| pharmacokinetics of sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim in a 5:1 ratio following intraperitoneal and oral administration, in the hybrid striped bass (morone chrysops x morone saxitalis). | selected pharmacokinetic parameters for sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim, administered in a 5:1 ratio, via the oral and intraperitoneal (i.p.) routes were determined in the hybrid striped bass (morone chrysops x morone saxitalis). plasma concentrations of both drugs were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. a first-order one-compartment model adequately described plasma drug disposition. the elimination half-lives for sulfadimethoxine following i.p. and oral administration were 2 ... | 2004 | 14995959 |
| dna based classification of food associated enterobacteriaceae previously identified by biolog gn microplates. | enterobacteriaceae are frequently isolated from food products and it is essential to have methods for correct identification for both food hygiene and epidemiology reasons. phenotypic methods are not always sufficient and have to be supplemented by dna based methods. in the present study, 70 strains of enterobacteriaceae derived from milk, fish and meat that had previously been identified by biolog gn microplates were genomically classified together with 15 representative type strains of species ... | 2004 | 15046311 |
| retention and removal of the fish pathogenic bacterium yersinia ruckeri in biological sand filters. | to investigate the retention and removal of the fish pathogenic bacterium yersinia ruckeri in biological sand filters and effects on the microbial community composition. | 2004 | 15281941 |
| identification of specific in vivo-induced (ivi) genes in yersinia ruckeri and analysis of ruckerbactin, a catecholate siderophore iron acquisition system. | this work reports the utilization of an in vivo expression technology system to identify in vivo-induced (ivi) genes in yersinia ruckeri after determination of the conditions needed for its selection in fish. fourteen clones were selected, and the cloned dna fragments were analyzed after partial sequencing. in addition to sequences with no significant similarity, homology with genes encoding proteins putatively involved in two-component and type iv secretion systems, adherence, specific metaboli ... | 2004 | 15345400 |
| bacterial vaccines for fish--an update of the current situation worldwide. | during the last few years, the use of vaccines for disease prevention in aquaculture has expanded both with regard to the number of fish species and number of microbial diseases. according to the responses to a questionnaire received from 41 countries, vaccination is used in the commercial aquaculture of species like atlantic salmon (salmo salar), rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax), sea bream (sparus aurata), barramundi (lates calcarifer), tilapia (tilapia spp), ... | 2005 | 15962470 |
| quorum sensing signal molecules (acylated homoserine lactones) in gram-negative fish pathogenic bacteria. | the aim of the present study was to investigate the production of quorum sensing signals (specifically acylated homoserine lactones, ahls) among a selection of strains of gram-negative fish bacterial pathogens. these signals are involved in the regulation of virulence factors in some human and plant-pathogenic bacteria. a total of 59 strains, representing 9 different fish pathogenic species, were tested against 2 ahl monitor bacteria (agrobacterium tumefaciens nt1 [pzlr4] and chromobacterium vio ... | 2005 | 16042042 |
| potential use of a yersinia ruckeri o1 auxotrophic aroa mutant as a live attenuated vaccine. | the aroa gene of yersinia ruckeri, which encodes 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase, was insertionally inactivated with a dna fragment containing a kanamycin resistance determinant and reintroduced by allelic exchange into the chromosome of y. ruckeri 21102 o1 by means of the suicide vector pivet8. the y. ruckeri aroa::kan(r) mutant was highly attenuated when inoculated intraperitoneally into rainbow trout, with a 50% lethal dose of >5 x 10(7) cfu. the mutants were not recoverable from ... | 2005 | 16083447 |
| characterization of toll-like receptor 3 gene in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | antiviral immunity in fish is not well understood. in mammals, toll-like receptor (tlr) 3 is involved in double-stranded rna recognition and host immune response activation. here, we report the first identification of a rainbow trout tlr3 ortholog (rttlr3), its genomic structure, and mrna regulation. six exons and five introns were identified from bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) and expressed sequence tag (est) sequencing, and this genomic organization is similar to mammalian and fish tlr3 ... | 2005 | 16086174 |
| comparison of individual and pooled sampling methods for detecting bacterial pathogens of fish. | examination of finfish populations for viral and bacterial pathogens is an important component of fish disease control programs worldwide. two methods are commonly used for collecting tissue samples for bacteriological culture, the currently accepted standards for detection of bacterial fish pathogens. the method specified in the office international des epizooties manual of diagnostic tests for aquatic animals permits combining renal and splenic tissues from as many as 5 fish into pooled sample ... | 2005 | 16130986 |
| strategies for the inclusion of an internal amplification control in conventional and real time pcr detection of campylobacter spp. in chicken fecal samples. | to illustrate important issues in optimization of a pcr assay with an internal control four different primer combinations for conventional pcr, two non-competitive and two competitive set-ups for real time pcr were used for detection of campylobacter spp. in chicken faecal samples. in the conventional pcr assays the internal control was genomic dna from yersinia ruckeri, which is not found in chicken faeces. this internal control was also used in one of the set ups in real time pcr. in the three ... | 2006 | 16330185 |
| immobilization induces alterations in the outer membrane protein pattern of yersinia ruckeri. | we compared the outer membrane protein (omp) pattern of 2-day-old immobilized yersinia ruckericells (ic) with that of early (fc24) and late (fc48) stationary-phase planktonic counterparts. fifty-five omps were identified. principal component analysis discriminated between the protein maps of fc and ic. some omps involved in bacterial adaptation were accumulated by both fc48 and ic but the expression of other proteins was controlled by the sessile mode of growth. | 2005 | 16335943 |
| isolation of yersinia ruckeri bacteriophages. | eight bacteriophages effective against yersinia ruckeri, the enteric redmouth disease bacterium, were isolated. phage yera41, a tailed icosahedral virus isolated from sewage enrichments, lysed 34 of 35 strains of y. ruckeri serovar i, but was inactive against 15 strains belonging to three other serological groups. six other phages lysed strains of serovars ii, v, and i', a subgroup of serovar i. yerl62, a phage obtained by mitomycin c induction, was specific for one of three serovar v strains. t ... | 1984 | 16346556 |
| multilocus electrophoretic assessment of the genetic structure and diversity of yersinia ruckeri. | multilocus isoenzyme electrophoresis was used to screen 47 field isolates of yersinia ruckeri for electrophoretic variation at 15 enzyme loci. only four electrophoretic types were observed, thus indicating that the genetic structure of y. ruckeri is clonal. forty-two isolates were of one electrophoretic type, a reflection of the low amount of genetic diversity extant in this species. although sorbitol fermentation has been considered to be indicative of a second biotype, no significant gene freq ... | 1984 | 16346669 |
