| monitoring experimental alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 infection in cattle by nucleic-acid hybridization and pcr. | the dna probe sw15 derived from the laboratory-attenuated alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (ahv-1) strain wc11 as well as from the polymerase chain-reaction test (hsu, shih, castro & zee 1990), was used to detect viral dna of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) in six experimentally infected cattle. heparinized blood samples were collected and tested at least three times a week over a period of up to 142 d. results of hybridization and pcr tests were compared with the results of clinical examinations, and ... | 1995 | 8600434 |
| identification of a region of the alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 genome associated with virulence for rabbits. | the gammaherpesvirus alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (ahv-1) causes the fatal lymphoproliferative disease known as malignant catarrhal fever (mcf), in susceptible hosts. the virulent c500 isolate of ahv-1 became attenuated for the laboratory model, the rabbit, as a result of serial passage in cells of bovine origin. this work describes the identification of a region of the central unique sequence of the c500 genome, located close to the terminal repeat units of the molecule, which is altered on attenu ... | 1995 | 8604548 |
| detection of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus antibodies by complement fixation tests. | some serological diagnosis methods and examinations for detection of antibodies to sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) infection were investigated. the wildebeest-associated mcf virus strain wc11 propagated on fetal bovine thyroid cell cultures was used as an antigen. antibodies were detected by complement fixation (cf) tests in cattle pathologically diagnosed as having sheep-associated mcf, as well as in cattle experimentally infected with mcf virus strain wc11. however, immunodiff ... | 1996 | 8645750 |
| malignant catarrhal fever virus. characterization of a united states isolate and development of diagnostic assays. | malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is a severe lymphoproliferative disease of certain domestic and wild ruminants. two distinct but closely related viruses cause clinically indistinguishable syndromes in susceptible ruminant species: wildebeest-associated mcf virus (wa-mcfv) and sheep-associated mcf virus (sa-mcfv). neither the pathogenesis nor the epidemiology of sa-mcf is understood, primarily because of a lack of adequate detection methods for the etiologic agent or antibody against that agent. ... | 1996 | 8784501 |
| prevalence of antibody to malignant catarrhal fever virus in wild and domestic ruminants by competitive-inhibition elisa. | a competitive-inhibition elisa (ci-elisa), based on a monoclonal antibody to an epitope conserved among malignant catarrhal fever virus (mcfv) strains of both wildebeest and sheep origin, was used to determine the prevalence of antibody to mcfv in selected domestic and wild ruminants, both free-ranging and captive, from the usa. we evaluated 2528 sera from 14 species between 1990 and 1995, including 80 pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana), 339 bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), 103 biston (b ... | 1996 | 8827669 |
| molecular virology of ruminant herpesviruses. | molecular virology has served to establish bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) as the prototype member of ruminant herpesviruses. based on the genomic sequence of the virus, we aim to identify and characterize virus-specified components, to explain their concerted action, and to predict how the chain of events during the lytic and latent phases of the viral life cycle may be interrupted. the nucleotide sequence of the bhv-1 genome (136 kb) has just been completed by international cooperation (july 1995 ... | 1996 | 9010995 |
| characterisation of the lymphoproliferation in rabbits experimentally affected with malignant catarrhal fever. | malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) in rabbits caused by the three herpesviruses: alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (ahv-1), ovine herpesvirus-2 (ohv-2) and hippotragine herpesvirus-1 (hiphv-1) induced hyperplasia of lymphoid tissues and accumulations of mononuclear lymphoid cells in non-lymphoid tissues. however, certain lymph nodes were affected preferentially. the lymphoid cells in non-lymphoid tissues were cd43+ t-cells which showed evidence of in situ multiplication. a more detailed phenotypic analysis ... | 1996 | 9011003 |
| alcelaphine herpesvirus type 1 has a semaphorin-like gene. | alcelaphine herpesvirus type 1, a rhadinovirus causing malignant catarrhal fever of ruminants, has an 1959 nucleotide open reading frame with significant homologies to semaphorin genes. while truncated genes of similar structure have been found in poxviruses, this is the first known example of a semaphorin-like gene in a herpesvirus. | 1995 | 9049359 |
| primary structure of the alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 genome. | alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (ahv-1) causes wildebeest-associated malignant catarrhal fever, a lymphoproliferative syndrome in ungulate species other than the natural host. based on biological properties and limited structural data, it has been classified as a member of the genus rhadinovirus of the subfamily gammaherpes-virinae. here, we report on cloning and structural analysis of the complete genome of ahv-1 c500. the low gc content dna (l-dna) region of the genome consists of 130,608 bp with lo ... | 1997 | 9261371 |
| detection of ahv-1 dna in lung sections from blue wildebeest (connochaetes taurinus) calves by in situ hybridization. | in situ hybridization was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung sections from eight blue wildebeest (connochaetes taurinus) calves to investigate the role of this organ in the excretion of alcelaphine herpes virus-1 (ahv-1). a digoxigenin labelled smal fragment of ahv-1 was used as a dna probe. viral dna was detected in the lungs of seven calves in which infection with ahv-1 had previously been confirmed, indicating the significance of the lower respiratory tract in viral replicati ... | 1997 | 9467180 |
| detection of a novel bovine lymphotropic herpesvirus. | degenerate pcr primers which amplify a conserved region of the dna polymerase genes of the herpesvirus family were used to provide sequence evidence for a new bovine herpesvirus in bovine b-lymphoma cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc). the sequence of the resultant amplicon was found to be distinct from those of known herpesvirus isolates. alignment of amino acid sequences demonstrated 70% identity with ovine herpesvirus 2, 69% with alcelaphine herpesvirus 1, 65% with bovine herp ... | 1998 | 9557713 |
| new eukaryotic semaphorins with close homology to semaphorins of dna viruses. | semaphorins were initially described as a family of repulsive guidance molecules in embryonal development. their basic structure consists of an n-terminal signal sequence, the defining semaphorin domain ofapproximately 500 amino acids, an ig-like domain,and a variable carboxy-terminus. we recently described a viral semaphorin homologue encoded by the alcelaphine herpesvirus type 1. less conserved, truncated homologues were also identified in poxviruses. here we describe new human and murine sema ... | 1998 | 9721204 |
| [malignant catarrhal fever in zoo ruminants]. | an outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) in indian gauer (bos gaurus gaurus) and javan banteng (bos javanicus javanicus) occurred in the year 1964 and killed almost all animals of the groups of these species kept at the munich zoo at that time. in the consecutive years at highly irregular intervals cases of the head-and-eye-form of mcf occurred sporadically at the zoo in european and american bison (bison bonasus, b. bison' bison, b. bison athabascae), elk (alces alces), red deer (cervus e ... | 1998 | 9810608 |
