| california national animal health monitoring system for meat turkey flocks-1988-89 pilot study: management practices, flock health, and production. | a pilot project for a meat turkey national animal health monitoring system was undertaken in california in 1988-89 to explore data gathering techniques and to estimate the frequency, magnitude, and variability of management, flock health (including administration of pharmaceuticals for prevention and treatment of disease), and production variables in order to facilitate planning for future food animal monitoring systems. enteritis, which occurred in over one-third of the flocks, and colibacillos ... | 1996 | 8790875 |
| monoclonal antibodies specific to mycoplasma iowae. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against mycoplasma iowae (mi) were produced to identify common immunogenic determinants shared between antigenically heterogenous mi. twenty-four mabs were produced against mi. with western immunoblotting, all 24 mabs recognized a 45,000-mw protein (p45) of mi strain i-695. one of the mabs characterized, mab 2c, identified p45 antigen in western immunoblots with six laboratory strains and 24 field isolates of mi. mab 2c did not cross-react with mycoplasma galliseptic ... | 1996 | 8883792 |
| detection and identification of avian mycoplasmas by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. | the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with primers complementary to the 16s rrna genes was used to detect avian mycoplasmas. a primer pair designed for the detection of human and rodent mycoplasmal species was examined for its ability to detect the most important avian mycoplasmas. after testing the respective reference strains, we found that mycoplasma iowae, mycoplasma meleagridis and mycoplasma synoviae could be detected by pcr with this primer pair, and distinction could be made among them by ... | 1997 | 9451458 |
| evaluation of polymerase chain reaction for detection of mycoplasma meleagridis infection in turkeys. | different methods were compared for the detection of the turkey pathogen mycoplasma meleagridis in a turkey field flock before and after antibiotic (oxytetracycline) treatment. they included culture, serology (detection of antibodies by elisa) and a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based assay developed by boyle et al. [boyle, j.s., good, r., morrow, c.j., 1995. detection of the turkey pathogens mycoplasma meleagridis and m. iowae by amplification of genes coding for rrna. j. clin. microbiol. 33, ... | 1997 | 9453130 |
| serologic incidence of some diseases in kansas wild turkeys. | wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo, n = 1164) were tested for mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma meleagridis, mycoplasma synoviae, and salmonella pullorum from 1990 to 1997. although 3.3% of the turkeys were suspect for one or more diseases, only 0.9% were serologically positive for m. gallisepticum. these 11 positives were all from one country in south-central kansas. | 1998 | 9645333 |
| utility of an internal control for evaluation of a mycoplasma meleagridis pcr test. | mycoplasma meleagridis, a turkey pathogen, can be detected by pcr directly from tracheal or genital swabs. however, up to 40% samples may contain inhibitory substances. a dna fragment, that can be amplified with m. meleagridis primers and in the same cycling conditions, was constructed to use as an internal control (ic) to check for these inhibitors. this ic can easily be distinguished from the m. meleagridis amplicon after agarose gel electrophoresis since it is longer. use of this ic in pcr am ... | 1998 | 9646464 |
| mycoplasmas in the etiology of multifactorial respiratory disease. | the avian mycoplasmas pathogenic for commercial poultry, mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae in chickens and turkeys, and mycoplasma meleagridis and mycoplasma iowae in turkeys are egg-transmitted infections and exhibit wide variations in clinical manifestations. mycoplasma gallisepticum strains vary widely in virulence, tissue tropism, and antigenic makeup and have the ability to alter the expression of major surface antigenic proteins. although less well studied, strains of m. syn ... | 1998 | 9706080 |
| the characterization of mycoplasma synoviae ef-tu protein and proteins involved in hemadherence and their n-terminal amino acid sequences. | an abundant cytoplasmic 43-kda protein from mycoplasma synoviae, a major pathogen from poultry, was identified as elongation factor tu. the n-terminal amino acid sequence (akldfdrskehvnvgtighv) has 90% identity with the sequence of the mycoplasma hominis elongation factor tu protein. monoclonal antibodies reacting with the m. synoviae elongation factor tu protein also reacted with 43-kda proteins from the avian mycoplasma species mycoplasma gallinarum, mycoplasma gallinaceum, mycoplasma pullorum ... | 1999 | 10220885 |
