| removal of the ovaries or ablation of the corpus luteum and its effect on the maintenance of gestation in the alpaca and llama. | | 1988 | 3202070 |
| genetic variation in the blood of llamas, llama glama, and alpacas, llama pacos. | blood samples of llamas and alpacas were typed using haemolytic, electrophoretic and isoelectric focusing procedures to assay polymorphism at 13 loci. blood group variation was assessed using six antibody specificities produced by allo- and heteroimmunizations. two red cell factors (a and b) behave as autosomal, codominant alleles at a closed a locus. the other four factors (c, d, e and f) behave as autosomal, dominant traits. biochemical variation was found for red cell enzymes catalase, phosph ... | 1988 | 3207220 |
| oxygen binding properties, capillary densities and heart weights in high altitude camelids. | the oxygen binding properties of the blood of the camelid species vicuna, llama, alpaca and dromedary camel were measured and evaluated with respect to interspecific differences. the highest blood oxygen affinity, not only among camelids but of all mammals investigated so far, was found in the vicuna (p50 = 17.6 torr compared to 20.3-21.6 torr in the other species). low hematocrits (23-34%) and small red blood cells (21-30 microns 3) are common features of all camelids, but the lowest values are ... | 1988 | 3220989 |
| a natural infection of fascioloides magna in a llama (lama glama). | a young, female llama (lama glama) was euthanized following the onset of hindleg paresis and paralysis. live trematodes, identified as fascioloides magna, were identified from the liver of this animal. this represents the first report of f. magna in a llama. | 1988 | 3357126 |
| haematology of clinically normal and abnormal captive llamas and guanacoes. | blood counts of healthy juvenile and adult llamas (lama glama) and guanacoes (l guanacoe) showed that guanacoes have higher red cell counts, haemoglobin values and packed cell volumes than llamas. in both species, the numbers of lymphocytes and platelets were higher in juveniles than in adults. by reference to the values found in normal animals, abnormal haematological variations were detected in a number of sick individuals. neutrophilia, hyperfibrinogenaemia and a tendency to develop regenerat ... | 1988 | 3363814 |
| dependence of o2 transfer conductance of red blood cells on cellular dimensions. | to estimate the significance of the dimensions of rbc on o2 transfer, the kinetics of o2 release from rbc into medium containing dithionite (40 mmol/l) was measured, by a stopped-flow technique, for nine different species with varying rbc size (man, llama, vicuna, alpaca, dromedary camel, pygmy goat, domestic hen, muscovy duck and turtle). the observed o2 transfer kinetics were found to be size-dependent, i.e. the o2 transfer conductance of the single rbc, gst, was lower, whereas the specific o2 ... | 1988 | 3364283 |
| gastric squamous cell carcinoma and fascioliasis in a llama. | a 5-year-old intact male llama (llama glama) with gastric squamous cell carcinoma and generalized metastasis is presented. weight loss, anorexia and cachexia were the presenting clinical signs. abnormal laboratory findings included neutrophilia, lymphopenia, increased serum activity of hepatic enzymes, mildly increased serum urea nitrogen concentration and elevated protein concentration and nucleated cell count in the peritoneal fluid. fasciola hepatica ova were identified by fecal sedimentation ... | 1988 | 3402219 |
| dna composition in south american camelids. i. characterization and in situ hybridization of satellite dna fractions. | the dna composition and the in situ hybridization of satellite fractions were analysed in the new world camelids llama, alpaca, guanaco and vicuña. in the four camelid forms, it was possible to identify a similar main band dna and five satellite fractions (i-v) with g + c base contents ranging from 32% to 66%. satellites ii-v from llama were in situ reannealed on chromosomes from the four camelid forms. the results obtained were: (a) the four satellites hybridized with regions of c-banding (cent ... | 1987 | 3505882 |
| repair of complete choanal atresia in a llama. | | 1986 | 3505969 |
| the use of a silicone t-tube to treat tracheal stenosis in a llama. | a female llama was presented at 4 days of age with severe dyspnea resulting from bilateral choanal atresia. a tracheostomy was performed before surgical treatment of the airway obstruction. although the choanal atresia was successfully corrected, tracheal stenosis secondary to mucosal necrosis, malacia of the cartilage rings, and proliferation of intraluminal granulation tissue at and distal to the tracheal stoma developed. the affected segment of the trachea was resected and an end-to-end anast ... | 1987 | 3507150 |