| multiarray sensors with pattern recognition for the detection, classification, and differentiation of bacteria at subspecies and strain levels. | this work describes the integration of a fully autonomous electrochemical biosensor with pattern recognition techniques for the detection and classification of bacteria at subspecies and strain level. the system provides a continuous, real-time monitoring of bacteria activity upon exposure to antibiotics. the system utilizes 96-well-type electrodes array (dox-dissolved oxygen sensor) with principal component analysis (pca) for rapid and routine classification of different classes of bacteria and ... | 2005 | 16351141 |
| construction of a virulent, green fluorescent protein-tagged yersinia ruckeri and detection in trout tissues after intraperitoneal and immersion challenge. | a green fluorescent protein (gfp) expressing strain of yersinia ruckeri was created by the transposition of a tn10-gfp-kan cassette into the genome of y. ruckeri strain yrnc10. the derivative, yrnc10-gfp, was highly gfp fluorescent, retained the gfp-km marker in the absence of kanamycin selection, and exhibited in vitro growth kinetics similar to those of the wild type strain. yrnc10-gfp colonized and caused mortality in immersion and intraperitoneally challenged rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykis ... | 2005 | 16408843 |
| cloning and functional characterization of the ambler class c beta-lactamase of yersinia ruckeri. | yersinia ruckeri is a gram-negative pathogen causing enteric redmouth disease in salmonids. previous studies have reported that y. ruckeri harbors an ampc gene that is expressed at low level. in this present work, the entire ampc gene of y. ruckeri was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. the ampc enzyme confers resistance to aminopenicillins and narrow-spectrum cephalosporins, which fit well with the kinetic properties of the purified enzyme. phylogenetic analysis showed that yrc-1 did not ... | 2006 | 16553832 |
| identification of novel rainbow trout (onchorynchus mykiss) chemokines, cxcd1 and cxcd2: mrna expression after yersinia ruckeri vaccination and challenge. | chemokines play important roles in controlling leukocyte trafficking under normal and inflammatory conditions. sixteen cxc chemokines have been identified in the human and mouse genomes, while considerably fewer teleost fish cxc chemokines have been reported. here, we describe a novel clade of trout (onchorynchus mykiss) cxc chemokines, designated onmy cxcd, and we identify a novel gene, cxcd1, and a putative duplicate, cxcd2. the trout cxcd proteins contain 112 amino acids and the cxcd1 gene is ... | 2006 | 16570138 |
| innate immune responses in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) induced by probiotics. | carnobacterium maltaromaticum b26 and carnobacterium divergens b33, which were isolated from the intestine of healthy rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum), were selected as being potentially useful as probiotics with effectiveness against aeromonas salmonicida and yersinia ruckeri. thus, rainbow trout administered with feed supplemented with b26 or b33 dosed at >10(7) cells g(-1) feed conferred protection against challenge with virulent cultures of the pathogens. moreover, both cultures ... | 2006 | 16631379 |
| first description of non-motile yersinia ruckeri serovar i strains causing disease in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), cultured in spain. | yersinia ruckeri, the causal agent of enteric redmouth (erm) disease, was isolated from epizootics that occurred in different spanish rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), farms in which vaccination against erm had been performed. in all episodes, the most pronounced clinical signs exhibited by affected fish were severe haemorrhages in the mouth, eyes and around the vent. the isolates were identified as y. ruckeri serovar i by 16s rrna sequencing together with serological tests. they lac ... | 2006 | 16768714 |
| profiling acylated homoserine lactones in yersinia ruckeri and influence of exogenous acyl homoserine lactones and known quorum-sensing inhibitors on protease production. | to profile the quorum-sensing (qs) signals in yersinia ruckeri and to examine the possible regulatory link between qs signals and a typical qs-regulated virulence phenotype, a protease. | 2007 | 17241341 |
| the iron- and temperature-regulated haemolysin yhla is a virulence factor of yersinia ruckeri. | yersinia ruckeri causes the enteric redmouth disease or yersiniosis, an important systemic fish infection. in an attempt to dissect the virulence mechanisms of this bacterium, a gene encoding a putative protein involved in the secretion/activation of a haemolysin (yhlb), which had been previously identified by in vivo expression technology, was further analysed. the gene yhlb precedes another orf (yhla) encoding a serratia-type haemolysin. other toxins belonging to this group have been identifie ... | 2007 | 17259619 |
| multiple antimicrobial resistance in plague: an emerging public health risk. | antimicrobial resistance in yersinia pestis is rare, yet constitutes a significant international public health and biodefense threat. in 1995, the first multidrug resistant (mdr) isolate of y. pestis (strain ip275) was identified, and was shown to contain a self-transmissible plasmid (pip1202) that conferred resistance to many of the antimicrobials recommended for plague treatment and prophylaxis. comparative analysis of the dna sequence of y. pestis plasmid pip1202 revealed a near identical inc ... | 2007 | 17375195 |
| bacterial-binding activity and plasma concentration of ladderlectin in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | soluble, defense lectins bind conserved microbial patterns leading to pathogen opsonization, enhanced phagocytosis and activation of complement. these immune functions, however, vary widely among individuals due to genetic and acquired differences affecting binding capacity or plasma concentration. most evidence for the defensive function of soluble lectins is based on mammals, but several functionally homologous, but less well-characterized, lectins have been identified in fish. in this study, ... | 2007 | 17383895 |
| yersinia ruckeri infections in salmonid fish. | yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of yersiniosis or enteric redmouth disease leading to significant economic losses in salmonid aquaculture worldwide. infection may result in a septicaemic condition with haemorrhages on the body surface and in the internal organs. despite the significance of the disease, very little information is available on the pathogenesis, hampering the development of preventive measures to efficiently combat this bacterial agent. this review discusses the agent and t ... | 2007 | 17501736 |
| the bacterial flora of vacuum-packed cold-smoked salmon stored at 7 degrees c, identified by direct 16s rrna gene analysis and pure culture technique. | the indigenous flora of freshly chilled cold-smoked salmon just after the vacuum packaging, and the spoilage flora after storage, in vacuum package at 7 degrees c for 19 days, were to be investigated with two different sampling strategies. | 2007 | 17584457 |
| molecular virulence mechanisms of the fish pathogen yersinia ruckeri. | yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease or yersiniosis, which affects mainly salmonids. this microorganism has been consistently causing economic losses in the aquaculture industry since its first description; but the early development of a vaccine allowed a relative control of the disease. this might be the reason why the specific pathogenicity mechanisms of this bacterium remained elusive until recently, when the results obtained with traditional microbiology have b ... | 2007 | 17651924 |
