| studies on antibody to hepatitis a virus in children and adults in london. | 366 specimens of serum from children and adults without liver disease were screened for antibody to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) by means of radioimmunoassay. 56% were born in london, 26% came to london from various parts of the united kingdom and the remainder (18%) from various parts of the world. the prevalence of antibody was related to increasing age, ranging from 7% in children under ten years of age to 77% in adults aged 50 years or more. the prevalence of anti-hav was significantly highe ... | 1979 | 232696 |
| propagation of human hepatitis a virus in a hepatoma cell line. | hepatitis a virus (hav) was isolated directly from human feces and propagated serially in an hbsag producing human hepatoma cell line. no cytopathic effect was observed in the tissue culture and no detectable amounts of hav were present in the tissue culture supernatant fluid. however, increasing amounts of hepatitis a antigen (haag) were detected by radioimmunoassay in the cell extracts obtained by freezing and thawing of cells. specificity of the haag determination was shown by neutralization ... | 1979 | 232698 |
| [the incidence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus in people from vienna and certain austrian provinces (author's transl)]. | the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus was measured by solid-phase radioimmunoassay in sera of 651 persons from vienna, lower austria, upper austria, carinthia and burgenland. on subdivision of the subjects according to age groups, a curve resulted which showed a steep rise in persons between 20 and 40 years. in the age groups over 40 more than 80% of the test-persons possessed the specific antibody. in all age groups the population of vienna showed a higher incidence of hepatitis a a ... | 1979 | 219630 |
| antibodies to hepatitis a virus: patterns by two procedures. | antibody to hepatitis a virus demonstrable by immune electron microscopy appeared early but remained at low levels for several weeks. antibody detectable by immune adherence hemagglutination was delayed. | 1977 | 188864 |
| isolation of myxoviruses from dead birds arriving at heathrow airport, london. | forty-four haemagglutinating viruses were isolated from the pooled tracheal/cloacal swabs of the dead birds from 170 consignments of caged birds arriving at heathrow airport over a period of 6 months. two isolates were identified as newcastle disease virus but the remaining 42 were all identified as influenza viruses with hav 7 neq 2 antigens. all the consignments from which influenza viruses were isolated originated in india but had widespread destinations. the ndv isolates were from birds orig ... | 1977 | 269200 |
| [seroepidemiology of acute infectious hepatitis (author's transl)]. | hbs-ag, anti-hbs, anti-hbc and anti-ha were determined and the concentration of igm measured in the sera of cases of acute infectious hepatitis which occurred in the hannover area in 1975. although there was a high degree of contamination with hepatitis a virus among the population, acute infectious hepatitis a was rare (n = 56). the hepatitis a virus is principally transmitted by contact with infection or while traveling in southern europe. the greatest part of infectious hepatitis is due to he ... | 1978 | 306523 |
| electron and immunoelectron microscopic study on liver tissues of marmosets infected with hepatitis a virus. | electron and immunoelectron microscopic studies were carried out on liver tissues from three marmosets, experimentally infected with hepatitis a virus and sacrificed during the acute phase of illness. ultrastructurally, the liver cells demonstrated marked cisternal dilation of endoplasmic reticulum and vesicular transformation and contortion of endoplasmic reticulum profiles. clusters of virus-like particles of 24 to 27 nm. in diameter, both "solid" and "empty" forms, were found in membrane-boun ... | 1979 | 221741 |
| solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of hepatitis a-specific immunoglobulin m. | a solid-phase enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the detection of immunoglobulin m antibody to hepatitis a virus. the system was capable of detecting hepatitis a-specific immunoglobulin m in a single dilution of serum and appears to be a reliable and rapid means of establishing a diagnosis of hepatitis a infection. specific immunoglobulin m was only detected in patients with serologically confirmed hepatitis a and not in patients with other forms of hepatitis, chronic liver dise ... | 1979 | 379036 |
| [hepatitis a of children. seroepidemiological study among french urban population (author's transl)]. | a prevalence survey of hepatitis a antibody (anti-hav) was conducted among 145 children living in the area of tours (france). thirty-four per cent of children's sera was found anti-hav positive when tested by both immune adherence hemagglutination assay (iaha) and specific radio-immunoassay (ria). the prevalence of anti-hav among infants less than one year and children between 1 to 5 years, was 35 per cent and 15 per cent respectively. from 6 years old, the prevalence of anti-hav increased abrup ... | 1979 | 221882 |
| seroepidemiology of infection with hepatitis a and b viruses in an isolated pacific population. | to determine the prevalence of infection with hepatitis a virus and hepatitis b virus in an isolated population, samples of serum were collected from 574 healthy subjects living on the remote pacific island of funafuti. each specimen was tested for antibody to hepatitis a virus, hepatitis b surface antigen, and antibody to hepatitis b surface antigen by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. overall, 79.8% of the population showed evidence of previous infection with hepatitis a virus, and 72.5% with hepa ... | 1979 | 438552 |
| immunofluorescence studies for hepatitis a virus and hepatitis b surface and core antigen in liver biopsies from patients with acute viral hepatitis. | immunofluorescence studies for hepatitis a virus and hepatitis b surface and core antigen were performed on liver biopsies from 48 patients with acute viral hepatitis. hepatitis a virus was detected in 11 out of 17 patients with type a hepatitis and was not found in patients with type b or non-a non-b hepatitis. hepatitis b surface and core antigens were detected in 2, hepatitis b core antigen alone in 1, and hepatitis b surface antigen alone in 4 out of 24 patients with type b hepatitis. neithe ... | 1979 | 223938 |
| antibody against hepatitis a in seven european countries. i. comparison of prevalence data in different age groups. | using a solid phase radioimmunoassay, antibody to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) was determined in 3890 sera from populations in seven european countries. prevalence of anti-hav was lowest in scandinavian countries and highest in greece and france. antibodies were found in 77 (13%) of 602 blood donors in sweden, in 29 (17%) of 175 blood donors and women taking birth control pills in norway, in 273 (39%) of 700 blood donors in switzerland, in 262 (52%) of 505 blood donors in holland, in 365 (55%) o ... | 1979 | 463865 |
