| effect of high-pressure processing on strains of enterobacter sakazakii. | four strains of enterobacter sakazakii were inoculated into tryptic soy broth and reconstituted powdered infant formula and exposed to high-pressure processing. pressures of 200, 400, and 600 mpa were used for each medium for 1 min. e. sakazakii was reduced by more than 6 log (strains a and b) in both media at 600 mpa. strain b was significantly (p < or = 0.05) more pressure resistant than the other strains, with just more than a 3-log reduction at 600 mpa in both media. the reconstituted infant ... | 2006 | 16629043 |
| characterization of a collection of enterobacter sakazakii isolates from environmental and food sources. | enterobacter sakazakii has emerged as a rare cause of neonatal meningitis, septicemia and enterocolitis. contaminated infant milk formula (imf) has been identified as one infection route. a small number of clinical outbreaks have been epidemiologically linked to imf contaminated post-pasteurization during manufacture and/or mishandled when reconstituted. currently no agreed standardized typing protocol has been developed to trace e. sakazakii. the objectives of this study were to apply biochemic ... | 2006 | 16730386 |
| gamma radiation sensitivity of enterobacter sakazakii in dehydrated powdered infant formula. | the observed enterobacter sakazakii d10-values for tryptic soy broth and dehydrated powdered infant formula were 0.27 +/- 0.05 and 0.76 +/- 0.08 kgy, respectively. a decrease of approximately 3 log in the dehydrated powdered infant formula was obtained by irradiation with 3.0 kgy or rehydration with hot water at 80 degrees c. no recoverable bacteria were found in the powdered infant formula irradiated at 5.0 kgy and stored, either before or after rehydration. a radiation dose of up to 5.0 kgy ha ... | 2006 | 16786869 |
| adhesive properties of enterobacter sakazakii to human epithelial and brain microvascular endothelial cells. | enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that has been associated with sporadic cases and outbreaks causing meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis especially in neonates. however, up to now little is known about the mechanisms of pathogenicity in e. sakazakii. a necessary state in the successful colonization, establishment and ultimately production of disease by microbial pathogens is the ability to adhere to host surfaces such as mucous membranes, gastric and intestinal epi ... | 2006 | 16800879 |
| adhesion properties and competitive pathogen exclusion ability of bifidobacteria with acquired acid resistance. | the adhesion properties of bifidobacterium longum and bifidobacterium catenulatum strains with an acquired resistance to acid and their ability to competitively exclude salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes, enterobacter sakazakii, and clostridium difficile from adhering to human intestinal mucus were evaluated and compared with the results when the same experiments were run with the original acid-sensitive strains. in half of the four studied cases, t ... | 2006 | 16865903 |
| enterobacter sakazakii and other bacteria in powdered infant milk formula. | recently there has been considerable concern related to the presence of bacteria, in particular enterobacter sakazakii, in powdered infant formula milk. this paper considers the bacteria in these products at point of sale, with reference to current microbiological testing and the need for good hygienic practice in their subsequent preparation before feeding. the ingestion of raised numbers of e. sakazakii resulting from temperature abuse after reconstitution is highlighted as well as the uncerta ... | 2005 | 16881878 |
| characterization of the enterobacteriaceae isolated from an artisanal italian ewe's cheese (pecorino abruzzese). | to evaluate some physiological characteristics of the enterobacteriaceae isolated from pecorino cheese. | 2006 | 16882142 |
| survival of enterobacter sakazakii on fresh produce as affected by temperature, and effectiveness of sanitizers for its elimination. | a study was done to determine the survival characteristics of enterobacter sakazakii on the surface of apples, cantaloupes, strawberries, lettuce, and tomatoes stored at 4, 12, and 25 degrees c for 8-28 days. populations significantly decreased (p<or=0.05) on all test produce at all storage temperatures. the efficacy of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and a peroxyacetic acid-based sanitizer (tsunami 200) treatments (1 and 5 min) in killing the bacterium on apples, tomatoes, and lettuce was determine ... | 2006 | 16891023 |
| [enterobacter sakazakii: an emerging pathogen!]. | e sakazakii is a cause of invasive infection with high death rates in neonates. this report summarizes the investigation of infections associated with the presence of the organism in commercial powdered formula fed to the infant. the organism was detected in either prepared formula, the environment in wich it was prepared, or unopened products. clinicians should be aware of the potential risk for infection from use of nonsterile formula in the neonatal health-care setting. | 2005 | 16922052 |
| exopolysaccharides produced by probiotic strains modify the adhesion of probiotics and enteropathogens to human intestinal mucus. | exopolysaccharides (epss) are exocellular polymers present in the surface of many bacteria, including lactobacillus and bifidobacterium. the genome sequence of several strains revealed the presence of eps-encoding genes. however, the physiological role that epss play in the bacterial ecology still remains uncertain. in this study, we have assessed the effect of epss produced by lactobacillus rhamnosus gg, bifidobacterium longum nb667, and bifidobacterium animalis ipla-r1 on the adhesion of probi ... | 2006 | 16924934 |
| the presence of endotoxin in powdered infant formula milk and the influence of endotoxin and enterobacter sakazakii on bacterial translocation in the infant rat. | lipopolysaccharide (lps) is a heat stable endotoxin that persists during the processing of powdered infant formula milk (ifm). upon ingestion it may increase the permeability of the neonatal intestinal epithelium and consequently bacterial translocation from the gut. to determine the level of endotoxin present in ifm, 75 samples were collected from seven countries (representing 31 brands) and analysed for endotoxin using the kinetic colorimetric limulus amoebocyte lysate (lal) assay. the endotox ... | 2007 | 16943096 |
| retraction notice to "a medium for the presumptive detection of enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula" [food microbiology 21 (5) (2004) 527-533]. | | 2006 | 16955555 |
| attachment of and biofilm formation by enterobacter sakazakii on stainless steel and enteral feeding tubes. | enterobacter sakazakii has been reported to form biofilms, but environmental conditions affecting attachment to and biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces have not been described. we did a study to determine the effects of temperature and nutrient availability on attachment and biofilm formation by e. sakazakii on stainless steel and enteral feeding tubes. five strains grown to stationary phase in tryptic soy broth (tsb), infant formula broth (ifb), or lettuce juice broth (ljb) at 12 and 25 degre ... | 2006 | 16957203 |
