| purification and properties of an extracellular lipase from the fungus botrytis cinerea. | an extracellular lipase (ec 3.1.1.3) from the fungus botrytis cinerea has been purified to homogeneity and characterized. the purification included ammonium sulfate fractionation and sequential column chromatography. the purification of the preparation was 31-fold and recovery yield was 21%. the purified enzyme was associated with esterase activity according to activity staining on polyacrylamide gel. the molecular weight was determined as 60 kda on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel elec ... | 1995 | 7609604 |
| monoclonal antibody tem 106 reacts with a tonoplast intrinsic protein of 106 kda from brassica oleracea l. | a monoclonal antibody, designated tem 106, that recognizes an intrinsic protein from the vacuole membrane (tonoplast) of cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis) is described. mice were immunized with a tonoplast fraction that had been purified from differentiating meristematic cells from the cauliflower head. hybridomas were generated and screened by means of enzyme linked immuno sorbent assays for differential reactivity to tonoplast over non-related proteins (bovine serum albumin). on ... | 1995 | 7615671 |
| polygalacturonase produced in apple tissue decayed by botrytis cinerea. | an exo-polygalacturonase with an isoelectric point of 4.6 and an apparent molecular weight of 45 kda was isolated from apple tissue decayed by botrytis cinerea. this isozyme had a similar isoelectric point, optimum ph, and mode of action as an isozyme produced in liquid culture by b. cinerea. the enzyme produced in the decayed tissue was less sensitive to lower ph and less inhibited by cacl2, mgcl2, or nacl than the enzyme produced in culture. such changes in the properties of the enzyme produce ... | 1995 | 7627131 |
| biological activity of cyclopaldic acid, a major toxin of seiridium cupressi, its six derivatives, and iso-cyclopaldic acid. | cyclopaldic acid (ca), its six derivatives, and iso-cyclopaldic acid (isoca) were assayed for toxicity to cuttings of three species of cypress, as well as to mung bean, oat, and tomato explants. toxicity to host and non-host plants of ca derivatives having one or both of the aldehyde groups transformed was less than that of ca. shoot tissues of cupressus macrocarpa artificially infected by seiridium cupressi leached electrolytes more than those of c. sempervirens and c. arizonica. ca, isoca, and ... | 1995 | 7648024 |
| chemoprevention of azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis by dietary feeding of s-methyl methane thiosulfonate in male f344 rats. | modifying effects of dietary exposure of s-methyl methane thiosulfonate (mmts) isolated from cauliflower brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis on rat colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane (aom) and on the expression of cell proliferation biomarkers were investigated in two experiments. in experiment 1, male f344 rats were given three s.c. injections of aom (15 mg/kg body weight) and fed 100 ppm mmts for 5 weeks, starting 1 week before the first dose of aom. the frequency of colonic aberrant ... | 1995 | 7664279 |
| hormone effects on cosmarium botrytis cell division. | the synchronous generation time for cosmarium botrytis menegh. was 48 h at ph 8.0, and 72 h at ph 5.3. cells divided 2 to 3 prior to the end of the dark phase in a 15 h light/9 h dark cycle at 21 degrees c. kinetin at concentrations of 0.01 to 1.0 mg/ml, added to cells at the beginning of the light cycle, eliminated the initial lag phase at both ph 5.3 and ph 8.0, and all cells divided until 24 h. indole-acetic acid in concentrations of 0.03 to 0.06 mg/ml decreased the lag phase to less than 48 ... | 1981 | 7273854 |
| antibiotic production and biocontrol activity by bacillus subtilis cl27 and bacillus pumilus cl45. | bacillus subtilis cl27 and b. pumilus cl45 showed similar activity against botrytis cinerea in in vitro plate assays. in a seedling bioassay, however, b. subtilis cl27 had activity similar to a commercial fungicide while b. pumilus cl45 failed completely to prevent seedling damping-off caused by bot. cinerea. antibiotic production by the two bacillus strains was found to depend on the growth substrate and highest antibiotic production was found on media based on homogenized cabbage tissue. antib ... | 1995 | 7698955 |
| partial characterization of chitinolytic enzymes from streptomyces albidoflavus. | streptomyces albidoflavus nrrl b-16746 secreted three types of chitinolytic enzymes: n-acetyl-glucosaminidase, chitobiosidase and endochitinase. optimal activity for all three types of enzymes occurred at ph 4-6; however 55-74% of the chitobiosidase and endochitinase activity was detectable at ph 8-10. chitobiosidase activity originated from two strongly acidic (pi < 3.0) proteins with molecular mass of 27 kda and 34 kda, while endochitinase activity originated from five major acidic proteins (p ... | 1995 | 7766226 |
| a group-i intron in the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal rna gene of sclerotinia sclerotiorum. | a 1,380-bp intervening sequence within the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal rna (mt ssu rrna) gene of the fungus sclerotinia sclerotiorum has been sequenced and identified as a group-i intron. this is the first report of an intron in the mt ssu rrna gene. the intron shows close similarity in secondary structure to the subgroup-ic2 introns from podospora (nd3i1, nd5i2, and coii5) and neurospora (nd5i1). the intron has an open reading frame (orf) that encodes a putative protein of 420 amino a ... | 1995 | 7788720 |
| parallel formation and synergism of hydrolytic enzymes and peptaibol antibiotics, molecular mechanisms involved in the antagonistic action of trichoderma harzianum against phytopathogenic fungi. | chitinase, beta-1,3-glucanase, and protease activities were formed when trichoderma harzianum mycelia, grown on glucose as the sole carbon source, were transferred to fresh medium containing cell walls of botrytis cinerea. chitobiohydrolase, endochitinase, and beta-1,3-glucanase activities were immunologically detected in culture supernatants by western blotting (immunoblotting), and the first two were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. under the same conditions, exogenously added ... | 1994 | 7811076 |
| molecular basis of the cauliflower phenotype in arabidopsis. | genetic studies demonstrate that two arabidopsis genes, cauliflower and apetala1, encode partially redundant activities involved in the formation of floral meristems, the first step in the development of flowers. isolation of the cauliflower gene from arabidopsis reveals that it is closely related in sequence to apetala1. like apetala1, cauliflower is expressed in young flower primordia and encodes a mads-domain, indicating that it may function as a transcription factor. analysis of the cultivat ... | 1995 | 7824951 |
| transformation of botrytis cinerea with the hygromycin b resistance gene, hph. | a transformation method has been developed for the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea. protoplasts were transformed with pan7-1 plasmid carrying the escherichia coli hygromycin phosphotransferase gene (hph), conferring hygromycin b resistance, downstream from an aspergillus nidulans promoter. molecular analysis, showed that transformation resulted in an integration of the plasmid into different regions of the b. cinerea genome and occurred through non-homologous recombination. the frequency ... | 1994 | 7859308 |
