| babesiosis. | babesiosis is an emerging, tick-transmitted, zoonotic disease caused by hematotropic parasites of the genus babesia. babesial parasites (and those of the closely related genus theileria) are some of the most ubiquitous and widespread blood parasites in the world, second only to the trypanosomes, and consequently have considerable worldwide economic, medical, and veterinary impact. the parasites are intraerythrocytic and are commonly called piroplasms due to the pear-shaped forms found within inf ... | 2000 | 10885987 |
| borrelia isolates in northern colorado identified as borrelia bissettii. | previous work described borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato group dn127 as a new genospecies, borrelia bissettii, and prompted the present study to identify the borrelia spp. that exist in northern colorado. to determine the genospecies present, we analyzed two specific intergenic spacer regions located between the 5s and 23s and the 16s and 23s ribosomal genes. phylogenetic analysis of the derived sequences clearly demonstrated that these isolates, originating from rodents captured in the foothills ... | 2000 | 10921989 |
| a state-by-state survey of ticks recorded from humans in the united states. | based on tick specimens accessioned into the u.s. national tick collection, the species of ticks recorded as ectoparasites of humans are documented and compared for 49 u.s. states. a total of 44 tick species was recorded as parasites of humans, consisting of 11 species of soft ticks (argasidae) and 33 species of hard ticks (ixodidae). four of the hard tick species are not native to the u.s. and were removed from travelers returning from foreign destinations. therefore, we record 40 of the 84 spe ... | 2000 | 10925803 |
| density and spatial distribution of ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae) in two recreational areas in north coastal california. | the density and distribution of ixodes pacificus was assessed at 2 parks in north coastal california. the density of i. pacificus adults and nymphs varied significantly between years, trails, and sides of trails. adult ticks occurred on vegetation along sun-exposed trails in january through march, their density (0-1.93 per 20 m) correlated with brush density, trail width, and presence of an uphill slope. nymphs (0.06-5.10 per 20 m) occurred in leaf litter along shaded trails in may-july. adult i ... | 2000 | 11037789 |
| granulocytic ehrlichiae in ixodes persulcatus ticks from an area in china where lyme disease is endemic. | a total of 372 adult ixodes persulcatus ticks were collected from vegetation in a forest area of heilongjiang province in northeastern china, where lyme disease is known to be endemic. the ticks were examined for the presence of granulocytic ehrlichiae by heminested pcr with primers derived from the 16s rrna gene. of 310 ticks obtained from the dahe forestry farm, two pools (each containing 5 ticks) were found positive, with a minimum infection rate of 0.6%. ehrlichial dna was also detected in o ... | 2000 | 11060091 |
| interleukin-10 modulates proinflammatory cytokines in the human monocytic cell line thp-1 stimulated with borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins. | we determined previously that lipoproteins of borrelia burgdorferi stimulate inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-10 [il-10]) in monocytes. il-10 could have an effect on innate and acquired immune responses to b. burgdorferi and influence the magnitude of the infectious inoculum and disease outcome. to understand the mechanism(s) of il-10 action during early infection, when innate immunity expressed chiefly by skin macrophages is key, we investigated the effect of exogenous ... | 2000 | 11083779 |
| ecology of borrelia burgdorferi in ticks (acari: ixodidae), rodents, and birds in the sierra nevada foothills, placer county, california. | this study examined the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner in host-seeking adult and nymphal ixodes pacificus cooley & kohls and estimated the i. pacificus infestation and b. burgdorferi infection of rodent and avian hosts in the western sierra nevada foothills of northern california. additionally, we identified species likely to participate in an enzootic cycle for b. burgdorferi in this yellow pine transition habitat. evidence of infection with b. b ... | 2000 | 11126549 |
| complement-mediated killing of borrelia burgdorferi by nonimmune sera from sika deer. | various species of cervid deer are the preferred hosts for adult, black-legged ticks (ixodes scapularis and ixodes pacificus) in the united states. although frequently exposed to the agent of lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi), these animals, for the most part, are incompetent as transmission reservoirs. we examined the borreliacidal activity of normal and b. burgdorferi-immune sera from sika deer (cervus nippon) maintained in a laboratory setting and compared it to that of similar sera from re ... | 2000 | 11191897 |
| specificities and sensitivities of four monoclonal antibodies for typing of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates. | borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme borreliosis, is genetically more heterogeneous than previously thought. in europe five genospecies have been described from the original b. burgdorferi sensu lato (sl): b. burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss), b. garinii, b. afzelii, b. lusitaniae, and b. valaisiana. in the united states, b. burgdorferi ss as well as b. bissettii in california and b. andersonii on the east coast were differentiated. in asia, b. japonica has been identified along, with b. garinii ... | 2001 | 11238225 |
| ehrlichia equi infection of horses from minnesota and wisconsin: detection of seroconversion and acute disease investigation. | equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (ege) is caused by infection with ehrlichia equi. ege has been reported primarily in northern california, where e equi is transmitted by the tick ixodes pacificus. reports of ege and the emergence of human granulocytic ehrlichia in minnesota prompted a seroprevalence study of e equi in horses of minnesota and wisconsin. tick (ixodes scapularis) endemic areas of minnesota and wisconsin were compared to nonendemic regions of minnesota. indirect fluorescent antibody ... | 2000 | 10830537 |
| molecular evidence of bartonella spp. in questing adult ixodes pacificus ticks in california. | ticks are the vectors of many zoonotic diseases in the united states, including lyme disease, human monocytic and granulocytic ehrlichioses, and rocky mountain spotted fever. most known bartonella species are arthropod borne. therefore, it is important to determine if some bartonella species, which are emerging pathogens, could be carried or transmitted by ticks. in this study, adult ixodes pacificus ticks were collected by flagging vegetation in three sites in santa clara county, calif. pcr-res ... | 2001 | 11283031 |
| [distribution of cytoplasmically inherited bacteria spiroplasma causing female bias in the eurasian populations of adalia bipunctata]. | two-spot ladybirds adalia bipunctata were collected from the populations of western and eastern europe and central asia. the agent killing males at the early embryonic stage in these populations was identified as bacteria of the genus spiroplasma. bacteria found in a. bipunctata proved to be phylogenetically related to spiroplasma ixodetis (typical line y-32) found in tick ixodes pacificus but not to spiroplasma causing the death of male embryos in drosophila. | 2000 | 10752031 |