| detection of enterobacter sakazakii in dried infant milk formula by cationic-magnetic-bead capture. | enterobacter sakazakii has been associated with life-threatening infections in premature low-birth-weight infants. contaminated infant milk formula (imf) has been implicated in cases of e. sakazakii meningitis. quick and sensitive methods to detect low-level contamination sporadically present in imf preparations would positively contribute towards risk reduction across the infant formula food chain. here we report on the development of a simple method, combining charged separation and growth on ... | 2006 | 16957259 |
| invasive enterobacter sakazakii disease in infants. | enterobacter sakazakii kills 40%-80% of infected infants and has been associated with powdered formula. we analyzed 46 cases of invasive infant e. sakazakii infection to define risk factors and guide prevention and treatment. twelve infants had bacteremia, 33 had meningitis, and 1 had a urinary tract infection. compared with infants with isolated bacteremia, infants with meningitis had greater birthweight (2,454 g vs. 850 g, p = 0.002) and gestational age (37 weeks vs. 27.8 weeks, p = 0.02), and ... | 2006 | 16965695 |
| nosocomial spread of qnra-mediated quinolone resistance in enterobacter sakazakii. | | 2007 | 17000086 |
| evaluation of the international organization for standardization-international dairy federation (iso-idf) draft standard method for detection of enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant food formulas. | as a result of the growing recognition of enterobacter sakazakii as an emergent pathogen, the international dairy federation (idf) and the international organization for standardization (iso) have standardized a reference method for the detection of e. sakazakii in milk powder products and powdered infant food formulas (iff). the objectives of this study were to assess the applicability of the iso-idf draft standard, and to compare several chromogenic selective media for e. sakazakii [ready-to-u ... | 2006 | 17042181 |
| the biochemical differentiation of enterobacter sakazakii genotypes. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emergent pathogen that has been associated with neonatal infections through contaminated powdered infant milk formula. the species was defined by farmer et al. (1980) who described 15 biogroups according to the biochemical characterization of 57 strains. this present study compares genotypes (dna cluster groups based on partial 16s rdna sequence analysis) with the biochemical traits for 189 e. sakazakii strains. | 2006 | 17067387 |
| cloning and characterization of enterobacter sakazakii pigment genes and in situ spectroscopic analysis of the pigment. | enterobacter sakazakii is considered an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that is characterized by formation of yellow-pigmented colonies. because of the lack of basic knowledge about enterobacter sakazakii genetics, the bac approach and the heterologous expression of the pigment in escherichia coli were used to elucidate the molecular structure of the genes responsible for pigment production in enterobacter sakazakii strain es5. sequencing and annotation of a 33.025 bp fragment revealed seven or ... | 2006 | 17069626 |
| comparison of media for the isolation of enterobacter sakazakii. | enterobacter sakazakii is associated with neonatal infections and is occasionally present at low levels (<1 cfu/g) in powdered infant formula milk (ifm). it has been previously reported that some e. sakazakii strains do not grow in standard media for enterobacteriaceae and coliform bacteria; therefore, a reliable method is needed for recovery of the organism. three e. sakazakii enrichment broths-enterobacteriaceae enrichment broth (ee), e. sakazakii selective broth (essb), and modified lauryl su ... | 2007 | 17071794 |
| a robotic dna purification protocol and real-time pcr for the detection of enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formulae. | enterobacter sakazakii is the causative agent of rare but severe food-borne infections associated with meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis in infants. rehydrated powdered infant formulae have been implicated as the source of infection in several outbreaks and sporadic cases. in this work, a real time fluorescence resonance energy transfer pcr assay incorporating an internal amplification control (iac) was developed for the specific detection of e. sakazakii in foods. performance of ... | 2006 | 17166252 |
| effectiveness of disinfectants in killing enterobacter sakazakii in suspension, dried on the surface of stainless steel, and in a biofilm. | the effectiveness of 13 disinfectants used in hospitals, day-care centers, and food service kitchens in killing enterobacter sakazakii in suspension, dried on the surface of stainless steel, and in biofilm was determined. e. sakazakii exhibited various levels of resistance to the disinfectants, depending on the composition of the disinfectants, amount and type of organic matrix surrounding cells, and exposure time. populations of planktonic cells suspended in water (7.22 to 7.40 log cfu/ml) decr ... | 2007 | 17172461 |
| enterobacteriaceae in dehydrated powdered infant formula manufactured in indonesia and malaysia. | to determine the occurrence of salmonella and shigella in infant formula from southeast asia, 74 packages of dehydrated powdered infant follow-on formula (recommended age, > 4 months) from five different manufacturers, four from indonesia and one from malaysia, were analyzed. none of the 25-g test portions yielded salmonella or shigella. however, further identification of colonies growing on selective media used for salmonella and shigella detection revealed the frequent occurrence of several ot ... | 2006 | 17186672 |
| a study of the gamma hypothesis: predictive modelling of the growth and inhibition of enterobacter sakazakii. | although the temperature growth profile of the opportunistic pathogen enterobacter sakazakii is known, few other environmental factors affecting growth have been analysed. using a model based on the gamma hypothesis--that antimicrobial factors in mixtures exert independent effects--a range of weak acids (lactic, acetic, propionic, citric, sorbic and benzoic), ph, salt and temperature and some of their combinations were examined. the weak acids examined inhibited principally with the acid-form of ... | 2007 | 17196279 |
| enterobacter sakazakii bacteriophages can prevent bacterial growth in reconstituted infant formula. | reconstituted infant formula has been implicated in outbreaks of enterobacter sakazakii infections, causing high mortality and serious sequelae. current prevention methods appear to be insufficient to ensure that such foods are free of e. sakazakii. in this study, the usefulness of bacteriophages for biocontrol of e. sakazakii was investigated. of a total of six new e. sakazakii phages isolated from sewage and uv irradiated cultures, two were selected for further study by electron microscopy, dn ... | 2007 | 17196280 |