| variation among species in the endocrine control of mammary growth and function: the roles of prolactin, growth hormone, and placental lactogen. | prolactin, growth hormone, and placental lactogen form a family of structurally related hormones, which may have evolved from a common ancestral peptide. prolactin and growth hormone are present in all mammals, but the biological activity associated with placental lactogen has been detected in only some groups. attempts to detect placental lactogen using bioassay and radioreceptor assay are reported and have been unsuccessful in an insectivore (the shrew), a bat, an edentate (the armadillo), a l ... | 1986 | 3519707 |
| oxygen transfer properties and dimensions of red blood cells in high-altitude camelids, dromedary camel and goat. | to estimate the advantage of the small red blood cells (rbc) of high-altitude camelids for o2 transfer, the kinetics of o2 uptake into and release from the rbc obtained from llama, vicuña and alpaca were investigated at 37 degrees c with a stopped-flow technique. o2 transfer conductance of rbc (g) was estimated from the rate of o2 saturation change and the corresponding o2 pressure difference between medium and hemoglobin. for comparison, o2 kinetics for the rbc of a low-altitude camelid (dromed ... | 1987 | 3571563 |
| isolation of giardia from a llama and from sheep. | giardia cysts were detected in feces of a domestic llama (lama glama) and in feces of lambs (ovis aries) from wisconsin, u.s.a. all of the animals examined were immature, and they had recent histories of poor condition and passing unformed or semiformed, pale stools. giardia cysts from both host species were excysted in vitro, and the trophozoites were cultivated axenically. furthermore, giardia cysts from both sources were shown to produce infection in mongolian gerbils (meriones unquiculatus). ... | 1987 | 3607656 |
| reproduction in the male llama (lama glama), a south american camelid. i. spermatogenesis and organization of the intertubular space of the mature testis. | the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the llama was divided into eight stages, using as criteria the shape and distribution of the germ cell nuclei, the location of the spermatids, the presence of meiotic figures and the release of spermatozoa from the tubular wall. cell populations making up each stage are described. the relative frequencies of stages 1 through 8 were: 9.86, 12.46, 17.65, 14.12, 5.81, 8.09, 13.04 and 18.89%, respectively. in the seminiferous epithelium, spermatogonia of t ... | 1987 | 3618099 |
| substrate and o2 fluxes during rest and exercise in a high-altitude-adapted animal, the llama. | llamas were trained to exercise on a treadmill at graded speeds. o2 uptake values at rest, at modest exercise (me, 0.58 m/s), and at heavy exercise (he, 1.84 m/s) were 0.069, 0.297, and 0.594 ml o2 x kg-1 x s-1. corresponding values for cardiac output were 1.64, 4.39, and 6.85 ml x kg-1 x s-1. palmitate, glucose, and lactate replacement rates (ra values) were determined at these varying work rates using a single-bolus injection of 14c- or 3h-labeled metabolites, two at a time. ra values for palm ... | 1987 | 3618831 |
| fecal survey of llamas (lama glama) in oregon: incidental recovery of nematodirus battus. | between september 1985 and march 1987, 243 fecal specimens from llamas (195 adults, 48 crias) were examined for parasite eggs. of the adults, 78% had at least one type of egg. trichostrongyles were found in 67% of the adults, nematodirus spp in 23%, strongyloides spp in 9%, capillaria spp in 8%, and trichuris spp in 5%. of the crias, 90% had at least one kind of egg. trichostrongyles were found in 71% of the crias, nematodirus spp in 52%, strongyloides spp in 17%, and trichuris spp and capillari ... | 1987 | 3693012 |
| comparative pathology of the enlarged carotid body. | a histological study was made of the carotid bodies of man and various animal species from low and high altitudes. the animals studied were the alpaca, llama, cattle, guinea-pig, rabbit, dog, rat and man. as well as a qualitative microscopic study, a differential cell count was carried out to determine the percentage of the light and dark variants of chief cells and of sustentacular cells present. the investigation showed that the carotid bodies enlarge in cattle, guinea-pigs and rabbits living ... | 1985 | 3837795 |
| lymphosarcoma in a llama. | | 1985 | 3841116 |
| interaction of allosteric effectors with alpha-globin chains and high altitude respiration of mammals. the primary structure of two tylopoda hemoglobins with high oxygen affinity: vicuna (lama vicugna) and alpaca (lama pacos). | polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ion-exchange chromatography revealed one hemoglobin component for vicuna (lama vicugna) and alpaca (lama pacos). following chain separation by chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose, the amino-acid sequences were elucidated for the alpha- and beta-chains of both hemoglobins using automatic edman degradation of the chains and the tryptic peptides. vicuna and alpaca have identical beta-chains showing no substitutions to llama (lama glama) either. in the al ... | 1986 | 3964445 |