| the development of probiotics for the control of multiple bacterial diseases of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | jb-1 and gc2, which were equated with bacillus sp. and aeromonas sobria respectively, were recovered from the digestive tract of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss and ghost carp, cyprinus sp. respectively, and demonstrated effectiveness as probiotics for the control of infections caused by aeromonas salmonicida, lactococcus garvieae, streptococcus iniae, vibrio anguillarum, vibrio ordalii and yersinia ruckeri. when administered to rainbow trout (average weight = 12 g) for 14 days in feed dosed ... | 2007 | 17850573 |
| ultraviolet b irradiation affects resistance of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) against bacterium yersinia ruckeri and trematode diplostomum spathaceum. | ultraviolet b (uvb) radiation is known to have various effects on the immune system of fish, but the effect on the actual disease resistance has remained largely unknown. here we studied the effect of uvb on the resistance of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) against a bacterium yersinia ruckeri, the causative agent of enteric red mouth disease, and a trematode parasite diplostomum spathaceum, which causes cataracts in fish. the fish were exposed to uvb irradiation seven times in 14 days, and ... | 2007 | 17880522 |
| temperature-dependent expression of immune-relevant genes in rainbow trout following yersinia ruckeri vaccination. | the gene expression of immune-relevant genes in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss following vaccination with a bacterin of yersinia ruckeri, a bacterial pathogen causing enteric red mouth disease (erm), was investigated at 5, 15, and 25 degrees c. rainbow trout were immunized by i.p. injection of a water-based y. ruckeri (serotype o1) bacterin, and gene expression profiles were compared to control groups injected with phosphate buffered saline (pbs). blood and tissue samples (spleen and head kid ... | 2007 | 17933396 |
| first report of yersinia ruckeri biotype 2 in the usa. | a polyphasic characterization of atypical isolates of yersinia ruckeri (causative agent of enteric redmouth disease in trout) obtained from hatchery-reared brown trout salmo trutta in south carolina was performed. the y. ruckeri isolates were biochemically and genetically distinct from reference cultures, including the type strain, but were unequivocally ascribed to the species y. ruckeri, based on api 20e, vitek, fatty acid methyl ester profiles, and 16s rrna gene sequencing analysis. these iso ... | 2007 | 18236630 |
| bath vaccination of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum) against yersinia ruckeri: effects of temperature on protection and gene expression. | protection of rainbow trout fry following bath vaccination with a bacterin of y. ruckeri o1, the bacterial pathogen causing enteric red mouth disease (erm), was investigated at 5, 15 and 25 degrees c. rainbow trout fry were acclimatised for 8 weeks at the three temperatures before vaccination. they were subsequently challenged with y. ruckeri 4 and 8 weeks post-vaccination which demonstrated a significant protection of vaccinated fish kept at 15 degrees c. no protective effect of vaccination in ... | 2008 | 18237828 |
| spleen size predicts resistance of rainbow trout to flavobacterium psychrophilum challenge. | selective breeding of animals for increased innate resistance offers an attractive strategy to control disease in agriculture. however, this approach is limited by an incomplete knowledge of the heritability, duration, and mechanism(s) of resistance, as well as the impact of selection on the immune response to unrelated pathogens. herein, as part of a rainbow trout broodstock improvement program, we evaluated factors involved in resistance against a bacterial disease agent, flavobacterium psychr ... | 2008 | 18322227 |
| identification of bacteria from the normal flora of perch, perca fluviatilis l., and evaluation of their inhibitory potential towards aeromonas species. | pathogenic aeromonas sobria has been identified as a causative agent of ulcerative disease in farmed european perch, perca fluviatilis l. to study the effect of the normal intestinal bacterial flora of perch against a. sobria, we sampled 193 bacterial isolates from the perch digestive tract. the isolates were identified by sequence analysis of the 16s rrna gene and their inhibitory potential against a. sobria was evaluated in vitro. nineteen of the strains isolated showed inhibition and were als ... | 2008 | 18355180 |
| effects of ergosan on the expression of cytokine genes in the liver of juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to enteric red mouth vaccine. | the effects of administration of the immunomodulator ergosan, an algal extract containing alginic acid, in juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to aquavac vaccination, were tested. juveniles treated with ergosan, 95 days after the beginning of first solid feeding and control fish fed solely on commercial diet, were vaccinated by immersion in aquavac solution. the time-course of the effects of vaccination on liver immunorelated gene modulation and on the tolerance to stress manipu ... | 2008 | 18378002 |
| inducible resistance of fish bacterial pathogens to the antimicrobial peptide cecropin b. | cecropin b is a cationic antimicrobial peptide originally isolated from the diapausing pupae of the giant silk moth, hylphora cecropia. cecropin b elicits its antimicrobial effects through disruption of the anionic cell membranes of gram-negative bacteria. previous work by our laboratory demonstrated that a constitutively expressed cecropin b transgene conferred enhanced resistance to bacterial infection in medaka. the development of antibiotic resistance by pathogenic bacteria is a growing prob ... | 2008 | 18474580 |
| development of multiplex pcr assay for simultaneous detection of five bacterial fish pathogens. | a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method was designed for the simultaneous detection of the five major fish pathogens, aeromonas hydrophila, aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, flavobacterium columnare, renibacterium salmoninarum, and yersinia ruckeri. each of the five pairs of oligonucleotide primers exclusively amplified the targeted gene of the specific microorganism. the detection limits of the multiplex pcr was in the range of 2, 1, 1, 3, and 1cfu for a. hydrophila, a. salmo ... | 2008 | 18499358 |
| loop-mediated isothermal amplification as an emerging technology for detection of yersinia ruckeri the causative agent of enteric red mouth disease in fish. | enteric redmouth (erm) disease also known as yersiniosis is a contagious disease affecting salmonids, mainly rainbow trout. the causative agent is the gram-negative bacterium yersinia ruckeri. the disease can be diagnosed by isolation and identification of the causative agent, or detection of the pathogen using fluorescent antibody tests, elisa and pcr assays. these diagnostic methods are laborious, time consuming and need well trained personnel. | 2008 | 18700011 |
| development of adaptive immunity in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum) surviving an infection with yersinia ruckeri. | development of adaptive immunity in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) surviving a primary infection with 5x10(5)cfu yersinia ruckeri o1 (ld(50) dose) was investigated by transcriptome analysis of spleen tissue. these fish surviving a primary infection showed also a significantly increased survival following a secondary infection (same dose) when compared to naïve trout. the weight of the rainbow trout spleen doubled during the first 14 days of the primary infection but the affected organs subs ... | 2008 | 18706505 |