| visualization of mitotic chromosomes in filamentous fungi by fluorescence staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization. | mitotic chromosomes of the plant pathogenic filamentous fungi botrytis cinerea and alternaria alternata were observed. chromosomes prepared by the germ tube burst method were stained with the fluorescent dye 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (dapi) to yield figures with good resolution. using this method, component chromosomes were clearly distinguished and the chromosome number could be determined. fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) was also successfully applied to the specimens, revealing o ... | 1994 | 7859561 |
| boty, a long-terminal-repeat retroelement in the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea. | the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea can infect an extremely wide range of host plants (tomato, grapevine, strawberry, and flax) without apparent specialization. while studying genetic diversity in this fungus, we found an element which is present in multiple copies and dispersed throughout the genome of some of its isolates. dna sequence analysis revealed that the element contained direct, long-terminal repeats (ltrs) of 596 bp whose features were characteristic of retroviral and retrotr ... | 1995 | 7887592 |
| adhesion of germlings of botrytis cinerea. | adhesion of conidia and germlings of the facultative plant parasite botrytis cinerea occurs in two distinct stages. the first stage, which occurs immediately upon hydration of conidia and is characterized by relatively weak adhesive forces, appears to involve hydrophobic interactions (r. p. doss, s. w. potter, g. a. chastagner, and j. k. christian, appl. environ. microbiol. 59:1786-1791, 1993). the second stage of adhesion, delayed adhesion, occurs after viable conidia have been incubated for se ... | 1995 | 7887606 |
| 7-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1(3h)-isobenzofuranone and basidalin: antibiotic secondary metabolites from leucoagaricus carneifolia gillet (basidiomycetes) [corrected]. | two antibiotic metabolites were isolated from cultures of leucoagaricus carneifolia. their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. the first compound, 7-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1(3h)-isobenzofuranone [corrected] (1) had to our knowledge not been described from natural sources whereas the second, basidalin (2), is a known metabolite of l. naucina (h. iinuma et al., 1983). 1 exhibits antibiotic activities with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 20 micrograms/ml against botrytis cinerea ... | 1994 | 7945669 |
| characterization of chitin synthase from botrytis cinerea. | chitin synthase in a microsomal preparation from botrytis cinerea had an apparent km for udp-n-acetylglucosamine of 2.0 mm while nikkomycin z and polyoxin d inhibited enzyme activity competitively with apparent ki values of approximately 0.1 microm and 6 microm respectively. the organophosphorus fungicide edifenphos was a non-competitive inhibitor (ki(app) 54 microm). preincubation of microsomes for 2 h at 25 degrees c resulted in a maximum twofold stimulation of chitin synthase activity while p ... | 1994 | 7952170 |
| marine alkaloids, 15. two alkaloids, flustramine e and debromoflustramine b, from the marine bryozoan flustra foliacea. | a new alkaloid, flustramine e [1], with inhibitory activity towards rhizotonia solani and botrytis cinerea was isolated by gas-phase extraction from the marine bryozoan flustra foliacea. the structure was determined as 3a,8a-cis-1-methyl-3a-(3-methyl-2- butenyl)-6-bromo-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole, based on spectroscopic investigations. another alkaloid, debromoflustramine b [2a], was detected in trace amounts and identified by comparison of the mass spectrum with that of a synth ... | 1994 | 7964794 |
| characterization of ech-42, a trichoderma harzianum endochitinase gene expressed during mycoparasitism. | a gene (ech-42; previously named then-42) coding for one of the endochitinases produced by the biocontrol agent trichoderma harzianum imi206040 was cloned and characterized. expression of the cdna clone in escherichia coli resulted in bacteria with chitinase activity. this chitinase has been shown to have lytic activity on botrytis cinerea cell walls in vitro. the ech-42 gene was assigned to a double chromosomal band (chromosome v or vi) upon electrophoretic separation and southern analysis of t ... | 1994 | 7971981 |
| hm17, a new polyene antifungal antibiotic produced by a new strain of spirillospora. | an antifungal antibiotic (hm17) was obtained from a new isolate classified to the genus spirillospora on the basis of its chemical and morphological properties. on solid media this antibiotic strongly inhibited the growth of strains of fusarium oxysporum formae speciales albedinis, botrytis cinerea, gaeumaniomyces graminis and several other fungi known to be plant and human pathogens. antifungal activity in culture collection strains of spirillospora has not so far been reported. the u.v. absorp ... | 1994 | 8002474 |
| synergistic interaction between fungal cell wall degrading enzymes and different antifungal compounds enhances inhibition of spore germination. | different classes of cell wall degrading enzymes produced by the biocontrol fungi trichoderma harzianum and gliocladium virens inhibited spore germination of botrytis cinerea in a bioassay in vitro. the addition of any chitinolytic or glucanolytic enzyme to the reaction mixture synergistically enhanced the antifungal properties of five different fungitoxic compounds against b. cinerea. the chemicals tested were gliotoxin, flusilazole, miconazole, captan and benomyl. dose response curves were det ... | 1994 | 8012584 |
| effect of chitinase antisense rna expression on disease susceptibility of arabidopsis plants. | chitinases accumulate in higher plants upon pathogen attack are capable of hydrolyzing chitin-containing fungal cell walls and are thus implicated as part of the plant defense response to fungal pathogens. to evaluate the relative role of the predominate chitinase (class i, basic enzyme) of arabidopsis thaliana in disease resistance, transgenic arabidopsis plants were generated that expressed antisense rna to the class i chitinase. young plants or young leaves of some plants expressing antisense ... | 1994 | 8061313 |
| structure and expression of an inhibitor of fungal polygalacturonases from tomato. | a polygalacturonase inhibitor protein (pgip) was characterized from tomato fruit. differential glycosylation of a single polypeptide accounted for heterogeneity in concanavalin a binding and in molecular mass. tomato pgip had a native molecular mass of 35 to 41 kda, a native isoelectric point of 9.0, and a chemically deglycosylated molecular mass of 34 kda, suggesting shared structural similarities with pear fruit pgip. when purified pgips from pear and tomato were compared, tomato pgip was appr ... | 1994 | 8061315 |
| antimicrobial activities of indolocarbazole and bis-indole protein kinase c inhibitors. | the antimicrobial activities of twenty-two substances structurally related to staurosporine, aglycone in the indolocarbazole and bis-indole series were examined against streptomyces chartreusis and streptomyces griseus, bacillus cereus, escherichia coli, candida albicans and botrytis cinerea. inhibition of sporulation was examined also on the two species of streptomyces. unlike literature reports for efficient protein kinase inhibitors, staurosporine and k-252a, no evident correlation could be f ... | 1994 | 8071125 |