| malignant catarrhal fever caused by ovine herpesvirus-2 in pigs in norway. | this paper describes the first cases of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) in pigs in which the diagnosis was verified aetiologically by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and dna analysis and by the demonstration of antibodies. three pigs on two separate premises showed clinical signs, gross pathological and histopathological lesions which were in many respects similar to those of mcf in ruminants. the pigs were housed adjacent to sheep and dna of ovine herpesvirus-2 (ohv-2) was detected by pcr in ti ... | 1998 | 9829302 |
| production of malignant catarrhal fever virus-free sheep. | the study was designed to better define the variables affecting the success of the establishment of ovine herpesvirus 2 (ohv-2)-free sheep flocks. a total of 38 lambs born to ohv-2-positive ewes was selected and divided into four groups. three groups of 10 lambs each were separated from the positive ewes at 2, 2.5 and 3 months of age, respectively, and maintained in isolation facilities. one group of eight remained in the positive flock as controls. peripheral blood samples from each lamb were e ... | 1999 | 10078600 |
| detection of two novel porcine herpesviruses with high similarity to gammaherpesviruses. | evidence for the existence of porcine gammaherpesviruses was obtained by pcr and sequence analysis. initially, samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc), spleens, lungs, kidneys and livers of pigs from germany and spain were tested with a pcr assay which targets conserved regions of the herpesvirus dna polymerase gene with degenerate and deoxyinosine-substituted primers. amplicons of identical sequence were obtained from one spleen and two pbmc samples. this sequence showed a high per ... | 1999 | 10211967 |
| characterization of the dna polymerase loci of the novel porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses 1 and 2 in domestic and feral pigs. | two novel porcine gammaherpesviruses, porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses 1 and 2 (plhv-1 and -2), have been detected by amplification of short dna polymerase (dpol) sequences from blood and spleen of domestic pigs while searching for unknown herpesviruses in pigs as possible risk factors in xenotransplantation. in the present study, the dpol genes of the two viruses and the open reading frames (orfs) that follow in the downstream direction were amplified by pcr-based genome walking from adaptor- ... | 1999 | 10567652 |
| newly recognized herpesvirus causing malignant catarrhal fever in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). | malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) was diagnosed by clinical signs and lesions in five out of six white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in a north american zoo. the clinical signs and histopathological lesions in these deer were typical of mcf. antibody to an epitope conserved among the mcf viruses was detected in the sera collected from the deer. pcr failed to amplify viral sequences from dna extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes (pbl) and/or spleens of the deer with primers specific for ... | 2000 | 10747100 |
| recognition of another member of the malignant catarrhal fever virus group: an endemic gammaherpesvirus in domestic goats. | a novel gammaherpesvirus in goats that is herein tentatively designated as caprine herpesvirus-2 was identified based on the sequence of a fragment from the herpesvirus dna polymerase gene. sequence alignment analysis revealed that the virus sequence isolated from goats was 67% identical to the homologous sequence from alcelaphine herpesvirus-1, 71% identical to ovine herpesvirus-2 and 73% identical to a recently recognized herpesvirus causing malignant catarrhal fever in white-tailed deer. comb ... | 2001 | 11125175 |
| rapid acquisition of entire dna polymerase gene of a novel herpesvirus from green turtle fibropapilloma by a genomic walking technique. | a 4837-bp sequence of a newfound green turtle herpesvirus (gthv), implicated in the etiology of green turtle fibropapilloma, was obtained from tumor tissues of a green turtle with fibropapilloma using a genomic walking method based on restriction enzyme digestion, self-ligation and inverse polymerase chain reaction (ipcr). the 4837-bp sequence was 56.23% g/c rich and contained three nonoverlapping open reading frames (orf). the largest orf (3507-bp) encoded the dna polymerase gene (pol gene), wh ... | 2001 | 11164500 |
| constitutive activation of lck and fyn tyrosine kinases in large granular lymphocytes infected with the gamma-herpesvirus agents of malignant catarrhal fever. | large granular lymphocytes (lgl) with a t or natural killer (nk) lymphoblast morphology and indiscriminate (non-major histocompatibility complex-linked) cytotoxicity for a variety of target cells can be derived in culture from the tissues of animals infected with either alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1) or ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2). in this study, lgl survival in the absence of exogenous interleukin-2 was inhibited by the protein kinase inhibitor genestein, but not the p70 s6 kinase inhibito ... | 2001 | 11168636 |
| experimental transmission of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever from sheep to japanese deer (cervus nippon) and cattle. | the assumption that sheep carry ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2), the causative agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf), is widely accepted, albeit ovhv-2 has not been isolated. we attempted experimental contact transmission of mcf from japanese sheep persistently infected with ovhv-2 to japanese deer (cervus nippon) and cattle. in experiment 1, a deer was kept in close quarters with an infected ewe. in experiment 2, a second deer was kept with the same ewe. in experiment 3, two ... | 2001 | 11230931 |
| detection and multigenic characterization of a novel gammaherpesvirus in goats. | evidence for the existence of a caprine gammaherpesvirus was obtained by analysis of peripheral blood leucocytes of goats with pcr assays that target the herpesvirus genes encoding the glycoprotein b (gb), the dna polymerase (dpol) and the terminase (term) with degenerate and deoxyinosine-substituted primers. a contiguous 3.6 kbp sequence extending from the gb to the dpol gene was then determined with specific primers. all sequences (gb, dpol and term) showed a close relationship with the corres ... | 2001 | 11311431 |
| viroligo: a database of virus-specific oligonucleotides. | viroligo is a database of virus-specific oligonucleotides. the viroligo database consists of two tables, common data and oligo data. the oligo data table contains pcr primers and hybridization probes used for detection of viral nucleic acids and the common data table contains the experimental conditions used in their detection. each oligonucleotide entry contains links to pubmed, genbank, ncbi taxonomy databases and blast. as of july 2001, the viroligo database contains a complete listing of oli ... | 2002 | 11752293 |
| isolation and expression of three open reading frames from ovine herpesvirus-2. | ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2), a member of the gammaherpesviruses (genus rhadinovirus), asymptomatically infects its natural host, the sheep, but causes malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) in susceptible hosts, such as cattle, deer and pigs. a permissive cell culture system for virus replication has not been identified but viral dna is present within lymphoblastoid cell lines (lcls) established from cases of mcf. during this study, a cdna expression library generated from lcls was screened with sheep ... | 2002 | 11842248 |
| detection and multigenic characterization of a herpesvirus associated with malignant catarrhal fever in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from missouri. | between 1998 and 2001, tissues from four captive white-tailed deer were observed to have histologic lesions of systemic lymphocytic vasculitis. these lesions suggested malignant catarrhal fever, although epizootic hemorrhagic disease and bluetongue were included in the differential diagnosis. initial diagnostic efforts, including virus isolation and reverse transcription-pcr for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bluetongue virus, failed to identify an etiologic agent. however, consensus pr ... | 2002 | 11923350 |