| nucleolus organizer regions in the chromosomes of the llama. | silver nitrate (ag-as) staining was applied to chromosome preparations from the llama (lama glama). the nors were detected on the secondary constrictions of the short arms or the stalks of five small acrocentric chromosome pairs. | 1985 | 3998445 |
| control of stomach motility in the llama (lama guanacoe f. glama). | manometric and electromyographic recordings of stomach motility were made in five conscious llamas to investigate the influence of distension of the stomach compartments, of temporary cervical vagal blockade and the influence of atropine, acetylcholine and adrenaline. the frequency of a-contractions was slowed by distension of the canal joining compartment 2 (c2) and compartment 3 (c3), or of the proximal region of c3, and either increased and/or reduced by distension of the distal region of c3 ... | 1985 | 4011829 |
| band 3 protein of the red cell membrane of the llama: crosslinking and cleavage of the cytoplasmic domain. | comparative studies were done on the cytoplasmic domain of the band 3 protein in the red cell membranes of the the human and the llama. two approaches were used: crosslinking with o-phenanthroline/cuso4, and cleavage with 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoate. o-phenanthroline/cuso4 crosslinks the band 3 polypeptide chains in the human; in contrast band 3 in the llama is minimally crosslinked by this agent. 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoate cleaves band 3 in the human into a 23,000-dalton fragment; a similar fr ... | 1985 | 4026842 |
| chorioptes bovis (acarina: psoroptidae) in some camelids from dutch zoos. | the feet of three two-humped camels (camelus bactrianus), one lama (lama glama) and four alpacas (lama pacos) from zoos and a circus in the netherlands were examined for the mange-mite choroptes bovis. mites were found on two of the camels, the lama, and three of the alpacas. on one camel and one alpaca small mange lesions on the feet were present. this is the first report of chorioptes bovis and chorioptic mange in the two-humped camel. | 1985 | 4049716 |
| the mucigenous glandular mucosa in the comples stomach of two new-world camelids, the llama and guanaco. | | 1972 | 4338128 |
| [resorption and secretion in the rumen of llama (lama guanacoe)]. | | 1972 | 4624368 |
| "mucocytes" in the brain of a llama: a case report. | | 1972 | 4634527 |
| hydrocephalus in a newborn llama. | | 1973 | 4701181 |
| bicarbonate secretion by the glandular saccules of the llama stomach. | | 1973 | 4782561 |
| [new micrococcus radioresistant red pigment, isolated from lama glama feces, and its use as microbiological indicator of radiosterilization]. | | 1973 | 4799987 |
| [physiological mechanisms of adaptation of the llama to hypoxia (lama glama)]. | | 1973 | 4807523 |
| morphology of camel and llama erythrocytes as viewed with the scanning electron microscope. | | 1974 | 4853270 |
| the heart and pulmonary vasculature of the llama (lama glama). | | 1974 | 4854860 |
| [osteogonesis in the adrenal cortex of llama]. | | 1965 | 4954828 |
| [the gastric motility of the llama]. | | 1971 | 4997506 |
| comparative aspects of oxygen transport in animals with hemoglobin of high (llama) and low (sheep) affinity for oxygen. | | 1972 | 5009854 |
| iatrogenic myocardial infarction and mitral valve insufficiency in a llama (lama glama). | | 1972 | 5014471 |
| effect of different levels of simulated altitude on o 2 transport in llama and sheep. | | 1972 | 5022382 |
| a gross study of the compartmentalized stomach of two new-world camelids, the llama and guanaco. | | 1971 | 5093421 |
| oxygen transport in the llama (lama glama). | | 1971 | 5112825 |
| oestrous and mating behaviour in the llama (llama glama). | | 1971 | 5147828 |
| hematology of the resting llama. | | 1971 | 5153064 |
| the small pulmonary arteries of the llama and other domestic animals native to high altitudes. | | 1969 | 5357769 |
| ovulation and corpus luteum function in the llama (lama glama). | | 1969 | 5366111 |
| mycobacterium microti infection in a zoo-llama: lama vicugna (molina). | | 1970 | 5527701 |
| motility of the llama and guanaco stomach. | | 1971 | 5538663 |
| high altitude-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in the llama (lama glama). | | 1971 | 5540891 |
| volatile fatty acid concentrations and ph of llama and quanaco forestomach digesta. | | 1971 | 5577488 |
| erythrokinetics in high-altitude-adapted animals (llama, alpaca, and vicuña). | | 1968 | 5635776 |
| ventilatory response of llama to hypoxia at sea level and high altitude. | | 1968 | 5693199 |
| [fine structure and development of sarcocystis aucheniae in llamas]. | isolated cysts of sarcocystis aucheniae of the llama (lama glama) were fed to one dog and one cat. only the dog excreted sporocysts, measuring 13.1-15.7 (15.0 +/- 0.54) x 9.0-11.3 (10.4 +/- 0.36) micron after 11 days for 21 days. a second cat, which had ingested meat of a llama containing macrocysts of s. aucheniae as well as sarcosporidial cysts visible only under a microscope also did not excrete sporocysts. the cysts of s. aucheniae are surrounded by a folded primary cyst wall forming caulifl ... | 1984 | 6433590 |