| innate immune response in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) against primary and secondary infections with yersinia ruckeri o1. | response mechanisms in teleosts against bacterial pathogens have been widely studied following injection procedures applying preparations of killed bacteria. in contrast, investigations on immune reactions in fish which have survived a primary infection and subsequently have been challenged are few or lacking. however, knowledge on these factors during infection and re-infection could provide the basis for development of improved vaccines. the innate immune response in rainbow trout (oncorhynchu ... | 2009 | 18760303 |
| surveillance of health status on eight marine rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), farms in denmark in 2006. | the health status of eight marine rainbow trout farms was followed from mid-june to mid-september 2006 by sampling both dead and healthy fish approximately every 2 weeks for bacteriological and virological investigation. no fish pathogenic viruses were detected, but all farms experienced disease and mortality as a result of various bacterial infections. yersinia ruckeri was found on four and renibacterium salmoninarum on five of the farms, but only during the first part of the surveillance perio ... | 2008 | 18786028 |
| influence of carp intestinal mucus molecular size and glycosylation on bacterial adhesion. | the first step of the pathogenesis of many infectious diseases is the colonisation of the mucosal surface by the pathogen. bacterial colonisation of the mucosal surface is promoted by adherence to high molecular weight mucus glycoproteins. we examined the effect of carp intestinal mucus glycoproteins on the adhesion of different bacteria. the bacteria used were 3 strains of aeromonas hydrophila, and a. salmonicida, edwardsiella tarda and yersinia ruckeri. all bacteria adhered to mucus, but at va ... | 2008 | 18924378 |
| a chromosomally located trahijkclmn operon encoding a putative type iv secretion system is involved in the virulence of yersinia ruckeri. | nucleotide sequence analysis of the region surrounding the pivet8 insertion site in yersinia ruckeri 150rivixii, previously selected by in vivo expression technology (ivet), revealed the presence of eight genes (trahijkclmn [hereafter referred to collectively as the tra operon or tra cluster]), which are similar both in sequence and organization to the tra operon cluster found in the virulence-related plasmid padap from serratia entomophila. interestingly, the tra cluster of y. ruckeri is chromo ... | 2009 | 19088314 |
| effects of dietary probiotic supplementations on prevention/treatment of yersiniosis disease. | to evaluate enterobacter cloacae and bacillus mojavensis, isolated from rainbow trout gut in the present study, as a probiotic to control yersiniosis disease. | 2009 | 19191963 |
| [taxonomic characteristics and physiological properties of microorganisms from the gut of pike (esox lucius)]. | the taxonomic composition and distribution of microorganisms differing in the degree of association with the intestinal mucosa of the pike (lucius lucius) has been studied. microorgansism of the families enterobacteriaceae, aeromonadaceae, and vibrionaceae dominate in the gut microflora. numerically prevailing bacterial species are characterized by high proteolytic and amylolytic enzyme activities as well as by high persistence accounted for by antilysozyme and antihistone activities. the result ... | 2008 | 19198074 |
| myxinidin, a novel antimicrobial peptide from the epidermal mucus of hagfish, myxine glutinosa l. | fish epidermal mucus contains innate immune components that provide a first line of defense against various infectious pathogens. this study reports the bioassay-guided fractionation and characterization of a novel antimicrobial peptide, myxinidin, from the acidic epidermal mucus extract of hagfish (myxine glutinosa l.). edman sequencing and mass spectrometry revealed that myxinidin consists of 12 amino acids and has a molecular mass of 1,327.68 da. myxinidin showed activity against a broad rang ... | 2009 | 19330556 |
| quantitative analysis of bacterial adhesion to fish tissue. | adhesion to host tissue represents a first crucial step in most bacterial infections. both specific adhesion-ligand as well as hydrophobic interactions may be involved. the adhesion of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, lactococcus garvieae, and yersinia ruckeri strains to fish tissue cells was assessed. to determine whether the observed bacterial adhesion to fish tissue cells was caused by non-specific interactions, adhesion to bovine serum albumin (bsa) and polystyrene was also tested. ... | 2009 | 19349152 |
| yersinia ruckeri biotype 2 isolates from mainland europe and the uk likely represent different clonal groups. | there have been increased reports of outbreaks of enteric redmouth disease (erm) caused by yersinia ruckeri in previously vaccinated salmonids in europe, with some of these outbreaks being attributed to emergent non-motile, tween 80-negative, biotype 2 isolates. to gain information about their likely origins and relationships, a geographically and temporally diverse collection of isolates were characterised by serotyping, biotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and outer membrane prot ... | 2009 | 19419004 |
| rainbow trout interleukin-2: cloning, expression and bioactivity analysis. | in this study the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) interleukin-2 (il-2) cdna has been cloned, and its expression and bioactivity analysed in head kidney leucocytes. the il-2 precursor encoded an open reading frame of 429 bp, that translates into a predicted protein of 142 aa, with a 20 aa signal peptide. the trout il-2 had moderate protein homology (30.9% identity/48.3% similarity) with fugu il-2, the only il-2 homologue identified in fish to date, with lower homology to avian (17.8% identity ... | 2009 | 19540920 |
| route of entry and tissue distribution of yersinia ruckeri in experimentally infected rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease, which leads to significant losses in salmonid aquaculture worldwide. despite the significance of the disease, little information is available on the pathogenesis. in this study, the portal of entry was investigated using a contact-exposure infection method in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss with 4 different y. ruckeri strains. bacteriological and histological examination revealed the presence of high numbers of bacteria in th ... | 2009 | 19565699 |
| identification of flagellar motility genes in yersinia ruckeri by transposon mutagenesis. | here we demonstrate that flagellar secretion is required for production of secreted lipase activity in the fish pathogen yersinia ruckeri and that neither of these activities is necessary for virulence in rainbow trout. our results suggest a possible mechanism for the emergence of nonmotile biotype 2 y. ruckeri through the mutational loss of flagellar secretion. | 2009 | 19700548 |
| heat shock proteins protect platyfish (xiphophorus maculatus) from yersinia ruckeri induced mortality. | the significant disadvantages accompanied with the use of antibiotics in aquaculture, emphasize the need for developing alternative disease control strategies, like novel vaccine approaches and immunostimulating measures. several studies have already pointed out the ability of heat shock proteins (hsps) to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses, what makes them potent candidates for the development of a new disease prevention method. in this study, the use of self and non-self heat shock ... | 2010 | 19751832 |