| malignant catarrhal fever-like disease in barbary red deer (cervus elaphus barbarus) naturally infected with a virus resembling alcelaphine herpesvirus 2. | eight barbary red deer (cervus elaphus barbarus) developed clinical signs suggestive of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) over a 28-day period. these animals were housed outdoors with four other species of ruminants. affected red deer had lethargy, ocular signs, and nasal discharge and were euthanatized within 48 h. lesions included ulcers of the muzzle, lips, and oral cavity associated with infiltrates of neutrophils and lymphocytes. serologically, six of seven red deer tested during the outbreak ... | 2002 | 12202582 |
| genome re-arrangements associated with loss of pathogenicity of the gamma-herpesvirus alcelaphine herpesvirus-1. | the alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1) causes malignant catarrhal fever in ruminants. previous work had shown that serial passage of alhv-1 in culture resulted in genome alterations that are associated with a loss in pathogenicity. here we have analysed the re-arrangements that occur in more detail. none of the observed re-arrangements was entirely consistent. however, they did all involve translocation of a similar region of dna from around the centre of the genome to areas either next to or in ... | 2003 | 12893166 |
| improving gene annotation of complete viral genomes. | gene annotation in viruses often relies upon similarity search methods. these methods possess high specificity but some genes may be missed, either those unique to a particular genome or those highly divergent from known homologs. to identify potentially missing viral genes we have analyzed all complete viral genomes currently available in genbank with a specialized and augmented version of the gene finding program genemarks. in particular, by implementing genome-specific self-training protocols ... | 2003 | 14627837 |
| detection of bovine gammaherpesviruses by a nested duplex pcr. | the two bovine gammaherpesviruses (alcelaphine herpesvirus 1, alhv-1; bovine herpesvirus 4, bohv-4) are distributed worldwide in cattle populations. since the animals are frequently infected latently with no or low seropositivity, a dna based diagnostic method would be useful for surveys and detection of these viruses. in the present study a nested duplex pcr was established for the sensitive and specific simultaneous detection of both viruses. the primers were designed for the gene of the major ... | 2004 | 14656465 |
| gamma herpesvirus carrier status of captive artiodactyls. | between 1998 and 2000, 103 individuals of 19 species of the order artiodactyla at whipsnade wild animal park were tested for evidence of infection with gamma herpesviruses in order to distinguish between species which are susceptible to malignant catarrhal fever (mcf), caused by alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1) of wildebeest (connochaetes sp.) or ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2) of domestic sheep, and species which carry related viruses sub-clinically. gamma herpesvirus dna was detected in the kno ... | 2002 | 12208112 |
| a real-time pcr assay for measuring alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 dna. | alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1) is a rhadinovirus that causes malignant catarrhal fever in certain ruminant species and is an important pathogen in africa and other areas where carrier species and clinically susceptible ruminants intermingle. in this study, a real-time pcr for alhv-1 dna was developed and compared to an established nested pcr. the nested pcr amplifies a region of the alhv-1 gene coding for a transactivator protein (orf 50), while the real-time pcr assay targets the alhv-1 gen ... | 2005 | 15998545 |
| antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 4 are highly prevalent in wild african buffaloes throughout eastern and southern africa. | bovine herpesvirus 4 (bohv-4) has been isolated from cattle throughout the world. interestingly, a survey of wild african buffaloes mainly from the maasai mara game reserve in kenya revealed that 94% of the animals tested had anti-bohv-4 antibodies [rossiter, p.b., gumm, i.d., stagg, d.a., conrad, p.a., mukolwe, s., davies, f.g., white, h., 1989. isolation of bovine herpesvirus-3 from african buffaloes (syncerus caffer). res. vet. sci. 46, 337-343]. these authors also proposed that the serologic ... | 2005 | 16153785 |
| inhibition of anatid herpes virus-1 replication by small interfering rnas in cell culture system. | rna interference (rnai) mediated by double stranded small interfering rna (sirna) is a novel mechanism of post-transcriptional gene silencing. it is projected as a potential tool to inhibit viral replication. in the present paper, we demonstrate the suppression of replication of an avian herpes virus (anatid herpes virus-1, ahv-1) by sirna mediated gene silencing in avian cells. the ul-6 gene of ahv-1 that codes for a protein involved in viral packaging was targeted. both cocktail and unique sir ... | 2006 | 16199105 |
| pcr detection of bovine herpesviruses from nonbovine ruminants in hungary. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to test six different nonbovine ruminant species for five bovine herpesviruses including infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (bohv-1), bovine herpes mammillitis virus (bohv-2), movar-type herpesvirus (bohv-4), bovine herpesvirus type 5 (bohv-5), and alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1). species tested included 56 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 66 red deer (cervus elaphus), 20 fallow deer (dama dama), 16 mouflon (ovis musimon), 34 domestic sheep, and 44 ... | 2005 | 16244057 |
| detection of novel gammaherpesviruses in wild animals of south africa. | herpesviral dna was detected in 24/261 dna samples that were extracted from whole blood of 13 wild animal species in south africa. herpesviral dna was shown in 22 impalas (aepyceros melampus) and 2 springboks (antidorcas marsupialis). all of dna sequences detected in impalas were identical, whereas two dna sequences detected in springboks were different each other. these three sequences showed 44 to 72% homology to the corresponding gene of the gammaherpesvirinae, indicating that these three vir ... | 2005 | 16327234 |
| pathogenesis of gammaherpesvirus infections. | gammaherpesviruses are members of an emerging subfamily among the herpesviridae. two genera are discriminated: (i) lymphocryptovirus, including its type species epstein-barr virus (ebv), and (ii) rhadinovirus, including viruses of interest for medicine, veterinary medicine, and biomedical research, i.e. alcelaphine herpesvirus 1, bovine herpesvirus 4, equine herpesvirus 2, human herpesvirus 8, mouse herpesvirus 68, and ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2). the perception that these viruses have a narrow ... | 2006 | 16332416 |
| evidence of three new members of malignant catarrhal fever virus group in muskox (ovibos moschatus), nubian ibex (capra nubiana), and gemsbok (oryx gazella). | six members of the malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) virus group of ruminant rhadinoviruses have been identified to date. four of these viruses are clearly associated with clinical disease: alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1) carried by wildebeest (connochaetes spp.); ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), ubiquitous in domestic sheep; caprine herpesvirus 2 (cphv-2), endemic in domestic goats; and the virus of unknown origin found causing classic mcf in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus; mcfv-wtd). ... | 2003 | 14733283 |