| genetic heterogeneity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the southern united states based on restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analysis. | fifty-six strains of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, isolated from ticks and vertebrate animals in missouri, south carolina, georgia, florida, and texas, were identified and characterized by pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of rrf (5s)-rrl (23s) intergenic spacer amplicons. a total of 241 to 258 bp of intergenic spacers between tandemly duplicated rrf (5s) and rrl (23s) was amplified by pcr. msei and drai restriction fragment polymorphisms were used to analyze these ... | 2001 | 11427560 |
| experimental and field evaluations of two acaracides for control of i. pacificus (acari: ixodidae) in northern california. | use of acaricides for the control of ixodes pacificus (cooley & kohls), the vector of lyme borreliosis in the western united states, can be a beneficial component in a program to reduce the morbidity of lyme borreliosis in california. three commercially available acaricides, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon, were evaluated in laboratory bioassays for their effectiveness against i. pacificus adults. based on bioassay results, chlorpyrifos and carbaryl were selected for field evaluations. chlo ... | 1999 | 10593063 |
| molecular typing of the etiologic agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. | the p44 gene of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (aohge) encodes a 44-kda major outer surface protein. a technique was developed for the typing of the aohge based on the pcr amplification of the p44 gene followed by a multiple restriction digest with hindiii, ecorv, and aspi to generate restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns. twenty-four samples of the aohge were collected from geographically dispersed sites in the united states and included isolates from humans, equines, ... | 2001 | 11526190 |
| birds and their ticks in northwestern california: minimal contribution to borrelia burgdorferi enzootiology. | birds and their attendant ticks were surveyed for infection with the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, in chaparral and woodland-grass habitats in northwestern california from march to july, 1998 to 1999. in total, 234 birds were captured and recaptured (15%); nearly 2.5 times more birds were captured in chaparral than in woodland-grass. overall, 34 species representing 15 families were collected during this study; of these, 24 species were caught in chaparral, 19 in woodland-grass, ... | 2001 | 11534638 |
| evidence for the contribution of point mutations to vlse variation and for apparent constraints on the net accumulation of sequence changes in vlse during infection with lyme disease spirochetes. | in the lyme disease spirochetes, both the ospe and vlse gene families have been demonstrated to undergo sequence variation during infection. to further investigate the mechanisms associated with the generation of vls variation, single-nucleotide polymorphism and subsequent dna sequence analyses were performed on the vlse gene and its paralog, bbj51, a related gene with a frameshift mutation. these analyses focused on a series of postinfection clonal populations obtained from mice infected with b ... | 2001 | 11566983 |
| aortic valve endocarditis in a dog due to bartonella clarridgeiae. | we report the first documented case of endocarditis associated with bartonella clarridgeiae in any species. b. clarridgeiae was identified as a possible etiological agent of human cat scratch disease. infective vegetative valvular aortic endocarditis was diagnosed in a 2.5-year-old male neutered boxer. historically, the dog had been diagnosed with a systolic murmur at 16 months of age and underwent balloon valvuloplasty for severe valvular aortic stenosis. six months later, the dog was brought t ... | 2001 | 11574571 |
| life cycle of ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae): timing of developmental processes under field and laboratory conditions. | the developmental timing of ixodes pacficus cooley & kohls, the primary vector of the lyme disease spirochete and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in the far-western united states, was determined under field and laboratory conditions. during their seasonal peaks of abundance, each of the three parasitic stages of l. pacificus, both fed and unfed, was placed inside silk-screen packets. these packets were apportioned between four topographic exposures of two hilltop sites in northweste ... | 2001 | 11580041 |
| molecular genetic key for the identification of 17 ixodes species of the united states (acari:ixodidae): a methods model. | a taxonomic key, based on restriction enzyme analysis of the second internal-transcribed spacer (its-2) in the nuclear ribosomal dna gene, was developed for identification of 17 ixodes tick species in the united states. this key includes: ixodes affinis neumann, ixodes angustus neumann, ixodes baergi cooley and kohls, ixodes brunneus koch, ixodes cookei packard, ixodes dentatus marx, ixodes jellisoni cooley and kohls, ixodes kingi bishopp, ixodes minor neumann, ixodes muris bishopp and smith, ix ... | 1999 | 10461941 |
| persistent infection in neotoma fuscipes (muridae: sigmodontinae) with ehrlichia phagocytophila sensu lato. | dusky-footed wood rats (neotoma fuscipes baird) and two species of peromyscus mice (p. maniculatus wagner and p. truei shufeldt) were collected over a 16-month period from three sites in sonoma county, california. blood was collected from 93 wood rats and 177 mice and serum or plasma was tested for seroreactivity with ehrlichia phagocytophila sensu lato (also known as the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent). thirty-five (37.6%) wood rats and 15 (8.5%) mice were seropositive. positive neotoma ... | 2001 | 11693866 |
| use of a sentinel host system to study the questing behavior of ixodes spinipalpis and its role in the transmission of borrelia bissettii, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, and babesia microti. | ixodes spinipalpis maintains borrelia bissettii spirochetes in colorado in a cycle involving wood rats and deer mice. this tick has been described as nidicolous, remaining either attached to its rodent hosts or in the rodent nest. nidicolous ticks pose little risk of pathogen transmission to humans if they do not actively quest for hosts. to investigate the questing potential of i. spinipalpis, sentinel mice were placed in an area where i. spinipalpis had been commonly found on wood rats and dee ... | 2001 | 11693872 |
| ixodid ticks (acari, ixodidae) found in san diego county, california. | in san diego county, california, 11 species of ixodid ticks were collected from vegetation and/or from small and large mammals, and/or found parasitizing humans. adults of the pacific coast tick, dermacentor occidentalis, were the most abundant tick collected from vegetation, with peak numbers occurring during march and april. adults of the western black-legged tick, ixodes pacificus, were the second most abundant, with peaks occurring during february and march. eight species of ticks were found ... | 1999 | 10436879 |
| prevalence and abundance of ixodes pacificus immatures (acari: ixodidae) infesting western fence lizards (sceloporus occidentalis) in northern california: temporal trends and environmental correlates. | the prevalence and abundance of immature ixodes pacificus ticks on western fence lizards (sceloporus occidentalis) were examined in relation to time of year, host attributes (i.e., age, gender, and presence or absence of blood parasites), and 5 environmental characteristics, including topographic exposure and ground cover substrate, over a 2-year period in northern california. lizards were infested with subadult ticks from early march until late july or early august, with peak median numbers of ... | 2001 | 11780813 |
