| structural modelling studies and immunoprophylactic potential of brugia malayi dead box rna helicase. | dead box rna helicases are essential enzymes that are involved in rna metabolic processes such as transcription, pre-mrna splicing, translation initiation and rna decay. we have previously over-expressed and biochemically characterized an immunodominant cdna clone encoding dead box rna helicase (bml3-helicase) isolated by immunoscreening of the larval stage cdna library of brugia malayi. in the current study, the 3d structure was determined and the immunoprophylactic efficacy of bml3-helicase wa ... | 2013 | 23743239 |
| tandem antioxidant enzymes confer synergistic protective responses in experimental filariasis. | helminth parasites use antioxidant defence strategies for survival during oxidative stress due to free radicals in the host. accordingly, tissue-dwelling filarial parasites counteract host responses by releasing a number of antioxidants. targeting these redox regulation proteins together, would facilitate effective parasite clearance. here, we report the combined effect of protective immune responses trigged by recombinant wuchereria bancrofti thioredoxin (wbtrx) and thioredoxin peroxidase (wbtp ... | 2014 | 23676147 |
| anti-inflammatory bmafi of brugia malayi modulates ige, histamine and histamine receptor responses in mastomys coucha. | we recently reported that bmafi, an anti-inflammatory fraction of brugia malayi adult worm supports parasite development in the hostile peritoneal cavity (p.c.) of mastomys coucha through a modified th2 type of response that includes il-13 and ige response and anti-inflammatory il-10 cytokine milieu. in the present study we investigated ige related responses such as histamine release and modulation of histamine receptors 1 and 2 (hr1 and hr2) by presensitization with bmafi of m. coucha infected ... | 2013 | 23603670 |
| bacterial lipid modification enhances immunoprophylaxis of filarial abundant larval transcript-2 protein in mastomys model. | as in many other parasitic diseases, efficacious vaccine for lymphatic filariasis has been elusive for want of new approaches leaving billions of people either debilitated or at risk. with multiple b- and t-cell epitopes, the abundant larval transcript-2 (alt-2) of the filarial worm, brugia malayi, has been shown to be a promising immunoprophylactic target. to enhance its efficacy, it was lipid modified using our recently developed protein engineering tool, which then offered 30% more immunoprot ... | 2013 | 23495791 |
| recombinant translation initiation factor-1 of wolbachia is an immunogenic excretory secretory protein that elicits th2 mediated immune protection against brugia malayi. | wolbachia, the intracellular alpha-proteobacteria are required for the development, fertility and survival of filarial parasites. wolbachia translation initiation factor-1 (wol tl if-1) is one of the factors required for wolbachia growth and viability. in the present study, we cloned, over expressed and purified wol tl if-1 that exhibited strong immuno-reactivity with various categories of bancroftian sera. immunization with the recombinant protein resulted into significant reduction in microfil ... | 2013 | 23079772 |
| igg subclass responses to proinflammatory fraction of brugia malayi in human filariasis. | earlier we demonstrated that immunization with f6, a proinflammatory molecular fraction isolated from the human filarial parasite brugia malayi, protected the host and eliminated the infection in mastomys coucha by a th1/th2 response including igg2a antibody response. whether f6 molecules become accessible to human host during natural course of infection and elicit similar response is not known. the present study was undertaken to determine the profile of igg subclasses specifically reactive to ... | 2012 | 22771594 |
| withania somnifera chemotypes nmitli 101r, nmitli 118r, nmitli 128r and withaferin a protect mastomys coucha from brugia malayi infection. | withania somnifera is an ayurvedic indian medicinal plant whose immunomodulatory activities have been widely used as a home remedy for several ailments. we recently observed immunostimulatory properties in the root extracts of chemotypes nmitli-101, nmitli-118, nmitli-128 and pure withanolide, withaferin a. in the present study, we evaluated the potential immunoprophylactic efficacies of these extracts against an infective pathogen. our results show that administration of aqueous ethanol extract ... | 2012 | 22394222 |
| in vitro excystation of cryptosporidium muris oocysts and viability of released sporozoites in different incubation media. | this study aimed to evaluate and document the excystation process of cryptosporidium muris oocysts in various incubation media, and to monitor the behaviour of excysting and freshly excysted sporozoites. a test of oocyst viability, using fluorescent double staining with fluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide, was performed prior to each experimental assay. light microscope observations confirmed that relatively often only three sporozoites were released; the fourth one either left the oocyst ... | 2016 | 26678654 |