| cloning of a novel interleukin (il)-20-like gene in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss gives an insight into the evolution of the il-10 family. | a novel il-20-like (il-20l) gene has been analyzed in rainbow trout. it has a six exon/five intron gene organisation and is translated into 181 amino acids (aa) with a signal peptide of 25aa and a mature peptide of 156aa. the trout il-20l translation shares highest identities to other il-20l molecules from fish and to il-20 in mammals. phylogenetic analysis showed that the fish il-20l molecules form an independent clade but cluster with the group containing the il-19, il-20 and il-24 molecules f ... | 2010 | 19755128 |
| the role of gamma interferon in innate immunity in the zebrafish embryo. | the zebrafish genome contains ten genes that encode class ii cytokine-like peptides, of which the two that are related most closely to mammalian interferon gamma (ifn-gamma) were named ifn-gamma1 and ifn-gamma2. although the zebrafish has become a popular model system to study immune mechanisms, and although interferons are central regulators of immunity, which zebrafish cytokines correspond functionally to mammalian ifn-gamma has not been established. we used zebrafish embryos to assay the func ... | 2009 | 19779068 |
| in vitro markers for virulence in yersinia ruckeri. | in this study, different traits that have been associated with bacterial virulence were studied in yersinia ruckeri. two isolates that had been shown to cause disease and mortality in experimentally infected rainbow trout were compared with five avirulent isolates. both virulent isolates showed high adhesion to gill and intestinal mucus of rainbow trout, whereas the majority of non-virulent strains demonstrated significantly lower adhesion. a decrease in adherence capability following bacterial ... | 2010 | 19878528 |
| cellular components of probiotics control yersinia ruckeri infection in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | subcellular components of the probiotics aeromonas sobria gc2 and bacillus subtilis jb-1, when administered to rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, conferred protection against a new biogroup of yersinia ruckeri. thus, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection of rainbow trout with cell wall proteins (cwps), outer membrane proteins (omps), lipopolysaccharides (lps), whole cell proteins (wcps) and live cells followed by challenge on day 8 with y. ruckeri led to 80-100% survival compared with 10% ... | 2010 | 19912460 |
| blacmy-2-positive inca/c plasmids from escherichia coli and salmonella enterica are a distinct component of a larger lineage of plasmids. | large multidrug resistance plasmids of the a/c incompatibility complex (inca/c) have been found in a diverse group of gram-negative commensal and pathogenic bacteria. we present three completed sequences from inca/c plasmids that originated from escherichia coli (cattle) and salmonella enterica serovar newport (human) and that carry the cephamycinase gene blacmy-2. these large plasmids (148 to 166 kbp) share extensive sequence identity and synteny. the most divergent plasmid, peh4h, has lost sev ... | 2010 | 19949054 |
| [research in bacterial diseases of salmonid fish.] | the main bacterial diseases in icelandic aquaculture are furunculosis, bacterial kidney disease (bkd) and vibriosis. atypical furunculosis caused by a. salmonicida ssp. achromogenes is an endemic disease causing high mortality in salmonids yearly. classical furunculosis caused by a. salmonicida ssp. salmonicida was first diagnosed in iceland in 1995. at keldur the research focus has been on studying the virulence mechanism of a. salmonicida ssp. achromogenes, the immune response evoked in the fi ... | 1996 | 20065395 |
| the znuabc operon is important for yersinia ruckeri infections of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | signature-tagged mutagenesis was used to identify genes essential for survival of yersinia ruckeri in its natural host, rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. a mini-tn5-km2 signature-tagged mutant, c6-1, was missing from rainbow trout kidney at 7 days after an immersion challenge. the transposon insertion in c6-1 was in a homologue of the znua gene of escherichia coli that encodes znua, a zinc-binding periplasmic protein of the high-affinity zinc transporter znuabc. further sequencing of the c6-1 ... | 2010 | 20070462 |
| yersinia ruckeri genes that attenuate survival in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) are identified using signature-tagged mutants. | to identify genes that enable the enteric redmouth disease bacterium, yersinia ruckeri, to persist in salmonid fish, 1056 signature-tagged mini-tn5km2 transposon mutants of a serotype 1 strain of y. ruckeri, rs1154, were screened in rainbow trout by immersion infection. two rounds of screening in fish identified 25 mutants that were not re-isolated from the kidney, 7 days post-infection. six mutants were tested a third time in fish, in 1:1 competitive challenges with the parent strain; 4 failed ... | 2010 | 20202763 |
| molecular cloning of cecropin b responsive endonucleases in yersinia ruckeri. | we have previously demonstrated that yersinia ruckeri resists cecropin b in an inducible manner. in this study, we sought to identify the molecular changes responsible for the inducible cecropin b resistance of y. ruckeri. differences in gene expression associated with the inducible resistance were investigated. cultures of y. ruckeri were exposed to a sublethal concentration of cecropin b and resultant changes in the messenger rna population of the bacteria were assayed using the differential d ... | 2011 | 20352273 |
| the uvry response regulator of the bara-uvry two-component system contributes to yersinia ruckeri infection of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | to identify virulence-associated genes of a fish pathogen yersinia ruckeri, we screened a total of 1056 mini-tn5-km2 signature-tagged mutants in rainbow trout by immersion challenge. of 1056, 25 mutants were found survival-defective as they could not be re-isolated from fish kidney 7 days after infection. mutated gene in f2-4 mutant, one of the 25 mutants, was homologous to uvry that encodes uvry response regulator of bara-uvry two-component system (tcs). mutant f2-4 was significantly more sensi ... | 2010 | 20480360 |
| yersinia entomophaga sp. nov., isolated from the new zealand grass grub costelytra zealandica. | a gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium (mh96(t)) was isolated from diseased larvae of the new zealand grass grub, costelytra zealandica (coleoptera: scarabaeidae). on the basis of 16s rrna gene sequence similarity, strain mh96(t) is a member of the genus yersinia, which is a member of the class gammaproteobacteria. the most similar 16s rrna gene sequence to that of mh96(t) is that of the type strain of yersinia mollaretii (98.5 % similarity) followed by those of the type strain ... | 2011 | 20495033 |
| persistence of yersinia ruckeri in trout macrophages. | yersinia ruckeri is the etiological agent of enteric redmouth disease, a systemic infection which mainly affects salmonids. although this important freshwater pathogen was discovered in 1966, little is known about its virulence mechanisms. in the present study, the interactions with rainbow trout head kidney macrophages were investigated. in vitro experiments were performed to measure uptake, intracellular survival, respiratory burst response and macrophage viability after exposure to y. ruckeri ... | 2010 | 20561588 |
| identification of suppressor of cytokine signalling (socs) 6, 7, 9 and cish in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and analysis of their expression in relation to other known trout socs. | four new members of the socs family of molecules in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), cish and socs6, 7 and 9, are described for the first time in this species. the genes had a wide tissue distribution in trout, and were detected in gills, skin, muscle, liver, spleen, head kidney, intestine and brain, with brain having the highest expression levels. stimulation of a rainbow trout leucocyte cell line, rts-11, (mononuclear/macrophage-like cells) with lps or poly i:c had no effect on the express ... | 2010 | 20600958 |