| cloning of the genome of alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 as an infectious and pathogenic bacterial artificial chromosome. | alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1), carried asymptomatically by wildebeest, causes malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) following cross-species transmission to a variety of susceptible species of the order artiodactyla. the study of mcf pathogenesis has been impeded by an inability to produce recombinant virus, mainly due to the fact that alhv-1 becomes attenuated during passage in culture. in this study, these difficulties were overcome by cloning the entire alhv-1 genome as a stable, infectious and ... | 2006 | 16476972 |
| discrimination between sheep-associated and wildebeest-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus by means of a single-tube duplex nested pcr. | a single-tube duplex nested polymerase chain reaction (sdn-pcr) was developed for the detection of and discrimination between ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2) and alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (aihv-1). these viruses respectively cause sheep- and wildebeest-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf and wa-mcf). in the first step of the sdn-pcr, two primers with high annealing temperatures based on conserved regions of the tegument genes were used for dna amplification. in the second step, two primer ... | 2005 | 16562731 |
| development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies against malignant catarrhal fever viruses in cattle serum. | malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is a sporadic but fatal lymphoproliferative viral disease of cattle, deer and other ruminants. the causative agents are highly-cell-associated herpesviruses of the subfamily gammaherpesvirinae. in this study, an elisa (wc11-elisa) was developed to detect antibody to malignant catarrhal fever virus (mcfv) in cattle serum and compared to the commercially produced competitive-inhibition elisa (ci-elisa). crude lysate antigen from alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 strain wc11 ... | 2006 | 16621342 |
| complete sequence and analysis of the ovine herpesvirus 2 genome. | ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) is endemic in sheep populations worldwide and causes malignant catarrhal fever (mcf), a lymphoproliferative disease, in cattle, bison and deer. ovhv-2 has been placed in the gammaherpesvirus subfamily and is related closely to alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1). here, the cloning, sequencing and analysis of the complete ovhv-2 genome derived from a lymphoblastoid cell line from an affected cow (bj1035) are reported. the unique portion of the genome consists of 130,93 ... | 2007 | 17170433 |
| infection with a novel gammaherpesvirus in northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris). | twenty juvenile northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) that died between 1998 and 2004 had ulcers on the tongue, palatine mucosa, and/or tonsils. histologic examination of the lesions revealed cytoplasmic swelling, nuclear pyknosis, and eosinophilic to amphophilic intranuclear inclusions bodies suggestive of herpesviral infection. electron microscopic examination and polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the presence of a herpesvirus. subsequent dna sequencing identified this t ... | 2006 | 17255451 |
| infectious disease survey of gemsbok in new mexico. | exotic wildlife can introduce new diseases or act as reservoirs of endemic diseases. on white sands missile range, new mexico (usa), significant declines in populations of native ungulates generally correspond to increases in range and population density of the exotic gemsbok (oryx gazella gazella), introduced beginning in 1969. we surveyed gemsbok in 2001 for exposure to a variety of diseases potentially important for native ungulates. high seroprevalence was found for malignant catarrhal fever ... | 2003 | 14733271 |
| identification of novel rodent herpesviruses, including the first gammaherpesvirus of mus musculus. | rodent herpesviruses such as murine cytomegalovirus (host, mus musculus), rat cytomegalovirus (host, rattus norvegicus), and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (hosts, apodemus species) are important tools for the experimental study of human herpesvirus diseases. however, alphaherpesviruses, roseoloviruses, and lymphocryptoviruses, as well as rhadinoviruses, that naturally infect mus musculus (house mouse) and other old world mice are unknown. to identify hitherto-unknown rodent-associated herpesviruses ... | 2007 | 17507487 |
| the a5 gene of alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 encodes a constitutively active g-protein-coupled receptor that is non-essential for the induction of malignant catarrhal fever in rabbits. | many gammaherpesviruses encode g-protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs). several in vivo studies have revealed that gammaherpesvirus gpcrs are important for viral replication and for virus-induced pathogenesis. the gammaherpesvirus alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1) is carried asymptomatically by wildebeest, but causes malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) following cross-species transmission to a variety of susceptible species. the a5 orf of the alhv-1 genome encodes a putative gpcr. in the present study, ... | 2007 | 18024890 |
| outbreak of wildebeest-associated malignant catarrhal fever in ankole cattle. | during an outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever in a herd of ankole cattle in a zoological collection, two adult cows and one adult bull from a herd of 15 died or were euthanased between july and november 2004. the clinical, gross postmortem and histological findings were typical of the disease in uk native domestic cattle. the diagnosis was confirmed by serology in two animals, and by pcr in all three; the pcr provided evidence of alcelaphine herpesvirus type 1 infection in all three animals an ... | 2007 | 18024925 |
| transcriptional control by the r-transactivator protein of alcelaphine herpesvirus-1. | | 2008 | 18027098 |
| malignant catarrhal fever induced by alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 is associated with proliferation of cd8+ t cells supporting a latent infection. | alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1), carried by wildebeest asymptomatically, causes malignant catarrhal fever (wd-mcf) when cross-species transmitted to a variety of susceptible species of the artiodactyla order. experimentally, wd-mcf can be induced in rabbits. the lesions observed are very similar to those described in natural host species. here, we used the rabbit model and in vivo 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (brdu) incorporation to study wd-mcf pathogenesis. the results obtained can be summarized ... | 2008 | 18286184 |
| long distance spread of malignant catarrhal fever virus from feedlot lambs to ranch bison. | malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) caused by ovhv-2 occurred in ranch bison herds separated by significant distances from feedlot lambs. mortality rates correlated with distances: 17.5%, 6.1%, and 0.43% at approximately 1.6, 4.2, and 5.1 km, respectively. the study further defines the importance of distance of species separation for mcf control. | 2008 | 18309750 |
| production and utilization of interleukin-15 in malignant catarrhal fever. | malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is an often fatal lymphoproliferative disease of ungulates caused by either alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1) or ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2). the pathogenesis of mcf is poorly understood, but appears to involve an auto-destructive pathology whereby cytotoxic lymphocytes destroy areas of a variety of tissues. the cytokine interleukin-15 (il-15) is involved in the development and maintenance of cytotoxic lymphocytes and may therefore have a role in the pathogenesi ... | 2008 | 18331739 |
| proteomic analysis of pathogenic and attenuated alcelaphine herpesvirus 1. | the gammaherpesvirus alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1) causes malignant catarrhal fever in susceptible ungulates but infects its natural host, wildebeest, without obvious clinical signs. in tissue culture, alhv-1 is initially predominantly cell associated and virulent but on extended culture becomes cell-free and attenuated. we wanted to determine what changes in protein composition had taken place during the transition from virulent to attenuated virus in culture. purified virus preparations w ... | 2008 | 18353942 |