| characterization of the gene encoding the 16s rrna of enterobacter sakazakii and development of a species-specific pcr method. | the gene encoding the 16s rrna of enterobacter (e.) sakazakii (atcc 29544, plus four strains isolated from powdered infant formula) was studied, and the sequence compared with those of other enterobacteriaceae in aspects of genetic variability. sequence differences between e. sakazakii and other enterobacteriaceae within the hypervariable regions v1, v2, and v3, respectively, were used to develop two pcr methods for e. sakazakii. pcr1 employed a primer pair located in v1/v2, while pcr2 utilized ... | 2007 | 17289198 |
| [neonatal sepsis due to enterobacter sakazakii]. | | 2007 | 17306113 |
| application of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to characterise and trace the prevalence of enterobacter sakazakii in an infant formula processing facility. | enterobacter sakazakii (e. sakazakii) contamination of powdered infant formula (pif) and its processing environment was monitored between april 2005 and march 2006. the purpose of the monitoring programme was to locate points of contamination, investigate clonal persistence, and identify possible dissemination routes along the processing chain. a total of 80 e. sakazakii isolates were recovered from the manufacturing facility. the overall frequency of isolation of e. sakazakii in intermediate an ... | 2007 | 17307267 |
| postsurgical osteomyelitis caused by enterobacter sakazakii in a healthy young man. | enterobacter sakazakii, a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium, is a rare cause of invasive infections (meningitis, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis) with high death rates (40-80%), primarily in newborns. in contrast to the high number of cases in newborns, infants and children, there are only a few reported cases of e. sakazakii infections in adults, generally in subjects with pre-existing conditions such as neoplasms, and just one osteomyelitis of the foot. we report a confirmed case of postsur ... | 2007 | 17309858 |
| enterobacter sakazakii in food and beverages (other than infant formula and milk powder). | the ubiqitous microorganism enterobacter sakazakii is a rare contaminant of infant formula and may cause severe systemic infection in neonates. so far, other food is not known to cause e. sakazakii-infections. the scarce information about the ecology of e. sakazakii and the uncertainty concerning the source of infection in children and adults warrant a summary of the current knowledge about the presence of this opportunistic microorganism in food other than infant formula. this review systematiz ... | 2007 | 17331606 |
| identification of proteins involved in osmotic stress response in enterobacter sakazakii by proteomics. | enterobacter sakazakii is considered an opportunistic food-borne pathogen, causing rare but significant illness especially in neonates. it has been proposed that the organism is relatively resistant to osmotic and dry stress compared to other species of the enterobacteriaceae group. to understand the mechanisms involved in osmotic stress response, 2-de protein analysis coupled to maldi-tof ms was employed to investigate changes in the protein profiles of e. sakazakii cells in response to two dif ... | 2007 | 17380534 |
| enterobacter turicensis sp. nov. and enterobacter helveticus sp. nov., isolated from fruit powder. | four gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore-forming isolates of coccoid rods were obtained from fruit powder and investigated in a polyphasic taxonomic study. comparative 16s rrna gene sequence analysis allocated the isolates to the family enterobacteriaceae. their phylogenetic position within the family enterobacteriaceae was confirmed by rpob sequence analysis and as the highest rpob sequence similarities were obtained with enterobacter radicincitans, enterobacter cowanii and entero ... | 2007 | 17392213 |
| enterobacter sakazakii an emerging bacterial pathogen with implications for infant health. | enterobacter sakazakii (e. sakazakii) is an opportunistic pathogen and the aetiological agent in rare but life-threatening cases of meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis in infants. among infants, those at greatest risk are neonates (<28 days), particularly those born prematurely or of low birth weight (<2500 g). consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula (pif) has been epidemiologically linked with cases of infection. contamination can occur during the manufacturing process ... | 2007 | 17404564 |
| [outbreaks of salmonella in infants associated with powdered infant formula]. | historically, outbreaks associated with salmonella-contaminated milk products were recognized as early as the 1950's in the united kingdom and bulgaria. in the 1960's and 1970's there were also a number of outbreaks related to salmonella in various powdered milk products. as a result, salmonella criterion was included in the codex code of hygienic practice for foods for infants and children. between 1985 and 2005 at least 6 outbreaks of salmonellosis, involving as many as 250 infants, have been ... | 2006 | 17405528 |
| [antibiotic susceptibility of enterobacter sakazakii isolated from powdered formula for infant and young children]. | to study the antibiotic susceptibility of enterobacter sakazakii isolated from powdered formula for infant and young children in chinese market. | 2007 | 17424852 |
| comparison of the phenotyping methods id 32e and vitek 2 compact gn with 16s rrna gene sequencing for the identification of enterobacter sakazakii. | a total of 34 isolates (28 enterobacter sakazakii and 6 enterobacteriaceae) from infant formulae, milk powder, and the production environment of milk powder factories were identified using id 32e and vitek 2 compact gn systems (biomérieux, france). the id 32e version 3.0 and vitek 2 compact gn version 01.01b correctly identified 100% (28) of the enterobacter sakazakii isolates tested, whereas the previous software version 2.0 for id 32e showed only 71.4% correct results. none of the non-e. sakaz ... | 2007 | 17428936 |
| the taxonomy of enterobacter sakazakii: proposal of a new genus cronobacter gen. nov. and descriptions of cronobacter sakazakii comb. nov. cronobacter sakazakii subsp. sakazakii, comb. nov., cronobacter sakazakii subsp. malonaticus subsp. nov., cronobacter turicensis sp. nov., cronobacter muytjensii sp. nov., cronobacter dublinensis sp. nov. and cronobacter genomospecies 1. | enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause infections such as necrotizing enterocolitis, bacteraemia, meningitis and brain abscess/lesions. when the species was defined in 1980, 15 biogroups were described and it was suggested that these could represent multiple species. in this study the taxonomic relationship of strains described as e. sakazakii was further investigated. | 2007 | 17439656 |
