| lack of neutralizing antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus in persistently infected goats can be overcome by immunization with inactivated mycobacterium tuberculosis. | the pathogenesis of the persistent progressive diseases of sheep (visna-maedi) and goats (arthritis-encephalitis) is dependent on continuous replication of the causative lentiviruses. one subgroup of these viruses, icelandic visna virus, accomplishes this form of replication by undergoing antigenic mutation. mutant viruses arising late in the infection escape neutralization by antibodies directed to the parental virus. in contrast, we show here that viruses obtained from persistently infected sh ... | 1984 | 6319735 |
| [the lymphocytes of the milk of ewes infected by the maedi-caev virus at the moment of lambing]. | | 1992 | 1329606 |
| isolation and characterization of a novel retrovirus from sheep affected by pulmonary carcinoma. | sheep pulmonary carcinoma (spc) has been shown to be associated in nature with a retrovirus, by electron microscopic, biochemical, and epidemiological criteria and by experimental transmission. in this study, a retrovirus has been isolated from spc tumors which were experimentally induced by inoculation with a cell-free, reverse transcriptase containing fraction from a spontaneous field case of spc, and propagated in culture. this novel virus was shown to be unrelated to murine, avian, and bovin ... | 1984 | 6324472 |
| a sequential study of virus expression in retrovirus-induced arthritis of goats. | persistent infection by the retrovirus caprine arthritis--encephalitis virus (caev) induces arthritis in goats which closely resembles rheumatoid arthritis. to examine the relationship between virus expression and development of clinical disease, ten goat kids were inoculated with caev and examined at successive intervals through 18 months post-infection. virus was monitored in cell-free synovial fluid cells, serum and peripheral blood cells by titration, co-cultivation and immunofluorescent tec ... | 1984 | 6470682 |
| prevalence of antibody to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in goats in the united states. | goats from 28 states were tested for antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. of 3,790 goats, 1,175 (31%) tested positive, and of 196 herds tested, 143 (73%) had 1 or more seropositive members. this prevalence, based on serum samples from all goats in the participating herds, was lower than most rates reported in other studies. such studies were based on fewer samples, incomplete sampling of herds, or smaller geographic base. prevalence was highest in western pacific and northern plai ... | 1992 | 1314795 |
| hyaluronidase enhances cell fusion and synthesis of viral dna during infection with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. | caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) is a lentivirus which infects goats and causes chronic progressive arthritis after a prolonged incubation period. caev replicates productively in cultures of goat synovial membrane cells and causes cytopathic effects characterized by multinucleated giant cell formation. the enzyme hyaluronidase was found to accelerate this virus induced fusion of gsm cells. hyaluronidase treatment also resulted in synthesis of increased levels of unintegrated viral dna ... | 1988 | 2854188 |
| effects of infection with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus on milk production in goats. | a recently assembled commercial herd of alpine goats was studied. milk production criteria--305-day milk production (m), butter fat content (bf), and solids nonfat content (snf)--and somatic cell counts (linear score) were monitored by dairy herd improvement association test records. milk samples from all milking goats in the herd were obtained for bacteriologic culture for mastitis organisms on 2 occasions; the infection rate ascribed to major pathogens was 3%. in november 1985, serum specimens ... | 1988 | 2843492 |
| antigenic variation of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus during persistent infection of goats. | six caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev)-free goats kept in strict isolation were inoculated intravenously with a cloned caev isolate (virus 020). at 78 weeks post-infection a virus (virus 095) isolated from one of the goats was shown to have the characteristics of caev, but was antigenically distinct from virus 020 and two other caev isolates by serum neutralization tests. serum from the goat that had the variant virus neutralized the inoculum virus and the variant virus but serum from o ... | 1987 | 2826652 |
| characterization of the infection of caprine synovial membrane cells by the retrovirus caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | | 1981 | 7010773 |
| caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection of caprine monocytes. | | 1982 | 7142965 |
| lentivirus infection augments concurrent antigen-induced arthritis. | experimental antigen-induced arthritis was compared in normal goats and goats infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. although acute arthritis was the same in infected and uninfected animals, the disease lasted 16 weeks longer in the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus-infected goats. our findings suggest that the arthritis caused by this virus is due to events other than, or in addition to, the immune reaction to viral antigens. | 1987 | 2822053 |
| the connective tissue component of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis syndrome. | the gross and microscopic connective tissue lesions in 12 goats with caprine arthritis-encephalitis (cae) are described, including those from which a virus (caev) was isolated. lesions were most often associated with synovial-lined structures including joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae, and were typified by synovial cell proliferations, subsynovial mononuclear cell infiltration, the presence of fibrin, fibrinous concretions, necrosis, and mineralization. extrasynovial lesions were located in ki ... | 1980 | 7406019 |
| characteristics of ovine and caprine lentivirus infections. | a majority of ovine lentivirus (ovlv) infections seen on farms develop after long incubation and a slow progression of disease to death but in nature they may also have short latency and cause acute leukoencephalitis and/or acute arthritis and pneumonia in young kids or lambs with exceptionally high mortality. histopathologically, ovlv diseases may be characterized by lymphoid infiltration, lymphoid hyperplasia with germinal centers and plasmocytosis in the lungs and/or in the cns, joints and ud ... | 1995 | 7475326 |
| genetic and antigenic characterization of caev (caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus) recombinant transmembrane protein. | the env gene fragment of an italian strain of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) coding for the hydrophilic region of transmembrane protein was amplified, cloned and expressed in prokaryotic system as fusion protein with glutathione-s-transferase. sequence analysis revealed 63 to 66% amino acid homology, when compared with three ovine lentiviruses and 83% when compared with one caprine lentivirus. the recombinant transmembrane protein was efficiently expressed, purified under denaturing ... | 1995 | 7483249 |