| life cycle of cryptosporidium muris in two rodents with different responses to parasitization. | this study focuses on mapping the life cycle of cryptosporidium muris in two laboratory rodents; balb/c mice and the southern multimammate rat mastomys coucha, differing in their prepatent and patent periods. both rodents were simultaneously experimentally inoculated with viable oocysts of c. muris (strain ts03). animals were dissected and screened for the presence of the parasite using a combined morphological approach and nested pcr (ssu rrna) at different times after inoculation. the occurren ... | 2014 | 24128742 |
| transcriptome analysis of mastomys natalensis papillomavirus in productive lesions after natural infection. | mastomys coucha, an african rodent, is a useful animal model of papillomavirus infection, as it develops both premalignant and malignant skin tumors as a consequence of a persistent infection with mastomys natalensis papillomavirus (mnpv). in this study, we mapped the mnpv transcriptome in productive lesions by both classical molecular techniques and high-throughput rna sequencing. combination of these methods revealed a complex and comprehensive transcription map, with novel splicing events not ... | 2016 | 27043420 |
| protective vaccination against papillomavirus-induced skin tumors under immunocompetent and immunosuppressive conditions: a preclinical study using a natural outbred animal model. | certain cutaneous human papillomaviruses (hpvs), which are ubiquitous and acquired early during childhood, can cause a variety of skin tumors and are likely involved in the development of non-melanoma skin cancer, especially in immunosuppressed patients. hence, the burden of these clinical manifestations demands for a prophylactic approach. to evaluate whether protective efficacy of a vaccine is potentially translatable to patients, we used the rodent mastomys coucha that is naturally infected w ... | 2014 | 24586150 |
| serological markers for papillomavirus infection and skin tumour development in the rodent model mastomys coucha. | this study used the rodent mastomys coucha latently infected with mastomys natalensis papillomavirus (mnpv) and mastomys coucha pv2 (mcpv2), which induce skin papillomas and anogenital condylomas, respectively, to investigate pv antibody responses as serological markers during pathogenesis. in a case-control study (137 animals), virus and tumour prevalence correlated with the seroresponse against the early e2 and late l1 viral proteins. a prospective study (53 animals) revealed for the first tim ... | 2011 | 20965987 |
| a capture elisa for monitoring papillomavirus-induced antibodies in mastomys coucha. | the present report describes the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), whereby the first insights have been obtained into the humoral immune response to papillomavirus (pv) infections of the rodent mastomys coucha, a natural model for papillomavirus-induced skin carcinogenesis. the established glutathione s-transferase (gst)-capture elisa is based on a one-step purification of bacterially expressed antigens and was designed to detect serum antibodies against l1 capsid prot ... | 2010 | 19800367 |
| immunomodulatory effects in litomosoides sigmodontis-infected mastomys coucha. | the levels of parasite-specific igg1 and igg2 antibodies and mitogen-induced and parasite-specific proliferative t-cell responses were determined in litomosoides sigmodontis-infected mastomys coucha throughout an observation period of 400 days post infection (p.i.). these were compared with the respective reactions in animals that had been immunized with intrauterine stages/microfilariae of the parasite and in animals that had been challenged after immunization as determined at up to 60 days aft ... | 2000 | 10685840 |
| coevolution of cryptosporidium tyzzeri and the house mouse (mus musculus). | two house mouse subspecies occur in europe, eastern and northern mus musculus musculus (mmm) and western and southern mus musculus domesticus (mmd). a secondary hybrid zone occurs where their ranges meet, running from scandinavia to the black sea. in this paper, we tested a hypothesis that the apicomplexan protozoan species cryptosporidium tyzzeri has coevolved with the house mouse. more specifically, we assessed to what extent the evolution of this parasite mirrors divergence of the two subspec ... | 2013 | 23791796 |
| changes in major organ weights and ovarian histology with reproductive status in the inbred wild-colored mastomys (praomys coucha), mwc. | effects of the reproductive activity upon major organ weights and ovarian histology were examined in the inbred wild-colored mastomys (praomys coucha), mwc. the liver, ovary and spleen weights increased during pregnancy and kept the increased levels until weaning of the young in the former 2, but not in the last. the most characteristic histological changes were observed in the corpora lutea and interstitial cells. the corpora lutea changed in both size and number according to the reproductive s ... | 1994 | 7925621 |