| differentiation of enterobacter sakazakii from closely related enterobacter and citrobacter species using fatty acid profiles. | capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (gc-fid) was used to determine the cellular fatty acid (cfa) profiles of 134 enterobacter sakazakii strains, and these were compared to the cfa profiles of other closely related enterobacter and citrobacter species. for gc-fid analysis, whole cell fatty acid methyl esters (fames) from cells cultured on brain heart infusion (bhi) agar at 37 degrees c for 24 h were obtained by saponification, methylation, and extraction into hexane/methy ... | 2007 | 17472390 |
| characterization of the zinc-containing metalloprotease encoded by zpx and development of a species-specific detection method for enterobacter sakazakii. | enterobacter sakazakii causes a severe form of neonatal meningitis that occurs as sporadic cases as well as outbreaks. the disease has been epidemiologically associated with consumption of reconstituted, dried infant formulas. very little information is available regarding pathogenicity of the organism and production of virulence factors. clinical and environmental strains were screened for production of factors which have activity against chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells in tissue culture. pol ... | 2007 | 17483271 |
| application of a novel hydrophilic infrared-transparent membrane to the differentiation between microcolonies of enterobacter sakazakii and klebsiella pneumoniae. | a proof-of-concept study is reported for the differentiation between microcolonies of enterobacter sakazakii and klebsiella pneumoniae by means of a novel sample preparation for infrared (ir) analysis. a disposable, ir-transparent, microporous (0.2-microm pores), hydrophobic, polyethylene (pe) membrane (51 microm thick) was plasma treated under an oxygen atmosphere and used to (i) filter (or print microarrays of) dilute aqueous foodborne bacterial suspensions and (ii) subsequently grow bacterial ... | 2007 | 17536686 |
| bacterial pathogens recovered from vegetables irrigated by wastewater in morocco. | the authors obtained 50 vegetable samples from various regions in morocco and examined them to determine the microbiological quality of these products. aerobic count, coliform, enterococci, and staphylococcus aureus were evaluated. this analysis revealed high levels of enterococci, fecal coliforms, and total coliforms. no coagulase-positive staphylococcus aureus was detected in any of the samples analyzed. biochemical identification of enterobacteriaceae showed the presence of citrobacter freund ... | 2007 | 17583296 |
| isolation and identification of enterobacter sakazakii in infant milk formulas. | enterobacter sakazakii is a pathogen of increasing medical concern, due to it being implicated in cases of meningitis, sepis, and necrotizing enterocolitis associated with the consumption of contaminated infant milk formula. at present, the method adopted by the mexican food industry for the isolation and identification of e. sakazakii is based on the methodology of the united states food and drug administration (fda). however, this procedure is laborious and requires 7 days to obtain a confirma ... | 2007 | 17600483 |
| survival and growth of enterobacter sakazakii in infant cereal as affected by composition, reconstitution liquid, and storage temperature. | invasive infections caused by enterobacter sakazakii have occurred predominantly in low-birth-weight neonates and infants younger than 2 months of age. however, infections have also occurred in healthy infants up to 8 months of age and in immunocompromised children up to 4 years of age. the ability of e. sakazakii to survive and grow in infant cereals as affected by composition of the cereal, composition of the reconstitution liquid, and temperature is unknown. a study was done to determine the ... | 2007 | 17612071 |
| survival of enterobacter sakazakii in infant cereal as affected by composition, water activity, and temperature. | enterobacter sakazakii infections in preterm neonates and infants have been epidemiologically associated with consumption of reconstituted powdered infant formula. the bacterium has been isolated from grain, infant cereals, and cereal factory environments. a study was done to determine the survival characteristics of e. sakazakii initially at populations of 0.31 and 5.03 logcfu/g of infant rice cereal (a(w) 0.30, 0.45-0.46, and 0.68-0.69). cereal was stored at 4, 21, and 30 degrees c and populat ... | 2007 | 17613375 |
| vector competence of stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans l. (diptera: muscidae), for enterobacter sakazakii. | enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic food-borne pathogen causing meningitis, enterocolitis, and sepsis, primarily in immunocompromised infants. it has been suggested that stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans l., are a vector/reservoir of this pathogen. in this study, we assessed a) vector competence of adult stable flies (sf) for e. sakazakii, b) effect of e. sakazakii on sf development, and c) survival of e. sakazakii during sf development and colonization of the digestive tract of newly-eme ... | 2007 | 17633434 |
| genetic characterization of thermal tolerance in enterobacter sakazakii. | enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates. here we characterized the thermal tolerance of e. sakazakii isolates obtained from powdered infant formula and other food products in japan. isolates were categorized into three classes according to their thermal tolerance, and differential gene expression analysis showed that the heat-resistant clones expressed a higher level of infb (which encodes a translation initiation facto ... | 2007 | 17641469 |
| enterobacter sakazakii bacteraemia with multiple splenic abscesses in a 75-year-old woman: a case report. | enterobacter sakazakii is an uncommon bacterium that is known to cause severe neonatal infection and is rare among adults. we present a peculiar case of e. sakazakii bacteraemia with multiple splenic abscesses in a 75-year-old institutionalised woman, who was successfully treated with 6 weeks of imipenem and percutaneous drainage of the abscesses. | 2007 | 17646217 |
| [a brief review of enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula]. | | 2007 | 17658003 |
| purification and characterization of enterobacter sakazakii enterotoxin. | enterobacter sakazakii has recently been recognized as an often fatal neonatal pathogen that rarely infects adults. although not much is known about factors involved in its pathogenicity, the organism has been reported to produce enterotoxin. currently, no information is available in the literature about the production and characterization of the enterotoxin. this report is the first attempt regarding purification and biochemical characterization of the enterotoxin produced from e. sakazakii. th ... | 2007 | 17668035 |
| [effects of a lactic acid bacteria community sfc-2 treated on rice straw]. | aimed to utilize rice straw and lessen the pressure of environment, the rice straw was used as the fermentation material, and a lactic acid bacteria community sfc-2 from my laboratory was inoculated into the rice straw to investigate the inoculation effects. after 30 days fermentation, the inoculated fermented straw smelt acid-fragrant, and the ph value was 3.8, which was lower than the control of 4.1. furthermore, lactic acid concentration was more than that in the control. especially l-lactic ... | 2007 | 17674756 |