| retroviruses and chronic arthritis. possible significance of some recent observations. | retroviruses have been proposed as etiologic agents for the development of chronic arthritis in humans. the arthritis seen in goats infected by caprine arthritis encephalitis virus and the spontaneous arthritis of inbred mrl/l mice illustrate how retroviruses may cause the development of a disorder closely resembling human rheumatoid arthritis. several investigators have searched for evidence of retrovirus infection in patients with chronic arthritis, but in most cases the results have been disa ... | 1989 | 2559478 |
| molecular cloning of feline immunodeficiency virus. | feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) is a t-lymphotropic retrovirus associated with immunodeficiency and opportunistic infections in cats. the discovery of fiv provides an opportunity for the development of a small animal model for aids. to initiate the molecular and biological characterization of fiv, cdna clones were synthesized and used to isolate a proviral clone of fiv. molecular cross-hybridization analysis of fiv with five lentiviruses revealed that nucleotide-sequence similarities exist b ... | 1989 | 2928341 |
| t and b cell responses to mycobacterial 65-kda heat-shock protein in sheep infected with maedi visna virus. | sheep infected with maedi visna virus were tested for immune reactivity to recombinant hsp65 and tuberculin ppd from mycobacteria. the results showed that both naturally and experimentally infected animals had elevated igm but not igg or iga antibodies to hsp65 from mycobacterium leprae or m. bovis. in experimentally infected animals, the elevated igm antibodies appeared in blood from about 3 to 4 weeks postinfection. increased t cell proliferative responses to hsp65 and ppd were also found in b ... | 1995 | 7532120 |
| bacterial expression of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus gag and env proteins and their use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | the core protein and the transmembrane protein, encoded for the structural genes gag and env, respectively, of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus were amplified by use of polymerase chain reaction, cloned into a pgex-2t vector, and expressed in escherichia coli as fusion proteins with the glutathione s-transferase at their c-terminus. the recombinant proteins were purified and evaluated by use of an elisa. sera from 269 goats were tested, and the results were compared with those obtained by us ... | 1995 | 7574148 |
| isolation and identification of a south african lentivirus from jaagsiekte lungs. | in the course of attempts to grow the jaagsiekte retrovirus in cell culture, a typical lentivirus was isolated for the first time in south africa from adenomatous lungs. morphologically the virus could not be distinguished from other lentiviruses, but serologically it was shown to be more closely related to visna virus than to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. however, a preliminary restriction enzyme analysis of the linear proviral dna of this new lentivirus (sa-dmvv) revealed that it is si ... | 1986 | 3008059 |
| acute arthritis in caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus challenge exposure of vaccinated or persistently infected goats. | goats vaccinated with inactivated caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) developed more severe arthritis after infectious caev challenge exposure than did goats vaccinated with tissue culture medium. arthritis also developed more rapidly in the group vaccinated with inactivated virus. in another experiment, goats with persistent caev infection developed acute arthritis after at least 2 injections of infectious caev at monthly intervals. in this experiment, the control group consisted of goa ... | 1986 | 3008599 |
| the effect of colostrum-derived antibody on neo-natal transmission of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection. | two groups of 6 newborn goat kids were artificially fed colostrum containing antibody to caprine arthritis-encephalitis (cae) virus, obtained from clinically affected does. kids in group a were fed the colostrum from birth until 7 days of age, while kids in group b were fed colostrum from 1 to 3 days after birth for 7 days. kids were fed cow's milk at all other times. serum antibody resulting from the consumption of colostrum, detected by agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) tests, lasted for up to 8 ... | 1986 | 3024612 |
| the tendency of lentiviral open reading frames to become a-rich: constraints imposed by viral genome organization and cellular trna availability. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and other lentiviridae demonstrate a strong preference for the a-nucleotide, which can account for up to 40% of the viral rna genome. the biological mechanism responsible for this nucleotide bias is currently unknown. the increased a-content of these viral genomes corresponds to the typical use of synonymous codons by all members of the lentiviral family (hiv, siv, biv, fiv, caev, eiav, visna) and the human spuma retrovirus, but not by other retrovirus ... | 1995 | 7666442 |
| caprine retrovirus infection in new south wales: virus isolations, clinical and histopathological findings and prevalence of antibody. | caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) was isolated by explant cultures of carpal synovial membranes and lung from 7 goats in new south wales. these goats were clinically affected with the arthritic, neurologic, and pneumonic forms of caev infection either singly or in combination. caev antibody was detected by the gel immunodiffusion precipitin (gdp) test in 5 of the 7 goats. serum samples from 2,708 goats, from 115 herds, were examined for caev antibody using the gdp test. approximately o ... | 1986 | 3024613 |
| peripheral blood and synovial fluid mononuclear cell phenotypes in lentivirus induced arthritis. | to identify the phenotypes and activation status of peripheral blood (pb) and synovial fluid (sf) mononuclear cells associated with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) induced arthritis in goats. | 1995 | 7699688 |
| pathogenic mechanisms of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | goats infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) show chronic arthritis and cachexia, which are progressive in nature. the immunopathogenic mechanisms responsible for these progressive clinical symptoms have not been fully elucidated. various haematological and immunological parameters were evaluated in experimentally-infected goats showing typical signs of caev-induced disease. infected goats showed recurrent lymphocytosis that may be due to constant presentation of antigen by in ... | 1994 | 7701786 |
| double-nested polymerase chain reaction for detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus proviral dna in blood, milk, and tissues of infected goats. | a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for detecting proviral dna of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) in biological samples was developed. primers for both gag and pol sequences of the caev genome were included in a single tube for simultaneous amplification ('double' pcr), and the resulting bands were resolved visually in ethidium bromide-stained agarose gels. internal gag and pol probes were used to verify the identity of the amplified products by non-radioactive southern hybridiz ... | 1994 | 7714032 |