| recombinant calponin of human filariid brugia malayi: secondary structure and immunoprophylactic potential. | in the search for potential vaccine candidates for the control of human lymphatic filariasis, we recently identified calponin-like protein, that regulates actin/myosin interactions, in a proinflammatory fraction f8 (45.24-48.64kda) of brugia malayi adult worms. in the present study, the gene was cloned, expressed, and the recombinant calponin of b. malayi (r-clpbm) was prepared and characterized. r-clpbm bears homology with ov9m of onchocerca volvulus, a non-lymphatic filariid that causes loss o ... | 2017 | 28789852 |
| helminth composition and prevalence of indigenous and invasive synanthropic murid rodents in urban areas of gauteng province, south africa. | although synanthropic rodents such as the indigenous species, mastomys coucha, and the invasive species, rattus norvegicus, r. rattus and r. tanezumi, are well-known to be hosts to various micro- and macroparasites, their helminth parasite fauna is poorly studied in south africa. in an attempt to remedy the situation, the aim of the present study was to investigate the helminth fauna of these sympatric rodent species, which were obtained from the informal settlements of alexandra, tembisa, dieps ... | 2017 | 28866987 |
| the interplay of uv and cutaneous papillomavirus infection in skin cancer development. | cutaneous human papillomaviruses (hpvs) are considered as cofactors for non-melanoma skin cancer (nmsc) development, especially in association with uvb. extensively studied transgenic mouse models failed to mimic all aspects of virus-host interactions starting from primary infection to the appearance of a tumor. using the natural model mastomys coucha, which reflects the human situation in many aspects, we provide the first evidence that only uvb and mastomys natalensis papillomavirus (mnpv) inf ... | 2017 | 29190285 |
| establishment of an immortalized skin keratinocyte cell line derived from the animal model mastomys coucha. | in the present report we describe the establishment of a spontaneous immortalized skin keratinocyte cell line derived from the skin of the multimammate rodent mastomys coucha. these animals are used in preclinical studies for a variety of human diseases such as infections with nematodes, bacteria and papillomaviruses, especially regarding cutaneous manifestations such as non-melanoma skin cancer. here we characterize the cells in terms of their origin and cytogenetic features. searching for geno ... | 2016 | 27533138 |
| care of mastomys in the laboratory. | mastomys rodents occupy a valuable niche in biomedical research, but there is very little published information regarding how to care for them in the laboratory. here we provide information about the physical and behavioral characteristics of this unusual laboratory rodent, its taxonomic history, common diseases that affect it, and its use in research. we also provide housing recommendations based upon almost 15 years of experience successfully maintaining a colony of mastomys coucha at our inst ... | 2016 | 27203263 |
| dental microwear of sympatric rodent species sampled across habitats in southern africa: implications for environmental influence. | dental microwear textures have proven to be a valuable tool for reconstructing the diets of a wide assortment of fossil vertebrates. nevertheless, some studies have recently questioned the efficacy of this approach, suggesting that aspects of habitat unrelated to food preference, especially environmental grit load, might have a confounding effect on microwear patterning that obscures the diet signal. here we evaluate this hypothesis by examining microwear textures of 3 extant sympatric rodent sp ... | 2016 | 26748948 |
| storage of gangliosides gm2 and fucosyl gm1 in the kidney of mcc strain of mastomys (praomys coucha). | previously, we histochemically examined the kidney of the mcc strain of mastomys (praomys coucha) and found the storage of gangliosides. in the present studies, the lipid-bound sialic acid content of gangliosides in the mcc kidney was about 9- to 14-fold higher than that of the control (mwc strain). in the mcc kidney, sialic acids of male gangliosides were composed of n-acetylneuraminic acid at 91.5%; sialic acids of female gangliosides, however, were composed almost entirely of n-glycolylneuram ... | 2009 | 19556222 |
| a novel rodent papillomavirus isolated from anogenital lesions in its natural host. | in the present work we describe both the prevalence and the histopathologic features of a novel papillomavirus (referred as mcpv2) that naturally infects the rodent mastomys coucha. viral dna could be isolated not only from anogenital wart-like lesions but also from healthy tissues (e.g. liver, kidney, spleen and intestine) without apparent signs of infection. our finding of a second papillomavirus infecting m. coucha, phylogenetically very distant from the previously known mnpv, reinforces the ... | 2008 | 18234262 |
