were separated into five fractions according to polarity. an mtt assay indicated that two of the fractions had anti-tumor activity and that the petroleum ether fraction (pef) was the most active. but the available quantities of both the pef and chloroform fractions (chf) were limited, prec ... | 2008 | 18305414 |
| comparative efficiency of nannotrigona perilampoides, bombus impatiens (hymenoptera: apoidea), and mechanical vibration on fruit production of enclosed habanero pepper. | the native bee nannotrigona perilampoides cresson (apidae: meliponini) has been evaluated with promising results in greenhouse pollination of solanaceae in mexico. however, no comparison has been done with imported bumble bees (apidae: bombini), which are the most common bees used for greenhouse pollination. we compared the foraging activity and fruit production of habanero pepper. capsicum chinense jacquin, by using n. perilampoides and bombus impatiens cresson in pollination cages. both bee sp ... | 2008 | 18330127 |
| selection on spur shape in impatiens capensis. | rapid speciation within some plant families has been attributed to the evolution of floral spurs and to the effect of spur length on plant reproductive success. the flowers of impatiens capensis (jewelweed) possess a long, curved spur in which nectar is produced and stored. spur length and curvature varies among plants within one population. here i document that spur shape is variable in natural populations, variation within plants is less than variation among plants, and spur shape is correlate ... | 2008 | 18335248 |
| selection on length mutations after frameshift can explain the origin and retention of the ap3/def-like paralogues in impatiens. | evolution of class b genes through gene duplication has been proposed as an evolutionary mechanism that contributed to the enormous floral diversity. frameshift mutations are a likely mechanism to explain the divergent c-terminal sequences of mikc gene subfamilies. so far, the inferences for frameshifts and selective pressures on the c-terminal domain are made for old duplications for which the exact selective pressures are obscured by evolutionary time. this motivated us to study an example of ... | 2008 | 18392761 |
| impacts of alien invasive plants on soil nutrients are correlated with initial site conditions in nw europe. | alien invasive plants are capable of modifying ecosystem function. however, it is difficult to make generalisations because impacts often appear to be species- and site-specific. in this study, we examined the impacts of seven highly invasive plant species in nw europe (fallopia japonica, heracleum mantegazzianum, impatiens glandulifera, prunus serotina, rosa rugosa, senecio inaequidens, solidago gigantea) on nutrient pools in the topsoil and the standing biomass. we tested if the impacts follow ... | 2008 | 18491146 |
| time-activity budgets and behaviour of the amazilia hummingbird, amazilia amazilia (apodiformes: trochilidae) in an urban environment. | this study deals with the time-activity budgets of amazilia amazilia, a territorial hummingbird, and its preferences for different flower species and perches in the gardens of lima (peru) in september 2001. a. amazilia spent an important part of its time resting on perches (ca. 80%) and only 15.5% for foraging, devoted essentially to flower visitation and only 0.3% for hunting and drinking water. territorial defence accounted for 2% of total time, mostly against coereba flaveola, an introduced n ... | 2006 | 18491628 |
| visitation by wild and managed bees (hymenoptera: apoidea) to eastern u.s. native plants for use in conservation programs. | addition of floral resources to agricultural field margins has been shown to increase abundance of beneficial insects in crop fields, but most plants recommended for this use are non-native annuals. native perennial plants with different bloom periods can provide floral resources for bees throughout the growing season for use in pollinator conservation projects. to identify the most suitable plants for this use, we examined the relative attractiveness to wild and managed bees of 43 eastern u.s. ... | 2008 | 18559176 |
| the processing of color, motion, and stimulus timing are anatomically segregated in the bumblebee brain. | animals use vision to perform such diverse behaviors as finding food, interacting socially with other animals, choosing a mate, and avoiding predators. these behaviors are complex and the visual system must process color, motion, and pattern cues efficiently so that animals can respond to relevant stimuli. the visual system achieves this by dividing visual information into separate pathways, but to what extent are these parallel streams separated in the brain? to answer this question, we recorde ... | 2008 | 18562602 |
| ecological context influences pollinator deterrence by alkaloids in floral nectar. | secondary compounds may benefit plants by deterring herbivores, but the presence of these defensive chemicals in floral nectar may also deter beneficial pollinators. this trade-off between sexual reproduction and defense has received minimal study. we determined whether the pollinator-deterring effects of a nectar alkaloid found in the perennial vine gelsemium sempervirens depend on ecological context (i.e. the availability of alternative nectar sources) by monitoring the behavioural response of ... | 2007 | 17498136 |