| antiviral, anti-glycoprotein and neutralizing antibodies in foals with equine infectious anaemia virus. | equine infectious anaemia virus is related by genome sequence homology to human immunodeficiency virus, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and visna virus. failure of the host to mount a strong neutralizing response detectable in vitro or to eliminate persistent infection in vivo characterizes lentivirus infections in the natural host. in this study the specificities and neutralizing activity of antibodies induced during experimental infection with equine infectious anaemia virus were investig ... | 1988 | 3351480 |
| precursor polypeptides of caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus structural proteins. | the synthesis of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus structural proteins was analysed in infected cells labelled with [35s]methionine and [3h]glucosamine and by translation of virion rna in vitro. viral polypeptides were isolated from infected cell lysates or from in vitro translation products by immunoprecipitation with specific antisera and resolved by sds-page. results indicated that the gag gene-encoded p28, p19 and p16 virion core proteins were formed by cleavage processing of a 55k mr pre ... | 1988 | 3351481 |
| virus-specific polypeptides of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus recognized by monoclonal antibodies to virion proteins p24 and p14. | the proteins of an isolate of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) were analysed by sds-page and western blotting. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) produced to the main core protein p24 and the small structural protein p14 also recognized two major polypeptides of mr 41k and 55k in infected cell material, consistent with a precursor role for these gag polypeptides. in addition, the p24 mabs detected a 33k polypeptide in extracellular virus preparations, while the p14 mabs reacted strongly wit ... | 1988 | 3373182 |
| identification of caprine arthritis-encephalitis retrovirus proteins in immunodiffusion precipitin lines. | precipitin lines formed between serum from a goat infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) and radiolabelled viral proteins in polyethylene glycol-concentrated culture medium were excised from immunodiffusion (id) plates and analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the two major precipitin lines contained the 135 000 mol. wt. glycoprotein (gp 135) and the internal 28 000 mol. wt. structural protein (p28). this method obviates the use of purified proteins or monospecific a ... | 1985 | 3923155 |
| genomic heterogeneity in the pol region of ovine lentiviruses obtained from bronchoalveolar cells of infected sheep from france. | in order to determine the genomic heterogeneity of ovine lentiviruses, we analysed eight isolates from naturally infected sheep from one geographical region of france. a 475 nt fragment in the region of the pol gene coding for reverse transcriptase was amplified by rt-pcr from rna directly extracted from uncultured bronchoalveolar lavage cells. the resulting pcr fragments were analysed by restriction enzyme digestion, cloned in a ta vector and sequenced. restriction enzyme analysis showed distin ... | 1995 | 7782784 |
| chemiluminescent detection of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus with a pcr-generated single stranded nonradiolabelled probe. | a 814-bp digoxigenin-labelled single stranded dna probe was produced and utilized in slot-blot hybridization for detection of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) in goat synovial membrane (gsm) cell culture infected with caev. the sensitivity of a pcr-generated probe was compared with a random primer labelled probe. the probe with digoxigenin-dutp incorporated in the pcr reaction mixture was more sensitive for rna detection than the random primer probe and it was much simpler to use. the ... | 1995 | 7785189 |
| genetic variation among lentiviruses: homology between visna virus and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus is confined to the 5' gag-pol region and a small portion of the env gene. | visna virus of sheep and arthritis-encephalitis virus of goats are serologically related but genetically distinct retroviruses which cause slowly progressive diseases in their natural hosts. to localize homologous regions of the dnas of these two viruses, we constructed a physical map of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus dna and aligned it with the viral rna. cloned probes of visna virus dna were then used to localize regions of homology with the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus dna. thes ... | 1984 | 6088794 |
| genetic structure of the pol-env region of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus genome. | the nucleotide sequence of the pol-env intergenic region of two isolates of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) was determined. two open reading frames (orfs) were identified, designated q and s by homology with visna virus. caev orf s is a single exon encoding a deduced 87-amino acid gene product sharing 36 amino acid identities with the visna trans-acting transcriptional activator (tat). ten of these identities comprise a conserved cgcrlcnpgw sequence similar to a cysteine-rich domain ... | 1991 | 1845832 |
| phosphorothioate oligonucleotides inhibit the replication of lentiviruses and type d retroviruses, but not that of type c retroviruses. | phosphorothioate analogs of oligodeoxynucleotides at a concentration of 2 microm protected himalayan tahr cells from infection by caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) and equine dermis cells from infection by equine infectious anemia virus (eiav). the characteristics of this inhibition against these lentiviruses are similar to those previously described for the inhibition of hiv-1 in ath8 cells [17]. thus, the 28-mer homo-oligomer of cytidine [s-(dc)28] was at least as effective as three ... | 1994 | 7826217 |
| [caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev). short review]. | after a short history, this work shows frequency of the articular form of the disease in france, and isolation of the virus. although related to retrovirus, caev and maedi-visna have some differences: tropism of caev only for goats, low replication and expression in vitro, characteristic differences in protein composition. the virus seems to be transmitted during neonatal life; aerial transmission is still unclear. separation of affected and non-affected goats is the only eradication technique w ... | 1984 | 6091522 |
| antibody prevalence of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) in goats in turkey. | in this study, a serological survey in goat herds for antibodies against caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) in turkey is described. 808 serum samples were collected from three state farms and seven private flocks in different regions of turkey. the serologic examination was performed by agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) technique. 16 (1.9%) out of 808 sera deriving from two state farms (n = 14) and one private herd (n = 2) were found to be serologically positive. the findings are discusse ... | 1994 | 7851298 |