| characterisation of influenza viruses isolated from turkeys in great britain during 1963--1977. | seven influenza viruses isolated from turkeys in great britain since 1963 were typed by haemagglutination inhibition and neuraminidase inhibition tests as: a/turkey/england/63 (hav 1 nav 3), a/turkey/england/66 (hav 6 n2), a/turkey/england/69 (hav 7 n2), a/turkey/scotland/70 (hav ? neq 1), a/turkey/england/n28/73 (hav 5 n2), a/turkey/england/110/77 (hav 6 n2), a/turkey/england/647/77 /hav 1 neq 1). a/turkey/scotland/70 failed to show a haemagglutinin relationship with any of the representative s ... | 1979 | 472486 |
| [demonstration of hepatitis a virus in the feces]. | on the basis of own examinations methodology and results of the demonstration of the virus a in the stools and of the proof of antibodies in the serum are described. the parameters of the virus-a-hepatitis which are important for practice are further the basis for diagnosis, therapy and surrounding prophylaxis in routine work. they were compiled in a table. | 1979 | 224605 |
| foodborne outbreak of hepatitis a: clinical and laboratory features of acute and protracted illness. | during a 1974 foodborne outbreak of viral hepatitis type a among navy recruits, we evaluated clinical and laboratory features prospectively in 130 affected persons. the ratio of anicteric to icteric persons identified during the outbreak was 1:3.5 but illness was relatively mild in this population of young adults. infrequently reported in association with type a hepatitis, rash and arthralgias (but not arthritis) were reported by 14 and 10% of affected persons, respectively. fourteen weeks after ... | 1979 | 517565 |
| a seroepidemiologic study of infection with hav and hbv in five pacific islands. | a batch of 1025 serum samples, obtained from healthy subjects and hospital patients from five pacific islands (viti levu, funafuti, niue, rarotonga and upolu) were tested for antibody to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav), hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) and antibody to hepatitis b surface antigen (anti-hbs) by solid phase radioimmunoassay (spria). high frequencies of anti-hav were observed in each population (funafuti, 79.9%; upolu, 81.6%; viti levu, 84.3%; rarotonga, 95.0%; and niue, 95.2%), and ... | 1979 | 224697 |
| [antibodies against hepatitis a virus antigens in the population of belgrade]. | | 1979 | 531668 |
| [distribution of anti-hav in a population sample from puglia]. | to investigate the prevalence and distribution of antibody to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav), we tested by solid phase radioimmunoassay method 461 sera of selected people of bari, according to age. in addiction, sera from cord blood of 11 newborns and their mothers at delivery were also investigated for anti-hav. taken together 64.4 per cent of subjects tested were found to be anti-hav positive. the rate of antibody detection was strongly correlated with age. the prevalence were 4.5 per cent from ... | 1979 | 553531 |
| the diagnosis and management of acute viral hepatitis. | while there is a declining incidence of many infectious diseases, viral hepatitis persists as a major problem. in fact, there would appear to be an increasing incidence of hepatitis b paralleling the rising problem of drug addiction. the discovery of australia antigen, now called hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), represented a major breakthrough in our understanding of viral hepatitis. more recently, serological tests have become available for hepatitis a virus (hav) which will further facili ... | 1977 | 603455 |
| a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of igm antibodies to hepatitis a virus. | the conditions for a sensitive and specific solid-phase radioimmunoassay (ria) for the detection of igm antibodies to hepatitis a virus (hav) were optimized, and the ria was used to assay sera from patients with hepatitis. igm antibodies to hav reached highest concentrations between one and three weeks after onset of icterus and were measurable in follow-up sera for at least 12 months after infection. to prove the specificity, the igg antibodies were separated from patient sera by sucrose densit ... | 1979 | 225390 |
| prevalence of antibody to hepatitis a and hepatitis b viruses in selected populations of the south pacific. | five island populations representing the three major cultural groups of the south pacific--polynesia, micronesia, melanesia--were studied for prevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) and of antibody to the core antigen of hepatitis b virus (anti-hbc). sera were collected in the late 1950s and early 1960s, selected where possible for appropriate age and sex distributions, and were tested by radioimmunoassay. rather marked differences in prevalence were observed. anti-hbc patterns co ... | 1979 | 224696 |
| prevalence of hepatitis a and b infections in multiply transfused thalassaemic patients. | evidence of hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis a virus (hav) infections was south in 148 multiply transfused patients with thalassaemia and in healthy controls (2040 for hbv and 217 for hav). the prevalence of the hbv surface antigen or antibody to it was significantly higher in patients than in controls and increased with the number of blood transfusions. in contrast, the prevalence of antibody to hav was significantly lower in patients than in controls and decreased with the number of blood ... | 1978 | 630296 |
| the pathogenicity of four avian influenza viruses for fowls, turkeys and ducks. | groups of 10 two-week-old chicks, turkey poults and ducklings were each infected by the intranasal route with one of four avian influenza viruses: a/fowl/germany/34 (hav 1n))--rostock, a/fpv/dutch/27 (hav 1 neq 1)--dutch, a/fowl/victoria/75 (hav 1 neq 1)--australian, and a/parrot/ulster/73 (hav 1 n1)--ulster. eight hours after infection 10 birds of the same age and species were placed in contact with each group and allowed to mix. the clinical signs of disease and onset of sickness and death wer ... | 1978 | 653122 |
| serologic evidence of hepatitis a and b virus infections in thalassemia patients: a retrospective study. | to determine the current risk of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection in multiply transfused thalassemia patients, we tested sera from such patients in new york city for the hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) and its antibody (anti-hbs) using radioimmunoassay techniques. altogether 48 per cent of the patients had either hbsag (4.5%) or anti-hbs (43.9%) positive sera. the prevalence of these hbv markers was related to both the number of units transfused and the year blood transfusion therapy was be ... | 1978 | 664004 |
| prevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus in sri lanka. | antibody to hepatitis a virus was studied by immune adherence hemagglutination using 287 serum specimens collected in 1975 by random sampling from healthy individuals living in colomobo, sri lanka. the overall prevalence of antibody to the virus was 76.9% and the prevalence between males and females was approximately the same. the age-specific prevalence of the antibody indicated that hepatitis a in the area is mainly an infection during the early childhood. | 1979 | 227349 |