| variations in ploidy among isolates of botrytis cinerea: implications for genetic and molecular analyses. | field isolates and laboratory strains of botrytis cinerea, an ascomycetous fungus causing considerable economic losses, e.g., as "grey mould" of vine, were compared for differences in ploidy level by determining their dna content per nucleus. strain sas56, an ascospore line used routinely for genetic analyses, is probably polyploid, since treatment with benomyl causes a significant reduction in dna content per nucleus. this conclusion is substantiated by the increased sensitivity of the putative ... | 1994 | 8082191 |
| characterization of two dna polymerases from cauliflower inflorescence. | two distinct dna polymerases, a and b, isolated from a rapidly growing apical tissue of cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis) inflorescence have been characterized, and compared with dna polymerases, alpha and beta, from mouse myeloma. polymerase-a bears a strong resemblance to polymerase-alpha from mammalian cells in all properties examined. the character of polymerase-b is also quite similar to polymerase-beta of mammalian cells in chromatographic elution properties, template-primer ut ... | 1980 | 7390985 |
| malonofungin: an antifungal aminomalonic acid from phaeoramularia fusimaculans. | in screening for antifungal metabolites, a novel compound, malonofungin, exhibiting growth inhibitory activity against botrytis cinerea (grey mould), has been isolated from fermentations of phaeoramularia fusimaculans cbs 616.87. its structure is established as (e)-(3r,4s,5s)-5-acetoxy-2-amino-2-carboxy-3,4-dihydroxy-14-oxoicos++ +-6-enoic acid, representing an addition to the rare class of naturally occurring aminomalonic acids. 1h nmr data and extensive use of cd spectroscopy have been utilize ... | 1994 | 8155432 |
| growth and conidiation of trichoderma viride are affected by non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents. | nonsteroid antiinflammatory agents (nsaia's) (inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase) of several structural series inhibited growth of trichoderma viride. the most potent growth inhibitors were indomethacin and its derivative repanidal which inhibited in the range of 0.1 mmol/l. the weakest inhibitors were acetylsalicylic acid and lysine salicylate which exerted only a weak effect at concentrations above 1 mmol/l. the inhibition of growth was accompanied by a stimulation of conidiation in ... | 1994 | 8181781 |
| [molds in foods of the czechoslovak socialistic republik (author's transl)]. | the mycoflora of 13.527 g of food powders which were normal upon sensory evaluation as well of 22.017 pieces of surface sterilized grains and nuts was examined in the czechoslovak socialist republic. 147.027 colonies of 44 genera of molds were isolated and identified from samples. colonies of penicllium sp., aspergillus sp., and cladosporium sp. occured most often, less often or quite infrequently rhizopus sp., mucor sp., absidia sp., alternaria sp., circinella sp., trichoderma sp., botrytis sp. ... | 1981 | 7269803 |
| structural properties of native and sonicated cinerean, a beta- (1-->3) (1-->6)-d-glucan produced by botrytis cinerea. | cinerean, the extracellular beta-(1-->3) (1-->6)-d-glucan of the fungus botrytis cinerea was studied. electron micrographs of the native polysaccharide revealed quasi-endless fibrils with an estimated diameter of ca. 1.5 nm. a particle mass of 10(9)-10(10) daltons was determined from dilute solutions by low-angle laser light scattering. sonication of increasing duration led to fragmentation of the native polymer with an approximately exponential decrease of mass in the range of average molecular ... | 1995 | 7697647 |
| inhibition of phosphatidylcholine and chitin biosynthesis in pyricularia oryzae, botrytis fabae and fusarium graminearum by edifenphos. | colony growth of the fungi pyricularia oryzae, botrytis fabae and fusarium graminearum was reduced by 50% (ed50) by edifenphos concentrations of 7, 25 and 190 microm respectively; the phosphatidylcholine (pc) content of biomass of p. oryzae, b. fabae, and f. graminearum harvested from fungicide-containing-cultures was reduced by 50% by 6, 95 and 350 microm-edifenphos respectively. by contrast, the activities of membrane-bound chitin synthase preparations isolated from the three fungi were approx ... | 1993 | 8360628 |
| s-methyl methane thiosulfonate, a new antimutagenic compound isolated from brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis. | though various antimutagens with desmutagenic activities have been found in our daily foods of plant origin, the numbers of antimutagens with bio-antimutagenic activities found so far are limited. in the present study, a compound with potential bio-antimutagenic activity to escherichia coli b/r wp2 was newly isolated from cauliflower, brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis, and its chemical structure was identified to be s-methyl methane thiosulfonate by nmr and ms analysis. | 1993 | 8364458 |
| disease resistance results from foreign phytoalexin expression in a novel plant. | although phytoalexins have long been inferred to be important in the defence of plants against fungal infection, there are few reports showing that they provide resistance to infection. several plants, including grapevine, synthesize the stilbene-type phytoalexin resveratrol when attacked by pathogens. stilbenes with fungicidal potential are formed in several unrelated plant species, such as peanut (arachis hypogaea), grapevine (vitis vinifera) and pine (pinus sylvestris). stilbene biosynthesis ... | 1993 | 8421520 |
| ab023, novel polyene antibiotics. i. taxonomy of the producing organism, fermentation and antifungal activity. | ab023 is a complex of polyene antibiotics produced by an actinomycete, sd581, which was isolated from a kenyan soil sample. the two main components, pentaene antibiotics ab023a and ab023b, have antifungal activity against some phytopathogenic fungi, particularly against botrytis cinerea (mic of 5 micrograms/ml). | 1993 | 8468239 |
| antifungal activity of myxococcus species 1 production, physicochemical and biological properties of antibiotics from myxococcus fulvus s110 (myxobacterales). | chloroform extracts of the culture supernatant of a strain of myxococcus fulvus isolated from soil were fungistatic and prevented germination of spores of botrytis cinerea. the antibiotics were produced during the exponential phase of growth and the effects of altering medium composition are described. the activity was fractionated into neutral, acidic and basic fractions. the neutral fraction had a molecular weight of 244 and was tentatively identified as 11-phenyl-undecadiene-2-ol. the acidic ... | 1993 | 8469176 |
| direct injection into the hplc column for monitoring the behaviour of xenobiotics in biological media. ii. behaviour of cymoxanil in fungus and locust and of e-destruxin in locust. | multidimensional chromatographies (mdc) implying either a single column with an unique packing designed for providing several separation modes such as internal surface reversed-phase (isrp), or c1 large pores particles, or multi-column switching technique using the previous supports as guard columns, allow fast and easy direct monitoring of pesticides into plant or animal biological media. in such a way, the comparative study of the agricultural fungicide cymoxanil in two strains of botrytis cin ... | 1993 | 8475374 |
| mycelial elongation and sporulation of two fungi on amended media in light or dark. | botrytis allii and collectotrichum dematium are onion pathogens which can infect in the field and cause decay in storage. some phenolics can hinder development of these fungi, but the effect of cytokinins is not clear. cytokinins (kinetin or 6-benzyladenine) or phenolics (caffeic or chlorogenic acids) were added to agar at concentrations of 0 to 10(-3) m. cultures were continuously irradiated with fluorescent light or maintained in the dark for 6 days. on unamended media, final mycelial elongati ... | 1993 | 8480989 |