| canine tooth extraction and pulpotomy in the adult male llama. | | 1984 | 6511572 |
| metabolic meaning of elevated levels of oxidative enzymes in high altitude adapted animals: an interpretive hypothesis. | it is commonly observed that during acclimatization to altitude oxidative enzyme activities increase per g wet weight of tissue. to examine this problem in long-term adapted animals we measured citrate synthase (cs), hydroxyacylcoa dehydrogenase (hoad), pyruvate kinase (pk), and lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) activities/g of myocardium in two domestic species (llama and alpaca) and a high altitude deer, the taruca. in all these species, we found an upward scaling of oxidative capacity (indicated by ... | 1983 | 6612104 |
| the band 3-rich membrane of llama erythrocytes: studies on cell shape and the organization of membrane proteins. | the erythrocyte membrane of the llama was characterized in comparison to that of the human. the llama erythrocyte was an elliptical disk that resisted shape alterations in hyperosmotic buffers and following metabolic depletion, both of which induce speculation of the human red cell. lysophosphatidylcholine incorporation produced minor serrations of the edge of the llama disk but no spicules, whereas human red cells became sphero-echinocytes. the polypeptide profiles in the membranes of the two s ... | 1983 | 6854621 |
| comparative morphologic features of the pulmonary vasculature in mammals. | the ratio of right to left ventricular weight (0.3), and the ratio of the medial thickness of the pulmonary trunk to that of the aorta (0.4 to 0.7) are similar in humans and other mammals for which data are available. there are interspecies differences in quantity and arrangement of collagen, smooth muscle, and elastic tissue in the pulmonary trunk. the medial thickness of muscular pulmonary arteries is similar in man, baboon, ferret, goat, llama, and monkey. in most other mammals these vessels ... | 1983 | 6881709 |
| deformability and spectrin properties in three types of elongated red cells. | three types of unusual, elongated erythrocytes have been studied in our effort to understand factors that regulate the shape and deformability of red blood cells. measurements of deformability, morphologic response to membrane-shape-altering drugs, spectrin phosphorylation, spectrin extractability, and casein kinase activity were measured in llama cells, irreversibly sickled cells, and nonhemolytic human elliptocytes. the results of these studies support the concept that the physical properties ... | 1980 | 6893106 |
| interaction of amphipathic drugs with erythrocytes from various species. | changes in morphology of human erythrocytes exposed to certain amphipathic drugs can be predicted by the bilayer couple hypothesis as proposed by sheetz and singer (proc natl acad sci usa 71:4456-4461, 1975). when we tested that hypothesis, using erythrocytes from other mammals, we found that most but not all, underwent the predicted changes. both camel and llama erythrocytes showed minimal morphologic changes when exposed to anionic and cationic phenothiazines. the spicules formed by anionic dr ... | 1982 | 6896609 |
| azalea poisoning in a llama: a case report. | | 1981 | 6906912 |
| keratoconjunctivitis in a llama. | | 1981 | 6915682 |
| [gastrolithiasis in a llama]. | | 1982 | 7059338 |
| pulmonary circulation of the llama at high and low altitudes. | we have studied the pulmonary circulation of three closely related animals, the llama, alpaca, and guanaco. the mean pulmonary arterial pressure of 12 llamas and one alpaca indigenous to high altitude in the andes was found to be slightly but significantly higher than that of three llamas and three guanacos born and bred at low altitude in england. on the other hand, the medial thickness of the muscular pulmonary arteries and the relative weights of the two ventricles were the same in three llam ... | 1982 | 7071792 |
| [hemoglobins, xlviii: the primary structure of hemoglobin of the indian elephant (elephas maximus, proboscidea): beta 2 = asn]. | the primary structure of the hemoglobin of the indian elephant (elephas maximus) is given. the sequence was determined automatically in a sequenator. by homologous comparison with adult human hba, the alpha-chains differ by 24 exchanges and the beta-chains by 27 exchanges. furthermore, we report p(o2)50 values with regard to altered contact sites with 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in indian elephant hemoglobin. our findings explain the low p(o2)50 and the reduced interaction with 2,3-bisphosphoglycera ... | 1982 | 7129359 |