| an immunisation strategy for the protection of cattle against alcelaphine herpesvirus-1-induced malignant catarrhal fever. | the aim of this study was to stimulate immunity in the oro-nasal-pharyngeal region of cattle to protect them from alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1)-induced malignant catarrhal fever. attenuated c500 strain alhv-1 was used along with freund's adjuvant intramuscularly (im) in the upper neck region to immunise cattle. virulent c500 strain alhv-1 was used for intranasal challenge. nine of ten cattle were protected. protection was associated with high levels of neutralising antibody in nasal secreti ... | 2008 | 18601965 |
| epidemiology, disease and control of infections in ruminants by herpesviruses--an overview. | there are at least 16 recognised herpesviruses that naturally infect cattle, sheep, goats and various species of deer and antelopes. six of the viruses are recognised as distinct alphaherpesviruses and 9 as gammaherpesviruses. buffalo herpesvirus (bflhv) and ovine herpesvirus-1 (ovhv-1) remain officially unclassified. the prevalence of ruminant herpesviruses varies from worldwide to geographically restricted in distribution. viruses in both subfamilies alphaherpesvirinae and gammaherpesvirinae c ... | 2008 | 18678185 |
| malignant catarrhal fever: a review. | malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is a fatal lymphoproliferative disease of cattle and other ungulates caused by the ruminant gamma-herpesviruses alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1) and ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2). these viruses cause inapparent infection in their reservoir hosts (wildebeest for alhv-1 and sheep for ovhv-2), but fatal lymphoproliferative disease when they infect mcf-susceptible hosts, including cattle, deer, bison, water buffalo and pigs. mcf is an important disease wherever reser ... | 2009 | 18760944 |
| the alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 orf 57 encodes a nuclear shuttling protein. | alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1) is a gamma(2) rhadinovirus associated with malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) in cattle. orf 57 is well conserved among gammaherpesviruses and it has been shown that the orf 57 gene products of herpesvirus saimiri (hvs), kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) and epstein-barr virus (ebv) play an important role in regulating viral gene expression. the alhv-1 orf 57 gene product has not been characterized. in the accompanying paper we have demonstrated that ... | 2009 | 19031003 |
| alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 open reading frame 57 encodes an immediate-early protein with regulatory function. | alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1) is the causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever, a lymphoproliferative and degenerative disease of large ruminants and ungulate species. the alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 gene product encoded by open reading frame 57 (orf 57) is the positional homologue of the orf 57 of herpes virus saimiri (hvs), kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (kshv) and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (mhv 68), the epstein-barr virus bmlf1 gene, the herpes simplex virus (hsv-1) icp 27 and ... | 2009 | 19031004 |
| single-chain antibody fragments from a display library derived from chickens immunized with a mixture of parasite and viral antigens. | phage-displayed chicken single-chain antibody fragment libraries can provide useful diagnostic and research reagents. using avian immunoglobulin genes simplifies the construction of such repertoires since far fewer primer sets are required to access the avian antibody repertoire than is the case with mice or humans. libraries constructed using mrna from an immune source are enriched in affinity-matured sequences and consequently need not be as large as "universal" non-immune repertoires to have ... | 2008 | 19108614 |
| purification of anatid herpesvirus 1 particles by tangential-flow ultrafiltration and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. | anatid herpesvirus 1 (ahv-1) infection causes substantial economic losses to the world-wide waterfowl production. however, little is known about the efficient method used to study the purification of ahv-1 and the negative staining morphology of the purified virus particles. this lack of knowledge is one of the important factors that have affected the progress of research studies on ahv-1 molecular virology to such an extent that they are lagging far behind those on other members of the same fam ... | 2009 | 19152808 |
| mural folliculitis and alopecia caused by infection with goat-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus in two sika deer. | two sika deer from a zoo in florida were examined because of chronic hair loss and skin lesions. no common causes of alopecia were identified in either deer. one deer was treated with prednisone, but the condition worsened when the dosage was decreased. both deer were euthanatized after several months because of continued disease. the predominant histologic lesion in skin specimens was granulomatous mural folliculitis. serologic testing and sequencing of fragments produced with a consensus polym ... | 2002 | 12322924 |
| infection with ovine herpesvirus 2 in norwegian herds with a history of previous outbreaks of malignant catarrhal fever. | infection with ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) in healthy cattle, swine, sheep, and goats was investigated on 43 selected norwegian farms; of which, 41 (95%) had experienced outbreaks of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) in cattle and/or swine during the preceding 5 years. two of the farms had no history of mcf and were included for control purposes. blood samples from 384 cattle, 40 sows, 75 sheep, and 4 goats were examined for ovhv-2 by polymerase chain reaction assay (pcr) and for antibodies using ... | 2009 | 19286510 |
| anatid herpesvirus 1 ch virulent strain induces syncytium and apoptosis in duck embryo fibroblast cultures. | anatid herpesvirus 1 (ahv-1) ch virulent strain was first isolated from an infected duck and it was found that this virus strain could induce cytopathic effect (cpe) in duck embryo fibroblast (def). following ahv-1 infection, def showed morphological changes such as cell rounding, improved refractivity and detachment from the culture surface. however, its pathological characteristics were not adequately known. related studies were performed and the results showed that syncytium formation could b ... | 2009 | 19410389 |
| multicentric t-cell lymphosarcoma in a white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). | an adult female white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) with a history of shaking, ataxia, and severe debilitation was submitted for examination. macroscopic lesions included severe emaciation, severe abdominal and mesenteric lymphadenopathy, and several rumen-associated masses. microscopically, the ruminal masses and lymph nodes were infiltrated by pleomorphic neoplastic lymphocytes. similar lymphoblasts were associated with the leptomeninges, choroid plexus, and the intestinal mucosa; these ... | 2009 | 19617490 |
| retrospective evaluation of idiopathic hematuria and associated pathology in grant's gazelles (gazella granti): 10 cases. | ten cases of hematuria in grant's gazelle (gazella granti) (two male and eight female) from five institutions were examined and the clinicopathologic data summarized. five gazelles died spontaneously and five were euthanized. all gazelles had marked hematuria without pyuria. mean age at the onset of clinical signs and time of euthanasia or death was 5.0 +/- 1.4 yr and 8.2 +/- 3.7 yr, respectively. the severity of clinical signs with hematuria ranged from episodes of chronic intermittent hematuri ... | 2009 | 20063809 |