| imiquimod treatment of papilloma virus and dmba /tpa-induced cutaneous skin cancer in mastomys coucha: an unique animal model system useful for preclinical studies. | immune response modifiers including imiquimod can be topically applied for the treatment of both genital warts and benign and malignant skin tumours (e.g. actinic keratosis). in an initial pilot study, we examined the response of spontaneously papillomavirus caused skin lesions (e.g. papillomas, keratoacanthomas) vs. chemically induced skin tumours of mastomys coucha to imiquimod. | 2007 | 18067625 |
| correlating rodent community structure with ecological integrity, tussen-die-riviere nature reserve, free state province, south africa. | rodents form a vital component of free state ecosystems and monitoring them may be a relatively quick and inexpensive method of indicating healthy or unhealthy ecosystem functioning. using removal trapping, we have studied rodent seasonal abundance, species richness, shannon diversity, and evenness of rodents in four habitats in the tussen-die-riviere nature reserve, inspected the most successful sampling method for these habitats, and report on their community structure and how it is related to ... | 2007 | 21396038 |
| renal physiology of two southern african mastomys species (rodentia: muridae): a salt-loading experiment to assess concentrating ability. | aspects of renal physiology were examined to test the hypothesis that two cryptic species of the genus mastomys (mastomys natalensis and mastomys coucha) are geographically separated by differences in aridity tolerance. laboratory-bred females of each species were subjected to different levels of salinity in their water source (distilled water, 0.9% nacl, and 1.5% nacl; 10 conspecifics in each group) from weaning until sexual maturity. individuals of the two species exhibited similar rates of wa ... | 2004 | 15596389 |
| diet quality differentially affects breeding effort of mastomys coucha and m. natalensis: implications for rodent pests. | in this study we compare the reproductive ability of mastomys natalensis, an agricultural rodent pest and that of the closely related species m. coucha, which has not been ascribed as a pest. we suggest that the ability of m. natalensis to plague, as well as dominate, resource-limited habitats, may in part be related to its differential breeding response to variation in diet quality. thus, we examined the reproductive response of m. coucha and m. natalensis mothers to variation in dietary protei ... | 2004 | 14695692 |
| isozyme and allozyme markers distinguishing two morphologically similar, medically important mastomys species (rodentia: muridae). | two common southern african mice species, mastomys coucha and m. natalensis, are widely distributed throughout the subregion and overlap in many areas. they also share a high degree of morphological similarity, making them impossible to distinguish in the field at present. these multimammate mice are documented carriers of serious disease vectors causing lassa fever, plague and encephalomyocarditis, which coupled to their cohabitation with humans in many areas, could pose a significant health ri ... | 2001 | 11696236 |
| biochemical genetic markers to identify two morphologically similar south african mastomys species (rodentia: muridae). | the two common southern african mice species (mastomys coucha and m. natalensis) are morphologically almost identical, making field identification impossible at present. specimens from two localities were collected and tissue and blood samples taken. the habitat type of each locality was studied, and a distribution map compiled. a definite correlation between biome-type and species range was found to be present. three isozyme markers were identified: glucose phosphate isomerase in liver, and two ... | 2001 | 11068121 |
| serum biochemical values in two inbred strains of mastomys (praomys coucha). | serum samples collected from 119 (72 male and 47 female) mastomys (praomys coucha) of 2 specific-pathogen-free inbred strains (ri4 and ri7) were analyzed for 12 serum biochemical parameters. sex-related differences (p < 0.01) were noted in alkaline phosphatase and glucose; the both higher in females than in males. age-related changes (p < 0.01) were observed in total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, and alkaline phosphatase, with higher values for the first three parameters in the older grou ... | 1999 | 10591011 |
| partial characterization of the gametes and development of a successful in vitro fertilization procedure in the mastomys (praomys coucha): a new species for reproductive biology research. | the mastomys, a small african rodent, has been extensively used as a laboratory animal for cancer research. previous preliminary studies have demonstrated that the animal has a relatively short estrous cycle and that superovulation can be induced. however, biological characterization of the gametes in this species has not been done. the purpose of this study is to determine requirements for fertilization and to devise a suitable method for in vitro fertilization (ivf). data from these studies sh ... | 1998 | 9472945 |