| coccidioidomycosis in the llama: case report and epidemiologic survey. | an 8-year-old nongravid female llama with a 1-month history of progressive posterior paresis was referred because of suspected degenerative myelopathy secondary to copper deficiency or plant poisoning. neurologic examination revealed loss of conscious proprioception and slightly depressed bilateral patellar reflexes. electromyographic examination of hindlimb flexors and extensors did not elicit evidence of lower motor neuron disease. possible fragmentation and mottling of the 10th thoracic verte ... | 1982 | 7174454 |
| complete choanal atresia in a llama. | | 1982 | 7174481 |
| urolithiasis in a three-month-old llama. | | 1982 | 7174482 |
| pulmonary mast cells in cattle and ilamas at high altitude. | the density of mast cells in various anatomical locations within the lung were measured in a peruvian andean llama, a peruvian andean cow and a sea-level-cow. these densities were determined separately around pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, pulmonary arterioles and venules, in the alveolar septa, and around bronchi. the total mast cell density did not differ significantly between the three animals and there were more periarteriolar and perivenular mast cells in the llama than in either of t ... | 1981 | 7288526 |
| clara cells in llamas born and living at high and low altitudes. | quantitative histological studies showed greater clara cell activity in two llamas born and spending their lives in the high andes as compared to a llama born and spending its life at sea level. | 1980 | 7356916 |
| the fine structure of the stomach mucosa of the llama (llama guanacoe). ii. the fundic region of the hind stomach. | the epithelium of the fundic region mucosa of the hind stomach in the llama guanacoe has been studied using morphological and histochemical methods. morphology suggests that solute and water absorption may occur in the epithelium of the surface and of the foveolae, although this absorption can not be estimated because of the extensive secretion of the gastric glands. the same cells of the surface and foveolar epithelium show numerous secretory granules. the glands reveal neck cells, chief cells, ... | 1980 | 7407832 |
| ataxia and spinal cord degeneration in llama, wildebeeste and camel. | clinical and pathological findings from instances of ataxia in a group of wildebeeste (connochaetes taurinus), two llamas (llama glama) and one arabian camel (camelus dromedarius) are presented. clinically, all the affected animals showed a non-febrile, progressive ataxia. neuropathologically, wallerian degeneration was diffuse in the spinal cord of the camel and llamas but was focal in the wildebeeste. degeneration was present in the cervical dorsal roots in the wildebeeste and in the ventral n ... | 1980 | 7434534 |
| [phosphate-hemoglobin interaction: concerning the respiration of adult man, human fetus, the llama and dromedary (author's transl)]. | the perinatal control of the oxygen affinity of human blood and the high altitude respiration of the llama is discussed. furthermore, the sequences of the beta-chains of the hemoglobin of man, llama, dromedary and the gamma-chains of human fetal hemoglobin are reported. considering physical, physiological, and chemical data it is shown that the human fetal respiration and the high altitude respiration of llama are based on a similar molecular mechanism and are marked by a reduced mutual effect o ... | 1980 | 7453084 |
| jejunal microvasculature of the llama and alpaca. | the vasculature of the jejunum was studied in 6 llamas and 1 alpaca, using a combination of microangiography, standard light microscopy, and vascular cast imaging. the casts were examined by use of scanning electron microscopy and low-power dissecting microscopy. after administration of 40,000 iu of heparin, all animals were euthanatized by administration of an overdose of sodium pentobarbital. three sections of jejunum and their respective arcuate vessels were isolated from each animal. one sec ... | 1995 | 7486388 |
| rhodococcus equi-associated necrotizing lymphadenitis in a llama. | a case of rhodococcus equi-associated necrotizing lymphadenitis in a 2-year-old male llama is described. caseous necrosis, resembling macroscopically that seen in ovine caseous lymphadenitis, was observed diffusely in the tracheobronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes, and in an extensive lesion in the lungs. necrosis was present to a lesser extent in the spleen and hepatic and gastric lymph nodes. numerous bacteria-laden macrophages were present around the necrotic areas. the findings suggest tha ... | 1995 | 7490342 |
| heterologous radioimmunoassay for llama and alpaca luteinizing hormone with a monoclonal antibody, an equine standard and a human tracer. | a radioimmunoassay for llama and alpaca lh was developed using a human i125lh tracer from a commercial kit, equine lh diluted in human lh free serum as standard, and a monoclonal antibody (518b7) specific for lh but with low species specificity. a 60-min delay in the addition of the tracer and overnight incubation gave a sensitivity of 0.8 microgram l-1. the intra-assay coefficient of variation was 37% at 1 microgram l-1, declined to 15% at 4 micrograms l-1 and was below 6% for concentrations up ... | 1995 | 7502953 |