| anti-hyperglycemic effect of some edible plants. | the anti-hyperglycemic effect of 12 edible plants was studied on 27 healthy rabbits, submitted weekly to subcutaneous glucose tolerance tests after gastric administration of water, tolbutamide or a traditional preparation of the plant. tolbutamide, cucurbita ficifolia, phaseolus vulgaris, opuntia streptacantha, spinacea oleracea, cucumis sativus and cuminum cyminum decrease significantly the area under the glucose tolerance curve and the hyperglycemic peak. brassica oleracea var. botrytis, alliu ... | 1995 | 8569244 |
| blasticidin s deaminase gene (bsd): a new selection marker gene for transformation of arabidopsis thaliana and nicotiana tabacum. | arabidopsis thaliana and nicotiana tabacum were transformed to blasticidin s (bs) resistance with bsd (the bs deaminase gene from aspergillus terreus) using the agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. expression of bsd allowed direct selection of transformants by the fungicide, and both kinds of transgenic plants showed high level of resistance phenotype at 100 ppm of bs sprayed on the leaves. using botrytis cinerea, the causal fungus of gray mold disease, it was exemplified that applicati ... | 1995 | 8611760 |
| characterization of two class ii chitinase genes from peanut and expression studies in transgenic tobacco plants. | two different genes encoding class ii chitinases from peanut (arachis hypogaea l. cv. nc4), a.h.chi2;1 and a.h.chi2;2, have been cloned. in peanut cell suspension cultures, mrna levels of a.h.chi2;2 increased after ethylene or salicylate treatment and in the presence of conidia from botrytis cinerea. the second gene, a.h.chi2;1, was only expressed after treatment with the fungal spores. transgenic tobacco plants containing the complete peanut a.h.chi2;1 gene exhibited essentially the same expres ... | 1996 | 8616259 |
| cloning and sequence analysis of a flo/lfy homologue isolated from cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis). | a cdna library has been constructed from cauliflower curd in which floral development had been initiated. two cdnas (pbofh3 and pbofh8) have been isolated using the antirrhinum flo gene as a heterologous probe. the two clones were sequenced and found to contain introns. comparison of the deduced cdna sequence of bofh with flo and the arabidopsis homologue lfy reveals extensive homology. an mrna transcript of 1.6 kb appears on northern rna blots. this transcript can be detected, at low levels, be ... | 1993 | 8104529 |
| effect of cucurbitacins on mrna coding for laccase in botrytis cinerea. | the effect of cucurbitacin and of ecballium extract on the formation of mrna coding for laccase was examined in cultures of botrytis cinerea grown with inducers of laccase formation, in the presence or absence of the inhibitory compounds. rna was isolated from the cultures and probed with specific dna probes for laccase. as an internal control, the rna was probed for botrytis beta-tubulin mrna. from an analysis of the results it is clear that cucurbitacin i and ecballium extract specifically rep ... | 1996 | 8688171 |
| polygalacturonase isozymes from botrytis cinerea grown on apple pectin. | five isozymes (four acidic and one basic) of polygalacturonase were separated by chromatofocusing from the culture filtrate of botrytis cinerea grown on apple pectin. the isozymes, designated as polygalacturonase i to v, have isoelectric points of 9.7, 4.9, 4.6, 3.7, and 2.7, respectively, with polygalacturonase iii exhibiting the highest specific activity. polygalacturonase i appeared to function as an endo-polygalacturonase while the other four isozymes act as exo-polygalacturonases. the ph op ... | 1993 | 8220235 |
| changes on protein expression associated with salinity tolerance in brassica cell cultures. | the synthesis of proteins from salt-tolerant brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis l. subvar. cauliflora (gars.) dc. (cauliflower) cell cultures is modified in relation to controls in several features. there are nine newly induced polypeptides in tolerant cultures (absent in control conditions). some of them are only present under low salt levels (85 mm nacl). another group seems to be representative of moderate and high salt levels (170 and 255 mm nacl), and a third group is present in all the sal ... | 1993 | 8220310 |
| uncoupled defense gene expression and antimicrobial alkaloid accumulation in elicited opium poppy cell cultures. | treatment of opium poppy (papaver somniferum l.) cell cultures with autoclaved mycelial homogenates of botrytis sp. resulted in the accumulation of sanguinarine. elicitor treatment also caused a rapid and transient induction in the activity of tyrosine/dopa decarboxylase (tydc, ec 4.1.1.25), which catalyzes the conversion of l-tyrosine and l-dopa to tyramine and dopamine, respectively, the first steps in sanguinarine biosynthesis. tydc genes were differentially expressed in response to elicitor ... | 1996 | 8754678 |
| fungal spore concentrations in the atmosphere at the anatolia quarter of istanbul, turkey. | in this research, spore concentrations of cladosporium, alternaria, epicoccum, botrytis, leptosphaeria, polythrincium, ascospores, aspergillus, penicillium, basidiospores, uredospores, ustilago, torula, erysiphe, ganoderma, hyaline indeterminate and others in the atmosphere have been determined, and comparisons have been made between locations with both low and high spore concentrations. the importance of these air-borne fungal spores which cause allergy and asthma are emphasized in the paper fr ... | 1996 | 8676281 |
| [the antibiotic properties of the phytotoxic metabolites of botrytis cinerea pers]. | antibiotic properties of substances of a phytotoxic complex from botrytis cinerea have been studied for a number of phytopathogenic bacteria, phytopathogenic and toxigenic fungi as well as saprophytic yeast strains. high fungistatic activity of preparations of phytotoxic metabolites (ptm) has been stated for dendrodochium toxicum, myrothecium verrucaria, m. roridum, aspergillus fumigatus, penicillium urticae, agents of heavy human and cattle mycotoxicoses. the studied representatives of phytopat ... | 1995 | 8714399 |
| structural and antifungal properties of a pathogenesis-related protein from wheat kernel. | we have purified and characterized a protein from the water-soluble fraction of wheat kernel (triticum aestivum cv. s. pastore) consisting of a single polypeptide chain blocked at its n-terminus by a pyroglutamate residue; the complete amino acid sequence has been determined by automated sequence analysis performed on peptide fragments obtained by enzymatic hydrolyses of the protein. homology studies have shown that this protein is very similar (97% sequence identity) to the previously character ... | 1996 | 8838588 |
| antimicrobial peptides from mirabilis jalapa and amaranthus caudatus: expression, processing, localization and biological activity in transgenic tobacco. | the cdnas encoding the seed antimicrobial peptides (amps) from mirabilis jalapa (mj-amp2) and amaranthus caudatus (ac-amp2) have previously been characterized and it was found that mj-amp2 and ac-amp2 are processed from a precursor preprotein and preproprotein, respectively [de bolle et al., plant mol biol 28:713-721 (1995) and 22:1187-1190 (1993), respectively]. in order to study the processing, sorting and biological activity of these antimicrobial peptides in transgenic tobacco, four differen ... | 1996 | 8843942 |