| [viral hepatitis]. | viral hepatitis is one of the most frequent infectious diseases of our time. it is of great concern to the epidemiological risk groups such as research laboratories, dialysis units and other public health agencies. the result of epidemiological, immunological, morphological and biochemical studies have demonstrated, that this disease is caused by at least two different viruses. the hepatitis a virus (hav) induces the type a hepatitis and the hepatitis b virus (hbv) the type b hepatitis. two anti ... | 1978 | 697524 |
| [epidemiology, clinical data and immune response of an epidemic of hepatitis a (author's transl)]. | almost all members of an affected family (46 persons) were followed up for a year after contracting hepatitis a during an epidemic in a rural area. sixteen children, one juvenile and a 42-year-old woman had been infected. a mild subclinical course was present in about a third. all but one person in the studied population who were over 25 years had antibody titres from an earlier hepatitis a infection. as result, those who fell ill were almost exclusively children and juveniles with an average ag ... | 1978 | 710304 |
| studies of donors who transmit posttransfusion hepatitis. | sera and questionnaires were evaluated retrospectively from 128 volunteer blood donors whose blood had been implicated in cases of clinically recognized post-transfusion hepatitis in recipients of one- or two-unit blood transfusion between 1971 and 1977. serologic markers of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection were found in 23 percent, compared to 9.7 percent of 3,230 prospective blood donors. the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus was similar among implicated donors (44%), prospective do ... | 1979 | 230620 |
| the pathobiology of hepatitis a virus. | | 1979 | 231580 |
| the seroepidemiological pattern of acute viral hepatitis. an epidemiological study on viral hepatitis in the hannover region. | the natural incidence of the etiologically distinct types of viral hepatitis was determined by investigating acute phase sera of symptomatic hepatitis cases occuring in the hannover area in 1975 for the presence of hepatitis b surface antigen, antibodies to hepatitis a, hepatitis b core and surface antigens, and by measuring the igm serum levels. fourteen different seroepidemiologic patterns were recognized. although there was a high prevalence of hepatitis a antibody in the population, the freq ... | 1978 | 206514 |
| [observations on the behaviour of anti-hav antibodies (author's transl)]. | the behaviour of anti-hav antibodies was studied in the following conditions: a) a sample group of 2645 subjects from a healthy population; b) a group of 32 subjects with previous hb-ag negative viral hepatitis; c) 12 cases of acute virus a hepatitis; d) a group of 18 anti-hav positive women at the end of their pregnancies the antibodies were thus also studied in the funicular blood and in the newborn babies. the results showed: a) high reactivity (78%) of the healthy population to anti-hav's; b ... | 1978 | 231796 |
| hepatitis a virus: identification, characterization, and epidemiologic investigations. | | 1979 | 232281 |
| detection of immunoglobulin m antibodies to hepatitis a virus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies to hepatitis a virus is described. the test uses the principle of binding of igm antibodies to anti-igm-coated microtiter plates to determine whether the igm antibodies attached have specificities for hepatitis a virus. in three patients with hepatitis type a followed up to 12 months, igm antibodies to hepatitis a virus could be demonstrated from the onset of illness and during the following 2 to 3 months ... | 1979 | 232504 |
| a case report of fowl plague keratoconjunctivitis. | a case of human fowl plague keratoconjunctivitis occurred after accidental laboratory exposure. the conjunctivitis was characterised by follicle formation and a mucopurulent discharge, and ran a self-limiting course over two weeks. the keratitis was of an unusual type and consisted of small intraepithelial opacities, which appeared after one week and resolved completely over the next three weeks. the infection, confirmed by viral culture, was produced by dutch strain (hav 1 neq 1) of fowl plague ... | 1977 | 843515 |
| serologic markers of hepatitis a and b in chronic active hepatitis. | sera from 44 patients with a well-documented diagnosis of chronic active hepatitis (cah) were analysed for antibodies to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav), hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) and anti-hbs, e-antigen (hbeag) and anti-hbe, as well as antibodies to hepatitis b core antigen (anti-hbc). twenty-two patients had serologic evidence of hepatitis a infection. the frequency of anti-hav was low in patients under 50 years of age (21%) but high among older patients (72%). there was, however, no si ... | 1978 | 212821 |
| etiology of sporadic hepatitis b surface antigen-negative hepatitis. | we studied serologically 45 adults who had sporadic acute viral hepatitis that was hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) negative. two cases were due to hepatitis b virus, as demonstrated by the appearance of antibody to hepatitis b core antigen. in three other patients, the serologic pattern was inconclusive. of 40 non-b cases, 20 were type a hepatitis and 20 were non-a, non-b hepatitis. clinically, type a and non-a, non-b hepatitis were indistinguishable; one case of fulminant disease occurred i ... | 1977 | 879615 |
| hepatitis type a and hemodialysis: a seroepidemiologic study in 15 u.s. centers. | four hundred sixty patients and staff from 15 u.s. dialysis centers were surveyed by the immune adherence hemagglutination technique for antibody to hepatitis a antigen (anti-ha). the age-standardized anti-ha prevalence was 42.9% in patients and 42.1% in staff. these rates are almost identical to those of socioeconomically comparable urban volunteer blood donors never exposed to dialysis settings. there was no correlation between anti-ha prevalences and duration of dialysis treatment or employme ... | 1977 | 879620 |
| isolation of single stranded dna from purified hepatitis a-virus. | hepatitis a-virus was purified from human stools by three purification steps. virus was identified by radioimmunoassay and purity monitored with immune electron microscopy. virus particles, serologically and morphologically identical, banded in cscl in two density ranges at 1.31-1.34 g/cm3 and at 1.41-1.43 g/cm3. virions of density 1.31-1.34 g/cm3 were shown to contain single-stranded dna of different size classes. class i 1.33 kb, class ii 4.61 kb in addition a small amount of molecules was det ... | 1978 | 212889 |
| an inactivated hepatitis a virus vaccine prepared from infected marmoset liver. | | 1978 | 213786 |