| floral reward production is timed by an insect pollinator. | interval timing--sensitivity to elapsing durations--has recently been found to occur in an invertebrate pollinator, the bumble-bee (bombus impatiens). here, bumble-bees were required to time the interval between the start of foraging in a patch of low-quality artificial flowers providing 25% sucrose and the availability of a high-quality flower (hqf) that provided 50% sucrose after a fixed delay. the delay changed after every 20 foraging bouts in the order 30-150-30 s. bees visited the hqf soone ... | 2007 | 17519188 |
| the impact of an alien plant on a native plant-pollinator network: an experimental approach. | studies of pairwise interactions have shown that an alien plant can affect the pollination of a native plant, this effect being mediated by shared pollinators. here we use a manipulative field experiment, to investigate the impact of the alien plant impatiens glandulifera on an entire community of coflowering native plants. visitation and pollen transport networks were constructed to compare replicated i. glandulifera invaded and i. glandulifera removal plots. invaded plots had significantly hig ... | 2007 | 17542933 |
| a retrospective analysis of pollen host plant use by stable and declining bumble bee species. | understanding population declines has been the objective of a wide range of ecological studies. when species have become rare such studies are complicated because particular behavior or life history traits may be the cause but also the result of the decline of a species. we approached this problem by studying species' characteristics on specimens that were collected before the onset of their decline and preserved in natural history museums. in northwestern europe, some bumble bee species decline ... | 2008 | 18705369 |
| completion of the genome sequence of watermelon silver mottle virus and utilization of degenerate primers for detecting tospoviruses in five serogroups. | abstract the nucleotide sequence of the l rna of watermelon silver mottle virus (wsmov) was determined. combined with the previous work on m and s rnas, the whole genomic sequence of this member of the genus tospovirus was completed. the l rna is 8,917 nucleotides in length, with one large open reading frame encoding a translation product of 2,878 amino acids (331.8 kda) on the viral complementary strand. the l protein shares amino acid identities of only 44.3 and 46.5% with tomato spotted wilt ... | 2001 | 18943848 |
| a one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction system for the simultaneous detection and identification of multiple tospovirus infections. | abstract a one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method has been developed for the simultaneous detection and identification of multiple tospoviruses that infect plants. the rt-pcr system is composed of six primers in a single tube: a universal degenerate primer and five virus species-specific primers. amplifications resulted in an 848-bp pcr product for watermelon silver mottle virus, 709-bp for tomato spotted wilt virus, 589-bp for impatiens necrotic spot virus, 511 ... | 2005 | 18943986 |
| suppression of rhizoctonia solani on impatiens by enhanced microbial activity in composted swine waste-amended potting mixes. | abstract peat moss-based potting mix was amended with either of two composted swine wastes, csw1 and csw2, at rates from 4 to 20% (vol/vol) to evaluate suppression of pre-emergence damping-off of impatiens (impatiens balsamina) caused by rhizoctonia solani (anastomosis group-4). a cucumber bioassay was used prior to each impatiens experiment to monitor maturity of compost as the compost aged in a curing pile by evaluating disease suppression toward both pythium ultimum and r. solani. at 16, 24, ... | 2003 | 18944095 |
| serological and molecular characterization of peanut chlorotic fan-spot virus, a new species of the genus tospovirus. | abstract to clarify the serological relationship of peanut chlorotic fan-spot virus (pcfv) with other tospoviruses, antisera were produced against the nucleocapsid (n) proteins of this virus and tospoviruses from four serogroups including tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv), impatiens necrotic spot virus (insv), groundnut ringspot virus (grsv), and watermelon silver mottle virus (wsmov). in immunodiffusion tests, the antisera only reacted with their homologous antigens. similar results were noticed ... | 2001 | 18944231 |
| application of phage display in selecting tomato spotted wilt virus-specific single-chain antibodies (scfvs) for sensitive diagnosis in elisa. | abstract a panel of recombinant single-chain antibodies (scfvs) against structural proteins of tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) was retrieved from a human combinatorial scfv antibody library using the novel phage display technique. after subcloning the encoding dna sequences in the expression vector pskap/s, which allowed the scfvs to be expressed as alkaline phosphatase fusion proteins, 17 different scfv antibodies were obtained. of these, 12 scfvs were directed against the nucleoprotein (n) an ... | 2000 | 18944607 |