| antibodies to selected disease agents in translocated wild turkeys in california. | wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) trapped within california (n = 715) or imported into california from other states (n = 381) from 1986 to 1996 were tested for exposure to certain disease agents. prevalence of antibody to mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma meleagridis, salmonella pullorum, salmonella typhimurium, newcastle disease virus, and avian influenza virus was low (0-4%) for wild turkeys trapped within california. with the exception of antibody prevalence to m. meleagridis of 33%, the ... | 2000 | 10682760 |
| isolation of mycoplasma meleagridis from free-ranging birds of prey in germany. | in this study tracheal swabs and air sac biopsies of 68 raptors of different species that were found injured or debilitated in germany were investigated for the occurrence of mycoplasmas. mycoplasma meleagridis, mycoplasma falconis, mycoplasma buteonis, mycoplasma gypis and five mycoplasma isolates not identified so far could be isolated from 32 (47%) birds. mycoplasma meleagridis could be detected in five birds. these birds did not show clinical signs or histopathological alterations in air sac ... | 2000 | 10780174 |
| immunohistochemical detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum antigens in turkey respiratory tissues. | an avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase diagnostic test was developed to facilitate rapid identification of mycoplasma gallisepticum in respiratory tissues of turkeys. this procedure used polyclonal primary antibodies produced in rabbits. turkeys were inoculated into the infraorbital sinus and trachea with the r strain of m. gallisepticum, mycoplasma synoviae, mycoplasma meleagridis, or frey's media. the outer walls of the infraorbital sinuses, lungs, and tracheas were collected and fixed in either 10 ... | 2000 | 10879921 |
| antigen heterogeneity and epitope variable expression in mycoplasma meleagridis isolates. | immunoblotting was used to check the antigenic profiling of 27 mycoplasma meleagridis strains isolated in different countries. hyperimmune polyclonal rabbit antiserum as well as monoclonal antibodies (mabs) raised against m. meleagridis (mm) showed antigen heterogeneity among strains. five anti-mm mabs were selected for lack of reaction against heterologous avian mycoplasma. three of these five mabs did not cross-react with 63 mycoplasma strains from six species affecting turkeys other than m. m ... | 2001 | 11165070 |
| development of a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of turkey antibodies to mycoplasma meleagridis. | a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (b-elisa) was developed to detect antibodies to mycoplasma meleagridis (mm) in turkey sera. this assay was based on two mouse monoclonal antibodies recognising all mm strains tested but none of seven avian mycoplasmal species tested. furthermore, their binding to the tween 20 antigen was inhibited by serum from mm-infected birds. the b-elisa test format was optimized. the cut-off was determined using a set of sera from mm-free turkeys. this b-elisa wa ... | 2001 | 11165071 |
| pathogenesis of avian pneumovirus infection in turkeys. | avian pneumovirus (apv) is the cause of a respiratory disease of turkeys characterized by coughing, ocular and nasal discharge, and swelling of the infraorbital sinuses. sixty turkey poults were reared in isolation conditions. at 3 weeks of age, serum samples were collected and determined to be free of antibodies against apv, avian influenza, hemorrhagic enteritis, newcastle disease, mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma synoviae, mycoplasma meleagridis, ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, and borde ... | 2002 | 12014494 |
| prevalence of mycoplasma antibodies in lesser prairie-chicken sera. | serologic testing by the serum plate agglutination (spa) procedure was performed to detect the presence of cross-reacting antibodies to mycoplasma meleagridis, mycoplasma synoviae, and mycoplasma gallisepticum in lesser prairie-chickens (tympanuchus pallidicinctus) trapped over a 2-yr period in finney and kearny counties of southwestern kansas. sera examined from birds (n = 50) obtained in march-april 2000 tested positive for m meleagridis, m. synoviae, and m. gallisepticum at levels of 6%, 10%, ... | 2002 | 12243537 |
| cloning and analysis of the gene for a major surface antigen of mycoplasma gallisepticum. | myplasma gallisepticum infects a wide variety of gallineaceous birds including chickens, turkeys, and pheasants. infection occurs both horizontally and vertically. thus, control of the spread of m. gallisepticum to noninfected flocks is difficult. continual monitoring is necessary to identify infected flocks even under the most stringent infectious control practices. monitoring, however, is usually performed by measuring hemagglutination activity (ha) in serum, an insensitive and variable test. ... | 2002 | 12495041 |