| prevalence of antibody to the hepatitis a virus in a large institution for the mentally retarded. | the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) was determined in 854 people living in a large institution for the mentally retarded in melbourne. altogether 638 (74.4%) of the subjects were found to have specific antibody detectable by solid-phase radioimmunoassay (spria). no difference in antibody prevalence was observed between males and females; however, the prevalence was higher among subjects with down syndrome (84.1%) than those of other forms of mental retardation (72.8%). in ... | 1978 | 215714 |
| asymptomatic viral hepatitis types a and b in an adolescent population. | sera from 95 adolescents were examined for markers of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection and hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. hbv markers were found in eight adolescents (8%) and evidence of previous hav infection was found in 18 adolescents (19%); none had a history of clinically recognizable hepatitis. these findings support the growing evidence that hbv and hav infections are diseases of the pediatric age group, and that testing of hbv vaccines when they become available for patient use will ... | 1978 | 215959 |
| methisoprinol-effect on the replication cycle of human hepatitis a virus. | the antiviral activity of methisoprinol was investigated under different conditions using a strain of hepatitis a virus (hav), that shows a strong cytopathic effect on the frp/3 cell line 7-9 days post-infection. treatment of frp/3 at a dose range of 125-1200 micrograms/ml had no toxic effect and showed a dose dependent inhibition of the hav replication cycle. at the methisoprinol dose of 500 micrograms/ml the cytopathic effect was completely abolished and hav antigen production reduced by 50% a ... | 1992 | 1279362 |
| identification of amino acids located in the antibody binding sites of human hepatitis a virus. | antigenic mutants of human hepatitis a virus (human-hav) were isolated by their resistance to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies raised to human-hav. the nucleotide sequence determined for the capsid regions of 12 mutants identified amino acid changes that clustered in three non-overlapping sites; one in vp3 and two in vp1. all mutants had a change at amino acid residue 70 in vp3, indicating its primary importance for antibody binding. ten mutants had two amino acid changes occurring in the vp3 ... | 1992 | 1280386 |
| [antibody formation in type a viral hepatitis]. | immune response to hepatitis type a antigen (haag) was measured by the passive hemagglutination test (pha) and by the immune adherence test (iaha). specific antibodies found by pha are of the igm class which indicates a recent exposure to hepatitis a virus. the antibodies found by iaha reflect the level of postinfectious immune status. the antibody curve is highest in the age group of 30--49 years (95%). the above-mentioned serological tests were carried out with purified by gel filtration in se ... | 1978 | 216149 |
| [an etiological study on fulminant viral hepatitis]. | viral markers were studied in 79 cases of viral hepatitis with hepatic failure. the results were shown as follows: 8 cases were positive for anti-hav igm (10.12%); 76 cases positive for hbsag or anti-hbc igm (96.20%) and 41 cases positive for anti-hcv antibodies (51.89%). among those with anti-hcv positive, 35 cases were co-infected with hbv, 5 cases with hav and/or hcv, only one was infected with hcv alone 2 cases were hd-ag positive (2.52%) and one not identified (1.27%). with the reference of ... | 1992 | 1284878 |
| the epidemiology and control of hepatitis a. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is endemic in developing countries and remains a public health problem elsewhere. a total of 7430 cases was notified in england and wales in 1991. children and young adults were most frequently affected. risk factors include travel to countries of high endemicity, contact with an infected person and shellfish consumption. person-to-person spread is common within families, closely knit communities and schools (especially nurseries). the provision of safe water an ... | 1992 | 1284926 |
| the association of infective hepatitis type a (hav) and diabetes mellitus. | the cases of three patients who developed diabetes mellitus (dm) within 2-3 weeks of acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection associated with diabetic ketoacidosis are reported. the ketoacidosis was considered an index of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus most likely precipitated by the acute virus infection. | 1992 | 1295148 |
| [appearance of antibodies against hepatitis type a virus (hav) in alcoholics]. | in 144 alcoholics--patients of alcoholic outpatient clinic anti-hav antibodies were studied using the commercially available elisa test. anti-hcv antibodies were found in 86% of the alcoholics, and this prevalence was not higher than in the control group. no differences were found in the titre of antibodies against cytomegaly and herpes virus between the subjects with and without anti-hav antibodies which suggests the specificity f the determined anti-hav antibodies. | 1992 | 1295252 |
| prevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus in healthy individuals of milan. | we have studied by radioimmunoassay the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus in 436 randomly selected individuals of milan according to age and sex. taken together, 70% of subjects provided serological evidence of exposure to hav. both sexes resulted similarly immunized (69.7% females and 70.7% males). the anti-hav prevalence was found to be directly related to age, being on the increase from childhood to adulthood and reaching its peak (9l.5%) in people over fifty. an analysis of the dis ... | 1978 | 216377 |
| new developments in hepatitis c. | since the detection of hepatitis b virus (hbv) in the 1960s and hepatitis a virus in the 1970s, a considerable proportion of infections of (probably viral) hepatitis could not be classified. about 90% of transfusion-related hepatitis was identified as non-a/non-b. in 1988 investigators from the chiron company (usa) detected the non-a, non-b agent and named it hepatitis c virus (hcv). an anti-hcv antibody assay (elisa) and subsequently confirmation tests (immunoblot and polymerase chain reaction) ... | 1992 | 1298054 |
| isolation and characterization of hepatitis a virus. | this paper presents current isolation technics of hepatitis a virus (hav) from human and chimpanzee stool, liver, and bile specimens, as well as comparative characterizations of hav buoyant density properties of human and chimpanzee stool-derived particles. in addition, methods designed for the extraction and purification of hav from large samples of stool and liver tissues, including agar gel filtration, are discussed in detail. | 1976 | 218442 |