| detection of ehrlichia risticii, the agent of potomac horse fever, in freshwater stream snails (pleuroceridae: juga spp.) from northern california. | ehrlichia dna was identified by nested pcr in operculate snails (pleuroceridae: juga spp.) collected from stream water in a northern california pasture in which potomac horse fever (phf) is enzootic. sequencing of pcr-amplified dna from a suite of genes (the 16s rrna, groesl heat shock operon, 51-kda major antigen genes) indicated that the source organism closely resembled ehrlichia risticii, the causative agent of phf. the minimum percentage of juga spp. harboring the organism in the population ... | 1998 | 9687446 |
| lyme disease and current aspects of immunization. | lyme disease is a tick-borne multisystem disease that affects primarily the skin, nervous system, heart and joints. at least three species of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, namely borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia garinii, and borrelia afzelii, can cause the disease. this review will focus mainly on the pathophysiology of lyme arthritis, the long-term outcome of lyme disease, and the recently licensed vaccine against lyme disease. | 2002 | 11879534 |
| pcr detection and serological evidence of granulocytic ehrlichial infection in roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and chamois (rupicapra rupicapra). | the role of wild mammals, such as roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and chamois (rupicapra rupicapra), in the epidemiology of granulocytic ehrlichiae in switzerland was investigated. we tested blood samples for ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup 16s rrna gene sequences by pcr and for immunoglobulin g antibodies against granulocytic ehrlichiae by indirect fluorescent-antibody assay (ifa). overall means of 60.9% of 133 roe deer serum samples and 28.2% of 39 chamois serum samples were seroreactive by ... | 2002 | 11880411 |
| therapeutic effect of doxycycline in experimental subclinical canine monocytic ehrlichiosis: evaluation of a 6-week course. | the efficacy of doxycycline treatment (10 mg/kg of body weight every 24 h for 42 days) in eliminating ehrlichia canis from four subclinically infected dogs was evaluated. one dog remained pcr positive, suggesting that 6 weeks of doxycycline treatment may not be sufficient to clear e. canis parasites from all subclinically infected dogs. serology (indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay) was shown to be unreliable in assessing recovery from the carrier state, as anti-e. canis antibodies persist ... | 1998 | 9650986 |
| persistence of granulocytic ehrlichia infection during wintertime in two sheep flocks in norway. | granulocytic ehrlichia infection in sheep is common in norway in areas with ixodes ricinus. in this study, 2 sheep flocks that had been grazing on i. ricinus infested pastures the previous season, were blood sampled after being housed indoors for nearly 6 months during wintertime. thirty animals from each flock were examined for granulocytic ehrlichia infection in the peripheral blood by blood inoculation studies, stained blood smear evaluation, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis and serol ... | 2001 | 11887395 |
| borrelia burgdorferi population kinetics and selected gene expression at the host-vector interface. | by using real-time quantitative pcr, the population dynamics and gene transcription of borrelia burgdorferi were examined in ticks and skin of mice during acquisition of the infection from mice by ticks and during transmission of the infection from ticks to mice. population dynamics were determined by using a flab dna target. a quantitative analysis of flab, ospa, ospc, dbpa, and arp transcription was also performed. the results revealed that both uninfected larval and nymphal ixodes scapularis ... | 2002 | 12065476 |
| experimental transmission of ehrlichia equi to horses through naturally infected ticks (ixodes pacificus) from northern california. | we report the experimental transmission of ehrlichia equi from naturally infected ixodes pacificus ticks to horses. three weeks after exposure to ticks, two of three horses developed clinical signs compatible with e. equi infection, while one horse remained asymptomatic. 16s rrna gene pcr of blood leukocyte lysates was positive for all horses at various time points; two horses seroconverted. the 16s rrna gene sequences amplified from tick-exposed horses showed more than 99% homology to correspon ... | 1998 | 9650983 |
| seasonal activity patterns of ixodes pacificus nymphs in relation to climatic conditions. | in western north america, the tick ixodes pacificus cooley & kohls (acari: ixodidae) is the primary vector to humans and domestic animals of the disease agents causing lyme disease and granulocytic ehrlichiosis. we examined the seasonal activity patterns of i. pacificus nymphs over a 4-year period, including the wet and cold el niño winter/spring of 1998, in a dry oak/madrone woodland, and for one year in a cooler and moister redwood/tanoak woodland in mendocino county, california. linear regres ... | 2002 | 12243224 |
| seasonal correlation of sporadic schizophrenia to ixodes ticks and lyme borreliosis. | background: being born in winter and spring is considered one of the most robust epidemiological risk factors for schizophrenia. the aetiology and exact timing of this birth excess, however, has remained elusive so far. since during phylogeny, borrelia dna has led to multiple germ-line mutations within the cb1 candidate gene for schizophrenia, a meta analysis has been performed of all papers on schizophrenic birth excesses with no less than 3000 cases each. all published numerical data were then ... | 2002 | 12453316 |
| relative importance of lizards and mammals as hosts for ixodid ticks in northern california. | abstract lizards and mammals were trapped and examined for ticks from august 1992 to june 1993 in two habitat types, chaparral and woodland-grass, in northern california. five tick species were collected from mammals (dermacentor occidentalis, haemaphysalis leporispalustris, ixodes pacificus, i. spinipalpis, i. woodi), but only i. pacificus was found on lizards. dermacentor occidentalis, i. pacificus, and i. woodi occurred in both habitats, whereas h. leporispalustris and i. spinipalpis were fou ... | 2002 | 12475082 |
| production and characterization of ehrlichia risticii, the agent of potomac horse fever, from snails (pleuroceridae: juga spp.) in aquarium culture and genetic comparison to equine strains. | we report on the production and characterization of ehrlichia risticii, the agent of potomac horse fever (phf), from snails (pleuroceridae: juga spp.) maintained in aquarium culture and compare it genetically to equine strains. snails were collected from stream waters on a pasture in siskiyou county, calif., where phf is enzootic and were maintained for several weeks in freshwater aquaria in the laboratory. upon exposure to temperatures above 22 degrees c the snails released trematode cercariae ... | 1998 | 9620368 |
| antibiotic susceptibilities of anaplasma (ehrlichia) phagocytophilum strains from various geographic areas in the united states. | we tested the antibiotic susceptibilities of eight strains of anaplasma phagocytophilum (the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis) collected in various geographic areas of the united states, including minnesota, wisconsin, california, and new york. the results are homogeneous and show that doxycycline, rifampin, and levofloxacin are the most active antibiotics against these strains in vitro. | 2003 | 12499227 |
| ehrlichia chaffeensis: a prototypical emerging pathogen. | ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligately intracellular, tick-transmitted bacterium that is maintained in nature in a cycle involving at least one and perhaps several vertebrate reservoir hosts. the moderate to severe disease caused by e. chaffeensis in humans, first identified in 1986 and reported for more than 1,000 patients through 2000, represents a prototypical "emerging infection." knowledge of the biology and natural history of e. chaffeensis, and of the epidemiology, clinical features, and ... | 2003 | 12525424 |