| haemagglutinins of pathogenic avian mycoplasmas. | the pathogenic avian mycoplasmas, mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma synoviae, mycoplasma meleagridis, mycoplasma iowae and mycoplasma imitans, synthesize haemagglutinins that are immunogenic, variably expressed, surface proteins. the haemagglutinins of m. gallisepticum (pmga), m. synoviae (vlha) and m. imitans are lipoproteins, encoded by related multigene families that appear to have arisen by horizontal gene transfer. m. gallisepticum also has genes encoding cytadhesins in its genome but th ... | 2002 | 12593736 |
| infection of the turkey embryonic trachea with mycoplasma meleagridis. | mycoplasma meleagridis was used to infect turkey embryos and tracheal explants. in the embryonic trachea, there was a decrease in the number of cilia and the sloughing of epithelial cells. in the tracheal explants, the deciliation was more severe and erosion of the tracheal surface was also evident; additionally, the cells of the trachea showed prominent perforation. these results indicate that m. meleagridis infection can result in damage to cells and to the surface of the trachea, which may ha ... | 2003 | 12850919 |
| interactions between the membranes of turkey cells and mycoplasma meleagridis. | we used myoplsma meleagridis (mm) to infect the rp-9 cells and the eggshell membranes and scanning electron microscopy (sem) and confocal microscopy to study the interactions between the organisms and the cell surfaces. the surface of the rp-9 cells contained numerous projections. after 24 hr of infection with mm, those projections were either lost or aggregated to the side; mm-like particles could be seen on the surface of the cells, and surface fluorescence could be detected by confocal micros ... | 2003 | 14562888 |
| survey of peafowl (pavo cristatus) for potential pathogens at three michigan zoos. | blood samples collected from 31 free-roaming peafowl from three zoos in michigan were tested serologically. antibody titers were present against avian adenovirus and bordetella avium in 19.3% and 61.3% of the samples, respectively. serum plate agglutination tests were positive for mycoplasma meleagridis and mycoplasma synoviae in 3.2% and 38.7% of the samples, respectively. all birds were seronegative for avian influenza, newcastle disease virus, west nile virus, mycoplasma gallisepticum, salmon ... | 2003 | 15077714 |
| mycoplasma meleagridis-induced lesions in the tarsometatarsal joints of turkey embryos. | mycoplasma meleagridis (mm) has the ability to cause bone deformity in turkey poults. however, few pathological lesions have been described and no evidence of mm-induced damage to the bones has been shown. in this study, 17-day-old turkey embryos were inoculated with mm into the allantoic cavity. on the 27th day, eight of the 22 embryos presented with curved toes. scanning electron microscopy of the tarsometatarsal joints showed fissures in the cartilage. histological sections of the joints reve ... | 2004 | 15529972 |
| pathogenicity of mycoplasma meleagridis for chicken cells. | mycoplasma meleagridis (mm) is a known pathogen for turkeys only. in this study, mm was used to inoculate chicken embryos and tumor cells to assess its pathogenic potential for chickens. in chicken embryos, it caused abnormal-shaped toes and severely denuded tracheae. in chicken tumor cells, mm reduced the cellular capacity to release a chemoattractant that causes the migration of heterophils. mm also caused death and/or a reduced growth rate in chicken hd-11 cells, a macrophage-monocyte-derived ... | 2004 | 15666875 |
| key role of chlamydophila psittaci on belgian turkey farms in association with other respiratory pathogens. | two hundred turkey sera from eight belgian and two french farms were tested for the presence of antibodies against avian pneumovirus (apv), ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ort), mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma meleagridis and chlamydophila psittaci. at slaughter, c. psittaci, apv and ort antibodies were detected in 94, 34 and 6.5% of the turkeys, respectively. no antibodies against m. gallisepticum or m. meleagridis were present. additionally, turkeys on three belgian farms were examined f ... | 2005 | 15795081 |
| gordon memorial lecture. poultry mycoplasmas: sophisticated pathogens in simple guise. | mycoplasmas are a genus within the class mollicutes (trivial name mollicutes), which are the smallest known prokaryotes capable of self-replication. they have a very small genome, and have evolved to this 'minimalist' status by losing non-essential genes, including those involved in cell wall synthesis. the mollicutes exploit their limited genetic material to the maximum and many are successful pathogens in man, animals, birds and plants. most of those of veterinary importance are in the genus m ... | 2005 | 15957431 |