| the prevalence of ovine herpesvirus-2 in 4 sheep breeds from different regions in south africa. | about 90% of bovine malignant catarrhal fever (bmcf) pcr-positive cases in south africa are caused by alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1) and the other 10% by ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2). the prevalence of ovhv-2 in different sheep breeds in south africa was determined in order to investigate whether the lower incidence of bmcf caused by ovhv-2 in comparison with alhv-1 can be ascribed to a low incidence of the virus in sheep. a single-tube hemi-nested pcr was developed, evaluated and applied to ... | 2010 | 21247014 |
| characterization of ovine herpesvirus 2-induced malignant catarrhal fever in rabbits. | malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is a frequently fatal lymphoproliferative disease syndrome primarily of ruminant species, caused by gammaherpesviruses in the genus macavirus. ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), carried by sheep, causes sheep-associated mcf worldwide, while alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1), carried by wildebeest, causes wildebeest-associated mcf, mainly in africa. diseases in rabbits can be induced by both viruses, which are clinically and pathologically similar; however, recent stud ... | 2011 | 21419581 |
| ex vivo bioluminescent detection of alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 infection during malignant catarrhal fever. | alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1), carried by wildebeest asymptomatically, causes malignant catarrhal fever (wd-mcf) when cross-species transmitted to a variety of susceptible species of the artiodactyla order. experimentally, wd-mcf can be reproduced in rabbits. wd-mcf is described as a combination of lymphoproliferation and degenerative lesions in virtually all organs and caused by unknown mechanisms. recently, we demonstrated that wd-mcf is associated with the proliferation of cd8(+) cells s ... | 2011 | 21593175 |
| malignant catarrhal fever induced by alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 is characterized by an expansion of activated cd3+cd8+cd4- t cells expressing a cytotoxic phenotype in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. | abstract: alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1) is carried by wildebeest asymptomatically. it causes a fatal lymphoproliferative disease named wildebeest-derived malignant catarrhal fever (wd-mcf) when cross-species transmitted to a variety of susceptible species of the artiodactyla order. wd-mcf can be reproduced experimentally in rabbits. in a previous report, we demonstrated that wd-mcf induced by alhv-1 is associated with a severe proliferation of cd8+ t cells in the lymphoid tissues. here, we ... | 2011 | 21859474 |
| immunohistochemical study of experimental malignant catarrhal fever in rabbits. | malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is an often-fatal lymphoproliferative disease of a variety of ungulates that occurs worldwide. it is caused by either of the highly related but distinct gammaherpesviruses alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1, wildebeest reservoir) or ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2, sheep reservoir). mcf in rabbits is an excellent model as it closely resembles the disease in susceptible ungulates that include cattle, deer and bison. in this study, newly available and previously characte ... | 2007 | 17374379 |
| gammaherpesvirus carrier status of black wildebeest (connochaetes gnou) in south africa. | malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is an economically important disease primarily of domestic cattle with a high case fatality rate. it is caused by either alcelaphine herpesvirus type 1 (alhv-1) or ovine herpesvirus type 2 (ovhv-2). the major reservoir host of alhv-1 is the blue wildebeest (connochaetes taurinus), but it is generally accepted that the black wildebeest (connochaetes gnou) is also a reservoir host. no viral studies in the black wildebeest have been reported and the carrier status of ... | 2008 | 19244822 |
| host gene expression changes in cattle infected with alcelaphine herpesvirus 1. | malignant catarrhal fever is a lymphoproliferative disease of cattle and other ungulates caused by infection with gamma-herpesviruses of the genus macavirus. these viruses do not establish a productive infection but instead replicate in a cell-associated fashion in t lymphocytes, leading to systemic immune dysregulation and a generally fatal outcome. despite significant progress in understanding the pathology of this disease, its pathogenesis remains unclear. to identify genes and pathways affec ... | 2012 | 22925730 |
| sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus: prospects for vaccine development. | sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever is emerging as a significant problem for several ruminant species worldwide. the inability to propagate the causative agent, ovine herpesvirus 2, in vitro has seriously hindered research efforts in the development of effective programs for control of the disease in clinically susceptible hosts. recent molecular technologic advances have provided powerful tools for investigating this difficult-to-study virus. identification of the infectious virus source ... | 2006 | 16451115 |
| viral semaphorin inhibits dendritic cell phagocytosis and migration but is not essential for gammaherpesvirus-induced lymphoproliferation in malignant catarrhal fever. | viral semaphorins are semaphorin 7a (sema7a) mimics found in pox- and herpesviruses. among herpesviruses, semaphorins are encoded by gammaherpesviruses of the macavirus genus only. alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1) is a macavirus that persistently infects wildebeest asymptomatically but induces malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) when transmitted to several species of susceptible ruminants and the rabbit model. mcf is caused by the activation/proliferation of latently infected t lymphocytes. viral ... | 2015 | 25589653 |
| genomic duplication and translocation of reactivation transactivator and bzip-homolog genes is a conserved event in alcelaphine herpesvirus 1. | alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1) is a gammaherpesvirus carried asymptomatically by wildebeest. upon cross-species transmission, alhv-1 induces malignant catarrhal fever (mcf), a fatal lymphoproliferative disease of ruminants, including cattle. the strain c500 has been cloned as an infectious, pathogenic bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) that is used to study mcf. although alhv-1 infection can be established in cell culture, multiple passages in vitro cause a loss of virulence associated wi ... | 2016 | 27924936 |
| multiplex rt-pcr and automated microarray for detection of eight bovine viruses. | microarrays can be a useful tool for pathogen detection as it allow for simultaneous interrogation of the presence of a large number of genetic sequences in a sample. however, conventional microarrays require extensive manual handling and multiple pieces of equipment for printing probes, hybridization, washing and signal detection. in this study, a reverse transcription (rt)-pcr with an accompanying novel automated microarray for simultaneous detection of eight viruses that affect cattle [vesicu ... | 2016 | 27878975 |
| replacement of glycoprotein b in alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 by its ovine herpesvirus 2 homolog : implications in vaccine development for sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever. | vaccine development is a top priority in malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) research. in the case of sheep-associated mcf (sa-mcf) caused by ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), progress toward this objective has been hindered by the absence of methods to attenuate or modify the virus, since it cannot be propagated in vitro. as an alternative for vaccine development, in this study, we tested the hypothesis that one of the sa-mcf vaccine candidate targets, ovhv-2 glycoprotein b (gb), could be expressed by ... | 2017 | 27504498 |