| regulation and function of the fetal adrenal gland in sheep. | it is now known that in some species (sheep, cow, pig, llama) the fetal adrenal cortex is capable of secreting cortisol both early and late in gestation, but not during some, variable, intermediate time period. in the sheep the fetal adrenal can secrete cortisol, and respond quickly to acth, both between 40-90 days of gestation, and from 120-150 days (term), but not between 90-120 days. the inability to secrete cortisol in this 'off' period is due to lack of adequate pituitary acth at this time ... | 1995 | 7588421 |
| tick paralysis in two llamas. | an 18-month-old sexually intact male llama and a 7-month-old female llama were examined because of weakness, lethargy, and recumbency. both had signs of ascending motor paralysis with minimal or no afferent sensory loss. tick paralysis was diagnosed on the basis of complete clinical recovery following removal of a single, attached and engorged female tick (dermacentor andersoni) from each llama. the male llama recovered within a few hours after removal of the tick, but recovery in the female lla ... | 1995 | 7591950 |
| blood serum concentrations of selenium in female llamas (lama glama) in relationship to feeding practices, region of united states, reproductive stage, and health of offspring. | serum se and vitamin e concentrations were determined twice in each of 35 female llamas from a high-se region and 96 female llamas from a low-se region of the united states. the first determination was taken at a random time during gestation and the second shortly after parturition. at the time of postpartum sampling, a sample was also taken from the cria. dietary information was collected from each llama owner and a subjective estimate of strength and vigor was assigned by the owner to each cri ... | 1995 | 7601762 |
| physiological studies in the south american camelid llama (lama guanicoe f. d. glama). i. body water spaces and water turnover. | body water (bw) and extracellular water (ecw), were determined with tritiated water (tho) and 82br injected into the vein, to 8 mature animals of both sexes during the winter season. the biological half-time of tho (t1/2 tho) and the daily water turnover (wt) were measured and the intracellular water (icw) calculated. the studies with tho were repeated in the same animals and in 2 lactating females in spring and summer. two calves were also studied during spring. the values obtained in winter we ... | 1994 | 7640403 |
| laparoscopic anatomy of the llama abdomen. | paralumbar laparoscopy was performed, caudal to the last rib, in seven llamas. all animals were anesthetized, instrumented, and placed in sternal recumbency. systematic exploration was performed in six donated llamas dividing the abdomen into right and left, cranial and caudal quadrants. the main structures of diagnostic significance that could be observed from the right side were the parietal and visceral surface of the liver, diaphragm, first compartment of the stomach (c1), caudal aspect of t ... | 1995 | 7653039 |
| development and application of a dot-elisa test for the detection of serum antibodies to fasciola hepatica antigens in llamas. | a microenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-elisa) was developed to detect serum antibodies against fasciola hepatica antigens in llamas. sera from five f. hepatica-infected and 11 non-infected llamas were used in initial test development. nitrocellulose filter disks containing f. hepatica excretory-secretory product were placed in 96-well microtiter plates, washed, blocked with tween-20, then incubated with four-fold serial dilutions of llama sera. after incubation with rabbit anti-llama igg ... | 1995 | 7676604 |
| an assessment of the relationships among species of camelidae by satellite dna comparisons. | tandem satellite arrays and interspersed repetitive dna components of the new world camelids guanaco, llama, alpaca, and vicuña and the old world bactrian camel have been identified and compared. southern hybridizations, using camel restriction fragments as probes, indicated that satellite dnas in all camelids examined have been conserved since the last common ancestor about 5-10 my ago. the hybridization profiles, however, varied from totally identical (mspi-sat) to highly differentiated (psti- ... | 1994 | 7737889 |
| septicemic salmonellosis in two llamas. | at necropsy, salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf was recovered from the lungs of a 6-year-old female llama that died within a few days of onset of illness. the llama had had fence-line contact with 40 sows at a farm. salmonella typhimurium was isolated from a blood sample of a 6-day-old male cria that also died after a short illness. | 1995 | 7744668 |