| multiple enlargements in the right inverted terminal repeat of the dna of canine adenovirus type 2. | the manhattan strain of canine adenovirus type 2 (cav 2) was examined. restriction endonuclease analysis and blot hybridization experiments revealed the heterogeneity of the viral dna. at least 9 unequally expanded species of the viral genome have been recognized. this diversity is caused by different enlargements in the right inverted terminal repeat (itr) of the virus. the differences between the individual enlargements were shown to be the different multiples of 150 base pairs. relatedness of ... | 1992 | 1307439 |
| host antibody response to viral structural and nonstructural proteins after hepatitis a virus infection. | subgenomic hepatitis a virus (hav) rna sequences were translated in vitro to produce proteins representing the structural (p1) and nonstructural (p2 and p3) domains of the viral polyprotein. these proteins were used as antigens to detect the presence of antibodies in sera from acute and convalescent humans and an experimentally infected chimpanzee. all infected individuals tested had antibodies that recognized uncleaved p1 proteins as well as nonstructural proteins. antibodies in sera from infec ... | 1992 | 1309847 |
| [markers of hepatitis virus a and b infection in subjects undergoing a hiring examination in a large business]. | the prevalence of some hepatitis-a and hepatitis-b markers has been studied in 495 individuals (male 291, female 204) attending a preemployment medical examination at a great factory in northern italy between november 1978 and april 1979. a 2.0% and 13.7% incidence has been respectively found for hbsag and anti-hbs in the whole population. a statistically significative difference has been recognized between people coming from southern and northern italy, as well as between first-employment subje ... | 1979 | 233364 |
| an outbreak of hepatitis a investigated by immune electron microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | in a small outbreak of hepatitis a among members of a hospital staff, excretion of hepatitis a virus could be detected by immune electron microscopy (iem) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in 3 out of 3 cases tested. significant increases in antibody titre could be shown in 4 out of 6 cases (iem), and development of virus specific igm was shown in all 6 cases (elisa). among these patients igm could be detected after 3 months, while sera drawn after 10 months were negative. | 1979 | 368968 |
| sexually transmitted viruses other than hiv and papillomavirus. | this review has focused on a select group of viruses that can be sexually transmitted. the viruses include the herpesviruses, hepatitis a virus, hepatitis b virus, delta virus, non-a, non-b hepatitis virus(es), and molluscum contagiosum. their impact on the population alone or in association with hiv disease necessitates a clear understanding of their ability to cause infection and of the manifestations of these infections. characterization of these particular pathogens and treatment have been d ... | 1992 | 1310546 |
| antigenic structure of human hepatitis a virus defined by analysis of escape mutants selected against murine monoclonal antibodies. | we examined the antigenic structure of human hepatitis a virus (hav) by characterizing a series of 21 murine monoclonal-antibody-resistant neutralization escape mutants derived from the hm175 virus strain. the escape phenotype of each mutant was associated with reduced antibody binding in radioimmunofocus assays. neutralization escape mutations were identified at the asp-70 and gln-74 residues of the capsid protein vp3, as well as at ser-102, val-171, ala-176, and lys-221 of vp1. with the except ... | 1992 | 1312628 |
| serologic and animal inoculation studies of a communal outbreak of viral hepatitis, type a. | sera from individuals in an outbreak of viral hepatitis in a multifamily household, probably spread by contaminated food, were studied for antibodies to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav), and selected acute phase sera were inoculated into marmosets. significant rises in anti-hav titers between acute and convalescent sera occurred in all of 15 individuals in the outbreak who experienced serum enzyme elevations and in one of 14 individuals whose serum enzyme levels remained normal. the remaining 13 ind ... | 1977 | 416712 |
| hepatitis c virus in chronic hemodialysis patients with non-a, non-b hepatitis. | sixteen of 110 hemodialysis (hd) patients fulfilling criteria of non-a, non b hepatitis (nanbh), i.e. alanine aminotransferase (alt) greater than 50 u/ml in the absence of both serologic markers for acute hbv and hav infections and clinical evidence of another cause of hepatitis, were tested for the presence of antibodies against hepatitis c virus (anti-hcv) by enzyme immunoassay (ortho, diagnostics). all (100%) were anti-hcv-positive. there were 5 patients with a monophasic (m) rise pattern (1 ... | 1992 | 1313155 |
| expression and characterization of recombinant hepatitis a virus 3c proteinase. | the 3c proteinase from the hepatitis a virus (hav) was cloned into a multicopy expression vector in escherichia coli under control of the tac promoter. the resulting plasmid construction produced 3c proteinase as a soluble and active enzyme constituting approximately 10% of total cellular proteins. the enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity as judged by sds gel electrophoresis and hplc reversed-phase and fplc ion-exchange chromatography. a colorimetric assay was developed, and synthetic pep ... | 1992 | 1313294 |
| [inapparent infection with hepatitis a virus and glomerulonephritis in a child]. | a 9-year-old boy developed inapparent infection with hepatitis a virus (hav) and glomerulonephritis, simultaneously. the diagnosis was confirmed by the finding of serum anti-hav igm. we suggest that the kidney involvement was also caused by hav. recovery was uneventful. | 1992 | 1314215 |
| immunogenicity and antigenicity of chimeric picornaviruses which express hepatitis a virus (hav) peptide sequences: evidence for a neutralization domain near the amino terminus of vp1 of hav. | we evaluated the antigenic characteristics of chimeric picornaviruses created by inserting peptide sequences from hepatitis a virus (hav) capsid proteins into the b-c loop of vp1 of sabin strain type 1 poliovirus (pv-1). fifteen viable chimeras were generated. each retained the ability to be neutralized by polyclonal pv-1 antisera. two chimeras (h15 and h2) stimulated production of low levels of hav neutralizing antibodies in immunized rabbits or mice, although in both cases only a small fractio ... | 1992 | 1314456 |
| survival of hepatitis a virus on human hands and its transfer on contact with animate and inanimate surfaces. | the survival of hepatitis a virus (hav; strain hm175) on the hands of five volunteers was determined by depositing 10 microliters of fecally suspended virus on each fingerpad and eluting the inoculum after 0, 20, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min. the amount of virus recovered from each fingerpad at 0 min was approximately 6.0 x 10(4) pfu. at the end of 4 h, 16 to 30% of the initially recoverable virus remained detectable on the fingerpads. hav inocula (10 microliters; approximately 1.0 x 10(4) pfu) pla ... | 1992 | 1315331 |