| real-time polymerase chain reaction for the qualitative and quantitative detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and the detection limit of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-pcr) developed for the qualitative and quantitative detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum. no cross-reactivity was observed with dna from other important avian mycoplasmas, including mycoplasma synoviae and mycoplasma meleagridis. however, the q-pcr could not distinguish between m. gallisepticum and mycoplasma imitans. the q-pcr had detection limits 10 to 1000 times lower tha ... | 2005 | 16147572 |
| characteristics of mycoplasma meleagridis sp. n., isolated from turkeys. | yamamoto, r. (university of california, davis), c. h. bigland, and h. b. ortmayer. characteristics of mycoplasma meleagridis sp. n., isolated from turkeys. j. bacteriol. 90:47-49. 1965.-a designation is proposed for a pathogenic mycoplasma species isolated from turkeys. the organism originally was recovered from the air-sac lesion of a turkey poult in 1957, and was designated the "n" strain. mycoplasma species with identical characteristics have since been recovered from the sinus, trachea, ovid ... | 1965 | 16562041 |
| molecular cloning of a mycoplasma meleagridis-specific antigenic domain endowed with a serodiagnostic potential. | a recombinant phage library harbouring mycoplasma meleagridis (mm) genomic dna fragments was generated in the bacteriophage lambda gt11 expression vector. the library was screened for expression of mm specific antigens with a polyclonal antiserum that had been preadsorbed with antigens of the most common unrelated avian mycoplasma species. a 49-amino acid antigenic domain unique to mm was isolated, expressed in escherichia coli, and its serodiagnostic potential was demonstrated. an antiserum rai ... | 2007 | 16973309 |
| high inter-species and low intra-species variation in 16s-23s rdna spacer sequences of pathogenic avian mycoplasmas offers potential use as a diagnostic tool. | in order to investigate its value for phylogenetic analysis, species characterisation and diagnosis, the 16s-23s rdna intergenic spacer regions (isrs) of the type strain of 23 avian mycoplasma species were amplified and the sequences determined. also sequenced were the reference strains of mycoplasma iowae serotypes j, k, n, q and r and a number of field strains of mycoplasma synoviae, mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma meleagridis and m. iowae. the isrs demonstrated a high level of size varia ... | 2008 | 18055138 |
| a survey of avian mycoplasma species for neuraminidase enzymatic activity. | among 23 currently recognized avian mycoplasma (am) species only mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma synoviae, mycoplasma meleagridis and mycoplasma iowae cause disease and loss of production in chickens and/or turkeys. because neuraminidases are considered virulence factors in many pathogenic microorganisms the aim of our study was to determine which am species possess neuraminidase enzymatic activity (neac). small samples of am cells were assayed for neac using the chromogenic substrate 5-bro ... | 2008 | 18372121 |
| detection of mycoplasma meleagridis and m. iozvae from dead-in-shell turkey embryos by polymerase chain reaction and culture. | this work reports the development of a 16s rrna-based polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test for the detection of mycoplasma meleagridis, and the application, together with a previously described multi-species pcr, for the diagnosis of m. meleagridis and m. iowae in dead-in-shell turkey embryos. forty-six allantoic fluid samples from dead-in-shell turkey embryos from hatcheries in israel and the united states were tested by pcr and cultured for the detection of m. meleagridis and m. iowae. three m ... | 1997 | 18483943 |
| a recombinant antigen-based elisa for the simultaneous differential serodiagnosis of mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma synoviae, and mycoplasma meleagridis infections. | we have previously identified species-specific dna fragments, referred to as ms2/28 and mm14, of mycoplasma synoviae and mycoplasma meleagridis, respectively. in the present study, we extended our analysis of the ms2/28 fragment that was found to encode a species-specific antigenic site, and we demonstrated the specificity of the mycoplasma gallisepticum hemagglutinin protein encoded by pmga1.2 (a member of the vlha gene family). then, we combined the escherichia coli-expressed products of ms2/2 ... | 2008 | 18646449 |
| use of polymerase chain reactions to detect mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma imitans, mycoplasma iowae, mycoplasma meleagridis and mycoplasma synoviae in birds of prey. | certain mycoplasma spp. are pathogens of poultry, but little is known of the role of mycoplasmas in disease of birds of prey. species-specific polymerase chain reactions (pcrs) for the detection of the poultry pathogens mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma imitans, mycoplasma iowae, mycoplasma meleagridis and mycoplasma synoviae were therefore evaluated for use in birds of prey. the specificities of the pcr methods were established using avian and other mycoplasmas and also selected walled bacte ... | 2008 | 18661307 |