| geographical and seasonal correlation of multiple sclerosis to sporadic schizophrenia. | background: clusters by season and locality reveal a striking epidemiological overlap between sporadic schizophrenia and multiple sclerosis (ms). as the birth excesses of those individuals who later in life develop schizophrenia mirror the seasonal distribution of ixodid ticks, a meta analysis has been performed between all neuropsychiatric birth excesses including ms and the epidemiology of spirochaetal infectious diseases. results: the prevalence of ms and schizophrenic birth excesses entirely ... | 2002 | 12537588 |
| glycerol-3-phosphate acquisition in spirochetes: distribution and biological activity of glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (glpq) among borrelia species. | relapsing-fever spirochetes achieve high cell densities (>10(8)/ml) in their host's blood, while lyme disease spirochetes do not (<10(5)/ml). this striking contrast in pathogenicity of these two groups of bacteria suggests a fundamental difference in their ability to either exploit or survive in blood. borrelia hermsii, a tick-borne relapsing-fever spirochete, contains orthologs to glpq and glpt, genes that encode glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (glpq) and glycerol-3-phosphate transporte ... | 2003 | 12562805 |
| acarologic risk of exposure to emerging tick-borne bacterial pathogens in a semirural community in northern california. | an acarologic study was conducted in a semirural community in northern california to determine the relative abundance of, and the prevalence of infection with, three emerging bacterial pathogens in the western black-legged tick (ixodes pacificus). these included the agents causing lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi), human granulocytic ehrlichiosis [ehrlichia phagocytophila (formerly ehrlichia equi)], and human monocytic ehrlichiosis (ehrlichia chaffeensis). the study area in sonoma county consi ... | 2001 | 12653148 |
| real-time pcr for simultaneous detection and quantification of borrelia burgdorferi in field-collected ixodes scapularis ticks from the northeastern united states. | the density of spirochetes in field-collected or experimentally infected ticks is estimated mainly by assays based on microscopy. in this study, a real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) protocol targeting the borrelia burgdorferi-specific reca gene was adapted for use with a lightcycler for rapid detection and quantification of the lyme disease spirochete, b. burgdorferi, in field-collected ixodes scapularis ticks. the sensitivity of qpcr for detection of b. burgdorferi dna in infected ticks was comp ... | 2003 | 12902243 |
| optimal sampling and spatial distribution of ixodes pacificus, dermacentor occidentalis and dermacentor variabilis ticks (acari: ixodidae). | a common method for sampling tick populations is flagging, which is a method of dragging a white cloth over a plant substrate for a fixed distance along a transect. flagging over rough physical surfaces or using long subtransect lengths could lead to the underestimation of tick densities. using estimates of the drop-off rates of adult ixodes pacificus in flag sampling, optimal sampling schemes (the length and number of subtransects) were examined using the relationships between the tick drop-off ... | 1998 | 9588010 |
| an enzootic transmission cycle of lyme borreliosis spirochetes in the southeastern united states. | lyme borreliosis, or lyme disease (ld), is a tick-borne zoonotic infection of biomedical significance, caused by borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) spirochetes and transmitted by ixodes species ticks. it usually circulates among wildlife vertebrate reservoirs and vector ticks but may infect humans, causing multisystem problems. in far western and northern north america, the host reservoirs, tick vectors, and genospecies of borrelia are well known but not so in the southern u.s., where there ... | 2003 | 14500917 |
| two gynandromorphs of ixodes (ixodes) pacificus (acari: ixodidae) from california, usa. | | 1997 | 9332981 |
| detection of borrelia burgdorferi, ehrlichia chaffeensis, and anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks (acari: ixodidae) from a coastal region of california. | a study was conducted in santa cruz county to estimate the prevalence and distribution of the agents of lyme disease, human granulocytic (hge), and human monocytic (hme) ehrlichiosis in 1,187 adult ixodid ticks collected from eight public-use recreation areas over a 2-yr period. borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease, was detected by a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in 44 of 776 (5.67%) ixodes pacificus ticks and in 3 of 58 (5.17%) dermacentor variabilis ticks. anaplasma phag ... | 2003 | 14680123 |
| the western black-legged tick, ixodes pacificus, in the sutter buttes. | the western black-legged tick, ixodes pacificus, was collected from huff canyon in the sutter buttes in north central california, sutter county. the sutter buttes are within the sacramento valley and outside the normal distribution of i. pacificus in california. adult i. pacificus were collected via flagging as they quested along deer trails; subadult life stages were collected from three species of lizard, elgaria multicarinata, sceloporus occidentalis, and s. graciosus. adult ticks were tested ... | 2003 | 14714665 |
| ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup rickettsiae in ixodid ticks from california collected in 1995 and 1996. | a total of 1,246 ixodid ticks collected in 1995 and 1996 from seven california counties were examined for the presence of ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup rickettsiae by using a nested pcr technique. of 1,112 adult ixodes pacificus cooley and kohls ticks tested, nine pools, each containing five ticks, were positive (minimum percentage of ticks harboring detectable ehrlichiae, 0.8%). positive ticks were limited to four of the seven counties (sonoma, el dorado, santa cruz, and orange). in santa ... | 1997 | 9230373 |
| sequence analysis of p44 homologs expressed by anaplasma phagocytophilum in infected ticks feeding on naive hosts and in mice infected by tick attachment. | the 44-kda immunodominant outer membrane proteins (p44 proteins) of anaplasma phagocytophilum are encoded by the p44 polymorphic multigene family. the present study examined p44 expression and analyzed the cdna sequences of various p44 transcripts from the spleens and blood of mice infected by the bites of ticks infected with the a. phagocytophilum ntn-1 strain or of naturally infected nymphal ticks and in the salivary glands and midgut tissues of these ticks. a total of 300 p44 cdnas were subje ... | 2004 | 14742506 |
| evaluation of groel gene analysis for identification of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. | the nucleotide sequences of the groel genes, the flagellin genes, and the 16s rrna genes from 22 reference strains of borrelia were compared. groel sequence analysis is useful not only in interspecies differentiation but also in intraspecies differentiation of borrelia afzelii and borrelia garinii isolates. | 2004 | 15004091 |
| acarologic risk of exposure to borrelia burgdorferi spirochaetes: long-term evaluations in north-western california, with implications for lyme borreliosis risk-assessment models. | over a 5-year period (1997-2001) the population densities of ixodes pacificus cooley & kohls (acari: ixodidae) nymphs infected with spirochaetes of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) were evaluated in areas of 2000 ha at two localities (chr, nine sites; hrec, seven sites) 25 km apart in mendocino county, north-western california. the 5-year median density of infected nymphs was significantly higher at chr than at hrec (0.51 vs. 0.09 per 100 m(2) and site-specific yearly densities exceeding o ... | 2004 | 15009444 |