| clinical evaluation of oral fluid samples for diagnosis of viral hepatitis. | oral fluid samples were compared with serum samples as a specimen source for hepatitis a, b, and c virus markers. oral fluid was obtained with a treated absorbent pad and tested by using existing commercial enzyme immunoassays with only minor modifications. compared with serum sampling the sensitivity and specificity of oral sampling were 100% (51 of 51 samples) and 98% (46 of 47 samples) for hepatitis a virus immunoglobulin m, 100% (29 of 29 samples) and 100% (29 of 29 samples) for hepatitis b ... | 1992 | 1316364 |
| characterization of a genetic variant of human hepatitis a virus. | human isolates of hepatitis a (hav) are a single serotype; however, recent genetic surveys using limited nucleotide sequencing have provided evidence that more than one genotype is responsible for hav infection in different parts of the world (jansen et al. [1990]: proc natl acad sci usa 87:2867-2871; robertson et al. [1991] j infect dis 163:286-292). one of these genotypes was originally isolated from panamanian owl monkeys (strain pa21), but has subsequently been found associated with human ca ... | 1992 | 1316423 |
| inactivated hepatitis a virus vaccines. | | 1992 | 1317341 |
| time course of hepatitis a virus antibody titer after active and passive immunization. | to investigate the antibody titer necessary to prevent hepatitis a virus infection, either 15 or 7.5 mg/kg of immune serum globulin was injected into 10 antihepatitis a virus negative volunteers and their serum antihepatitis a virus titers were observed for 28 wk. in addition, antibody titers were observed for 96 wk in a phase 1 clinical trial of a hepatitis a vaccine. the two studies were then compared to assess the immunogenicity of the vaccine and the persistence of the antibody. serum-neutra ... | 1992 | 1317343 |
| non-a, non-b hepatitis among participants in a plasmapheresis stimulation program. | non-a, non-b hepatitis was transmitted to seven of nine participants in a red blood cell-stimulation program following transfusion of blood from one asymptomatic donor. five of the seven patients had clinical as well as biochemical evidence of infection, and three of these five were icteric. incubation periods for the clinical cases ranged from 28 to 50 days, and duration of illness was from two to eight weeks. none of the seven patients showed serologic evidence of acute infection or reinfectio ... | 1979 | 448190 |
| genetic relatedness of hepatitis a virus strains recovered from different geographical regions. | a pairwise comparison of the nucleic acid sequence of 168 bases from 152 wild-type or unique cell culture-adapted strains of hepatitis a virus (hav) revealed that hav strains can be differentiated genetically into seven unique genotypes (i to vii). in general, the nucleotide sequence of viruses in different genotypes differs at 15 to 25% of positions within this segment of the genome. viruses from four of the genotypes (i, ii, iii and vii) were recovered from cases of hepatitis a in humans, wher ... | 1992 | 1318940 |
| etiology of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag)-negative chronic hepatitis. | a study was undertaken to elucidate the etiology of hbsag-negative chronic hepatitis. form 37 individuals with hbsag-negative chronic hepatitis, 11 had liver membrane autoantibody (lma) and were thus classified as autoimmune. 6 patients had anti-hbc, 1 of which was also positive for lma. the majority of individuals with hbsag-negative chronic hepatitis had antibodies to hepatitis a antigen (anti-hav), in general at low titer. we conclude from our data that hepatitis a and hepatitis b virus infec ... | 1979 | 478201 |
| [studies on the effects of rhtnf-alpha anti-replication against ehfv and hav in vitro]. | it was demonstrated in this study that rhtnf-alpha can inhibit the replication of epidemic hemorrhagic fever virus and hepatitis a virus in tissue culture. ehfv infection produced strong fluorescence ( - +) on vero-e6 cells after 9 days. in the rhtnf-alpha treated group, however the fluorescence was very weak (- or +/-). rhtnf-alpha also showed anti-hav effects on 2bs cells. the fluorescence intensity on 2bs cells infected by hav was - +, but in the rhtnf-alpha treated group, the fluorescence wa ... | 1992 | 1319852 |
| myelopoiesis in vitro is suppressed by hepatitis a virus. | perturbations of hematopoietic regulation ranging from transient granulocytopenia to rare cases of bone marrow failure are associated with infections due to hepatitis a virus (hav). in an attempt to elucidate the pathogenetic mechanisms we had previously established that hav has a direct suppressive effect on human bone marrow progenitors (cfu-gm, -gemm, bfu-e). these studies were extended to long-term bone marrow cultures (ltbmc): inoculation of bone marrow mononuclear cells with hav did not in ... | 1992 | 1322183 |
| fibroblast growth factor receptors contain a conserved hav region common to cadherins and influenza strain a hemagglutinins: a role in protein-protein interactions? | the first extracellular domain of the cadherins has been shown to exhibit extensive sequence homology with the amino termini of the ha1 chains of influenza strain a hemagglutinins. these regions of homology are known to be functionally important in both the cadherins and the hemagglutinins. the homologous regions harbor the tripeptide hav, which has been identified as being the cadherin cell adhesion recognition sequence. here we report that members of the rapidly expanding family of fibroblast ... | 1992 | 1322849 |
| salivary antibody testing in a school outbreak of hepatitis a. | during a community-wide outbreak of hepatitis a in gloucester, uk there was a high attack rate in children attending two city primary schools and a pre-school centre sharing the same site. in september 1990, saliva specimens were collected from 478 (85%) of the 562 children. the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav), as determined by saliva testing, was 29.6%; highest prevalences were seen in 5-6-year-olds and in children from that area of the city at the centre of the community ... | 1992 | 1323482 |
| multistate outbreak of hepatitis a associated with frozen strawberries. | a multistate outbreak of hepatitis a was traced to frozen strawberries processed at a single plant. among 827 students and 60 teachers at an elementary school in georgia during a 2-week period, 15 developed hepatitis a. three months later, among 174 residents and 467 staff in an institution for the developmentally disabled in montana during a 3-week period, 13 developed hepatitis a. primary attack rates were 10% in the school and 8% in the institution. cohort analysis in the school implicated co ... | 1992 | 1323618 |
| guidelines for the care of patients hospitalized with viral hepatitis. | for years patients hospitalized with viral hepatitis have been placed in two categories of isolation--enteric precautions and blood precautions. this strategy was based on the inability to differentiate between hepatitis a and b and on the assumption that feces and blood from patients with either type might be infective. it is now known that patients with hepatitis a do not pose a problem of disease transmission through direct contact with blood, and although blood of patients with hepatitis b m ... | 1979 | 517890 |