| a field vaccine trial in tanzania demonstrates partial protection against malignant catarrhal fever in cattle. | malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is a fatal lymphoproliferative disease of cattle that, in east africa, results from transmission of the causative virus, alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1), from wildebeest. a vaccine field trial involving an attenuated alhv-1 virus vaccine was performed over two wildebeest calving seasons on the simanjiro plain of northern tanzania. each of the two phases of the field trial consisted of groups of 50 vaccinated and unvaccinated cattle, which were subsequently expo ... | 2016 | 26706270 |
| alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein b: recombinant expression and antibody recognition. | the gammaherpesvirus alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1) causes fatal malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) in susceptible species including cattle, but infects its reservoir host, wildebeest, without causing disease. pathology in cattle may be influenced by virus-host cell interactions mediated by the virus glycoproteins. cloning and expression of a haemagglutinin-tagged version of the alhv-1 glycoprotein b (gb) was used to demonstrate that the alhv-1-specific monoclonal antibody 12b5 recognised gb an ... | 2016 | 26650040 |
| wildebeest-associated malignant catarrhal fever: perspectives for integrated control of a lymphoproliferative disease of cattle in sub-saharan africa. | wildebeest-associated malignant catarrhal fever (wa-mcf), an acute lymphoproliferative disease of cattle caused by alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1), remains a significant constraint to cattle production in nomadic pastoralist systems in eastern and southern africa. the transmission of wa-mcf is dependent on the presence of the wildlife reservoir, i.e. wildebeest, belonging to the species connochaetes taurinus and connochaetes gnou; hence, the distribution of wa-mcf is largely restricted to ken ... | 2016 | 26446889 |
| small rna deep sequencing identifies viral micrornas during malignant catarrhal fever induced by alcelaphine herpesvirus 1. | alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1) is a c-herpesvirus (c-hv) carried asymptomatically by wildebeest. upon cross-species transmission, alhv-1 induces a fatal lymphoproliferative disease named malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) in many ruminants, including cattle, and the rabbit model. latency has been shown to be essential for mcf induction. however, the mechanisms causing the activation and proliferation of infected cd8+t cells are unknown. many c-hvs express micrornas (mirnas). these small non-cod ... | 2015 | 26329753 |
| [investigation of the presence of the etiological agents of malignant catarrhal fever in clinically healthy ruminants in zoological gardens]. | malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is an infectious disease in even-toed ungulates including domestic cattle and wild living ruminants, which repeatedly also occurred in zoological gardens in europe. the goal of the study presented here was to determine whether wild ruminants--here in the sense of non-domesticated ruminant species in zoological collections--normally not known as carriers of mcf viruses, may carry and shed these viruses and thus might play a possible role as source of infection. to ... | 2015 | 26054228 |
| alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (malignant catarrhal fever virus) in wildebeest placenta: genetic variation of orf50 and a9.5 alleles. | alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1), a causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever in cattle, was detected in wildebeest (connochaetes taurinus) placenta tissue for the first time. although viral load was low, the finding of viral dna in over 50% of 94 samples tested lends support to the possibility that placental tissue could play a role in disease transmission and that wildebeest calves are infected in utero. two viral loci were sequenced to examine variation among virus samples obtained from ... | 2015 | 25969987 |
| a geographic cluster of malignant catarrhal fever in moose (alces alces) in norway. | three cases of lethal sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf) in free-ranging moose (alces alces) were diagnosed in lesja, norway, december 2008-february 2010. the diagnosis was based on pcr identification of ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) dna (n = 3) and typical histopathologic lesions (n = 1). to study the possibility of subclinical or latent mcf virus (mcfv) infection in this moose population and in red deer (cervus elaphus), we examined clinically normal animals sampled during hunt ... | 2015 | 25574807 |
| malignant catarrhal fever: inching toward understanding. | malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is an often lethal infection of many species in the order artiodactyla. it is caused by members of the mcf virus group within gammaherpesvirinae. mcf is a worldwide problem and has a significant economic impact on highly disease-susceptible hosts, such as cattle, bison, and deer. several epidemiologic forms of mcf, defined by the reservoir ruminant species from which the causative virus arises, are recognized. wildebeest-associated mcf (wa-mcf) and sheep-associate ... | 2014 | 25384141 |
| identification of immuno-reactive capsid proteins of malignant catarrhal fever viruses. | malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is a fatal disease of cattle and other ungulates caused by certain gamma-herpesviruses including alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1) and ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2). an attenuated virus vaccine based on alhv-1 has been shown to induce virus-neutralising antibodies in plasma and nasal secretions of protected cattle but the targets of virus-specific antibodies are unknown. proteomic analysis and western blotting of virus extracts allowed the identification of eight ... | 2014 | 25091530 |
| the effect of the tlr9 ligand cpg-oligodeoxynucleotide on the protective immune response to alcelaphine herpesvirus-1-mediated malignant catarrhal fever in cattle. | we wished to determine the effect of of cpg odn adjuvant on the magnitude and duration of protective immunity against alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1) malignant catarrhal fever (mcf), a fatal lymphoproliferative disease of cattle. immunity was associated with a mucosal barrier of virus-neutralising antibody. the results showed that cpg odn included either with emulsigen adjuvant and attenuated alhv-1 (atalhv-1) or alone with atalhv-1 did not affect the overall protection from clinical disease ... | 2014 | 24886334 |
| malignant catarrhal fever in american bison (bison bison) experimentally infected with alcelaphine herpesvirus 2. | malignant catarrhal fever (mcf), due to ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), causes appreciable death loss in ranched bison (bison bison) throughout north america. no vaccine exists to protect animals from disease. since ovhv-2 has not been propagated in vitro, one strategy to develop a modified live vaccine is to use a closely related, non-pathogenic member of the malignant catarrhal fever virus family as a vector expressing potentially protective ovhv-2 epitopes. to date, no controlled experimental c ... | 2014 | 24803260 |
| the a2 gene of alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 is a transcriptional regulator affecting cytotoxicity in virus-infected t cells but is not required for malignant catarrhal fever induction in rabbits. | alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1) causes malignant catarrhal fever (mcf). the a2 gene of alhv-1 is a member of the bzip transcription factor family. we wished to determine whether a2 is a virulence gene or not and whether it is involved in pathogenesis by interference with host transcription pathways. an a2 gene knockout (a2δalhv-1) virus, revertant (a2revalhv-1) virus, and wild-type virus (wtalhv-1) were used to infect three groups of rabbits. a2δalhv-1-infected rabbits succumbed to mcf, albei ... | 2014 | 24732177 |