| human behaviors elevating exposure to ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae) nymphs and their associated bacterial zoonotic agents in a hardwood forest. | epidemiological evidence suggests that the nymph of the western black-legged tick, ixodes pacificus cooley and kohls, is the primary vector of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt, and brenner, to humans in northwestern california. in spring 2002, six different human behaviors were evaluated as potential risk factors for acquiring i. pacificus nymphs in a deciduous woodland in mendocino county, california. also, the prevalence of b. burgdorferi sen ... | 2004 | 15061284 |
| an ehrlichia strain from a llama (lama glama) and llama-associated ticks (ixodes pacificus). | an ehrlichia was identified in the blood of a diseased llama (lama glama). sequencing of its 16s rrna gene showed the ehrlichia to be closely related to members of the ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup. the agent was also found in a pool of ticks (ixodes pacificus) collected at the llama site. | 1997 | 9157118 |
| the emergence of lyme disease. | since its identification nearly 30 years ago, lyme disease has continued to spread, and there have been increasing numbers of cases in the northeastern and north central us. the lyme disease agent, borrelia burgdorferi, causes infection by migration through tissues, adhesion to host cells, and evasion of immune clearance. both innate and adaptive immune responses, especially macrophage- and antibody-mediated killing, are required for optimal control of the infection and spirochetal eradication. ... | 2004 | 15085185 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi, bartonella spp., babesia microti, and anaplasma phagocytophila in ixodes scapularis ticks collected in northern new jersey. | pcr analysis of ixodes scapularis ticks collected in new jersey identified infections with borrelia burgdorferi (33.6%), babesia microti (8.4%), anaplasma phagocytophila (1.9%), and bartonella spp. (34.5%). the i. scapularis tick is a potential pathogen vector that can cause coinfection and contribute to the variety of clinical responses noted in some tick-borne disease patients. | 2004 | 15184475 |
| life stage-related differences in density of questing ticks and infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato within a single cohort of ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae). | the primary aims of this study were to quantify the density of ixodes pacificus cooley and kohls nymphs and adults of the same generational cohort collected within a single year in six oak or madrone leaf litter habitats and to compare the prevalence of infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) in adults originating from nymphal cohorts with a low (<1%) versus high (>10%) infection prevalence. because adult densities were very low both in and adjacent to several sites, direct compari ... | 2004 | 15311473 |
| comparison of disseminated and nondisseminated strains of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in mice naturally infected by tick bite. | clinical isolates of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto have been categorized into disseminated and nondisseminated groups based on distinct ribosomal spacer restriction fragment length polymorphism genotypes (rsts). in order to determine whether transmission by tick bite would alter the dissemination dynamics and disease produced by distinct genotypes, disseminated isolates (rst1), nondisseminated isolates (rst3), and a standard laboratory strain (b-31) were established in a murine cycle utiliz ... | 2004 | 15322021 |
| habitat-related variation in infestation of lizards and rodents with ixodes ticks in dense woodlands in mendocino county, california. | during the spring and early summer of 2002, we examined the relative importance of borrelia-refractory lizards (sceloporus occidentalis, elgaria spp.) versus potential borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.)-reservoirs (rodents) as hosts for ixodes pacificus immatures in 14 woodland areas (six oak, five mixed oak/douglas fir, and three redwood/tanoak areas) distributed throughout mendocino county, california. lizards were estimated to serve as hosts for 93-98% of all larvae and > or =99.6% of all ... | 2004 | 15347025 |
| a comparison of serologic tests for the detection of serum antibodies to whole-cell and recombinant borrelia burgdorferi antigens in cattle. | serum samples from healthy dairy and beef cattle, living in tick-infested areas of connecticut, usa, were analyzed by polyvalent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa), indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) staining methods, or western blot procedures to detect antibodies to tick-borne agents. of the 80 sera tested by elisa with whole-cell or 10 separate recombinant antigens (fusion proteins) of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, 57 (71%) were positive to 1 or more antigens, while 36 (45%) re ... | 2004 | 15368740 |
| efficiency of drag sampling for estimating population sizes of ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae) nymphs in leaf litter. | drag sampling is a commonly used method to obtain relative estimates of the density of questing nymphal ixodes scapularis say and i pacificus cooley & kohls ticks, which are primary vectors of lyme disease spirochetes to humans in north america. however, the efficiency of drag sampling in determining absolute population densities of questing nymphs has not been evaluated previously. therefore, we assessed the efficiency of a single drag-sampling occasion to estimate the total population size of ... | 2000 | 15535598 |
| remote sensing (normalized difference vegetation index) classification of risk versus minimal risk habitats for human exposure to ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae) nymphs in mendocino county, california. | in california, ixodes pacificus cooley & kohls nymphs have been implicated as the primary bridging vectors to humans of the spirochetal bacterium causing lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi). because the nymphs typically do not ascend emergent vegetation, risk of human exposure is minimal in grasslands, chaparral, and woodland-grass. instead, woodlands with a ground cover dominated by leaf litter (hereinafter referred to as woodland-leaf) have emerged as a primary risk habitat for exposure to b. ... | 2005 | 15691012 |
| nested polymerase chain reaction for detection of ehrlichia risticii genomic dna in infected horses. | a nested polymerase chain reaction was developed for amplifying a 529-bp segment of the 16s ribosomal rna gene of ehrlichia risticii from equine buffy coat cells. confirmation of identity of the amplified bands was accomplished by southern hybridization and dna sequencing. the study indicated a detection limit of > 10 copies of the target gene, and specificity for e. risticii as based on a panel of test rickettsiae. ticks (ixodes pacificus) collected in an area of northern california enzootic fo ... | 1997 | 9106958 |
| the roles of birds, lizards, and rodents as hosts for the western black-legged tick ixodes pacificus. | we compared the infestation by ixodid ticks of lizards, rodents, and birds collected simultaneously within areas representing common habitat types in mendocino county, ca. lizards were infested only by ixodes pacificus cooley and kohls, birds by i. pacificus and haemaphysalis leporispalustris (packard), and rodents by i. pacificus, i. spinipalpis hadwen and nuttall, i. woodi bishopp, dermacentor occidentalis marx, and d. variabilis (say). infestation by i. pacificus larvae and nymphs of lizards ... | 2004 | 15709249 |