| genetic regulation of border zone formation in female mastomys (praomys coucha) adrenal cortex. | the unique border zone between the zona fasciculata and z. reticularis of the female adrenal cortex is formed in the wild-colored inbred mastomys (praomys coucha) strain, mwc, but never in the chamois-colored inbred strain, mcc. this clear strain-specific trait was genetically analyzed using f1, f2, and backcross progenies produced between mwc and mcc. reciprocal crosses gave no significant differences in the phenotypic ratio of f1 or f2 progeny. border zone formation was detected in 0% of f1 fe ... | 2003 | 8742820 |
| lysosomal glycolipid storage in the renal tubular epithelium in mastomys (praomys coucha). | the renal proximal tubular epithelium of mcc strain of mastomys (praomys coucha) exhibited a number of cytoplasmic vacuoles after conventional paraffin-embedding procedures. these vacuoles were strongly pas-positive in cryostat sections. ultra-structurally, they were double membrane-bound structures filled with myelin figures and acid phosphatase-positive electron-dense matrix. immunofluorescent microscopy revealed that these structures contained gm2 ganglioside. other tissues or organs were his ... | 1996 | 8720461 |
| spontaneous rhabdomyosarcomas in aged mastomys (praomys coucha). | two spontaneous tumours in the hind leg of 2 aged mastomys were diagnosed as poorly differentiated rhabdomyosarcomas. in both cases, the neoplastic cells had no evidence of cross-striation, but had a positive reaction for muscle-specific proteins. this is the second report of rhabdomyosarcomas in mastomys, and the first described in detail. | 1995 | 8558834 |
| adrenocortical zonation in chamois-coloured mastomys, praomys coucha. | body and adrenal weights, and histology of the adrenal cortex were examined in the chamois-coloured mastomys (praomys coucha) at inbred generations 3 to 10. body and adrenal weights were consistently larger in males than in females, although the adrenal to body weight ratios tended to be lower before 50 days of age and were clearly higher after. distinct sex differences were found in the adrenal cortex. the whole cortex and the zona reticularis were thicker in males and the zona reticularis beca ... | 1995 | 7603010 |
| ultrastructure of lipid storage cells in the adrenal cortex and the ovary in female mastomys (praomys coucha). | | 1992 | 1621337 |
| effects of lactation on the border zone formation in the female mastomys (praomys coucha) adrenal cortex. | adrenocortical zonation and especially border zone formation were investigated in relation to reproduction in female mastomys of the wild-colored inbred strain (mwc). the adrenal weight and the whole thickness of the cortex remained relatively constant throughout pregnancy, delivery and lactation. during pregnancy the zona fasciculata increased, but the z. reticularis decreased in thickness. the border zone between the z. fasciculata and the z. reticularis thickened 2-fold during pregnancy and f ... | 1991 | 1755290 |
| evidence for eight tandem and five centric fusions in the evolution of the karyotype of aethomys namaquensis a. smith (rodentia: muridae). | g- and c-banded chromosomes of aethomys namaquensis (2n = 24), a. chrysophilus (2n = 44), and praomys coucha (2n = 36) are compared and contrasted with published material on australian muridae and north american sigmodontidae. direction and types of chromosomal rearrangements are established using cladistic methodology. an acrocentric morphology for chromosomes 5, 14, 15 and 20 (numbering system from peromyscus) are proposed as primitive for the common ancestor of the muridae and sigmodontidae r ... | 1988 | 3234763 |
| autoimmune thyroiditis. spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in praomys (mastomys) coucha. | | 1985 | 3993745 |
| expression of different l1 isoforms of mastomys natalensis papillomavirus as mechanism to circumvent adaptive immunity. | although many high-risk mucosal and cutaneous human papillomaviruses (hpvs) theoretically have the potential to synthesize l1 isoforms differing in length, previous seroepidemiological studies only focused on the short l1 variants, co-assembling with l2 to infectious virions. using the multimammate mouse mastomys coucha as preclinical model, this is the first study demonstrating seroconversion against different l1 isoforms during the natural course of papillomavirus infection. intriguingly, posi ... | 2020 | 32746966 |
| mastomys species as model systems for infectious diseases. | replacements of animal models by advanced in vitro systems in biomedical research, despite exceptions, are currently still not satisfactory in reproducing the whole complexity of pathophysiological mechanisms that finally lead to disease. therefore, preclinical models are additionally required to reflect analogous in vivo situations as found in humans. despite proven limitations of both approaches, only a combined experimental arrangement guarantees generalizability of results and their transfer ... | 2019 | 30795569 |