| in situ hybridization studies in hepatitis a infection. | an in situ hybridization method using radiolabeled oligonucleotide probes was developed to study primary sites of hepatitis a virus replication in an experimental animal model of infection. hepatitis a genomic sequences were demonstrated in hepatocytes of four marmosets with acute hepatitis a by use of antisense probes. in two of these animals, staining was also found when a sense probe was used, which is consistent with active replication in the hepatocytes. the specificity of the hybridization ... | 1992 | 1324214 |
| prevalence of markers of hepatotropic viruses among drug addicts in warsaw, poland. | we studied 100 unselected parenteral drug abusers for infection with hepatitis c, b, a and d virus (hcv, hbv, hav and hdv). seventy-six percent had serological evidence of hcv infection. 12% were positive for hbsag and at least one marker of hbv infection was present in 69%. these results were significantly higher than in a matched control population. compared to controls, the prevalence of anti-hav (65%) was not significantly increased in drug addicts. of the anti-hcv-positive drug addicts, 80. ... | 1992 | 1324268 |
| prevalence of markers of hepatitis viruses in out-patient alcoholics. | the prevalence of hcv, hbv and hav markers was investigated in unselected patients attending an outpatient alcoholic clinic. anti-hcv were detected in 35 (24%) of 144 patients studied, and at least one marker of hbv infection was present in 72 (50%). these results are significantly higher than in a matched control population. the presence of anti-hcv was related to previous blood transfusions and familial history of alcoholism. we conclude that alcoholics should be considered a high risk group f ... | 1992 | 1324269 |
| [status of collective immunity to hepatitis a virus in urban residents in byelorussia]. | the large immune stratum and intense collective immunity to virus hepatitis a among the urban population of byelorussia are characteristic of hyperendemic territory. the geometric mean of the antibody titer has been noted to increase with age, which is probably due to repeated infections of persons who have already had the disease. the use of this value for the characterization of collective immunity and epidemiological situation has been proposed. | 1992 | 1324550 |
| serological and virological investigations fo orthomyxovirus in birds in south-east asian area. | we have previously reported that some species of migrating ducks (pintail, mallard, widgeon and falcated teal) possess in their sera antibodies against h antigens of human or avian influenza viruses. such findings have also been reported from other workers, and the appearance of new types of influenza viruses accompanied by outbreaks of new influenza pandemics, or circulation of influenza virus antigens in animals, birds and humans have been discussed on the basis of such findings. recently a nu ... | 1977 | 604133 |
| [gene expression of hepatitis viruses in the liver and hepatocarcinogenesis]. | human hepatitis b virus (hbv) carriers run an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc), where the expression of hbv genes play the most important role in the initial stage of hepatocarcinogenesis. as the integration of hbv dna into the cellular dna of hcc as well as chronic hepatitis was demonstrated very frequently, the virus-cell fusion gene was considered to be most essential for hepatocarcinogenesis. among the virus-cell fusion genes, the x gene is known to function as a transactivat ... | 1992 | 1327091 |
| viral hepatitis. | viral hepatitis may be classified into three or more forms including type a hepatitis, type b hepatitis, and a group denoted as non-a non-b hepatitis which may represent viral hepatitis of one or more causes. the differentiation of these forms of hepatitis is primarily serologic. the development of antibody to hepatitis a virus can be detected by radioimmunoassay as well as by other test systems. the serologic diagnosis of type b hepatitis rests on the detection of hepatitis b surface antigen or ... | 1978 | 629050 |
| intermolecular cleavage of hepatitis a virus (hav) precursor protein p1-p2 by recombinant hav proteinase 3c. | active proteinase 3c of hepatitis a virus (hav) was expressed in bacteria either as a mature enzyme or as a protein fused to the entire polymerase 3d or to a part of it, and their identities were shown by immunoblot analysis. intermolecular cleavage activity was demonstrated by incubating in vitro-translated and radiolabeled hav precursor protein p1-p2 with extracts of bacteria transformed with plasmids containing recombinant hav 3c. identification of cleavage products p1, vp1, and vpo-vp3 by im ... | 1992 | 1328690 |
| secondary structure of the 5' nontranslated regions of hepatitis c virus and pestivirus genomic rnas. | the rna genomes of human hepatitis c virus (hcv) and the animal pestiviruses responsible for bovine viral diarrhea (bvdv) and hog cholera (hchv) have relatively lengthy 5' nontranslated regions (5'ntrs) sharing short segments of conserved primary nucleotide sequence. the functions of these 5'ntrs are poorly understood. by comparative sequence analysis and thermodynamic modeling of the 5'ntrs of multiple bvdv and hchv strains, we developed models of the secondary structures of these rnas. these p ... | 1992 | 1329037 |
| [hepatitis a outbreak in a kindergarten]. | in november/december 1990 eight out of 38 children of a kindergarten in basle were involved in an outbreak of hepatitis a, and further cases occurred among family members and friends of the children. a questionnaire survey and a serologic analysis including all families associated with the kindergarten was undertaken to investigate the source, extent and spread of the hepatitis a. among 147 persons examined, 20 clinical cases of hepatitis a were diagnosed (9 adults, 11 children), 5 more children ... | 1992 | 1329190 |
| isolation and serological characterization of influenza a viruses from birds that were dead on arrival at tokyo airport. | twenty-two strains of influenza a virus isolated from caged birds which had been imported into japan from india and thailand and had died druing transportation to tokyo. serological tests divided these strains into two groups. viruses in the first group contained hav7 hemagglutinin and were related antigenically to a/duck/ukraine/1/63 [hav7 neq2]; viruses in the second group contained hav4 hemagglutining and were related to a/duck/czech/56 [hav 4 nav 1]. all strains contained neq2 neuraminidase ... | 1978 | 678120 |
| [improvement of the method of gathering of hepatitis a viruses and its evaluation by water analysis]. | | 1992 | 1330833 |