| columbian black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) as hosts for borrelia spp. in northern california. | the prevalence of infection of columbian black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) with borrelia spp. was evaluated in an area of northwestern california (usa) where lyme disease is endemic and the relapsing-fever group spirochete borrelia coriaceae is enzootic, and in a far-removed comparison area having a disparate climate and lower density of vector ticks. blood samples collected from both deer herds in 1987, 1988, and from 2000-02 were assayed for borrelial infection with microscop ... | 2005 | 15827217 |
| gis-facilitated spatial epidemiology of tick-borne diseases in coyotes (canis latrans) in northern and coastal california. | ixodes pacificus is the main tick vector for transmission of anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi to large vertebrates in california. the present study was undertaken in i. pacificus-infested counties in california to examine spatial and temporal relationships among a. phagocytophilum and b. burgdorferi-exposed coyotes with vegetation type and climate. the overall a. phagocytophilum and b. burgdorferi seroprevalences were 39.5% (n=215) and 18.9% (n=148), respectively, with no assoc ... | 2005 | 15857659 |
| molecular identification and analysis of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in lizards in the southeastern united states. | lyme borreliosis (lb) group spirochetes, collectively known as borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, are distributed worldwide. wild rodents are acknowledged as the most important reservoir hosts. ixodes scapularis is the primary vector of b. burgdorferi sensu lato in the eastern united states, and in the southeastern united states, the larvae and nymphs mostly parasitize certain species of lizards. the primary aim of the present study was to determine whether wild lizards in the southeastern united ... | 2005 | 15870353 |
| immunoglobulin-regulated expression of borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein a in vivo. | borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme disease, down-regulates outer surface protein a (ospa), which is abundantly expressed in ticks, during infection of the mammalian host. in this study we examined the signals that may be responsible for maintaining the ospa-negative state of spirochetes during infection. transcription of ospa mrna was found in tissues of c3h-severe combined immunodeficient (c3h-scid) mice, but not immunocompetent c3h mice, inoculated with cultured b. burgdorferi, tick-borne ... | 2005 | 15908357 |
| birds, migration and emerging zoonoses: west nile virus, lyme disease, influenza a and enteropathogens. | wild birds are important to public health because they carry emerging zoonotic pathogens, either as a reservoir host or by dispersing infected arthropod vectors. in addition, bird migration provides a mechanism for the establishment of new endemic foci of disease at great distances from where an infection was acquired. birds are central to the epidemiology of west nile virus (wnv) because they are the main amplifying host of the virus in nature. the initial spread of wnv in the u.s. along the ea ... | 2003 | 15931279 |
| western gray squirrel (rodentia: sciuridae): a primary reservoir host of borrelia burgdorferi in californian oak woodlands? | in california, dense woodlands have been recognized as important biotopes where humans are exposed to the nymphal stage of the western blacklegged tick, ixodes pacificus cooley & kohls, the primary vector of the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), in the far-western united states. to identify the principal reservoir host(s) of this spirochete, and of closely related spirochetes in the b. burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) complex, in dense woodlands in mendocino county, ... | 2005 | 15962792 |
| nested polymerase chain reaction for detection of ehrlichia equi genomic dna in horses and ticks (ixodes pacificus). | a nested polymerase chain reaction for detecting ehrlichia equi in horses and ticks (ixodes pacificus) was developed. a major second-round pcr product of 928 bp could be readily visualized in ethidium bromide-stained agarose minigels. an internal probe was used to verify the identity of the amplified product by non-radioactive (digoxigenin-based) southern blotting; additional confirmation was provided by dna sequence analysis. a dilution study testing the sensitivity of the pcr indicated that dn ... | 1996 | 8966998 |
| the transcriptome of the salivary glands of the female western black-legged tick ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae). | sequencing of an ixodes pacificus salivary gland cdna library yielded 1068 sequences with an average undetermined nucleotide of 1.9% and an average length of 487 base pairs. assembly of the expressed sequence tags yielded 557 contigs, 138 of which appear to code for secreted peptides or proteins based on translation of a putative signal peptide. based on the blastx similarity of these contigs to 66 matches of ixodes scapularis peptide sequences, only 58% sequence identity was found, indicating a ... | 2005 | 16102420 |
| ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae) as a vector of ehrlichia equi (rickettsiales: ehrlichieae). | ehrlichia equi, a rickettsia described from horses in california 30 yr ago, causes equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis throughout the americas and possibly europe. here, we report experimental transmission of e. equi from infected to susceptible horses through bites of western blacklegged ticks, ixodes pacificus (cooley & kohls). in preliminary field studies, only i. pacificus consistently infested horses and vegetation at 3 locations with contemporary cases of equine ehrlichosis, and in particular ... | 1996 | 8906897 |
| mark and recapture of adult ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae) to determine the effect of repeated removal sampling on tick abundance. | the effect of biweekly flagging on adult ixodes pacificus cooley & kohls abundance was determined by using mark-recapture techniques. ticks were recaptured up to three times during the 12-wk study, and increasingly higher proportions of marked ticks were recaptured as the study progressed. by week 6 of the study, 46% of the collected ticks had been marked, and on the final sampling date, all ticks had been captured previously. removal sampling would have substantially reduced estimates of the ab ... | 1993 | 8271251 |
| diel activity of nymphal dermacentor occidentalis and ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae) in relation to meteorological factors and host activity periods. | relation of diel activity and questing behavior of nymphal dermacentor occidentalis marx and ixodes pacificus cooley & kohls to meteorological factors was investigated in a shaded versus a sun-exposed outdoor arena. oak-woodland soil covered partially with leaf litter and small rocks, and 24 vertically oriented grass stems 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 cm tall were provided as substrate and potential questing sites. tick activity and weather conditions were monitored bihourly during 15 diel (24-h) ex ... | 1995 | 7616519 |
| tick paralysis in a western harvest mouse. | an engorging female ixodes pacificus was observed on a western harvest mouse (reithrodontomys megalotis) in humboldt county, california. the mouse demonstrated a flaccid paraplegia, but it appeared to recover fully after the tick was removed. | 1980 | 7431519 |
| detection of a borrelia miyamotoi sensu lato relapsing-fever group spirochete from ixodes pacificus in california. | we investigated whether host-seeking nymphs and adults of the western blacklegged tick, ixodes pacificus cooley & kohls, the primary vector of lyme disease spirochetes in far-western north america, are infected naturally with relapsing-fever group spirochetes in mendocino county, california. relapsing-fever group borreliae were detected in four (1.7%) of 234 nymphal and two (0.7%) of 282 adult host-seeking i. pacificus ticks by polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis of the 16s rrna and ... | 2006 | 16506458 |