| ultrastructure of arthritis induced by a caprine retrovirus. | the ultrastructure of early retrovirus-induced arthritis was studied sequentially in 20 goat kids inoculated with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. synovial lesions began as intercellular edema and collagen fragmentation and continued as progressive mononuclear cell infiltration and lining cell hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and necrosis. at 18 through 45 days after the inoculation, lining cells contained small accumulations of virus-like particles similar to virus seen in infected tissue culture ... | 1982 | 6288054 |
| [caprine arthritis-encephalitis in algeria]. | during an outbreak of caprine arthritis-encephalitis on an experimental farm, the virus responsible for this disease was isolated from imported animals. a serological survey was then carried out with the purpose of determining the prevalence of the disease among other imported herds of goats, local herds and mixed herds. positive serological results were found at relatively high levels in both imported and mixed herds. all the local herds, however, yielded negative serological results, suggestin ... | 1994 | 7863063 |
| comparative functional analysis of the various lentivirus long terminal repeats in human colon carcinoma cell line (sw480 cells) and feline renal cell line (crfk cells). | basal promoter activities of various lentiviral long terminal repeats (ltrs) in a human colon carcinoma cell line (sw480 cells) and a feline renal cell line (crfk cells) were examined by the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) assay using the ltr-cat reporter plasmids. in sw480 cells, the basal promoter activities induced by ltrs of visna virus, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), and simian immunodeficiency virus (sivagm) were moderate, and those induced by ltrs of human immunodefi ... | 1994 | 7865591 |
| plasma amino acid dysregulation after lentiviral infection. | the absence of aids-like symptoms in hiv-infected chimpanzees and siv-infected african green monkeys (agms) may provide important clues about the pathogenic mechanism of aids and about mechanisms of resistance. hiv-infected persons and siv-infected rhesus macaques have, on the average, markedly decreased cysteine, cystine, and glutathione levels and elevated plasma glutamate concentrations. glutamate inhibits the membrane transport of cystine and a combination of low plasma glutamate and high cy ... | 1993 | 7903043 |
| antibody reactivity to the immunodominant epitopes of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus gp38 transmembrane protein associates with the development of arthritis. | high titers of antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) envelope (env) glycoproteins are found in infected goats developing a progressive arthritis. in order to identify linear b epitopes of the caev env, which may be involved in the immunopathology of arthritis, we constructed a lambda gt11 env expression library. by combining library screening with sera from naturally infected swiss goats with an enzyme immunoassay with overlapping peptides (pepscan), four group-specific epito ... | 1994 | 7933096 |
| characterization of cdnas species encoding the tat protein of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. | two distinct species of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) tat cdnas were isolated early after infection of a himalayan tahr cell line. sequence analyses predicted that one cdna (pcev/e1) represented a polycistronic transcript that encodes tat and rev as well as an n-terminally truncated transmembrane protein and a protein, designated x, whose function is unknown; whereas the other cdna (pcev/f1) encodes tat and the env gene products. pcev/e1 trans-activated a caev ltr-chloramphenicol a ... | 1994 | 7941354 |
| purification of retrovirus genomic rna suitable for chemical radioiodination. | an efficient method for the purification of genomic rna from the retrovirus, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus, is described. the method utilizes proteinase k, extraction with sodium perchlorate and chromatography on oligo(dt)-cellulose and results in highly purified rna capable of being chemically iodinated with na125 i to high specific radioactivity. the iodinated rna exhibits 80-90% precipitability in 5% trichloroacetic acid and is greater than or equal to 99% sensitive to hydrolysis by ri ... | 1982 | 6290519 |
| neutralizing antibody response of rabbits and goats to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | rabbits were immunized with purified caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and examined for neutralizing activity. analysis of virus-antiserum interaction at 37 degrees c demonstrated little loss of viral infectivity after incubation with heat-inactivated rabbit antiserum for 60 min. however, sensitization of virus (as assessed by the addition of complement) occurred almost immediately and was 95% complete after 10 min. the complement-dependent neutralizing activity was associated with the immuno ... | 1982 | 6292102 |
| caprine arthritis-encephalitis: clinicopathologic study. | chronic arthritis caused by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus was observed after the introduction of new animals into a goat herd. there were high frequency of carpal hygroma and clinical signs of stiffness. the disease was progressive and produced a debilitating lameness among 30% of the affected animals. laboratory findings were limited to alterations in synovial fluid which showed increased numbers of lymphocytes. pathologic changes were observed in the joints, bursae, and adjacent tissues ... | 1982 | 6299137 |
| augmented t lymphocyte responses and abnormal b lymphocyte numbers in goats chronically infected with the retrovirus causing caprine arthritis-encephalitis. | caprine arthritis-encephalitis is a retrovirus-induced disease resulting in lymphoproliferative lesions of the cns and joints. peripheral blood leukocytes of chronically infected goats were analyzed for the types of cells present and for their reactivity to viral antigen and polyclonal stimulants. two of 9 infected goats had abnormal numbers of b lymphocytes--one elevated and the other deficient. lymphocyte reactivity to viral antigens was transiently detectable by a lymphoblastogenic assay in 5 ... | 1983 | 6316820 |
| activation of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus expression during maturation of monocytes to macrophages. | lentiviruses, which cause arthritis-encephalitis and maedi-visna in goats and sheep, respectively, cause persistent infections in these animals. the viruses replicate productively at low levels in macrophages in diseased organs such as the "maedi lung" and nonproductively in other cell types such as leukocytes in peripheral blood. nonproductive infections become productive during in vitro cultivation of the cells. this study showed that monocytes were the only cells in the peripheral blood leuko ... | 1983 | 6862634 |
| a pathogenetic study of the early connective tissue lesions of viral caprine arthritis-encephalitis. | experiments were designed to correlate morphologic lesions with the presence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev). twenty-one cesarean-derived goat kids were infected with 10(6) to 10(7) tcid50 of virus, killed sequentially, and examined for viral antigens by immunofluorescence, viral infectivity by isolation and titration, and morphologic changes by light microscopy. fluorescent viral antigens were detected from 1 to 10 days postinoculation (dpi) and only in synovial cells. virus was ... | 1980 | 6990770 |