| the survival and recognition of mycoplasma meleagridis grown at 37 degrees c and then maintained at room temperature. | this study was made because of the difficulty of resuscitating mycoplasma meleagridis from agar cultures received from the field. the type strain of mm was found viable following culture at 37 degrees c for as long as 10 days and maintenance at room temperature for a further 14 days but only when few colonies were present in the original culture. it is suggested that for the satisfactory subculture of this organism the original culture on mycoplasma agar should not exceed 1 week, or no more than ... | 1982 | 18770178 |
| the development of diagnostic real-time taqman pcrs for the four pathogenic avian mycoplasmas. | four avian mycoplasmas are commonly recognized as poultry pathogens: mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), mycoplasma synoviae (ms), mycoplasma meleagridis (mm), and mycoplasma iowae (mi). the avian mycoplasmas are associated with respiratory disease, synovitis and arthritis, poor performance, skeletal deformities, and embryo mortality. three main approaches are used for the diagnosis of avian mycoplasmosis: isolation and identification, detection of antibodies, and molecular detection of the organism' ... | 2009 | 19432011 |
| a lateral flow protein microarray for rapid determination of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia status in bovine serum. | novel analytical methods for a next generation of diagnostic devices combine attributes from sensitive, accurate, fast, simple and multiplexed analysis methods. here, we describe a possible contribution to these by the application of a lateral flow microarray where a panel of recombinant protein antigens was used to differentiate bovine serum samples in the context of the lung disease contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (cbpp). lateral flow arrays were produced by attaching nitrocellulose onto mic ... | 2010 | 20346992 |
| isolation of mycoplasma meleagridis from chickens. | mycoplasma meleagridis (mm) is a major cause of disease and economic loss in turkeys. formerly it was thought that this species was very host specific and only restricted to turkey. in this study, we report on the recovery of mm from breeding flocks of chickens located near a turkey breeding unit. ten mm field strains were isolated (by culture on frey broth medium) from tracheal swabs of chickens displaying clinical signs of mycoplasmosis-essentially respiratory symptoms and poor performance. as ... | 2011 | 21500629 |
| genome sequence of a mycoplasma meleagridis field strain. | mycoplasma meleagridis is a major cause of disease and economic loss in turkeys. here, we report the genome sequence of an m. meleagridis field strain, which enlarges the knowledge about this bacterium and helps the identification of possible coding sequences for drug resistance genes and specific antigens. | 2016 | 26941131 |
| mm19, a mycoplasma meleagridis major surface nuclease that is related to the re_alwi superfamily of endonucleases. | mycoplasma meleagridis infection is widespread in turkeys, causing poor growth and feathering, airsacculitis, osteodystrophy, and reduction in hatchability. like most mycoplasma species, m. meleagridis is characterized by its inability to synthesize purine and pyrimidine nucleotides de novo. consistent with this intrinsic deficiency, we here report the cloning, expression, and characterization of a m. meleagridis gene sequence encoding a major surface nuclease, referred to as mm19. mm19 consists ... | 2016 | 27010566 |
| genome sequences of two tunisian field strains of avian mycoplasma, m. meleagridis and m. gallinarum. | mycoplasma meleagridis and mycoplasma gallinarum are bacteria that affect birds, but little is known about the genetic basis of their interaction with chickens and other poultry. here, we sequenced the genomes of m. meleagridis strain mm_26b8_ipt and m. gallinarum strain mgn_ipt, both isolated from chickens showing respiratory symptoms, poor growth, reduction in hatchability, and loss of production. | 2016 | 27313300 |
| retraction for abolnik, complete genome sequence of mycoplasma meleagridis, a possible emerging pathogen in chickens. | | 2015 | 26044441 |
| genome sequence of mycoplasma meleagridis type strain 17529. | mycoplasma meleagridis is a prominent turkey bacterial pathogen associated with airsacculitis and reproductive disorders. notwithstanding the economic losses caused by m. meleagridis, its genome has still not been sequenced. for a better understanding of its genetic background and pathogenicity mechanisms, we sequenced the genome of m. meleagridis type strain atcc 25294. | 2015 | 25999574 |
| complete genome sequence of mycoplasma meleagridis, a possible emerging pathogen in chickens. | mycoplasma meleagridis strain b2096 8b was isolated from domestic chickens in south africa. the 845,307-bp full genome was sequenced, assembled, and annotated. | 2015 | 25953179 |