| survival of enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula as affected by composition, water activity, and temperature. | a study was done to determine survival characteristics of enterobacter sakazakii in four milk-based and two soybean-based powdered infant formulas. a 10-strain mixture of e. sakazakii was inoculated into the six infant formulas at water activity (aw) 0.25 to 0.30, 0.31 to 0.33, and 0.43 to 0.50 to give low (0.80 log cfu/g) and high (4.66 to 4.86 log cfu/g) populations. at an initial population of 0.80 log cfu/g, e. sakazakii was detected by enrichment in six of six, four of six, and one of six f ... | 2007 | 17685328 |
| comparison of three chromogenic media and evaluation of two molecular-based identification systems for the detection of enterobacter sakazakii from environmental samples from infant formulae factories. | enterobacter sakazakii is an occasional contaminant of powdered infant formula that can cause rare but severe foodborne infections in infants. to determine optimal methods for the detection and identification of e. sakazakii, 38 naturally contaminated samples from infant formulae factories were analyzed by two pcr-based methods and by a method (ts 22964/rm 210) developed by the international organization for standardization and the international dairy federation (iso-idf) using three different c ... | 2007 | 17685342 |
| postoperative nosocomial enterobacter sakazakii sepsis. | | 2007 | 17803568 |
| genotypic characterization of enterobacter sakazakii isolates by pfge, box-pcr and sequencing of the flic gene. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging food-borne pathogen that can cause rare but severe forms of neonatal meningitis, bacteraemia and necrotizing enterocolitis. a rapid typing method at the strain level is needed to determine the monoclonality or polyclonality of the isolates during outbreaks. | 2008 | 17850301 |
| identification of "cronobacter" spp. (enterobacter sakazakii). | a taxonomic reclassification of the neonatal pathogen enterobacter sakazakii to consist of five species within a new genus, "cronobacter," has recently been proposed. the correct identification of these organisms is important to clinicians. therefore, using 312 enterobacteriaceae, including 210 "cronobacter" strains, the reliabilities of biochemical and genetic confirmation tests were investigated. all "cronobacter" isolates were positive using dnag and glua pcr protocols, and all expressed alph ... | 2007 | 17881547 |
| growth of enterobacter sakazakii in reconstituted infant formula as affected by composition and temperature. | the ability of enterobacter sakazakii to cause infections in infants, coupled with its documented presence in some lots of commercially manufactured powdered infant formula, raises a concern about the potential for its growth in reconstituted formula, with consequent increased safety risk. a study was done to determine these characteristics in four commercial milk-based powdered infant formulas and two soy-based formulas reconstituted with water and inoculated with a 10-strain mixture of e. saka ... | 2007 | 17900088 |
| inhibition of growth of enterobacter sakazakii in reconstituted infant formula by the lactoperoxidase system. | neonatal bacteremia and meningitis caused by the opportunistic pathogen enterobacter sakazakii have been associated with the consumption of reconstituted powdered infant formula. lactoperoxidase (lpo), present in mammalian milk, is known to inhibit the growth of enteric pathogens. we undertook a study to determine if the lactoperoxidase system (lpos) will inhibit the growth of e. sakazakii in a milk-based powdered infant formula reconstituted with water. initially at 0.04 cfu/ml, e. sakazakii gr ... | 2007 | 17900089 |
| dry stress and survival time of enterobacter sakazakii and other enterobacteriaceae in dehydrated powdered infant formula. | powdered infant formula is not a sterile product, and opportunistic pathogens could multiply in the reconstituted product, resulting in neonatal infections. in this study, the generation of sublethally injured enterobacteriaceae during desiccation and their persistence in dehydrated powdered infant formula was assessed during a 2.5-year period. the study included 27 strains of enterobacter sakazakii, enterobacter cloacae, salmonella enteritidis, citrobacter koseri, citrobacter freundii, escheric ... | 2007 | 17900090 |
| enterobacter sakazakii invades brain capillary endothelial cells, persists in human macrophages influencing cytokine secretion and induces severe brain pathology in the neonatal rat. | enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen associated with contaminated powdered infant formula and a rare cause of gram-negative sepsis that can develop into meningitis and brain abscess formation in neonates. bacterial pathogenesis remains to be fully elucidated. in this study, the host inflammatory response was evaluated following intracranial inoculation of ent. sakazakii into infant rats. infiltrating macrophages and neutrophils composed multiple inflammatory foci and contained pha ... | 2007 | 17906151 |
| genotypic and phenotypic analysis of enterobacter sakazakii strains from an outbreak resulting in fatalities in a neonatal intensive care unit in france. | in 1994, an outbreak of enterobacter sakazakii infections occurred in a neonatal intensive care unit in france from 5 may to 11 july. during the outbreak, 13 neonates were infected with e. sakazakii, resulting in 3 deaths. in addition, four symptomless neonates were colonized by e. sakazakii. the strains were subjected to 16s rrna gene sequence analysis, genotyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and phenotyped for a range of enzyme activities. e. sakazakii was isolated from various anato ... | 2007 | 17928419 |
| role of bacterial ompa and host cytoskeleton in the invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells by enterobacter sakazakii. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging pathogen in neonates and infants. interactions of e. sakazakii with intestinal epithelium could be vital in the pathogenesis of enteric infections and in its systemic dissemination. the present study investigated the interaction of e. sakazakii with human intestinal epithelial (int407) cells and the role of bacterial outer membrane protein a (ompa) and host cytoskeleton in these interactions. e. sakazakii invaded int407 cells with moderate efficiency. an omp ... | 2007 | 17957161 |
| pressure inactivation kinetics of enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula milk. | survival curves of enterobacter sakazakii inactivated by high hydrostatic pressure were obtained at four pressure levels (250, 300, 350, and 400 mpa), at temperatures below 30 degrees c, in buffered peptone water (bpw; 0.3%, wt/vol) and infant formula milk (ifm; 16%, wt/vol). a linear model and four nonlinear models (weibull, log-logistic, modified gompertz, and baranyi) were fitted to the data, and the performances of the models were compared. the linear regression model for the survival curves ... | 2007 | 17969609 |