| serotypes of tick-borne spotted fever group rickettsiae from western california. | a rickettsial survey of ixodid ticks known to bite man was conducted in 1979 in four coastal counties of california to obtain isolates from tick species that might be involved in the transmission of spotted fever-like illnesses, and to examine serologic characteristics of the rickettsiae relative to defined members of the spotted fever group (sfg). one hundred and seventy (19.4%) of 877 ticks comprising three species were shown by hemolymph test to harbor rickettsia-like organisms. a total of 85 ... | 1981 | 6789691 |
| myd88 deficiency enhances acquisition and transmission of borrelia burgdorferi by ixodes scapularis ticks. | borrelia burgdorferi strains exhibit various degrees of infectivity and pathogenicity in mammals, which may be due to their relative ability to evade initial host immunity. innate immune cells recognize b. burgdorferi by toll-like receptors (tlrs) that use the intracellular molecule myd88 to mediate effector functions. to determine whether impaired tlr signaling enhances ixodes scapularis acquisition of b. burgdorferi, we fed nymphs on wild-type (wt) and myd88-/- mice previously infected with tw ... | 2006 | 16552045 |
| survey of birds and lizards for ixodid ticks (acari) and spirochetal infection in northern california. | a total of 138 birds (24 species) was captured in an oak woodland between december 1988 and june 1989 at the university of california, sierra foothill range field station, yuba county, calif. ticks were not found on 71 birds captured between december 1988 and march 1989. five subadult ixodes pacificus cooley & kohls were removed from 3 of 67 birds caught between april and june 1989. these three birds, an orange-crowned warbler (vermivora celata (say], a lazuli bunting (passerina amoena (say], an ... | 1990 | 2280384 |
| co-detection of bartonella henselae, borrelia burgdorferi, and anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes pacificus ticks from california, usa. | presence of bartonella dna was explored in 168 questing adult ixodes pacificus ticks from santa cruz county, california. bartonella henselae type i dna was amplified from 11 ticks (6.55%); previously, two (1.19%) were found to be infected with borrelia burgdorferi and five (2.98%) with anaplasma phagocytophilum. detection of b. henselae was not dependent on co-infection. the present study offers additional evidence that ixodes spp. ticks may act as hosts and possibly vectors for b. henselae. | 2006 | 16584332 |
| predicting density of ixodes pacificus nymphs in dense woodlands in mendocino county, california, based on geographic information systems and remote sensing versus field-derived data. | ixodes pacificus nymphs are the primary vectors to humans of borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme disease, in california. we used a supervised classification model, based on remote sensing (rs) data from multi-seasonal landsat tm 5 images, to identify the key habitat in mendocino county where humans are exposed to i. pacificus nymphs (woodlands carpeted with leaf litter). the model, based on the normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi), brightness, and wetness, separated the ny ... | 2006 | 16606998 |
| an avian contribution to the presence of ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae) and borrelia burgdorferi on the sutter buttes of california. | birds from 45 species were sampled during three spring seasons from an isolated canyon on the sutter buttes in california for the presence of subadult stages of ixodes pacificus cooley & kohls, and for infection with borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner. these birds were found to have an infestation prevalence of 45%, a density of 1.7 ticks per bird, and an intensity of 3.8 ticks per infested bird. there was a significant difference in the i. pacificus infestations b ... | 2006 | 16619623 |
| geographical distribution patterns and habitat suitability models for presence of host-seeking ixodid ticks in dense woodlands of mendocino county, california. | we used drag sampling to examine the geographical distribution patterns of ixodid ticks engaging in open (non-nidicolous) host-seeking behavior in dense woodland habitats of the climatically and ecologically diverse mendocino county in north coastal california. the findings based on this sampling methodology reflect risk of human exposure to host-seeking ticks rather than the true distribution of the ticks. drag sampling in 78 sites yielded 7,860 nymphal or adult ixodes pacificus cooley & kohls, ... | 2006 | 16619628 |
| duration of attachment by mites and ticks on the iguanid lizards sceloporus graciosus and uta stansburiana. | duration of attachment was determined for the mites neotrombicula californica and geckobiella texana and the tick ixodes pacificus on the iguanid lizards sceloporus graciosus and uta stansburiana from southern california. neotrombicula californica infestations lasted approximately 1 wk. attachment of ixodes pacificus larvae and nymphs lasted approximately 8 days on s. graciosus and 16 days on u. stansburiana. geckobiella texana remained attached to s. graciosus for 5 days and to u. stansburiana ... | 1991 | 1758043 |
| perpetuation of the lyme disease spirochete borrelia lusitaniae by lizards. | to determine whether the lyme disease spirochete borrelia lusitaniae is associated with lizards, we compared the prevalence and genospecies of spirochetes present in rodent- and lizard-associated ticks at a site where this spirochete frequently infects questing ticks. whereas questing nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks were infected mainly by borrelia afzelii, one-half of the infected adult ticks harbored b. lusitaniae at our study site. lyme disease spirochetes were more prevalent in sand lizards (la ... | 2006 | 16820453 |
| isolation of a spotted fever group rickettsia from the pacific coast tick, ixodes pacificus, in oregon. | a rickettsia of the spotted fever group was isolated on three occasions from ixodes pacificus in western oregon. these isolations, and additional evidence furnished by complement fixation tests on guinea pigs inoculated with other oregon ticks of this species, indicate that the association of this rickettsia with the pacific coast tick may be widespread. this is the first isolation of a spotted fever group rickettsia from i. pacificus. because the oregon isolates are mildly virulent for guinea p ... | 1976 | 937637 |
| sylvatic maintenance of borrelia burgdorferi (spirochaetales) in northern california: untangling the web of transmission. | lyme borreliosis is associated with several genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) (spirochaetales), but human disease has been associated only with borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.) johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner in the western united states. restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of rrf-rrl amplicons from 124 tick and mammalian isolates from various habitats yielded 13 rflp patterns. of these patterns, six were patterns previously associat ... | 2006 | 16892634 |
| confirmation of tick bite by detection of antibody to ixodes calreticulin salivary protein. | ticks introduce a variety of pharmacologically active molecules into their host during attachment and feeding in order to obtain a blood meal. people who are repeatedly exposed to ticks may develop an immune response to tick salivary proteins. despite this response, people usually are unaware of having been bitten, especially if they are not repeatedly exposed to ticks. in order to develop a laboratory marker of tick exposure that would be useful in understanding the epidemiology of tick-borne i ... | 2006 | 16928887 |