| temporal and pathogen-load dependent changes in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) immune response traits following challenge with biotype 2 yersinia ruckeri. | rainbow trout infected with yersinia ruckeri, the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease (erm), produce a pro-inflammatory and acute-phase response attributed in part to the innate recognition of bacterial-produced flagellin. recently, variants of y. ruckeri have been identified that lack flagella and associated motility. these strains are classified as biotype 2 (bt2) y. ruckeri and these are considered an emerging problem in salmonid aquaculture. little is known about the salmonid immune ... | 2010 | 20600959 |
| sequence and expression analysis of two t helper master transcription factors, t-bet and gata3, in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and analysis of their expression during bacterial and parasitic infection. | the polarization of naïve cd4+ t cells to t helper (th)1 or th2 cells is specified by two master transcription factors, t-bet and gata3, and is an essential feature of mammalian adaptive immune responses to pathogens and the development of long-lasting immunity. we report here the cloning of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss t-bet and gata3, to allow the future evaluation of the existence of th1 and th2 cells in salmonid fish. the trout t-bet translation shares high amino acid identities to othe ... | 2010 | 20633655 |
| comparative susceptibility of atlantic salmon and rainbow trout to yersinia ruckeri: relationship to o antigen serotype and resistance to serum killing. | a study was undertaken to compare the virulence and serum killing resistance properties of atlantic salmon and rainbow trout yersinia ruckeri isolates. five isolates, covering heat-stable o-antigen o1, o2 and o5 serotypes, were tested for virulence towards fry and juveniles of both species by experimental bath challenge. the sensitivity of 15 diverse isolates to non-immune salmon and rainbow trout serum was also examined. all five isolates caused significant mortality in salmon fry. serotype o1 ... | 2011 | 20691549 |
| development and evaluation of a multiplex pcr assay for simultaneous detection of flavobacterium psychrophilum, yersinia ruckeri and aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in culture fisheries. | bacterial cold water disease, enteric red mouth disease and frunculosis are the common bacterial diseases of fish worldwide. the etiologic agents of these diseases are flavobacterium (f.) psychrophilum, yersinia (y.) ruckeri and aeromonas (a.) salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, respectively. in this study, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-pcr) method with yer8/10-fer3/4-fp1/3 primer pairs which can identify these fish pathogens simultaneously was developed and optimized. in optimized condit ... | 2010 | 20706031 |
| interactions of virulent and avirulent yersinia ruckeri strains with isolated gill arches and intestinal explants of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease leading to significant losses in salmonid aquaculture worldwide. little information is available on the pathogenesis of this disease. basic steps in the establishment of an infection include attachment to the epithelium followed by invasion at the portal of entry. in this study, the interactions of y. ruckeri with the gills and the gut of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum, 1792) were studied using standardized perfusion ... | 2010 | 20815325 |
| potential of the melanophore pigment response for detection of bacterial toxicity. | chromatophore cells have been investigated as potential biodetectors for function-based detection of chemically and biologically toxic substances. oncorhynchus tshawytscha (chinook salmon) melanophores, a chromatophore cell type containing brown pigment, rapidly detect the salmonid pathogens aeromonas salmonicida, yersinia ruckeri, and flavobacterium psychrophilum and the human pathogen bacillus cereus. | 2010 | 20952639 |
| yersinia nurmii sp. nov. | this study was set up to identify three gram-negative, rod-shaped strains originating from broiler meat packaged under modified atmosphere. a polyphasic taxonomy approach, including multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa) of 5 genes (16s rrna, glna, gyrb, reca, and hsp60), dna-dna reassociation between the closest phylogenetic neighbours and determination of relevant phenotypic properties, was applied. the phylogenetic analysis of the 16s rrna sequences grouped these strains together and within the ... | 2010 | 21037032 |
| the yctcba operon of yersinia ruckeri, involved in in vivo citrate uptake, is not required for virulence. | a three-gene operon, named yctcba (yersinia citrate transporter), induced by citrate and repressed by glucose was identified from a previously selected in vivo-induced (ivi) clone in the fish pathogen yersinia ruckeri. interestingly, despite being an ivi clone, the drastic growth reduction of the yctc mutant in the presence of citrate, and the relatively high content of this compound in rainbow trout serum, the operon was not required for virulence. | 2010 | 21131526 |
| functional characterization of a nonmammalian il-21: rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss il-21 upregulates the expression of the th cell signature cytokines ifn-gamma, il-10, and il-22. | in mammals, il-21 is a common γ chain cytokine produced by activated cd4(+) t cells and nkt cells that acts on multiple lineages of cells. although il-21 has also been discovered in birds, amphibians, and fish, to date, no functional studies have been reported for any nonmammalian il-21 molecule. we have sequenced an il-21 gene (til-21) in rainbow trout, which has a six-exon/five-intron structure, is expressed in immune tissues, and is induced by bacterial and viral infection and the t cell stim ... | 2010 | 21160047 |
| a novel cdsab operon is involved in the uptake of l-cysteine and participates in the pathogenesis of yersinia ruckeri. | application of in vivo expression technology (ivet) to yersinia ruckeri, an important fish pathogen, allowed the identification of two adjacent genes that represent a novel bacterial system involved in the uptake and degradation of l-cysteine. analysis of the translational products of both genes showed permease domains (open reading frame 1 [orf1]) and amino acid position identities (orf2) with the l-cysteine desulfidase from methanocaldococcus jannaschii, a new type of enzyme involved in the br ... | 2010 | 21169490 |
| the effects of pollution on fish health. | potentially harmful substances-e.g. pesticides, heavy metals and hydrocarbons-are often released into the aquatic environment. when large quantities of pollutants are released there may be an immediate impact as measured by large-scale sudden mortalities of aquatic organisms, e.g. fish kills resulting from contamination of waterways with agricultural pesticides. lower levels of discharge may result in an accumulation of the pollutants in aquatic organisms. the end results, which may occur long a ... | 1998 | 21182713 |
| bacteriocin activity and probiotic activity of aeromonas media. | three strains of aeromonas media (161, a164 and a199) were shown to be active in-vitro producers of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (blis). for example, the producer strain, aer. media a199, displayed antagonistic activity against all strains tested of aer. caviae, aer. hydrophila, aer. salmonicida, aer. veronii var. sobria, listonella anguillarum, photobacterium damsella, eight species of vibrio and yersinia ruckeri. because of this wide-ranging activity against fish/shellfish pathogens, ... | 1998 | 21182714 |