| new trends in emerging pathogens. | the emergence of pathogens is the result of a number of impact in all parts of the food chain. the emerging technologies in food production explain how new pathogens can establish themselves in the food chain and compromise food safety. the impact of the food technology is analysed for several bacteria, such as yersinia, campylobacter, arcobacter, helicobacter pullorum, enterobacter sakazakii, mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis, prions related to vcjd and others. the importance of the abi ... | 2007 | 17976849 |
| a comparative study between overlay method and selective-differential media for recovery of stressed enterobacter sakazakii cells from infant formula. | this study compares the performance of different selective-differential media with the overlay method for recovery of stressed cells of enterobacter sakazakii from infant formula milk (ifm). five different selective-differential media were used in this study: ok medium, violet red bile agar (vrba), druggan-forsythe-iversen agar (dfi), enterobacteriaceae enrichment (ee) agar, and fecal coliform agar (fca). tryptic soy agar supplemented with 0.1% sodium pyruvate (tsap) was used as a control. the o ... | 2008 | 17993373 |
| inactivation of enterobacter sakazakii in infant milk formula by gamma irradiation: determination of d10-value. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging foodborne pathogen that has caused several cases of meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants and has been associated with infant formulas. five strains of e. sakazakii were inoculated individually into brain heart infusion broth and rehydrated or dehydrated infant milk formula and exposed to ionizing radiation. e. sakazakii strains in brain heart infusion broth and rehydrated infant milk formula (rimf) were exposed to irradiation dose of up to 1 k ... | 2007 | 17995805 |
| rapid detection of enterobacter sakazakii using taqman real-time pcr assay. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging food pathogen, which induces severe meningitis and sepsis in neonates and infants, with a high fatality rate. the disease is generally associated with the ingestion of contaminated infant formula. in this study, we describe the development of a real-time pcr protocol to identify e. sakazakii using a taqman probe, predicated on the nucleotide sequence data of the 16s rrna gene obtained from a variety of pathogens. to detect e. sakazakii, four primer sets and ... | 2007 | 18050957 |
| thermal resistance and inactivation of enterobacter sakazakii isolates during rehydration of powdered infant formula. | enterobacter sakazakii may be related to outbreaks of meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis, mainly in neonates. to reduce the risk of e. sakazakii in baby foods, thermal characteristics for korean e. sakazakii isolates were determined at 52, 56, and 60 degrees c in saline solution, rehydrated powdered infant formula, and dried baby food. in saline solution, their d-values were 12-16, 3-5, and 0.9-1 min for each temperature. d-values increased to 16-20, 4-5, and 2-4 min in rehydr ... | 2007 | 18051770 |
| enterobacter sakazakii invasion in human intestinal caco-2 cells requires the host cell cytoskeleton and is enhanced by disruption of tight junction. | enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes systemic bacteremia and meningitis with high mortality, and powdered infant formula is a frequent source of this bacterium. however, the mechanisms that this organism uses to invade and translocate through the intestinal barrier are unknown. using caco-2 epithelial cells, we were able to demonstrate penetration of e. sakazakii and to determine invasion-associated properties. we found that e. sakazakii entry and invasion were depende ... | 2008 | 18070906 |
| effects of a human milk-derived human milk fortifier on the antibacterial actions of human milk. | to compare the effects of a human breastmilk-derived fortifier on the antibacterial activity of milk obtained from lactating mothers delivering prematurely with the effects of a powdered fortifier on the same milk. | 2007 | 18081457 |
| development of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for the molecular subtyping of enterobacter sakazakii. | the genomic content of enterobacter sakazakii strain atcc baa-894 was analyzed for variable-number tandem repeats (vntrs). in this study we report the development of a multiple-locus vntr analysis (mlva) strategy for the subtyping of e. sakazakii. the method is based on a genescan analysis of four vntr loci labeled with multiple fluorescent dyes. this approach was applied to a collection of 112 isolates representing all 16 of the currently defined e. sakazakii biogroups. mlva successfully discri ... | 2008 | 18083860 |
| enterobacter sakazakii in infants: novel phenomenon in india. | e. sakazakii has been implicated in necrotizing enterocolitis, bloodstream and central nervous system infections, with mortality rates of 40-80%. two cases of e. sakazakii infections; one preterm very low birth weight neonate with meningitis and a two month infant with bacteraemia, are described for the first time in india. the first baby succumbed to the infection while the other responded to appropriate therapy. powdered infant milk formulae have been implicated in causing neonatal infections ... | 2007 | 18087097 |
| enterobacter pulveris sp. nov., isolated from fruit powder, infant formula and an infant formula production environment. | six gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore-forming, coccoid rod-shaped isolates were obtained from fruit powder (n=3), infant formula (n=2) and an infant formula production environment (n=1) and investigated in a polyphasic taxonomic study. comparative 16s rrna gene sequence analysis combined with rpob gene sequence analysis allocated the isolates to the family enterobacteriaceae. the highest rpob gene sequence similarities (91.2-95.8%) were obtained with enterobacter helveticus, ente ... | 2008 | 18175715 |
| prevalence and genetic diversity of enterobacter sakazakii in ingredients of infant foods. | various food samples in korea were examined for the presence of enterobacter sakazakii. dried shrimp had the highest contamination rate among the examined dried fish products. e. sakazakii isolates were confirmed using an api 20e kit and a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) targeting the rdna operons. the isolates were subtyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) using xbai to elucidate the genetic diversity of the organisms. ten pulsotypes were identified using pfge and 22 types were identi ... | 2008 | 18177966 |
| [microbiological monitoring of milk samples and surface samples in a hospital infant formula room]. | analyze the microbiological quality of reconstituted milk formulas and the surface hygiene in a hospital infant formula room, in the context of a worldwide emergence of enterobacter sakazakii infections. | 2008 | 18178021 |