| immune responses of goats persistently infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | eight cesarean-derived goat kids were inoculated with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), and proliferative responses of their peripheral blood mononuclear cells to mitogens and caev antigen were monitored for 9 months. antibody specific for caev was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. five cesarean-derived noninfected goats were tested simultaneously. significant differences between the infected and control mononuclear cell proliferation reactions to caev began 14 days po ... | 1980 | 7399671 |
| multiple coding and the evolutionary properties of rna secondary structure. | this article evaluates evolutionary properties of the transition from rna primary sequence to rna secondary structure. it focuses on the restrictions that the conservation of a protein code in an rna sequence puts on its potential to evolve towards a specific secondary structure. restricting the mutations to those that do not affect the coding for a protein restricts both the accessibility and the connectivity of the sequence space. the accessibility is restricted because only certain point muta ... | 1993 | 7507189 |
| caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus: isolation and identification in rio grande do sul, brazil. | we describe the first report of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) isolation in brazil. in december 1989 a four-year old anglonubian arthritic doe was submitted to euthanasia and its synovial membranes were cultured by explantation. this doe was positive for antibodies to the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev). the reverse transcriptase activity detected in culture supernatants, the characteristic cytopathic effect of lentivirus in these cultures, the detection of viral antigen ... | 1993 | 7511015 |
| selected models of hiv-induced neurological disease. | | 1995 | 7587361 |
| glycosylation of igg during potentially arthritogenic lentiviral infections. | agalactosyl igg [gal(0)] was first discovered in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ra). however, the proportion of this glycoform is also raised in tuberculosis and leprosy. this has helped reinforce the suggestion that ra may be triggered by a mycobacterium-like slow bacterial infection. on the other hand, arthritis can occur in mycobacterial diseases, so raised gal(0) could be associated with a tendency to arthritis, rather than with a particular type of infection. therefore, we wished to fi ... | 1995 | 7597380 |
| evaluation of agar gel immunodiffusion serology using caprine and ovine lentiviral antigens for detection of antibody to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | the sensitivity of the agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) test for the detection of antibody to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) was investigated with caev or ovine progressive pneumonia virus (oppv) as the source of antigen. a total of 218 goat serum specimens were tested for anti-caev antibody by agid and immunoprecipitation of [35s]methionine-labeled caev. in comparison with that of immunoprecipitation, the sensitivity of the caev agid test was 0.91, and that of the oppv agid test was ... | 1994 | 8126191 |
| the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus tat gene is dispensable for efficient viral replication in vitro and in vivo. | caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) is a lentivirus closely related to visna virus and more distantly to other lentiviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus. the genomes of visna virus and caev contain a tat gene encoding a protein able to weakly transactivate its own long terminal repeat, suggesting that transactivation may be a dispensable function for viral replication. three different tat gene mutants of an infectious molecular clone of caev were used to study their replication ... | 1995 | 7636990 |
| antibody prevalence of eight ruminant infectious diseases in california mule and black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus). | we tested 276 sera from 18 free-ranging black-tailed and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) herds in california (usa) collected from 1987 to 1991 in five biogeographical habitat types, for antibodies against eight infectious disease agents. overall antibody prevalence was 56% for anaplasma marginale, 31% for borrelia burgdorferi, 16% for bluetongue virus serotype 17, 15% for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, 7% for coxiella burnetii and toxoplasma gondii, respectively, and 0% for bovine leukosis ... | 1994 | 8151824 |
| neurotoxicity of peptide analogues of the transactivating protein tat from maedi-visna virus and human immunodeficiency virus. | infection by lentiviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus, maedi-visna virus and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, is associated with a variety of neurological syndromes, but the mechanism by which the damage occurs to the nervous system is not known. the viruses do not infect neurons and so the neurotoxic actions must be mediated indirectly. here we applied synthetic peptide analogues derived from basic regions of maedi-visna virus and human immunodeficiency virus transactivating prote ... | 1993 | 7682293 |
| [caprine arthritis-encephalitis: detection of specific antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid and synovia]. | following transmission studies cerebrospinal fluid and synovia were checked for the presence of specific antibodies from ten seronegative goats derived from seropositive females and from 16 seropositive goats showing typical clinical symptoms. in the samples from the seronegative goats it was not possible to detect any specific antibodies whereas in 14 of the 16 seropositive goats specific antibodies were found in the synovia and in two goats specific antibodies could be found in the cerebrospin ... | 1994 | 7741847 |
| cae virus seroprevalence in a mixed goat herd. | | 1993 | 8236673 |
| the vif gene is essential for efficient replication of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in goat synovial membrane cells and affects the late steps of the virus replication cycle. | complex retrovirus genomes contain a variable number of accessory genes, among which is the vif gene. we investigated in vitro the role of the vif gene of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) by studying the phenotype of five vif mutants after infection of primary goat synovial membrane (gsm) cells and blood-derived monocytes/macrophages. any deletion introduced into the vif gene resulted in slow and low viral replication and production of virions with an infectious titer lower than that ... | 1995 | 7745671 |
| detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus by polymerase chain reaction. | detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infection in goats is currently limited to serologic testing or cell culture. we developed a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay to detect caev sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc), synovial fluid cells (sfc), and milk cells (mc) obtained from infected goats. results were positive for 18 of 20 pbmc, 8 of 8 mc, and 5 of 5 sfc samples from seropositive goats, whereas 3 of 33 pbmc samples and none of 8 mc or 5 sfc samples ... | 1993 | 8263195 |