| in vitro and in vivo antifilarial activity of standardized extract of calotropis procera flowers against brugia malayi. | lymphatic filariasis (lf) is a parasitic disease that causes permanent disability (elephantiasis). currently used antifilarial drugs are failing to control lf and there is resurgence in some areas. looking for new antifilarial leads, we found that calotropis procera plant parts have been used in traditional medicine for alleviating elephantiasis but the antifilarial activity is not known. | 2019 | 31218959 |
| evaluating rodent experimental models for studies of blastocystis st1. | blastocystis is a common inhabitant of the human gut, colonizing at least one billion people at a prevalence ranging from <10% to 100% in healthy human populations globally. the majority of carriers remain asymptomatic, suggesting that blastocystis is largely a commensal, though blastocystis has also been implicated in disease in some people. however, there are no in vivo model systems in which to experimentally test the impact of blastocystis on mammalian hosts and the gut ecosystem and determi ... | 2018 | 29959915 |
| molecular characterization of cosmopolitan and potentially co-invasive helminths of commensal, murid rodents in gauteng province, south africa. | concurrent studies of helminth parasites of introduced and native rodent species are few and miss the opportunity to identify potential co-invasive parasite species. this study employed molecular tools to infer the phylogeny and elucidate the origin of potentially co-invasive parasites of commensal, murid rodents by assessing introduced rattus norvegicus, rattus rattus, rattus tanezumi, and native mastomys coucha in gauteng province, south africa. genotypes of nippostrongylus brasiliensis recove ... | 2018 | 29623437 |
| comparative genomic characterization of the multimammate mouse mastomys coucha. | mastomys are the most widespread african rodent and carriers of various diseases such as the plague or lassa virus. in addition, mastomys have rapidly gained a large number of mammary glands. here, we generated a genome, variome, and transcriptomes for mastomys coucha. as mastomys diverged at similar times from mouse and rat, we demonstrate their utility as a comparative genomic tool for these commonly used animal models. furthermore, we identified over 500 mastomys accelerated regions, often re ... | 2019 | 31424545 |
| comparative phylogeography of parasitic laelaps mites contribute new insights into the specialist-generalist variation hypothesis (sgvh). | the specialist-generalist variation hypothesis (sgvh) in parasites suggests that, due to patchiness in habitat (host availability), specialist species will show more subdivided population structure when compared to generalist species. in addition, since specialist species are more prone to local stochastic extinction events with their hosts, they will show lower levels of intraspecific genetic diversity when compared to more generalist. | 2018 | 30176805 |
| limitations in the screening of potentially anti-cryptosporidial agents using laboratory rodents with gastric cryptosporidiosis. | the emergence of cryptosporidiosis, a zoonotic disease of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract caused by cryptosporidium tyzzer, 1907, triggered numerous screening studies of various compounds for potential anti-cryptosporidial activity, the majority of which proved ineffective. extracts of indonesian plants, piper betle and diospyros sumatrana, were tested for potential anti-cryptosporidial activity using mastomys coucha (smith), experimentally inoculated with cryptosporidium proliferans ... | 2018 | 30152784 |
| cutaneous papillomaviruses and non-melanoma skin cancer: causal agents or innocent bystanders? | there is still controversy in the scientific field about whether certain types of cutaneous human papillomaviruses (hpvs) are causally involved in the development of non-melanoma skin cancer (nmsc). deciphering the etiological role of cutaneous hpvs requires - besides tissue culture systems - appropriate preclinical models to match the obtained results with clinical data from affected patients. clear scientific evidence about the etiology and underlying mechanisms involved in nmsc development is ... | 2018 | 29770129 |
| in vivo/ex vivo targeting of langerhans cells after topical application of the immune response modifier tmx-202: confocal raman microscopy and histology analysis. | the increased ability of tmx-202 (derivative of imiquimod) to penetrate the intact stratum corneum (sc) and the follicular orifices of porcine ear skin was shown ex vivo using confocal raman microscopy and laser scanning microscopy. moreover, to assess whether tmx-202 is able to reach the immune cells, langerhans cells extracted from pretreated human skin were investigated ex vivo using confocal raman microscopy combined with multivariate statistical methods. tracking the raman peak of dimethyl ... | 2016 | 27232593 |