| growth and survival of enterobacter sakazakii in human breast milk with and without fortifiers as compared to powdered infant formula. | enterobacter sakazakii infections often involve debilitated neonates consuming contaminated reconstituted powdered infant formula. there is the possibility that expressed human breast milk can become contaminated with e. sakazakii in the hospital or home setting and through the use of contaminated breast milk fortifiers. in addition, although breast milk has been shown to have some antimicrobial effects, this has not been extensively researched in regards to e. sakazakii. thus, we examined the s ... | 2008 | 18207600 |
| cellulose as an extracellular matrix component present in enterobacter sakazakii biofilms. | cellulose was identified and characterized as an extracellular matrix component present in the biofilm of an enterobacter sakazakii clinical isolate grown in nutrient-deficient (m9) medium. using a bacterial artificial cloning approach in escherichia coli and subsequent screening of transformants for fluorescence on calcofluor plates, nine genes organized in two operons were identified as putatively responsible for the biosynthesis of cellulose. in addition to the genes already described for cel ... | 2008 | 18236657 |
| development of a novel screening method for the isolation of "cronobacter" spp. (enterobacter sakazakii). | a differential medium, "cronobacter" screening broth, has been designed to complement agars based on hydrolysis of chromogenic alpha-glucopyranoside substrates. the broth was evaluated using 329 enterobacteriaceae strains (229 target isolates), spiked/naturally contaminated samples, and a parallel comparison with current methods for raw materials, line/end products, and factory environment samples. | 2008 | 18310415 |
| surveillance and genotyping of enterobacter sakazakii suggest its potential transmission from milk powder into imitation recombined soft cheese. | to examine the presence of enterobacter sakazakii in milk and milk-related products produced/distributed under egyptian conditions and to probe possible transmission routes of the pathogen during the preparation of dairy products. | 2008 | 18312564 |
| tracing of enterobacter sakazakii isolates in infant milk formula processing by box-pcr genotyping. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging food-borne pathogen that can cause rare but severe neonatal meningitis, bacteraemia and necrotizing enterocolitis. contaminated powder infant formulae (pif) have been identified as one of various infection routes. in this study, e. sakazakii was monitored in the processing environment of a pif factory to identify possible dissemination routes. | 2008 | 18312566 |
| enterobacter sakazakii bacteraemia with multiple splenic abscesses in a 75-year-old woman: a case report. | | 2008 | 18349020 |
| comments on "fermented infant formula without live bacteria". | | 2008 | 18376258 |
| detergent and sanitizer stresses decrease the thermal resistance of enterobacter sakazakii in infant milk formula. | this study determined the effect of acid, alkaline, chlorine, and ethanol stresses on the thermal inactivation of enterobacter sakazakii in infant milk formula. unstressed or stressed cells were mixed with reconstituted powdered infant milk formula (pimf) at temperatures between 52 and 58 degrees c for various time periods or mixed with pimf prior to reconstitution with hot water between 50 and 100 degrees c. d- and z-values were determined using liner regression analysis. in general, detergent ... | 2008 | 18387119 |
| evaluation of a chromogenic medium supplemented with glucose for detecting enterobacter sakazakii. | a commercial chromogenic agar medium (dfi) was supplemented with glucose (mdfi) to enhance the specificity of enterobacter sakazakii (e. sakazakii) detection. escherichia vulneris (e. vulneris), a putative false-positive strain on the dfi medium, produces alpha-glucosidase. the enzyme alpha- glucosidase hydrolyzes a substrate, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3- indolyl-alpha,d-glucopyranoside (xalphaglc), producing green colonies. e. sakazakii strains produced green colonies on both dfi and mdfi agar, whereas ... | 2008 | 18388480 |
| occurrence of listeria and enterobacteriaceae in domestic refrigerators. | consumers' refrigeration practices have a significant impact on the safety and quality of foods. to determine the prevalence and the identity of microorganisms in domestic refrigerators, swab samples were taken from various locations in the refrigerators from 137 households in middle tennessee. the swabs were inoculated into different media, and standard procedures were used to characterize the isolates. api 20e and api listeria were used for identification of enterobacteriaceae and listeria spp ... | 2008 | 18389708 |
| virulence studies of enterobacter sakazakii isolates associated with a neonatal intensive care unit outbreak. | in 1994, an outbreak of enterobacter sakazakii infections in france occurred in a neonatal intensive care unit during which 17 neonates were infected. more than half of the infected neonates had severe clinical symptoms; 7 cases of necrotising enterocolitis (one with abdominal perforation), one case of septicemia, and one case of meningitis. the other 8 neonates were shown to be colonized but remained asymptomatic. there were three deaths. four distinguishable pulsotypes of e. sakazakii were iso ... | 2008 | 18423002 |
| comparing the antimicrobial effectiveness of nacl and kcl with a view to salt/sodium replacement. | a study using a small range of pathogenic bacterial species (aeromonas hydrophila, enterobacter sakazakii, shigella flexneri, yersinia enterocolitica and 3 strains of staphylococcus aureus) has shown that potassium chloride has an equivalent antimicrobial effect on these organisms when calculated on a molar basis. combined nacl and kcl experiments were carried out and data was analysed using a modification to the lambert and lambert [lambert, r.j.w., and lambert, r., 2003. a model for the effica ... | 2008 | 18423764 |
| inhibitory effects of bovine lactoferrin and lactoferricin b on enterobacter sakazakii. | the susceptibility of enterobacter sakazakii, a food-borne pathogen, to several metal-bound forms of bovine lactoferrin (lf), pepsin-hydrolyzed lf (lf-hyd), and lf-derived peptide lactoferricin b (lfcin b) was tested. mic and mbc testing revealed that 4 strains of e. sakazakii show susceptibility to apo- and cu-lf, lf-hyd, and lfcin b, but not to fe-lf, similarly to escherichia coli. a growth curve test indicated that e. sakazakii was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by apo-lf at 0.5 to 8 mg ... | 2008 | 18432114 |
| molecular analysis of the enterobacter sakazakii o-antigen gene locus. | nucleotide polymorphism associated with the o-antigen-encoding locus, rfb, in enterobacter sakazakii was determined by pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. based on the analysis of these dna profiles, 12 unique banding patterns were detected among a collection of 62 strains from diverse origins. two common profiles were identified and were designated serotypes o:1 and o:2. dna sequencing of the 12,500-bp region flanked by galf and gnd identified 11 open reading frames, all with ... | 2008 | 18441119 |
| home preparation of powdered infant formula: is it safe? | | 2008 | 18462460 |