| quantification of campylobacter spp. in pig feces by direct real-time pcr with an internal control of extraction and amplification. | the rapid and direct quantification of campylobacter spp. in complex substrates like feces or environmental samples is crucial to facilitate epidemiological studies on campylobacter in pig production systems. we developed a real-time pcr assay for detecting and quantifying campylobacter spp. directly in pig feces with the use of an internal control. campylobacter spp. and yersinia ruckeri primers-probes sets were designed and checked for specificity with diverse campylobacter, related organisms, ... | 2011 | 21277341 |
| dietary administration of beta-mercapto-ethanol treated saccharomyces cerevisiae enhanced the growth, innate immune response and disease resistance of the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. | the effects of dietary whole cell yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae), n-3 hufa-enriched yeast and treated yeast cells with beta-mercapto-ethanol (2me) on immunity, growth performance and disease resistance to yersinia ruckeri were investigated in oncorhynchus mykiss. during 30 days, juvenile rainbow trout were fed diets supplemented with different forms of yeast at 5 × 10(7) cfu g(-1) or a control diet. after the feeding trial, remaining fish of each treatment were challenged by pathogenic yersini ... | 2011 | 21296672 |
| novel non-motile phenotypes of yersinia ruckeri suggest expansion of the current clonal complex theory. | the biochemical and cell surface characteristics of 63 non-motile isolates of yersinia ruckeri from various sources were compared using the api 20e rapid identification system and conventional phenotypic methods. eight individual phenotypic groups from a variety of fish species were observed from the data set. non-motile isolates were not exclusively observed from serogroup o1; membership of biotype 2 was recorded for representatives from serogroups o2-o7. variations in phenotypes highlights tha ... | 2011 | 21320135 |
| independent emergence of yersinia ruckeri biotype 2 in the united states and europe. | biotype 2 (bt2) variants of the bacterium yersinia ruckeri are an increasing disease problem in u.s. and european aquaculture and have been characterized as serovar 1 isolates that lack both peritrichous flagella and secreted phospholipase activity. the emergence of this biotype has been associated with an increased frequency of enteric redmouth disease (erm) outbreaks in previously vaccinated salmonid fish. in this study, four independent specific natural mutations that cause the loss of both m ... | 2011 | 21441334 |
| antigenic and cross-protection studies of biotype 1 and biotype 2 isolates of yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). | the study investigated antigen characteristics of biotype (bt) 1 and bt 2 isolates of yersinia ruckeri. | 2011 | 21447021 |
| association between yersinia ruckeri infection, cytokine expression and survival in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | the immune response against bacterial pathogens has been widely studied in teleosts and it is evident that survival chances differ significantly within a host population. identification of indicators for susceptibility and responsiveness will improve our understanding of this host-pathogen interaction. the present work shows that the transcripts of cytokine genes in blood cells sampled three days post-infection was significantly higher in fish which obtained a high bacteriemia and died at later ... | 2011 | 21501689 |
| gene expression profiling in naïve and vaccinated rainbow trout after yersinia ruckeri infection: insights into the mechanisms of protection seen in vaccinated fish. | despite the importance and success of vaccination against bacterial diseases in fish, little is known about the mechanisms of vaccine-induced disease resistance. in this study a known efficacious bacterial vaccine, to enteric redmouth disease (erm), was used to vaccinate rainbow trout, and sixty days later the fish were challenged with the causative agent of the disease, yersinia ruckeri. the bacterial burden in the spleen, the spleen index, and the expression profiles of pro- and anti-inflammat ... | 2011 | 21504776 |
| cloning, expression analysis and bioactivity studies of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) interleukin-22. | this report describes the cloning and characterisation of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) interleukin (il)-22, and presents studies of the functional activity of its recombinant protein for the first time in a non-mammalian species. the predicted il-22 coding region consists of 522 nucleotides which translates into a 173 amino acid protein, that contains an il-10 family signature which is reasonably well conserved with other vertebrate il-22 molecules. expression analysis in tissues from hea ... | 2011 | 21514178 |
| serological and molecular heterogeneity among yersinia ruckeri strains isolated from farmed atlantic salmon salmo salar in chile. | we investigated 11 strains of yersinia ruckeri, the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease (erm), that had been isolated from atlantic salmon salmo salar l. farmed in chile and previously vaccinated against erm. phylogenetic analysis of the 16s rrna gene sequences confirmed the identification of the salmon isolates as y. ruckeri. a comparative analysis of the biochemical characteristics was made by means of traditional and commercial miniaturised methods. all studied isolates were motile an ... | 2011 | 21516973 |
| sequencing of a second interleukin-10 gene in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and comparative investigation of the expression and modulation of the paralogues in vitro and in vivo. | interleukin-10 (il-10) is a multifaceted cytokine that is produced by and effects a variety of cell populations, including macrophages, t, b and nk cells. the gene encoding for il-10 has been isolated in mammals, birds, amphibians and recently in fish, with only single copy identified in each species. we report here a second il-10 gene (til-10b) in rainbow trout that showed 92% identity in the coding region but only 50% identity in the 5'- and 3'-utr to the known trout il-10 paralogue, which we ... | 2011 | 21536138 |
| 17beta-estradiol affects the response of complement components and survival of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) challenged by bacterial infection. | research on the endocrine role of estrogens has focused on the reproductive system, while other potential target systems have been less studied. here, we investigated the possible immunomodulating role of 17β-estradiol (e2) using rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) as a model. the aims of the study were to examine a) whether estrogens can modulate immune gene transcription levels, and b) whether this has functional implications for the resistance of trout towards pathogens. trout were reared fro ... | 2011 | 21549195 |
| association between plasma antibody response and protection in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss immersion vaccinated against yersinia ruckeri. | a key hallmark of the vertebrate adaptive immune system is the generation of antigen-specific antibodies from b cells. fish are the most primitive gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) possessing an adaptive immune system. vaccination of rainbow trout against enteric redmouth disease (erm) by immersion in yersinia ruckeri bacterin confers a high degree of protection to the fish. the immune mechanisms responsible for protection may comprise both cellular and humoral elements but the role of specific i ... | 2011 | 21731605 |