| high field nmr microscopic imaging of cultivated strawberry fruit. | the experimental conditions required for discrimination of various types of tissue in fruits of cultivated strawberry (fragaria x ananassa) at high fields (ca. 7 t) have been investigated. in marked contrast to soft fruits of other species, from which informative images have been derived at high fields using a variety of pulse sequences and acquisition parameters, appreciable image intensities from parenchymal and vascular tissues in healthy strawberry fruits were obtained only with a spin-echo ... | 1996 | 8847974 |
| chitinase activity of xenorhabdus and photorhabdus species, bacterial associates of entomopathogenic nematodes. | xenorhabdus nematophilus (three strains), xenorhabdus bovienii (one strain), and photorhabdus luminescens (one strain) showed both exo- and endochitinase activity using p-nitrophenyl-n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminide and p-nitrophenyl-beta-d-n,n',n'-triacetylchitotriose, respectively, as substrates. one to three bands were detected on page gel with glycol chitin after electrophoresis. variation in exo- and endochitinase activity among different species and strains was detected with the strongest act ... | 1996 | 8858906 |
| molecular cloning and expression of the nag1 gene (n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase-encoding gene) from trichoderma harzianum p1. | a 72-kda n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase was purified from the mycoparasitic fungus trichoderma harzianum p1; antibodies were raised against it, and aa-sequences were obtained. the antibody reacted with a single 72-kda protein band in culture filtrates of t. harzianum grown on chitin, and was subsequently used to clone the corresponding nag1 gene from a lambdagt11 cdna expression library. it was interrupted by two short introns and encoded a protein of 580 amino acids. the deduced protein sequen ... | 1996 | 8781176 |
| residues of dicloran in clingstone peaches after pre- and postharvest application. | trials were carried out over a period of several years in order to test the efficacy of pre- and postharvest treatments against fungi causing postharvest rots of stored clingstone peaches destined to canning. among the fungicides tested, dicloran (2, 6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline) was applied against botrytis cinerea, monilia cinerea and rhizopus stolonifer. the purpose of this work was to determine the residues of this fungicide in fresh, washed, peeled and canned fruits. no relevant data are repor ... | 1996 | 8720094 |
| bioassay methods for the detection of antifungal activity by pseudomonas antimicrobica against the grey mould pathogen botrytis cinerea. | antagonism against the grey mould pathogen botrytis cinerea by pseudomonas antimicrobica was demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. cell-free filtrates showed activity against b. cinerea growing on potato dextrose agar (pda) in a media-dependent manner with the most distinct antagonism being produced in czapek dox broth (cdb). cell-free filtrates of cdb-grown cultures also significantly reduced conidial germination of b. cinerea. an assay based on the inhibition of conidial germination was compared ... | 1996 | 8939031 |
| mycoparasitic interaction relieves binding of the cre1 carbon catabolite repressor protein to promoter sequences of the ech42 (endochitinase-encoding) gene in trichoderma harzianum. | the fungus trichoderma harzianum is a potent mycoparasite of various plant pathogenic fungi. we have studied the molecular regulation of mycoparasitism in the host/mycoparasite system botrytis cinerea/t. harzianum. protein extracts, prepared from various stages of mycoparasitism, were used in electrophoretic mobility-shift assays (em-sas) with two promoter fragments of the ech-42 (42-kda endochitinase-encoding) gene of t. harzianum. this gene was chosen as a model because its expression is trigg ... | 1996 | 8962147 |
| lipid peroxidation and membrane disruption by vinclozolin in dicarboximide-susceptible and -resistant isolates of botrytis cinerea | a dicarboximide-susceptible (ds) isolate and a dicarboximide-resistant (dr) isolate of botrytis cinerea were compared with regard to spore germination, mycelial growth, cellular leakage, and lipid peroxidation upon treatment with the dicarboximide fungicide vinclozolin. the fungicide inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of the ds isolate, but not those of the dr isolate. the inhibitory effect of the fungicide was greater on mycelial growth than on spore germination of the ds isolate. ... | 1996 | 8980027 |
| application of differential display rt-pcr to the analysis of gene expression in a plant-fungus interaction. | establishment of a plant-pathogen interaction involves differential gene expression in both organisms. in order to isolate botrytis cinerea genes whose expression is induced during its interaction with tomato, a comparative analysis of the expression pattern of the fungus in planta with its expression pattern during in vitro culture was performed by differential display of mrna (ddrt-pcr). discrimination of fungal genes induced in planta from plant defense genes induced in response to the pathog ... | 1996 | 8980545 |
| s-methyl methanethiosulfonate, bio-antimutagen in homogenates of cruciferae and liliaceae vegetables. | the isolation of a new type of bio-antimutagen, s-methyl methanethiosulfonate (mmts), from cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis) and the distribution and formation of mmts in cruciferae and liliaceae vegetables are described. for the separation and purification, cauliflower curds were homogenized, extracted with acetone, and then purified by organic solvent extraction and by various processes of chromatographic separation. the chemical structure of an active principle was identified as m ... | 1996 | 8987591 |
| an autonomously replicating plasmid transforms botrytis cinerea to phleomycin resistance. | a transformation system has been developed for the pathogen fungus botrytis cinerea, based on the utilization of the wide host plasmid put737 that contains the sh ble gene, conferring resistance to phleomycin. transformed protoplasts were regenerated at 10-25 micrograms ml(-1) of phleomycin, at a frequency of 25-40 transformants per microgram of dna, and they were resistant up to 50 micrograms ml(-1). southern hybridization using undigested and digested total dna showed the presence of circular ... | 1996 | 8998978 |
| cloning and expression of the cutinase a gene of botrytis cinerea. | cutinase of botrytis cinerea has been suggested to play an important role in penetration of host tissues. a protein fraction with cutin hydrolyzing activity was purified from culture filtrates of b. cinerea induced for cutinase activity. an 18-kda protein in this fraction was identified as cutinase and the corresponding gene cuta was cloned. the gene is present in a single copy in the genome of b. cinerea strain sas56 and its predicted amino acid sequence shows significant homology (31 to 35% id ... | 1997 | 9002269 |
| cutinase a of botrytis cinerea is expressed, but not essential, during penetration of gerbera and tomato. | the plant pathogen botrytis cinerea can infect undamaged plant tissue directly by penetration of the cuticle. this penetration has been suggested to be enzyme-mediated, and an important role for cutinase in the infection process has been proposed. in this study the expression of the cutinase encoding gene cuta of b. cinerea was analyzed using a cuta promoter-gus reporter gene fusion. transformants containing the fusion construct were examined for gus expression on gerbera flowers and tomato frui ... | 1997 | 9002270 |