| [enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula]. | under inadequate hygienic conditions, opportunistic bacteria may multiply in powdered infant formula (pif) and cause severe, often fatal neonatal infections. enterobacter sakazakii has obtained public health relevance causing neonatal meningitis (often fatal), bacteremia and necrotizing enterocolitis. at highest risk are neonates up to two months of age. the new genus designation cronobacter spp. nov. has been proposed to replace enterobacter sakazakii. enterobacter sakazakii is relatively resis ... | 2008 | 18465099 |
| towards a one-step enterobacter sakazakii enrichment. | the current international standard method for detection of enterobacter sakazakii from milk products is by the international organization for standardization and the international dairy federation documented method, a procedure involving two-step enrichment. this study aimed to assess enrichment of e. sakazakii using a one-step enrichment. | 2008 | 18489562 |
| [aerobic bacterial flora from the digestive tract of the common vampire bat, desmodus rotundus (chiroptera: phyllostomidae)]. | this study addresses the composition of microbial flora in the vampire bat (desmodus rotundus) primarily because all available data are outdated, and because of the economical significance of this bat species. twenty-one bats were collected and their aerobic bacteria documented separately for stomach and intestine. bacteria were identified through the analytical profile index (api), and results analyzed with the apilab software. a total of thirty bacterial species were isolated from sixteen fema ... | 2006 | 18491612 |
| specific probiotic strains and their combinations counteract adhesion of enterobacter sakazakii to intestinal mucus. | enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen and an occasional contaminant in powdered infant formula. interaction between specific probiotics and e. sakazakii may reduce the risk of infection. the aim of this study was to characterize in vitro the ability of probiotics (alone and in combinations) to inhibit, compete with and displace the adhesion of e. sakazakii to immobilized human mucus and to assess their capacity to aggregate with pathogen. specific probiotic strains have proved to a ... | 2008 | 18503543 |
| effects of extended dry storage of powdered infant milk formula on susceptibility of enterobacter sakazakii to hot water and ionizing radiation. | infant milk formula has been identified as a potential source of enterobacter sakazakii, which has been implicated in neonatal meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis. this study was undertaken to determine whether the length of e. sakazakii storage in powdered infant milk formula (pimf) affected the ability of the pathogen to survive subsequent reconstitution of the powder with hot water or treatment with gamma radiation. five e. sakazakii strains were mixed individually with pimf and kept for ... | 2008 | 18522026 |
| fate of enterobacter sakazakii attached to or in biofilms on stainless steel upon exposure to various temperatures or relative humidities. | survival of enterobacter sakazakii dried on the surface of stainless steel and exposed to 43% relative humidity, as affected by temperature, was studied. populations of e. sakazakii (7.4 to 8.6 log cfu per coupon) on coupons dried for 2 h at 22 degrees c decreased significantly (p < or = 0.05) at 4, 25, and 37 degrees c within 10, 3, and 1 day(s), respectively, but the pathogen remained viable for up to 60 days. at a given storage temperature and time, reductions were significantly greater when ... | 2008 | 18522027 |
| monitoring and identification of bacteria associated with safety concerns in the manufacture of são jorge, a portuguese traditional cheese from raw cow's milk. | the aim of this study was to assess the hygienic quality of raw milk used in the manufacture of são jorge, a protected denomination of origin portuguese semihard cheese, as well as to ascertain the sanitary conditions prevailing during its processing. viable counts of enterobacteriaceae and micrococcaceae were accordingly obtained, pertaining to 21 independent batches (including samples of raw milk, curd, and cheeses after 1, 3, and 4 months of ripening), from 7 dairy farms. standard plate count ... | 2008 | 18522034 |
| cronobacter gen. nov., a new genus to accommodate the biogroups of enterobacter sakazakii, and proposal of cronobacter sakazakii gen. nov., comb. nov., cronobacter malonaticus sp. nov., cronobacter turicensis sp. nov., cronobacter muytjensii sp. nov., cronobacter dublinensis sp. nov., cronobacter genomospecies 1, and of three subspecies, cronobacter dublinensis subsp. dublinensis subsp. nov., cronobacter dublinensis subsp. lausannensis subsp. nov. and cronobacter dublinensis subsp. lactaridi subsp. nov. | [enterobacter] sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause infections in neonates. this study further clarifies the taxonomy of isolates described as [e.] sakazakii and completes the formal description of the proposed reclassification of these organisms as novel species and subspecies within a proposed novel genus, cronobacter gen. nov. [e.] sakazakii was first defined in 1980, however recent polyphasic taxonomic analysis has determined that this group of organisms consists of several ... | 2008 | 18523192 |
| enterobacter sakazakii: an emerging problem in paediatric nutrition. | recently there has been considerable concern related to the presence of bacteria, in particular enterobacter sakazakii, in powdered infant formula milk. e. sakazakii, a member of the family enterobacteriaceae, is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that has been associated with cases of meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis in premature and full-term infants. feeding with powdered infant formula has been epidemiologically implicated in several clinical cases. powdered infant formula is ... | 2008 | 18534120 |
| development of an immobilization and detection method of enterobacter sakazakii from powdered infant formula. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that is associated with rare but life-threatening cases of meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis in premature and full-term infants. in the present study, a procedure was developed for immobilization of e. sakazakii with zirconium hydroxide coupled with detection by a species-specific duplex pcr, based on 16s-23s rdna internal transcribed spacer (its) and ompa gene. specificity of duplex pcr was tested against two-type stra ... | 2008 | 18541162 |
| a rapid and reliable alternative to iso 21528-1:2004 for detection of enterobacteriaceae. | current legislation in europe uses the enterobacteriaceae as a parameter in process hygiene criteria for various food products and refers to the corresponding iso standard (iso 21528-1:2004) as mandatory analytical method for this purpose. the iso procedure includes an enrichment step in ee ("enterobacteriaceae enrichment") broth, but it has been reported recently that some isolates of enterobacteriaceae do not grow well or will even die off in this broth, which could lead to false negative resu ... | 2008 | 18547668 |