| comparison of ambisense m rna of watermelon silver mottle virus with other tospoviruses. | abstract double-stranded genomic rnas (dsrnas) extracted from chenopodium quinoa infected with watermelon silver mottle virus (wsmv) were similar to those of tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv, serogroup i) and impatiens necrotic spot virus (insv, serogroup iii), except that the s dsrna of wsmv is 0.75 and 0.6 kbp longer than those of tswv and insv, respectively. the complete nucleotide sequence of the genomic m rna of wsmv was determined from cdna clones generated from separated m dsrna. the m rna ... | 1998 | 18944959 |
| phylogeny of novel naked filose and reticulose cercozoa: granofilosea cl. n. and proteomyxidea revised. | naked filose and reticulose protozoa were long lumped as proteomyxids or left outside higher groups. we cultivated eight naked filose or reticulose strains, did light microscopy, 18s rdna sequencing and phylogeny (showing all are cercozoa), and sequenced 80 environmental 18s-types. filose species belong in subphylum filosa and reticulose ones in subphylum endomyxa, making proteomyxids polyphyletic. we therefore transfer the classically mainly reticulose proteomyxidea to endomyxa, removing eviden ... | 2009 | 18952499 |
| interactive effects of spectral shading and mechanical stress on the expression and costs of shade avoidance. | the interacting effects of different environmental cues in determining a plant's phenotype and performance are poorly understood aspects of phenotypic plasticity. we examined the interacting effects of shading and mechanical stress (ms) on growth, reproduction, and mechanical stability. we subjected 10 grassland genotypes and 10 forest genotypes of impatiens capensis to two levels of spectral shading and two levels of ms. shade induced the production of taller, thinner internodes, but this respo ... | 2009 | 19140769 |
| color processing in the medulla of the bumblebee (apidae: bombus impatiens). | the mechanisms of processing a visual scene involve segregating features (such as color) into separate information channels at different stages within the brain, processing these features, and then integrating this information at higher levels in the brain. to examine how this process takes place in the insect brain, we focused on the medulla, an area within the optic lobe through which all of the visual information from the retina must pass before it proceeds to central brain areas. we used his ... | 2009 | 19226517 |
| impact of currently used or potentially useful insecticides for canola agroecosystems on bombus impatiens (hymenoptera: apidae), megachile rotundata (hymentoptera: megachilidae), and osmia lignaria (hymenoptera: megachilidae). | pest management practices may be contributing to a decline in wild bee populations in or near canola (brassica napus l.) agroecosystems. the objective of this study was to investigate the direct contact toxicity of five technical grade insecticides--imidacloprid, clothianidin, deltamethrin, spinosad, and novaluron--currently used, or with potential for use in canola integrated pest management on bees that may forage in canola: common eastern bumble bees [bombus impatiens (cresson); hereafter bum ... | 2009 | 19253634 |
| comparing chemical and biological control strategies for twospotted spider mites (acari: tetranychidae) in commercial greenhouse production of bedding plants. | efficacy, costs, and impact on crop salability of various biological and chemical control strategies for tetranychus urticae koch (acari: tetranychidae) were evaluated on mixed plantings of impatiens, impatiens wallerana hook.f (ericales: balsaminaceae), and ivy geranium, pelargonium peltatum (1.) l'hér. ex aiton (geraniales: geraniaceae), cultivars in commercial greenhouses. chemical control consisting of the miticide bifenazate (floramite) was compared with two biological control strategies us ... | 2009 | 19253653 |
| early stages of nematode-induced giant-cell formation in roots of impatiens balsamina. | giant cells induced in roots of impatiens balsamina by meloidogyne javanica and meloidogyne incognita have been examined by light and electron microscopy. the first sign of giant-cell formation was division of cells surrounding a larva. cell plate alignment appeared to proceed normally, but cytokinesis was unsuccessful and binucleate cells formed subsequently. no wall breakdown was evident then or later. the number of nuclei appeared to increase by repeated mitosis without separation by cytokine ... | 1978 | 19305816 |
| division of labour within flowers: heteranthery, a floral strategy to reconcile contrasting pollen fates. | in many nectarless flowering plants, pollen serves as both the carrier of male gametes and as food for pollinators. this can generate an evolutionary conflict if the use of pollen as food by pollinators reduces the number of gametes available for cross-fertilization. heteranthery, the production of two or more stamen types by individual flowers reduces this conflict by allowing different stamens to specialize in 'pollinating' and 'feeding' functions. we used experimental studies of solanum rostr ... | 2009 | 19320798 |