| erratic g-->a hypermutation within a complete caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) provirus. | the complete nucleotide sequence of an integrated provirus of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) has been determined. the provirus was defective due to extensive g-->a hypermutation. rather than being a smooth phenomenon distributed throughout the genome it was highly erratic with hypermutated and normal regions being juxtaposed, probably reflecting local fluctuations in the intracellular dctp pool during reverse transcription of the caev genome. the pattern of sequence variation within ... | 1995 | 7778264 |
| caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection. | | 1993 | 8307813 |
| retrovirus infections of the nervous system. | mammalian retroviruses of all three subfamilies infect the nervous system. the leukemia viruses (oncovirinae) and lentiviruses (lentivirinae, eg, human immunodeficiency virus) cause serious disease, while the foamy viruses (spumavirinae) have not yet been shown to cause any disease. this review illustrates these diseases by referring particularly to three viruses: the human and murine leukemia viruses (human t-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus type i and murine leukemia virus), and the human immunode ... | 1993 | 8386955 |
| immunopathology of chronic lentivirus-induced arthritis. | this study evaluated histopathology and mononuclear cell phenotypes in synovial lesions of chronic arthritis induced by experimental infection of saanen goats with caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus. histological examination of carpal joint synovium of three infected goats with clinical arthritis revealed progressive lesions consisting of membrane villus hypertrophy with extensive angiogenesis and mononuclear cell infiltration and degenerative changes of membrane villus necrosis associate ... | 1995 | 7778682 |
| caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus su is the ligand for infection of caprine synovial membrane cells. | infection of goat synovial membrane (gsm) cells by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) was inhibited by incubation of cells with caev gp 135 envelope glycoprotein (su) expressed by recombinant vaccinia virus. incubation of cells with protein expressed by a control recombinant vaccinia virus without the caev envelope gene did not inhibit caev infection. removal of recombinant su from blocking medium by adsorption with anti-su igg/protein g-sepharose complexes resulted in loss of caev inhi ... | 1993 | 8390759 |
| infection of lactating goats by mammary instillation of cell-borne caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | the possibility of transmission of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus between lactating goats by the transfer of infected cells during milking has been examined experimentally. four virus-free saanen goats were infected, two in full lactation and two during the drying off period, by instillation of infected allogeneic cells into the milk canal of one-half of the udder. all four goats became infected, as shown by the isolation of virus from peripheral blood monocytes, seroconversion, and presen ... | 1995 | 7790575 |
| caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus (caev) challenge of goats immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing caev surface and transmembrane envelope glycoproteins. | this study evaluated infection and disease following caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus (caev) challenge of goats with existent immune response to caev surface and transmembrane envelope glycoproteins. six saanen goats were vaccinated three times with recombinant vaccinia virus rwr63 expressing glycoproteins encoded by the caev-63 envelope gene. two goats were immunized with rwrsc11, a control vaccinia virus derived from the psc11 vaccinia expression plasmid without the caev envelope gene ... | 1994 | 7810058 |
| depressed cd4+ t lymphocyte proliferative response and enhanced antibody response to viral antigen in chronic lentivirus-induced arthritis. | the proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) stimulated with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) surface glycoprotein (su) was depressed 4- to 20-fold in saanen goats with chronic caev-induced arthritis compared with asymptomatic goats. phytohemagglutinin-stimulated responses were not depressed. complement depletion of pbmc with anti-cd4 or anti-cd8 monoclonal antibodies identified cd4+ t lymphocytes as the antigen-responsive cells in both high-responder asympt ... | 1995 | 7844368 |
| caprine arthritis encephalitis virus infection changes caprine blood monocyte responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide stimulation in vitro. | the effects of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) infection on cytokine activity of caprine monocytes stimulated with escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (lps) were examined. compared with supernatants from lps-stimulated monocytes of caev-negative goats, supernatants from caev-positive goats stimulated less proliferation of murine thymocytes in the mtt (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, showed about 50% less il-1 activity on the il-1-dependent cell li ... | 1994 | 7856074 |
| characterisation, experimental infection and serological response to caprine retrovirus. | a virus (151) isolated from synovial membrane explant cultures from a goat with arthritis-synovitis was characterised with respect to cytopathic effect in synovial membrane cell cultures, virus morphology, buoyant density and presence of rna dependent dna polymerase. virus 151 was shown to be a retrovirus with similar properties to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in the united states of america. inoculation of the virus into uninfected goats caused the development of arthritis-synovitis les ... | 1983 | 6320790 |
| transmission and control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus was isolated from goat milk and transmitted most efficiently to kids through both milk and colostrum. in addition, it appeared that transmissions through other secretions of the doe occurred, but were less important than transmission in milk and colostrum. intrauterine infection may have occurred in 2 of 32 cesarean-derived goats, but postpartum horizontal transmission could not be ruled out. transmission by the aerosol route was not demonstrated, and even sh ... | 1983 | 6625321 |
| isolation and preliminary characterization of the jaagsiekte retrovirus (jsrv). | jaagsiekte, or ovine pulmonary adenomatosis, is caused by a recently discovered retrovirus. the virus cannot be cultivated in vitro at present, but a procedure is described for the isolation and purification of small amounts in the form of immune complexes with iga from affected lungs. the virion was shown to possess a 70s rna genome which can be transcribed by an endogenous reverse transcriptase. nine size from 94 000 to 25 000 daltons, were found in purified preparations. using neutralization ... | 1983 | 6676694 |
| activation of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus long terminal repeat by gamma interferon. | caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) is a lymphotropic lentivirus whose replication increases during monocyte maturation. we examined gene expression directed by the caev long terminal repeat (ltr) in a promonocytic cell line stimulated with several agents. our results demonstrate that the caev ltr is activated by treatment of immature monocytes with gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) or a phorbol ester but not with tumor necrosis factor alpha or lipopolysaccharide. the cis-acting element in th ... | 1996 | 8523577 |