| the pathology of malignant catarrhal fever, with an emphasis on ovine herpesvirus 2. | the enigmatic pathogenesis of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) involves dysregulated immune responses in susceptible ruminant species. economically important outbreaks of mcf are due to 2 of the 10 viruses currently comprising the malignant catarrhal fever virus group: ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) and alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1). attempts to develop effective vaccines for this group of viruses in the 1970s were sufficiently discouraging that they were temporarily abandoned. this review foc ... | 2014 | 24503439 |
| a novel spliced gene in alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 encodes a glycoprotein which is secreted in vitro. | herpesviruses often contain cryptic, spliced genes that are not obvious from the initial in silico annotation. alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1) contains 72 annotated orfs but there are also a number of gaps between these that may have protein-coding potential. comparative analysis of coding potential between alhv-1 and the related ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) revealed a putative novel spliced gene that we have termed a9.5. analysis of cdna clones from alhv-1-infected cells revealed three overl ... | 2013 | 23956300 |
| the epizootiology of anatid herpesvirus 1 infection in free-flying waterfowl: a comparison of latent and active infections among native waterfowl, captive-reared released ducks, and peridomestic or feral ducks. | the epizootiology of anatid herpesvirus 1 (ahv-1) infection in waterfowl is poorly understood but apparently involves persistence of the virus in latently infected birds. epornitics have often occurred in captive waterfowl or semiwild ducks in parklike settings, and many wildlife professionals conclude that such ducks may be the source of infection for wild waterfowl. we assessed the prevalence of latent infection and viral shedding from four groups of waterfowl: naturally occurring populations ... | 2013 | 23778596 |
| an essential role for γ-herpesvirus latency-associated nuclear antigen homolog in an acute lymphoproliferative disease of cattle. | wildebeests carry asymptomatically alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1), a γ-herpesvirus inducing malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) to several ruminant species (including cattle). this acute and lethal lymphoproliferative disease occurs after a prolonged asymptomatic incubation period after transmission. our recent findings with the rabbit model indicated that alhv-1 infection is not productive during mcf. here, we investigated whether latency establishment could explain this apparent absence of pro ... | 2013 | 23630278 |
| analysis of gene transcription and relative abundance of the cys-motif gene family from campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus (csiv) and further characterization of the most abundant cys-motif protein, whv1.6. | the cys-motif gene family associated with campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus contains 10 members, whv1.6, whv1.0, vhv1.1, vhv1.4, ahv1.0, a'hv0.8, fhv1.4, lhv2.8, uhv0.8, and uhv0.8a. the results of this study indicated that, within the encapsidated virion, whv1.6 is the most abundant cys-motif gene, while the combined ahv genes are the least abundant. during parasitization of heliothis virescens by campoletis sonorenis, whv1.6 transcripts were the mostly highly expressed, while the combined uhv g ... | 2013 | 23614457 |
| malignant catarrhal fever virus identified in free-ranging musk ox (ovibos moschatus) in norway. | to study the epizootiology of malignant catarrhal fever viruses (mcfv), serum and spleen samples collected in 2004-2011 from a free-ranging musk ox (ovibos moschatus) population in dovrefjell, norway, were examined. sera were tested for antibodies against mcfv by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and spleen samples were examined by a consensus polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for herpesviral dna and sequencing identification. the study included 101 musk oxen, of which 61 were examined ... | 2013 | 23568926 |
| malignant catarrhal fever in pastoral maasai herds caused by wildebeest associated alcelaphine herpesvirus-1: an outbreak report. | an outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf), a fatal viral disease in indigenous tanzanian shorthorn zebu in ngorongoro district of tanzania during the period of june 2004 has been described. the disease was diagnosed by clinical, post mortem findings and the virus was identified using molecular characterization study. the history and clinical features included pyrexia, cornel opacity, nasal discharges, multifocal buccal ulceration of varying size and general unthrifty. pathological features ... | 2013 | 25653786 |
| duration of protective immunity and antibody responses in cattle immunised against alcelaphine herpesvirus-1-induced malignant catarrhal fever. | protection of cattle from alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1)-induced malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) has been described previously, using an attenuated virus vaccine in an unlicensed adjuvant. the vaccine was hypothesised to induce a protective barrier of virus-neutralising antibody in the oro-nasal region, supported by the observation of high titre neutralising antibodies in nasal secretions of protected animals. here we describe further analysis of this vaccine strategy, studying the effective ... | 2012 | 22686373 |
| computational identification of micrornas in anatid herpesvirus 1 genome. | micrornas (mirnas) are a group of short (~22 nt) noncoding rnas that specifically regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. mirna precursors (pre-mirnas), which are imperfect stem loop structures of ~70 nt, are processed into mature mirnas by cellular rnases iii. to date, thousands of mirnas have been identified in different organisms. several viruses have been reported to encode mirnas. | 2012 | 22584005 |
| the efficacy of alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1) immunization with the adjuvants emulsigen(®) and the monomeric tlr5 ligand flic in zebu cattle against alhv-1 malignant catarrhal fever induced by experimental virus challenge. | malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is a fatal disease of cattle that, in east africa, follows contact with wildebeest excreting alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1). recently an attenuated vaccine (atalhv-1) was tested under experimental challenge on friesian-holstein (fh) cattle and gave a vaccine efficacy (ve) of approximately 90%. however testing under field conditions on an east african breed, the shorthorn zebu cross (szc), gave a ve of 56% suggesting that fh and szc cattle may respond different ... | 2016 | 27771060 |
| sheep associated malignant catarrhal fever: an emerging disease of bovids in india. | malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is a fatal lymphoproliferative disease affecting bovids, cervids and other ruminant species caused by viruses belonging to subfamily gammaherpesvirinae, genus macavirus. among the 10 mcf viruses known to cause the disease, alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1) and ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) are the two most widely prevalent causative organisms. the alhv-1 naturally infects wildebeest and causes wildebeest associated mcf (wa-mcf) in cattle in regions of african sub- ... | 2013 | 24426294 |
| cross-reactivity of neutralizing antibodies among malignant catarrhal fever viruses. | some members of the gamma herpesvirus genus macavirus are maintained in nature as subclinical infections in well-adapted ungulate hosts. transmission of these viruses to poorly adapted hosts, such as american bison and cattle, can result in the frequently fatal disease malignant catarrhal fever (mcf). based on phylogenetic analysis, the mcf viruses (mcfv) cluster into two subgroups corresponding to the reservoir hosts' subfamilies: alcelaphinae/hippotraginae and caprinae. antibody cross-reactivi ... | 2015 | 26658281 |