| megaesophagus in 15 llamas: a retrospective study (1985-1993). | megaesophagus was diagnosed in 15 llamas on the basis of survey and contrast radiography. age of onset ranged from 13 months to 9.5 years. clinical signs varied, with salivation being the most common; regurgitation or dysphagia were noted in only 33% of the cases. duration of the disorder ranged from 1 week to 5 years. organophosphate toxicity was the cause of megaesophagus in 1 llama. while most cases were of unknown etiology, the 3 with histological abnormalities included 1 with vagal neuropat ... | 1995 | 7760315 |
| ductus epididymidis compartments and morphology of epididymal spermatozoa in llamas. | in this work, an attempt was made to asses possible regional specializations in the llama ductus epididymidis. according to histological and histochemical criteria, six segments (i-vi) were identified. segment i was a short region where ductuli efferentes joined the ductus epididymidis. segments ii and iii showed maximal epithelial height and mitotic activity, respectively, and weak ldh activity. epithelial cells in segment iv contained pas-positive, amylase and neuraminidase-resistant secretory ... | 1994 | 7864395 |
| is the rapid and intense peripheral vasoconstriction occurring during acute hypoxaemia in the llama fetus an arterial chemoreflex? | | 1994 | 7872115 |
| the postpartum llama: fertility after parturition. | fertility was evaluated at various times during the postpartum period in the llama. fifty-six parous female llamas chosen at random were bred at 10, 20, and 30 days postpartum with six intact males. half of the females copulated only once and the other half twice within an interval of 24 h. ovarian activity was monitored by ultrasonography and analysis of urinary estrone sulfate and pregnanediol glucuronide (pdg). at the time of copulation, all females had developed ovulatory-size follicles. ovu ... | 1994 | 7888487 |
| update. llama nutrition. | an understanding and appreciation of the new world camelids' unique gastric anatomy and physiology, including rapid motility, prolonged digesta retention, rapid liquid passage rate, low protein maintenance requirements, low metabolized energy requirements, and low basal metabolism are imperative. using this background, feeding recommendations for growing male llamas are proposed, and some suggestions are made concerning nutritional considerations of nwcs during the neonatal period, lactation, pr ... | 1994 | 7953953 |
| clinical pathology of llamas. | clinical evaluation of the llama patient incorporates procedures and measurements similar to those used in the diagnosis of disease in other animals. these commonly include clinical laboratory measurements. this article reports on the improvements in our knowledge of clinical laboratory variables in llamas. | 1994 | 7953954 |
| llama neonatology. | recognition of the risk factors that predispose the neonate to disease should prompt early diagnosis of potential disease problems and lead to a higher rate of neonatal survival. understanding the normal physiologic changes of this adaptive period provides insight into the problems that may develop and a basis for rational therapeutic treatment. | 1994 | 7953955 |
| llama dermatology. | the purpose of this article is to add information to the many dermatologic topics initially discussed in the 1989 issue on llama medicine (normal anatomy; bacterial, fungal, ectoparasitic, immune-mediated, and zinc-responsive disease) and make mention of newly recognized diseases. since 1989, it appears that one of the most common and perplexing groups of dermatoses seen at colorado state university are hyperkeratotic/inflammatory dermatoses. these remain poorly understood. idiopathic hyperkerat ... | 1994 | 7953956 |
| update on llama medicine. parasites. | lamoids in north america harbor a wide variety of parasites. treatment and control methods based on previous experience with parasites of cattle and sheep have been successful, but problems do exist. first, the pharmacokinetics for most anthelmintics have not been evaluated in llamas. second, even though llamas, sheep, and cattle share many parasites, the two most common nematodes found in llamas (c. mentulatus and t. tenuis) are not part of the parasitic fauna of livestock. this presents diffic ... | 1994 | 7953957 |
| llama herd health. | a herd health program that includes some firm recommendations based on research and medical and management observations made by the author is discussed. some theoretical options are discussed that have been shared with the author by professional colleagues and llama owners. | 1994 | 7953958 |
| medical problems of llamas. | numerous medical problems have been identified in the llama. many of these problems are unique to the llama, whereas others are observed in multiple species. this article will serve as a supplement to the previous llama edition of the veterinary clinics. topics covered include problems of recumbent llamas, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and renal systems. | 1994 | 7953962 |