| floral homeotic gene expression defines developmental arrest stages in brassica oleracea l. vars. botrytis and italica. | brassica oleracea l. vars, italica (broccoli) and botrytis (cauliflower) both undergo developmental arrests which result in heading phenotypes. we characterized these arrested tissues at the morphological and molecular levels, and defined the developmental changes that ensure after arrest has been broken. we found that the order of floral organ initiation and the positions of resulting floral organ primordia in this species in some respects from that of arabidopsis, which is a member of the same ... | 1997 | 9084216 |
| isolation and characterization of a benomyl-resistant form of beta-tubulin-encoding gene from the phytopathogenic fungus botryotinia fuckeliana. | as an initial step to develop a dna-mediated transformation system using benomyl resistance as a dominant selectable marker in the phytopathogenic fungus botryotinia fuckeliana (anamorph, botrytis cinerea), we have constructed a phage lambda genomic dna library of a benomyl-resistant strain 91t-1, and a beta-tubulin-encoding gene bena was isolated, cloned and sequenced. southern blot analysis suggested that a single copy of bena is present in the genome of b. fuckeliana. the bena gene is compose ... | 1997 | 9085273 |
| generation of superoxide anion and induction of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase in bean leaves infected with pathogenic fungi. | generation of superoxide anion (o2-.) and peroxidase activity were significantly increased in bean leaves infected with incompatible and compatible pathogens: botrytis fabae and botrytis cinerea, respectively, but the induction was greater on direct inoculation with b. fabae, than with b. cinerea. a slightly higher o2-. level was also detected in the parts of leaves surrounding the inoculation side. overproduction of o2-. was observed earlier than the increase in peroxidase activity. pretreatmen ... | 1996 | 9104504 |
| malolactomycins c and d, new 40-membered macrolides active against botrytis. | a strain of streptomyces was found to produce two new components of the 40-membered ring macrolides, malolactomycins c and d. they inhibited the growth of botrytis cinerea in an agar medium and a detached leaf method. | 1997 | 9127189 |
| flipper, a mobile fot1-like transposable element in botrytis cinerea. | a transposable element, flipper, was isolated from the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea. the element was identified as an insertion sequence within the coding region of the nitrate reductase gene. the flipper sequence is 1842 bp long with perfect inverted terminal repeats (itrs) of 48 bp and an open reading frame (orf) of 533 amino acids, potentially encoding for a transposase; the element is flanked by the dinucleotide ta. the encoded protein is very similar to the putative transposases ... | 1997 | 9202383 |
| transformation of botrytis cinerea with the nitrate reductase gene (niad) shows a high frequency of homologous recombination. | the nitrate reductase (niad) gene was isolated from the phytopathogenic ascomycete botrytis cinerea using a probe obtained by a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with degenerate oligonucleotides corresponding to domains conserved among three fungal nitrate reductases. the b. cinerea niad gene encodes a predicted protein of 907 amino acids and contains no intron. nitrate reductase-deficient mutants of b. cinerea have been isolated. one of them was transformed with the niad genes of fusarium oxyspor ... | 1997 | 9294265 |
| polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (pgips) with different specificities are expressed in phaseolus vulgaris. | the pgip-1 gene of phaseolus vulgaris, encoding a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (pgip), pgip-1 (p. toubart, a. desiderio, g. salvi, f. cervone, l. daroda, g. de lorenzo, c. bergmann, a. g. darvill, and p. albersheim, plant j. 2:367-373, 1992), was expressed under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter in tomato plants via agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. transgenic tomato plants with different expression levels of pgip-1 were used in infection experiments w ... | 1997 | 9304859 |
| stability and modulated expression of a hygromycin resistance gene integrated in botrytis cinerea transformants. | when transformation of botrytis cinerea occurred in mononucleated protoplasts the hygromycin resistance phenotype was stable and integrated plasmid dna although rearranged was transmitted through meiosis. we observed that transformants were often heterokaryotic and using serial conidial transfer, we showed failure of expression of the entire copies of integrated plasmids in some conidial isolates. a non-mendelian segregation of the hygromycin resistance phenotype was observed in most crosses bet ... | 1997 | 9311115 |
| homobotcinolide: a biologically active natural homolog of botcinolide from botrytis cinerea. | a novel natural product exhibiting biological activity was isolated from a strain of botrytis cinerea that had infected raspberry fruit (rubus ideaus). liquid fermentation and bioassay-directed fractionation of the organism yielded a compound with molecular formula c22h38o8 that is trivially named homobotcinolide. it significantly inhibited etiolated wheat coleoptile growth. greenhouse-grown bean, corn, and tobacco plants were also affected by exogenous application of homobotcinolide, severe chl ... | 1996 | 8829534 |
| rflp markers show genetic recombination in botryotinia fuckeliana (botrytis cinerea) and transposable elements reveal two sympatric species. | molecular markers revealed that botryotinia fuckeliana (the teleomorph of botrytis cinerea), a haploid, filamentous, heterothallic ascomycete, contained a large amount of intrapopulation genetic variation. the markers were used to determine the mode of reproduction and the population structure of this fungus. we did not detect any differentiation between isolates from different organs, collection dates, varieties of grape, or locations in the champagne region of france, but two unexpected sympat ... | 1997 | 9364775 |
| cell wall synthesis is a major target of mycoparasitic antagonism by trichoderma harzianum. | we have investigated the molecular basis for the reported synergism between peptaibols and cell wall hydrolytic enzymes in the antagonism of phytopathogenic fungi by trichoderma harzianum. beta-glucan synthase activity on isolated plasma membranes of botrytis cinerea was inhibited in vitro by the peptaibols trichorzianin ta and tb, and this inhibition was reversed by the addition of phosphatidylcholine. beta-glucan synthesis in vivo, assayed by the incorporation of [2-(3)h]glucose into cell wall ... | 1996 | 8892847 |
| cloning and characterization of a rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase gene from botrytis cinerea. | rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase (rgase a) cleaves alpha 1--2 linkages between rhamnosyl and galacturonosyl residues in pectin. a 1.9 kb rgase a cdna clone (bcrhga) was isolated from a b. cinerea cdna library using a pcr-amplified aspergillus aculeatus rgase a probe. it's 1.7 kb open reading frame had 62% identity at the amino acid level with a. aculeatus rgase a. northern blots of b. cinerea total rna probed with bcrhga revealed a 2 kb band, suggesting the cdna clone is full or nearly-full length. ... | 1997 | 9385443 |
| a structure-specific endonuclease from cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis) inflorescence. | a protein with structure-specific endonuclease activity has been purified to near homogeneity from cauliflower ( brassica oleracea var. botrytis) inflorescence through five successive column chromatographies. the protein is a single polypeptide with a molecular mass of 40 kda. using three different branched dna structures (flap, pseudo-y and stem-loop) we found that the enzyme, a cauliflower structure-specific endonuclease, cleaved the single-stranded tail in the 5'-flap and 5'-pseudo-y structur ... | 1997 | 9396804 |