| replication properties of dutpase-deficient mutants of caprine and ovine lentiviruses. | the virion-associated dutpase activities of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) and visna virus were determined by using an assay which measure the actual ability of the dutpase to prevent the dutp misincorporations into cdna during reverse transcription. we showed that the caev molecular clone from the cork isolate was dutpase defective as a result of a single amino acid substitution. using this point mutant and deletion mutants of caev as well as a deletion mutant of visna virus, we de ... | 1996 | 8551582 |
| neuropathologic aspects of lentiviral infections. | studies of lentiviral infections of various animals and man have shown that all may invade the cns and induce pathological lesions. this is well established in infections with vv, caev, siv, hiv-1, and fiv. although vv and caev do not cause an overt immunodeficiency, they share several features pertinent for the establishment of neuropathologic lesions with those that induce immunodeficiency. this holds especially true for the initial steps and early cns lesions. 1) infection of the cns is from ... | 1994 | 8030977 |
| study of a prevention programme for caprine arthritis-encephalitis. | a prevention programme for caprine viral arthritis-encephalitis was monitored in 363 goat herds between 1988 and 1990. the level of contamination in the female kids fell from 49.5 to 25% by the end of the 2-yr period during which the programme was applied. some 19% of the female kids that had been substitute colostrum (cow colostrum or goat colostrum heated to 56 degrees c for 1 h) were contaminated compared with 45% of those that had been given raw colostrum. the segregation between the animals ... | 1994 | 8038808 |
| hypothesis for retroviral causation of rheumatoid arthritis. | over the past year, convincing direct evidence that rheumatoid arthritis is caused by a retrovirus has not been presented. strong support for this hypothesis, however, comes from an impressive body of recent work demonstrating that human t-cell lymphotropic virus type i causes a destructive arthropathy that has many of the same features as rheumatoid arthritis. additional strong support for the hypothesis is provided by the resemblance of the arthropathies induced by caprine arthritis encephalit ... | 1994 | 8060765 |
| [serologic investigations on the occurrence of maedi-visna antibodies in game ruminants]. | the lentiviruses of small domestic ruminants (maedi-visna and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus) have been shown to be infective for each other. there are only few investigations of virus susceptibility of other species of animals. the aim of our study reported here was to evaluate sera of wild animal species for lentivirus antibodies. 344 sera of capreolus capreolus, cervus elaphus and dama dama from a territory with known sheep populations prevalence were tested in the agar gel immunodiffus ... | 1995 | 8593775 |
| two species of rev proteins, with distinct n termini, are expressed by caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. | several cdna clones representing alternatively spliced rev-specific transcripts were isolated from a cdna library prepared from himalayan tahr cells infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev). we previously characterized two rev-like cdna species, d1 and d2, and a tat e1 cdna containing the rev coding sequence downstream to the tat. in these cdnas, the rev coding domain derives its amino terminus from the n terminus of env, which is spliced to the 3' open reading frame encoding th ... | 1996 | 8642706 |
| a dna fingerprinting band associated with the susceptibility to cae virus-induced arthritis in goats. | caprine arthritis-encephalitis (cae) virus-induced arthritis can be found in all swiss goat breeds and it has been shown that there is a genetic pre-disposition for this disease. the 10 toggenburg, 32 chamois coloured and 40 saanen goats, specially selected for this study, were naturally infected with cae virus. within each breed there was an equal distribution between clinically healthy animals and animals suffering from arthritis. in the case of the saanen goats, a dna fingerprint band generat ... | 1994 | 8076168 |
| identification of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus rev protein and its cis-acting rev-responsive element. | caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) is a lentivirus closely related to visna virus of sheep and more distantly related to the human lentivirus hiv-1. the genomes of lentiviruses contain additional genes that regulate the lentivirus gene expression; one of these is rev, a protein that regulates the expression of viral proteins via post-transcriptional mechanisms. a cdna clone was isolated from caev infected cells and shown to encode the 18-kda rev protein of caev. antibodies against caev ... | 1994 | 8116254 |
| [clinical aspect of caprine arthritis and encephalitis]. | the symptoms of arthritis and encephalitis of goats (cae) are described following our own observations and with regard to the current literature. cae virus infections can produce a chronic arthritis (especially carpitis), an interstitial mastitis and a subclinical pneumonia. encephalitis in kids caused by caev-infection is very rare in germany. | 1993 | 8122237 |
| detection of antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus using recombinant gag proteins. | the coding sequences of the core proteins p17 and p28 of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and cloned into the plasmid expression vector p-gex-2t. both p17 and p28 were expressed as fusion proteins with glutathione s-transferase. the recombinant proteins were affinity purified from induced bacterial lysates using glutathione-agarose beads. the purified proteins were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect antibod ... | 1994 | 8129621 |
| evaluation of elisa for detection of antibodies to caev in milk. | milk was found to be a suitable alternative specimen for the serological diagnosis of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) using the elisa. the relative sensitivity and specificity of testing individual milk samples as compared to individual sera was 96.4 and 97.3% respectively. the overall agreement between the testing of milk and sera was 96.9% and the correlation coefficient between testing sera and milk, 0.94%. the testing of bulk milk could be used to predict approximately the preval ... | 1994 | 8160350 |
| replication in goats in vivo of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus deleted in vif or tat genes: possible use of these deletion mutants as live vaccines. | | 1996 | 8882321 |
| highly sensitive qualitative and quantitative detection of reverse transcriptase activity: optimization, validation, and comparative analysis with other detection systems. | an ultra-sensitive assay for reverse transcriptase (rt) activity called amp-rt has been developed. an in vitro transcribed heteropolymeric rna sequence was used as a template, and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification with southern-blot hybridization served as a detection system for the cdna product of the reaction. titration of mg2+ and mn2+ concentrations using the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and the human t lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-i), respectively, showed optim ... | 1996 | 8882946 |