| third compartment ulcers in the llama. | the diagnosis of third compartment ulcers in the llama and alpaca is largely one of exclusion. clinical signs may include mild to severe colic, inappetence, decreased fecal output, bruxism, and depression. abdominocentesis results are usually unremarkable if c3 perforation has not occurred but reflective of a generalized peritonitis if full thickness ulceration has occurred. the h-2 receptor antagonists cimetidine and ranitidine do not suppress c3 acid production for a significant period of time ... | 1994 | 7953964 |
| ill thrift and juvenile llama immunodeficiency syndrome. | the problem of "ill thrift" or "failure to thrive" in juvenile llamas is widespread and relatively common in the continental united states. juvenile llama immunodeficiency syndrome (jlids) is one of several causes of the problem and is the most common cause of ill thrift in juvenile llamas evaluated at colorado state university's veterinary teaching hospital. this article will review current knowledge of jlids and will briefly discuss other causes of ill thrift in juvenile llamas. | 1994 | 7953965 |
| update on llama medicine. viral diseases. | expanding interest in new world camelids presents a unique challenge to veterinarians engaged in diagnosing infectious diseases of these species. little basic research has been conducted in this area. much of our information is incomplete and based on serologic surveys and personal communication with virologists in diagnostic laboratories. this review is a summary of our current knowledge of the common viral diseases of llamas and alpacas. it is hoped that it will serve as a catalyst for a more ... | 1994 | 7953966 |
| llama cardiology. | auscultatory, ecg, and echocardiographic data have been presented for healthy llamas. the literature, however, contains little information on the incidence of congenital and acquired heart disease in the llama. data compiled from the medical records at csu-vth and the vmdb provide an indication of the types of cardiac disease to be found in llamas in north america. a wide variety of congenital cardiac defects are found in llamas, the most prevalent defect of which is vsd. llamas tend to do well ... | 1994 | 7953967 |
| update on llama medicine. ophthalmology. | review of the limited literature on camelid eyes suggests they are anatomically similar to those of domestic livestock species, except they lack meibomian glands and have iridial folds (rather than corpora nigra). the microbial flora of the healthy camelid conjunctival sac also appears to be similar to those of domestic livestock and pets, except that no mycoplasma have been isolated from camelids. ocular diseases for which camelids are presented to veterinarians are numerous and varied. the mos ... | 1994 | 7953968 |
| health care of the geriatric llama and alpaca. | older llamas and alpacas are likely to be retained in a herd, rather than being culled as would be done in other livestock operations. aging takes its toll on all organ systems, but dental and skeletal problems tend to be accentuated. preventative practices may slow the development of problems. | 1994 | 7953970 |
| congenital defects in the llama. | when faced with the question of what you should do as a veterinary practitioner, when presented with a congenital defect in a llama, one answer is to seek qualified help from your state veterinary diagnostic laboratory. but most importantly, encourage the owners of such animals to report the defect to their llama association, including pedigree information. the better we understand the pathogenesis of such defects, the better we will be able to control their incidence. | 1994 | 7953971 |
| llama handling and training. | this article offers insights into the relationship of llama owners to their animals and the role of veterinarians as part of the animal care team. the effect of human behavior and handling techniques on llama behavior and marketability are discussed. progressive ideas for nonforceful llama handling equipment, procedures, and training ideas are outlined in detail. included are specific training plans for routine herd management chores such as injections and toenail trimming. this article is usefu ... | 1994 | 7953972 |
| restriction site patterns in the ribosomal dna of camelidae. | the restriction map of rdna from south american camelids and the bactrian camel was analyzed by digestion of high-molecular-weight dna with endonucleases ecori,bamhi and the two combined followed by southern blot hybridization with probes for the 18s and 28s rdna sequences. we scored a total of 17 restriction sites, six of which were mapped conserved in all the species. the other eleven corresponded to spacer regions and revealed variations between these taxa. the study showed that the two group ... | 1994 | 7958935 |