| a functional s locus anther gene is not required for the self-incompatibility response in brassica oleracea. | the self-incompatibility (si) response in brassica involves recognition of self-pollen by the papillar cells of the stigma and is mediated by the products of genes localized at the s (self-incompatibility) locus. two s locus genes, srk and slg, are thought to encode components of a receptor complex present in the female partner. the putative gene product of sla, a third s locus-linked gene that is expressed specifically in anthers, is a candidate for the male component of the si recognition syst ... | 1997 | 9401128 |
| telomeric dna of botrytis cinerea: a useful tool for strain identification. | telomeric dna was isolated from the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea by pcr using only the oligonucleotide primer (ccctaa)4. as with other filamentous fungi, b. cinerea has a short ttaggg telomeric repeat. telomere-linked restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) was found in strains of b. cinerea isolated from different host plants collected from different regions at different periods. almost every strain had a specific rflp pattern, including those collected from the same plant on ... | 1997 | 9435107 |
| malolactomycins c and d, new 40-membered macrolides active against botrytis | a strain of streptomyces was found to produce two new components of the 40-membered ring macrolides, malolactomycins c and d. they inhibited the growth of botrytis cinerea in an agar medium and a detached leaf method. | 1997 | 9439689 |
| tonoplast intrinsic proteins from cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis): immunological analysis, cdna cloning and evidence for expression in meristematic tissues. | the vacuolar membrane (tonoplast) of plant cells contains aquaporins, protein channels that facilitate the selective transport of water. these tonoplast intrinsic proteins (tips) of 23-29 kda belong to the ancient major intrinsic protein (mip) family. a monospecific polyclonal antiserum directed against a 26 kda intrinsic protein from the tonoplast of meristematic cells from cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis) was used to screen a cdna library. two distinct cdnas have been isolated. ... | 1998 | 9530877 |
| [effect of monensin on the growth and secretion of exopolysaccharides in botrytis cinerea pers. and sclerotium rolfsii sacc]. | the addition of various concentrations of monensin (1,5, and 10 micrograms/ml) to the culture medium inhibits the fungal growth and perturbs exopolysaccharides secretion, provoking a decrease of production in botrytis cinerea and an increase in sclerotium rolfsii. the ionophore induces also modifications in both polymer composition and structure. new monomers were observed in the two species and a decreased branching rate for sclerotium rolfsii. these modifications show that monensin affects the ... | 1996 | 8925490 |
| aeroallergens and viable microbes in sandstorm dust. potential triggers of allergic and nonallergic respiratory ailments. | aeroallergens and antigens in sandstorm dust, extracts of which were skin prick test (spt) positive in allergic patients, were detected by rocket immunoelectrophoresis and elisa. fungi and bacteria isolated by agar settle plates and soil dilution and soil washing methods were enumerated and identified. cat dander, acacia, alternaria, aspergillus, chenopodium, cladosporium, bermuda grass, pithecellobium, prosopis, rumex, cultivated rye, and washingtonia palm allergens were detected by both method ... | 1998 | 9542605 |
| isolation of a cdna coding for l-galactono-gamma-lactone dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid in plants. purification, characterization, cdna cloning, and expression in yeast. | l-galactono-gamma-lactone dehydrogenase (ec 1.3.2.3; gldase), an enzyme that catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of l-ascorbic acid was purified 1693-fold from a mitochondrial extract of cauliflower (brassica oleracea, var. botrytis) to apparent homogeneity with an overall yield of 1.1%. the purification procedure consisted of anion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, gel filtration, and fast protein liquid chromatography. the enzyme had a molecular mass of 56 kda estimated by gel filtra ... | 1997 | 9374475 |
| biological control of major postharvest pathogens on apple with candida sake. | epiphytic microorganisms isolated from apples, pears and the surfaces of apple leaves were screened for antagonistic activity against penicillium expansum (blue-mold), botrytis cinerea (gray-mold) and rhizopus nigricans (rhizopus rot) on apple (malus domestica). a total of 933 bacteria and yeasts were tested in primary screening against p. expansum. ninety-two strains reduced the lesion size on apples by more than 50%, 72 of which were isolated from the surface of apples. for secondary screening ... | 1998 | 9600605 |
| purification and characterization of a 100 kda dna polymerase from cauliflower inflorescence. | a dna polymerase from cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis) inflorescence has been purified to near homogeneity through five successive column chromatographies, and temporally designated cauliflower polymerase 1. cauliflower polymerase 1 is a monopolypeptide with a molecular mass of 100 kda. the enzyme efficiently uses synthetic dna homopolymers and moderately activated dna and a synthetic rna homopolymer as template-primers. the enzyme is strongly sensitive to dideoxythymidine triphosph ... | 1998 | 9601087 |
| coordinate accumulation of antifungal proteins and hexoses constitutes a developmentally controlled defense response during fruit ripening in grape. | during ripening of grape (vitis labruscana l. cv concord) berries, abundance of several proteins increased, coordinately with hexoses, to the extent that these became the predominant proteins in the ovary. these proteins have been identified by n-terminal amino acid-sequence analysis and/or function to be a thaumatin-like protein (grape osmotin), a lipid-transfer protein, and a basic and an acidic chitinase. the basic chitinase and grape osmotin exhibited activities against the principal grape f ... | 1998 | 9625699 |
| tissue-related changes in methyl-esterification of pectic polysaccharides in cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis) stems. | pectic substances are a major component of cell walls in vegetable plants and have an important influence on plant food texture. cauliflower (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis) stem sections at different regions of the mature plant stem have been monitored for tissue-related changes in the native pectic polysaccharides. chemical analysis detected appreciable differences in the degree of methyl-esterification (me) of pectic polysaccharides. about 65% of galacturonic acid (galpa) residues were me ... | 1998 | 9640669 |
| the effects of iprodione on the lipid metabolism of botrytis cinerea. | | 1998 | 9649830 |
| genes from mycoparasitic fungi as a source for improving plant resistance to fungal pathogens. | disease resistance in transgenic plants has been improved, for the first time, by the insertion of a gene from a biocontrol fungus. the gene encoding a strongly antifungal endochitinase from the mycoparasitic fungus trichoderma harzianum was transferred to tobacco and potato. high expression levels of the fungal gene were obtained in different plant tissues, which had no visible effect on plant growth and development. substantial differences in endochitinase activity were detected among transfor ... | 1998 | 9653105 |