| rapid genotyping assays for the identification and differentiation of yersinia ruckeri biotype 2 strains. | aims:ôçé to establish pcr-based assays for the rapid identification and differentiation of each of four known biotype 2 (bt2) phenotype-causing alleles in yersinia ruckeri strains currently circulating in europe and the united states. methods and results:ôçé novel assays were developed relying on detection of mutant allele-specific changes in restriction enzyme cleavage sites within targeted pcr products. the developed assays were validated against isolates previously genotyped by dna sequencing ... | 2011 | 21722148 |
| microarray based analysis of inca/c plasmid associated genes from multidrug resistant salmonella enterica. | in enterobacteriaceae, plasmids have been classified according to 27 incompatibility (inc) or replicon types which are based on the inability of different plasmids with the same replication mechanism to co-exist in the same cell. certain replicon types such as inca/c are associated with multidrug resistance (mdr). we developed a microarray that contains 286 unique 70 mer oligonucleotide probes based on sequences from five inca/c plasmids: pyr1 (yersinia ruckeri), ppip1202 (yersinia pestis), pp99 ... | 2011 | 21841024 |
| Differential expression and biological activity of two piscidin paralogues and a novel splice variant in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). | The piscidin (pis) family of potent antimicrobial peptides with broad-spectrum activity has an important role in innate host defence. We have identified and characterized two pis paralogues in Atlantic cod (pis1 and pis2), as well as a novel splice variant of pis2, termed pis2-ß. Pis1 and pis2 genes have most likely originated from a recent duplication event, since they share the same four-exon structure with up to 91% identity at the intron level. The alternative transcript pis2-ß is derived fr ... | 2011 | 22178249 |
| Immunomodulatory effects of decaffeinated green tea (Camellia sinensis) on the immune system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). | In order to study the immunomodulatory effects of decaffeinated green tea extract on rainbow trout, a study with a 30-day feeding trial was conducted. Commercial diets with graded levels of decaffeinated green tea extract, 20 mg (T1), 100 mg (T2), 500 mg (T3) per kg feed were prepared. 120 rainbow trout (35 ± 3 g) were randomly assigned to 4 groups in triplicates and fed one of the 3 experimental diets formulated or control diet. After feeding trial, 12 fish from each group were sampled for anal ... | 2011 | 21985858 |
| Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Yersinia ruckeri isolates from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) in Turkey. | The aim of the study was the phenotypic and molecular characterization of Yersinia (Y) ruckeri strains, the causative agent of Enteric Redmouth Disease (ERM), by antibiotyping, random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) and sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) patterns of whole cell proteins. For this aim, a total of 97 Y ruckeri isolates were analyzed. The isolates were distinguished into ten antibiotypes and six phenotypes according to ... | 2011 | 21848040 |
| differential immune response of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) at early developmental stages (larvae and fry) against the bacterial pathogen yersinia ruckeri. | innate immune factors play a crucial role in survival of young fish especially during early stages of life when adaptive immunity is not fully developed. in the present study, we investigated the immune response of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae and fry at an early stage of development. we exposed 17 and 87° days post hatch larvae and fry (152 and 1118 degree days post hatch; avg. wt. 70 and 770 mg, respectively) to the bacterial pathogen, yersinia ruckeri for 4h by bath challenge. s ... | 2012 | 21945730 |
| The use of a real-time PCR primer/probe set to observe infectivity of Yersinia ruckeri in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), and steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). | Yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease (ERM), a common pathogen affecting aquaculture facilities and implicated in large losses of cultured fish. Fisheries scientists continue to gain a greater understanding of the disease and the pathogen by investigating methods of identification and pre- and post-infection treatment. In this study, a real-time PCR probe set for Y. ruckeri was developed to detect daily changes in the bacterial load during pathogen challenges. Two s ... | 2011 | 21916903 |
| evolution of inca/c blacmy-2-carrying plasmids by acquisition of the blandm-1 carbapenemase gene. | the bla(ndm-1) gene has been reported to be often located on broad-host-range plasmids of the inca/c type in clinical but also environmental bacteria recovered from the new delhi, india, area. inca/c-type plasmids are the main vehicles for the spread of the cephalosporinase gene bla(cmy-2), frequently identified in the united states, canada, and europe. in this study, we completed the sequence of inca/c plasmid pndm-kn carrying the bla(ndm-1) gene, recovered from a klebsiella pneumoniae isolate ... | 2011 | 22123704 |
| Effects of dietary Ergosan on cutaneous mucosal immune response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). | The effects of dietary Ergosan on the growth performance and mucosal immunity in rainbow trout skin were investigated. 60 rainbow trout (100-110 g) were randomly assigned to 2 groups in triplicates and fed one of the experimental diet formulated with 5 g kg(-1) Ergosan or control diet for 50 days. Results showed that on the 45th day of feeding trial, Ergosan supplementation significantly enhanced the growth performance compared to control group. Various enzyme activities, namely lysozyme, protea ... | 2011 | 22166733 |
| evidence of an antimicrobial-immunomodulatory role of atlantic salmon cathelicidins during infection with yersinia ruckeri. | cathelicidins are a family of antimicrobial peptides that act as effector molecules of the innate immune system with broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. these evolutionary conserved cationic host-defence peptides are integral components of the immune response of fish, which are generally believed to rely heavily on innate immune defences to invading pathogens. in this study we showed that atlantic salmon cathelicidin 1 and 2 (ascath1 and ascath2) stimulated peripheral blood leukocytes incre ... | 2011 | 21858109 |
| Identification of Yersinia ruckeri from diseased salmonid fish by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. | Yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease (ERM), which mainly affects salmonid fish. Isolates of Y. ruckeri from diseased salmonid fish were obtained over a 6-year period from eight fish farms in the State of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany. The strains were characterized by biochemical methods and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) combined with artificial neural network analysis. These methods were complemented by 16S rDNA sequencing for several isol ... | 2012 | 22103737 |
| development and validation of real-time pcr for the detection of yersinia ruckeri. | yersiniosis (enteric red mouth disease) is a contagious bacterial disease caused by yersinia ruckeri, which primarily affects salmonids. a real-time pcr assay using a molecular beacon has been developed and validated to improve the detection of the causative biotypes of y. ruckeri. the assay, which targets the glna (glutamine synthetase) gene, proved to have 100% analytical specificity and analytical sensitivities of 5 fg and 3 × 10(3) cfu g(-1) for dna and seeded kidney tissue, respectively. ... | 2011 | 22175801 |