| assessment of inactivation of hepatitis a vaccine by compound pcr. | assuring the complete inactivation of hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine commonly requires prolonged tissue culture amplification, followed by detection of virus antigen in cell lysates. a reliable, but faster, alternative procedure is highly desirable since it will permit the prescreening of experimental batches of killed hav, prior to tissue-culture amplification. we established experimental conditions for simultaneous, polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based amplification of viral and cellular mrn ... | 1992 | 1331145 |
| [family-acquired hepatitis a--prevalence of hepatitis a among the family in aichi prefecture, 1990]. | we studied the transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav) in 45 families, which members were diagnosed as hepatitis a in 8 hospitals in 1990. feces and sera from 50 patients and their 126 family members were tested for hav-specific antigen and igm antibody by elisa or polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technology. from the interval of the onset of hepatitis or detection of hav antigen in feces, hav transmission was recognized in 11 (24.4%) of 45 families. the transmission was found to be concerned wit ... | 1992 | 1331263 |
| [evaluation of micro particle enzyme immunoassay technique (meia)-imx for the detection of antibody to hepatitis a virus]. | a new micro particle enzyme immunoassay technique (meia, imx havab, abbott) has been recently introduced for the detection of antibody to hepatitis a virus (anti-ha). to evaluate the feasibility of the imx havab, we carried out comparison tests between meia, ria and eia. furthermore, we investigated the prevalence of anti-ha in fukuoka city and yonaguni island, okinawa, japan using this method. results obtained were as follows: in the test of 514 sera, 254 (49.0%) were positive by the three meth ... | 1992 | 1331266 |
| accumulation and persistence of hepatitis a virus in mussels. | accumulation and persistence of hepatitis a virus (hav) in the mussel mytilus chilensis was evaluated. under optimal filtration activity of mussels (temperature 12 degrees c, salinity 3%, feeding twice a day with dunaliella marina), hav was concentrated 100-fold from the surrounding water. similar concentrations of hav were reached in the filtration apparatus and in the digestive system (hepatopancreas). hav persisted for about 7 days in mussels. elimination of hav from mussels was slower than e ... | 1992 | 1331305 |
| identification of precursors of structural proteins vp1 and vp2 of hepatitis a virus. | the morphogenetic pathway of hepatitis a virus (hav), classified as a member of the enteroviruses within the picornaviridae, still remains obscure and seems to differ considerably from that of poliovirus, the most studied representative of this genus. in order to elucidate the precursor/product relationship of hav structural proteins, subviral particles, which represent more than 50% of the viral antigen produced in infected cells, were separated from mature virions and their polypeptide pattern ... | 1992 | 1331311 |
| [virus persistence in hepatitis a in monkeys]. | a long-term complex observation of 16 cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis) and 8 african green monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops) with spontaneous and experimental hepatitis a revealed two forms of the illness: acute and chronic. some monkeys developed undulating chronic course of the disease consisting of 2-6 waves. others developed relapses (1 to 3) which occurred within 2-4 or 6-11.5 months of the infection. the morphological changes in the liver persisted for 7-28 months. alaninaminotransf ... | 1992 | 1332264 |
| a cis-acting element within the hepatitis a virus 5'-non-coding region required for in vitro translation. | every picornavirus studied thus far has a sequence within the 5'-non-coding region that is required for internal ribosome binding and translation of the polyprotein. in an attempt to identify this region in hepatitis a virus we constructed a truncated hepatitis a virus (hav) cdna clone that contains the entire 736 bp 5' non-coding region (5'-ncr) and 754 base pairs of the viral capsid coding region (p1) under control of the sp6 promoter. in vitro transcription and translation of this transcript ... | 1992 | 1332279 |
| [the circulation of the hepatitis a and b viruses in the somali population]. | we report the results of a study carried out to evaluate the extent of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) circulation in somalia. serum samples were collected from 593 subjects (age range 0-83 years) and tested for anti-hepatitis a (hav) and anti-hav igm. serum samples taken from 1272 individuals (age range 0-83 years) were tested for hbsag, anti-hbsag, anti-hbcag, hbeag and anti-hbeag. we confirmed a very high rate of hav exposure (about 90% of the subjects tested had circulati ... | 1992 | 1334688 |
| immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virus virosome vaccine delivery system for immunization against hepatitis a. | hepatitis a virus (hav) was purified from mrc-5 human diploid cell cultures, inactivated with formalin, and evaluated for safety and immunogenicity in humans. three vaccine formulations were produced: (a) a fluid preparation containing inactivated hav, (b) inactivated hav adsorbed to al(oh)3, and (c) inactivated hav coupled to novel immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (iriv). iriv were prepared by combining phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phospholipids originating ... | 1992 | 1334977 |
| [spontaneous and experimental hepatitis a in papio hamadryas]. | data on high susceptibility of papio hamadryas to hav are presented. for the first time, p. hamadryas were shown to be able to respond to both natural and experimental infection developing the features typical of hepatitis a: increased aminotransferase activity, virus shedding in feces, production of anti-hav igg and igm, histological liver lesions. an infection lingering for 3-4 months was observed, as well as a case of chronic experimental hepatitis a with relapse in 7 months of the disease. v ... | 1992 | 1335190 |
| prevention of viral hepatitis a: past, present and future. | before hepatitis a virus (hav) was identified, spread of hepatitis a was prevented by public health measures. the first specific, preventive measure for hepatitis a was passive protection with standard, pooled human immune globulins. human immune globulin contained sufficient hav neutralizing antibodies for short-term, prophylactic passive protection and for control of the spread of local outbreaks. after many unsuccessful attempts, hav was propagated in cell cultures and the development of vacc ... | 1992 | 1335635 |
| laboratory tests and reference reagents employed in studies of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine. | procedures to evaluate inactivated hepatitis a vaccines in volunteers have been examined. solid-phase immunoassays were standardized with reference preparations and have been tested to measure antibody response to immunization and antigen content of vaccines. following immunization, there was a good correlation between antibody response, determined with commercial immunoassays, and neutralization titres, as measured by the radioimmunofocus inhibition test. however, at lower titres of neutralizin ... | 1992 | 1335636 |