| the mechanics of explosive seed dispersal in orange jewelweed (impatiens capensis). | explosive dehiscence ballistically disperses seeds in a number of plant species. during dehiscence, mechanical energy stored in specialized tissues is transferred to the seeds to increase their kinetic and potential energies. the resulting seed dispersal patterns have been investigated in some ballistic dispersers, but the mechanical performance of a launch mechanism of this type has not been measured. the properties of the energy storage tissue and the energy transfer efficiency of the launch m ... | 2009 | 19321647 |
| comparative genetic analyses of historical and contemporary collections highlight contrasting demographic histories for the bumble bees bombus pensylvanicus and b. impatiens in illinois. | direct comparison of genetic patterns between museum specimens and contemporary collections can be a powerful approach for detecting recent demographic changes. using microsatellite markers, we examined historical and contemporary genetic variation from an apparently declining bumble bee species, bombus pensylvanicus, and from a stable species, bombus impatiens, in central illinois. for each species, we genotyped specimens from the illinois natural history survey collected from three populations ... | 2009 | 19344350 |
| an unusual acylated malvidin 3-glucoside from flowers of impatiens textori miq. (balsaminaceae). | acylated malvidin 3-glucoside was isolated from the purple flowers of impatiens textori miq. as a major anthocyanin component along with malvidin 3-(6''-malonyl-glucoside). its structure was elucidated to be malvidin 3-o-[6-o-(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl)-beta-glucopyranoside] by chemical and spectroscopic methods. | 2009 | 19345964 |
| location, location, location: larvae position inside the nest is correlated with adult body size in worker bumble-bees (bombus impatiens). | social insects display task-related division of labour. in some species, division of labour is related to differences in body size, and worker caste members display morphological adaptations suited for particular tasks. bumble-bee workers (bombus spp.) can vary in mass by eight- to tenfold within a single colony, which previous work has linked to division of labour. however, little is known about the proximate mechanism behind the production of this wide range of size variation within the worker ... | 2009 | 19364744 |
| density-dependent phytotoxicity of impatiens pallida plants exposed to extracts of alliaria petiolata. | invasive plants are by definition excellent competitors, either indirectly through competition for resources or directly through allelopathic inhibition of neighboring plants. although both forms of competition are commonly studied, attempts to explore the interactions between direct and indirect competition are rare. we monitored the effects of several doses of extracts of alliaria petiolata, a eurasian invader in north america, on the growth of impatiens pallida, a north american native, at se ... | 2009 | 19381723 |
| genome analysis and characterization of a tobacco mosaic virus isolate infecting balsam (impatiens balsamina). | the complete rna genomic sequence of a tobacco mosaic virus isolate infecting impatiens balsamina, designated as tmv-im, has been determined. the genomic sequence and the predicted gene products of tmv-im were similar to those of other members of the genus tobamovirus. the cp orf of tmv-im showed sequence identities of 95.0-99.5% with the corresponding orfs of other tmv strains. full-length cdna of tmv-im was amplified by rt-pcr with a 5'-end primer harboring a t7 promoter sequence and a 3'-end ... | 2009 | 19381775 |
| bumble bees heat up for high quality pollen. | thermoregulation plays a key role in bee foraging, allowing some species to forage in suboptimal temperatures. recently, bumble bee thoracic temperature (t(th)) has been shown to increase with nectar carbohydrate content. however, pollen is also vital to bees and exhibits a greater than 20-fold range in protein quality. we provide the first demonstration that bee t(th) is also correlated with pollen quality. we allowed bumble bee, bombus impatiens, foragers from two colonies to collect pollen va ... | 2008 | 18587118 |
| higher order visual input to the mushroom bodies in the bee, bombus impatiens. | to produce appropriate behaviors based on biologically relevant associations, sensory pathways conveying different modalities are integrated by higher-order central brain structures, such as insect mushroom bodies. to address this function of sensory integration, we characterized the structure and response of optic lobe (ol) neurons projecting to the calyces of the mushroom bodies in bees. bees are well known for their visual learning and memory capabilities and their brains possess major direct ... | 2008 | 18635397 |