| bacillus isolates from the spermosphere of peas and dwarf french beans with antifungal activity against botrytis cinerea and pythium species. | a range of isolation procedures including washing, sonication and incubation in nutrient broth were used separately and in combination to obtain potential bacterial antagonists to botrytis cinerea and pythium mamillatum from the testae and cotyledons of peas and dwarf french beans. heat treatment was also used to bias this selection towards spore-forming bacteria. ninety-two bacterial isolates were obtained, 72 of which were provisionally characterized as species of bacillus. four of these bacil ... | 1998 | 9674133 |
| a novel atp-binding cassette transporter involved in multidrug resistance in the phytopathogenic fungus penicillium digitatum. | demethylation inhibitor (dmi)-resistant strains of the plant pathogenic fungus penicillium digitatum were shown to be simultaneously resistant to cycloheximide, 4-nitroquinoline-n-oxide (4nqo), and acriflavine. a pmr1 (penicillium multidrug resistance) gene encoding an atp-binding cassette (abc) transporter (p-glycoprotein) was cloned from a genomic dna library of a dmi-resistant strain (lc2) of penicillium digitatum by heterologous hybridization with a dna fragment containing an abc-encoding re ... | 1998 | 9758830 |
| the endopolygalacturonase gene bcpg1 is required for full virulence of botrytis cinerea. | botrytis cinerea, a fungus that causes diseases in over 200 plant species, secretes a number of endopolygalacturonases that have been suggested to be involved in pathogenesis. however, so far the corresponding genes have not been isolated from this fungus. we cloned bcpg1, encoding endopolygalacturonase, with the pgaii gene from aspergillus niger as a heterologous probe. the bcpg1 gene is expressed to similar levels in liquid cultures of b. cinerea containing either 1% polygalacturonic acid or 1 ... | 1998 | 9768518 |
| dihydroramulosin from botrytis sp. | botrytis sp., isolated from the inner bark of the pacific yew, taxus brevifolia, was shown to produce ramulosin (1), 6-hydroxyramulosin (2), and the new compound 8-dihydroramulosin (3). the structure of dihydroramulosin was deduced from the nmr spectra and confirmed by chemical conversion from ramulosin. | 1998 | 9784167 |
| microbial populations of botrytis cinerea-inoculated strawberry fruit exposed to four volatile compounds. | aerobic, microaerophilic, coliform, and mold populations of botrytis cinerea-inoculated strawberry fruit not exposed (control) or exposed to low and high quantities of four volatile compounds during storage at 2 degrees c were determined after storage for 7 days and after removal of the volatile and transfer to 22 degrees c for 3 days. fruit harvested at the ripe stage were inoculated with 10(6) conidia b. cinerea per ml and were placed in plastic containers containing no volatile compound (cont ... | 1998 | 9798154 |
| trichoderma/pathogen interactions: measurement of antagonistic chemicals produced at the antagonist/pathogen interface using a tubular bioassay. | a tubular bioassay was used to measure analytically the local production and concentration of the antifungal trichoderma secondary metabolite 6-n-pentyl-2h-pyran-2-one (6pap) at the trichoderma antagonist/pathogen interface. 6pap levels significantly increased in the presence of the pathogen botrytis cinerea, typically 300-700%, and were highest near the pathogen source. the level of response for a particular trichoderma isolate was found to vary with the test organism used. two products produce ... | 1998 | 9830146 |
| the biotransformation of some clovanes by botrytis cinerea | the metabolism of the fungistatic agent 2beta-methoxyclovan-9alpha-ol (2) by the fungus botrytis cinerea has been investigated. biotransformation of compound 2 yielded compounds 3-5, 7, and 9. the major metabolites of compound 2 each show much reduced biological activity when compared with the parent compound. also studied were the effects of b. cinerea on the metabolism of the related compounds 2beta-methoxyclovan-9-one (3), 2beta-methoxyclovan-9beta-ol (4), and clovan-2,9-dione (6). compounds ... | 1998 | 9834150 |
| separate jasmonate-dependent and salicylate-dependent defense-response pathways in arabidopsis are essential for resistance to distinct microbial pathogens. | the endogenous plant hormones salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic acid (ja), whose levels increase on pathogen infection, activate separate sets of genes encoding antimicrobial proteins in arabidopsis thaliana. the pathogen-inducible genes pr-1, pr-2, and pr-5 require sa signaling for activation, whereas the plant defensin gene pdf1.2, along with a pr-3 and pr-4 gene, are induced by pathogens via an sa-independent and ja-dependent pathway. an arabidopsis mutant, coi1, that is affected in the ja-res ... | 1998 | 9844023 |
| the promoter of the plant defensin gene pdf1.2 from arabidopsis is systemically activated by fungal pathogens and responds to methyl jasmonate but not to salicylic acid. | the plant defensin pdf1.2 has previously been shown to accumulate systemically via a salicylic acid-independent pathway in leaves of arabidopsis upon challenge by fungal pathogens. to further investigate the signalling and transcriptional processes underlying plant defensin induction, a dna fragment containing 1184 bp and 1232 bp upstream of the transcriptional and translational start sites, respectively, was cloned by inverse pcr. to test for promoter activity this dna fragment was linked to th ... | 1998 | 9869413 |
| biological control of botrytis cinerea growth on apples stored under modified atmospheres. | the combined effect of modified-atmosphere packaging and the application of a bacterial antagonist (erwinia sp.) on botrytis cinerea growth on apples (cv. 'golden delicious') was investigated. inoculated apples were stored in polyethylene bags at 5 degrees c. the initial gas composition in each bag was set according to a central composite experimental design involving five levels of o2 (1 to 15%) and co2 (0 to 15%). control samples under ambient conditions were also included. without the antagon ... | 1998 | 9874345 |
| snakin-1, a peptide from potato that is active against plant pathogens. | a new type of antimicrobial peptide, snakin-1 (sn1), has been isolated from potato tubers and found to be active, at concentrations < 10 microm, against bacterial and fungal pathogens from potato and other plant species. the action of sn1 and potato defensin pth1 was synergistic against the bacterium clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus and additive against the fungus botrytis cinerea. snakin-1 causes aggregation of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. the peptide has 63 amino ... | 1999 | 9885189 |
| biotransformation of caryophyllene oxide by botrytis cinerea | biotransformation of caryophyllene oxide (1) with b. cinerea afforded 15 products (2-16). ten of these (3-5, 7, 9-11, and 14-16) are reported here for the first time. the main reaction paths involved stereoselective epoxidation at c-8/c-13 and hydroxylation at c-7. a rearranged compound was found, which was a cyclization product 16 possessing the caryolane skeleton. | 1999 | 9917279 |
| selection of beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae isolates to control triatoma infestans. | twenty three isolates of beauveria bassiana and 13 isolates of metarhizium anisopliae were tested on third instar nymphs of triatoma infestans, a serious vector of chagas disease. pathogenicity tests at saturated humidity showed that this insect is very susceptible to fungal infection. at lower relative humidity (50%), conditions expected in the vector microhabitat, virulence was significantly different among isolates. cumulative mortality 15 days after treatment varied from 17.5 to 97.5%, and e ... | 1998 | 9921313 |