| refractoriness of the western fence lizard (sceloporus occidentalis) to the lyme disease group spirochete borrelia bissettii. | the western fence lizard, sceloporus occidentalis, is refractory to experimental infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, one of several lyme disease spirochetes pathogenic for humans. another member of the lyme disease spirochete complex, borrelia bissettii, is distributed widely throughout north america and a similar, if not identical, spirochete has been implicated as a human pathogen in southern europe. to determine the susceptibility of s. occidentalis to b. bissettii, 6 naïve liz ... | 2006 | 16995383 |
| spatial patterns of lyme disease risk in california based on disease incidence data and modeling of vector-tick exposure. | ixodes pacificus, particularly the nymphal life stage, is the primary vector to humans of the lyme disease agent borrelia burgdorferi in california. during 2004, we collected i. pacificus nymphs from 78 woodland sites in ecologically diverse mendocino county, which has a moderately high incidence of lyme disease. within this county, nymphal density was elevated in forested areas with a growing degree day range of 2,600-3,000 (10 degrees c base). using a geographic information systems approach, w ... | 2006 | 17038692 |
| coinfections acquired from ixodes ticks. | the pathogens that cause lyme disease (ld), human anaplasmosis, and babesiosis can coexist in ixodes ticks and cause human coinfections. although the risk of human coinfection differs by geographic location, the true prevalence of coinfecting pathogens among ixodes ticks remains largely unknown for the majority of geographic locations. the prevalence of dually infected ixodes ticks appears highest among ticks from regions of north america and europe where ld is endemic, with reported prevalences ... | 2006 | 17041141 |
| migratory songbirds disperse ticks across canada, and first isolation of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, from the avian tick, ixodes auritulus. | during a 3-yr comprehensive study, 196 ixodid ticks (9 species) were collected from 89 passerine birds (32 species) from 25 localities across canada to determine the distribution of avian-associated tick species and endogenous lyme disease spirochetes, borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt, and brenner. we report the following first records of tick parasitism on avian hosts: the rabbit-associated tick, ixodes dentatus marx, from manitoba and ontario; the mouse tick, ixodes muri ... | 2005 | 17089744 |
| the low seroprevalence of tick-transmitted agents of disease in dogs from southern ontario and quebec. | infectious diseases caused by pathogens transmitted by ticks and other insect vectors are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in both dogs and humans throughout north america. the purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of selected vector-transmitted pathogens in southern ontario and quebec. samples submitted to the vector borne disease diagnostic laboratory (vbddl) at the north carolina state university college of veterinary medicine were evaluated for antibodies to ... | 2006 | 17217089 |
| wild turkey (meleagris gallopavo) as a host of ixodid ticks, lice, and lyme disease spirochetes (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) in california state parks. | rio grande wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo intermedia) were evaluated as potential hosts of ixodid ticks, lice, and lyme disease spirochetes (borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato [s.l.]) in three state parks in sonoma county, california, usa, during 2003 and 2004. in total, 113 birds were collected, 50 (44.2%) of which were found to be infested by 361 ixodid ticks representing three species: the western black-legged tick (ixodes pacificus, n=248), the rabbit tick (haemaphysalis leporispalustris, n= ... | 2006 | 17255442 |
| the distribution in oregon of ixodes pacificus, dermacentor andersoni, and dermacentor occidentalis with a note on dermacentor variabilis (acarina: ixodidae). | | 1977 | 845890 |
| outer surface protein b is critical for borrelia burgdorferi adherence and survival within ixodes ticks. | survival of borrelia burgdorferi in ticks and mammals is facilitated, at least in part, by the selective expression of lipoproteins. outer surface protein (osp) a participates in spirochete adherence to the tick gut. as ospb is expressed on a bicistronic operon with ospa, we have now investigated the role of ospb by generating an ospb-deficient b. burgdorferi and examining its phenotype throughout the spirochete life cycle. similar to wild-type isolates, the ospb-deficient b. burgdorferi were ab ... | 2007 | 17352535 |
| ectoparasites of the island fox on santa cruz island. | the ectoparasite fauna for island foxes (urocyon littoralis) on santa cruz island (california, usa) in april (wet season) and september (dry season) 1998 was evaluated. three taxa of ectoparasites were identified. these were fleas (pulex irritans), lice (neotrichodectes mephitidis), and ticks (ixodes pacificus). ectoparasite abundances varied seasonally. typical of insular endemic species, island foxes may be especially vulnerable to the introduction of novel disease organisms and their vectors. | 2001 | 11272496 |
| ectoparasite diversity and exposure to vector-borne disease agents in wild rodents in central coastal california. | a survey of wild rodents was performed in the morro bay area of central coastal california to determine serological and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum dumler, barbet, bekker, dasch, palmer, ray, rikihisa, and rurangirwa, borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmidt, hyde, steigerwalt, and brenner, francisella tularensis mccoy, and yersinia pestis yersin; to describe the ectoparasitic fauna on important vector-borne disease hosts; and to determine whether pathoge ... | 2007 | 17427705 |
| description and epidemiology of theileria youngi n. sp. from a northern californian dusky-footed woodrat (neotoma fuscipes) population. | an epidemiologic study designed to identify the small mammal reservoir for the zoonotic wa1-type babesial parasite resulted in the discovery of a small, intraerythrocytic piroplasm in smeared blood from dusky-footed woodrats (neotoma fuscipes) in northern california. the woodrat parasites were isolated and compared to other piroplasm parasites based on their morphology, antigenicity, and genetic characteristics. these studies indicated that the woodrat parasites were not the wa1-type babesial ag ... | 2001 | 11318567 |
| high-resolution genetic fingerprinting of european strains of anaplasma phagocytophilum by use of multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is a widely distributed tick-borne pathogen of humans, livestock, and companion animals. we used in silico methods to identify 10 variable-number tandem-repeat (vntr) loci within the genome sequence of the a. phagocytophilum hz strain and used these data to develop a multilocus vntr-based typing scheme for the species. having confirmed the stability of four of the loci in replicates of the a. phagocytophilum strain that had been subjected to different numbers of passage ... | 2007 | 17442796 |
| health protocol for translocation of free-ranging elk. | when considering an elk (cervus elaphus) restoration program, wildlife managers must evaluate the positive and negative elements of translocation. we prepared this protocol to give an overview of health considerations associated with translocation of elk, with an emphasis on movement of free-ranging elk from western north america to the southeastern usa. we evaluated infectious agents and ectoparasites reported in elk from two perspectives. first, we made a qualitative estimate of the ability of ... | 2001 | 11504216 |