| the caev tat gene trans-activates the viral ltr and is necessary for efficient viral replication. | caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) is a lentivirus which is closely related by nucleotide sequence and biological properties to visna virus. sequence analysis of the caev genome revealed the presence of a small open reading frame (orf) which shares amino acid identity with the visna virus tat gene. using an infectious molecular clone of caev the role of the tat orf in viral replication was examined. mutations were made in the tat orf that introduced two in frame stop codons six amino ac ... | 1993 | 8212571 |
| [viral encephalitis transmitted by arthropods]. | | 1993 | 8247314 |
| retroviruses and systemic lupus erythematosus. | in some animal models of autoimmune diseases the roles of exogenous and endogenous retroviruses are clearly defined. in ungulates caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, equine infectious anemia virus or maedi-visna virus infections cause a well-defined autoimmune disease and the appearance of seropositivity of the animals is of diagnostic value. likewise, in mrl lpr/lpr mice insertion of a retrotransposon into the fas gene could clearly be shown to cause survival of autoreactive lymphocytes. desp ... | 1996 | 8930671 |
| delayed seroconversion following naturally acquired caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection in goats. | one hundred eight milking goats from a dairy that had been using a modified caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) eradication program were tested for caev antibodies by serologic methods and for proviral caev dna by use of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technology. all goats were free of clinical symptoms of caev infection. twenty-seven of the 108 goats were considered seropositive, on the basis of elisa results. proviral caev dna was detected, using pcr techniques, in mononuclear leukocy ... | 1993 | 8291763 |
| stat1 pathway is involved in activation of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus long terminal repeat in monocytes. | the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) long terminal repeat (ltr) is activated by gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) in promonocytic cells. we have previously shown that a 70-bp element is necessary and sufficient for the response of the caev ltr to this cytokine. at the 5' end, this 70-bp ifn-gamma response element contains sequence similarity to the gamma activated site (gas). here we demonstrate that the putative gas element in the caev ltr binds specifically to a cellular factor induced b ... | 1997 | 8985415 |
| expression of tnf alpha in arthritis caused by caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. | goats infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) develop chronic arthritis sharing many features with human rheumatoid arthritis (ra). tnf is thought to be a key mediator contributing to the formation of the arthritic lesion in ra. we studied this cytokine in goats suffering from chronic arthritis. tnf alpha expressing cells were detected by in situ hybridization in synovial membranes of arthritic carpal joints. expression of tnf alpha did not correlate with the degree of viral re ... | 1996 | 8988874 |
| [comparison of various antigens in the diagnosis of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus using the elisa test]. | the most adequate means of diagnosing infections with caprine arthritis encephalitis (cae) and maedi-visna (mv) viruses is the demonstration of antibodies to these viruses in milk or in blood serum. various techniques and a range of different antigen preparations can be used for this purpose. we have evaluated two different whole virus antigen preparations derived from lamb synovial cells infected with cae and mv viruses and recombinant antigen containing the capsid protein expressed in e. coli ... | 1993 | 8390123 |
| [caprine arthritis-encephalitis: trial of an adjuvant vaccine preparation. i. clinical and virological study]. | in purpose to protect goats against caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev), the first group of kids (i) was inoculated with purified, inactivated and adjuvant-treated virions, the second group (ii) with adjuvant and the third one (iii) with culture medium. 2-4 months later, the three groups were challenged with virulent caev by intraarticular route. on the clinical level, vaccinated and challenged kids show more early and severe arthritis than other groups. on the virological level, isolati ... | 1993 | 8391411 |
| [caprine arthritis-encephalitis: trial of an adjuvant vaccine preparation. ii. study of the antibody response]. | in an experiment of vaccination against caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev), the antibody response in three groups of young goats was followed by agidt, elisa, seroneutralization, western blot. goats of group i, inoculated with inactivated virus mixed with adjuvant, showed a few weeks after vaccination a high antibody response, clearly enhanced after infectious intraarticular challenge. these antibodies did not protect against arthritis, which appeared more severe in this group. in the o ... | 1993 | 8391412 |
| failure of neutralizing antibody to regulate cae lentivirus expression in vivo. | sequential isolates of caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus (caev) were obtained from clinically arthritic carpal joints of three saanen goats between 36.4 and 44.9 months after infection with biologically cloned caev isolate 63. these virus isolates and the caev-63 inoculum were evaluated for neutralization by autologous sera. neutralizing antibody to caev-63 persisted throughout the period of virus isolations. five caev isolates from cell-free synovial fluid and six isolates from synovial ... | 1993 | 8396810 |
| hiv and human endogenous retroviruses: an hypothesis with therapeutic implications. | the enzyme dutp pyrophosphatase (dutpase, ec 3.6.1.23) is essential for cellular dna replication and cell viability by virtue of its role in reducing the availability of dutp as a substrate for dna polymerases. several members of the onco- and lentivirus families of retroviruses encode dutpases and mutant strains of these viruses defective in this enzyme exhibit suboptimal replication kinetics. among the lentiviruses there exists a surprising phylogenetic discontinuity in the distribution of dut ... | 1996 | 9104494 |
| effect of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection on milk cell count and n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity in dairy goats. | bacteriology, somatic cell counts (scc) and n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (nagase) activity determinations were conducted on milk samples collected from does in three dairy herds with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infection. in two herds, caev-infected does were more likely to have a subclinical bacterial infection of the udder than caev-free does (p < 0.05). does with caev but no bacterial udder infection had significantly greater mean scc and nagase activity than caev-free does w ... | 1993 | 8397230 |