| llamas and alpacas in europe: endoparasites of the digestive tract and their pharmacotherapeutic control. | there are distinctive specifications for veterinary medical care of south american camelids (sacs), namely, llamas, alpacas, vicunas and guanacos. camelids are classified as food-producing animals, but as veterinary medicinal products are often only licensed for domestic food-producing species such as horses, goats, sheep and cattle, treatment of sacs generally requires off-label use of drugs. endoparasitism is a major health concern in camelids and can result in severe clinical diseases and eco ... | 2015 | 25933827 |
| the vγ9vδ2 t cell antigen receptor and butyrophilin-3 a1: models of interaction, the possibility of co-evolution, and the case of dendritic epidermal t cells. | most circulating human gamma delta t cells are vγ9vδ2 t cells. their hallmark is the expression of t cell antigen receptors (tcr) whose γ-chains show a vγ9-jp (vγ2-jγ1.2) rearrangement and are paired with vδ2-containing δ-chains, a dominant tcr configuration, which until recently seemed to occur in primates only. vγ9vδ2 t cells respond to phosphoantigens (pag) such as (e)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (hmbpp), which is produced by many pathogens and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (ipp), ... | 2014 | 25566259 |
| genotypic characterization of chilean llama (lama glama) and alpaca (vicugna pacos) pestivirus isolates. | llamas and alpacas are domesticated south american camelids (sacs) important to ancestral population in the altiplano region, and to different communities worldwide where they have been introduced. these ungulates have shown to be susceptible to several livestock viral pathogens such as members of the pestivirus genus, in particular bovine viral diarrhea (bvdv), but there is little data available on pestivirus infections in sacs. in this study we aimed to detect and identify pestivirus genotypes ... | 2014 | 24388633 |
| progesterone, pregnanediol-3-glucuronide, relaxin and oestrone sulphate concentrations in saliva, milk and urine of female alpacas (vicugna pacos) and their application in pregnancy diagnosis. | the pregnancy-associated hormones, progesterone (p4), pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (pdg), relaxin (rln) and oestrone sulphate (e1s) in plasma, saliva, milk and urine of alpacas were measured in order to assess their potential use for pregnancy diagnosis. samples were obtained from 36 female alpacas before mating and at different stages throughout pregnancy (confirmed by ultrasonography). the hormone concentrations were determined using enzyme immunoassays. milk samples were also tested using a com ... | 2012 | 22859412 |
| mers-cov infection of alpaca in a region where mers-cov is endemic. | | 2016 | 27070501 |
| infection, replication, and transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in alpacas. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus is a recently emerged pathogen associated with severe human disease. zoonotic spillover from camels appears to play a major role in transmission. because of logistic difficulties in working with dromedaries in containment, a more manageable animal model would be desirable. we report shedding and transmission of this virus in experimentally infected alpacas (n = 3) or those infected by contact (n = 3). infectious virus was detected in all infected anim ... | 2016 | 27070385 |
| biochemical composition and protein profile of alpaca (vicugna pacos) oviductal fluid. | knowledge and assessment of the constituents of the oviductal fluid (of) in camelids is necessary for a correct formulation of specific culture media for the development of reproductive biotechnology. this study is the first describing the biochemical composition and sds-page protein profile of alpaca oviductal fluid in non-pregnant animals and animals that have completed the first month and second month of gestation. samples were also classified into oviducts that were ipsilateral or contralate ... | 2015 | 25592861 |
| presence and distribution of urocortin and its receptors in the epididymis of alpaca (vicugna pacos). | urocortin 1 (ucn) is a 40-amino acid peptide belonging to the corticotrophin-releasing hormone (crh) family. the biological effects of this peptide are modulated by binding two g-coupled receptors named crh receptor 1 (crhr1) and crh receptor 2 (crhr2). crhr2 has high affinity for ucn. the aim of the present study was to investigate the presence and distribution of ucn, crhr1 and crhr2 in the epididymis of the south america camelid alpaca (vicugna pacos) by western blotting analysis and immunohi ... | 2015 | 24661003 |
| retinal ganglion cell distribution and visual acuity in alpacas (vicugna pacos). | to investigate the distribution of retinal ganglion cells (rgcs) and visual acuity in alpacas (vicugna pacos) through brn-3a immunofluorescent labeling. | 2015 | 24320877 |
| expression of orexin a and its receptor 1 in the epididymis of the south american camelid alpaca (vicugna pacos). | orexins a (ox a) and b are two peptides originally discovered in neurons of rat hypothalamus, and later found in different cellular types of the gastrointestinal and genital tracts. they arise from the proteolytic cleavage of a common precursor molecule, prepro-orexin, and bind to two receptors, namely receptor 1 (ox1r) and receptor 2 for orexins, that show different binding affinity. the central role of the two peptides has been extensively studied, whereas their activity in the periphery is st ... | 2014 | 23521689 |
| rumen-protected methionine supplementation and fibre production in alpacas (vicugna pacos). | sulphur-containing amino acids are a crucial requirement for fibre production and may be supplemented in the diet of fibre-producing animals to stimulate fibre growth. the alpaca fibre industry is a developing industry in australia with high variability in fibre production. to date, there is no evidence whether supplementing the diet of alpacas with sulphur amino acids improves fibre production. we hypothesised that supplementation with the rumen-protected sulphur amino acid, methionine would in ... | 2013 | 23173603 |
| presence, distribution and steroidogenic effect of the peptides orexin a and receptor 1 for orexins in the testis of the south american camelid alpaca (vicugna pacos). | the orexins a (oxa) and b are peptides discovered in the rat hypothalamus and successively found in some peripheral organs of the mammalian body. they binds two protein g-coupled receptors defined receptor 1 (ox1r) and 2 for orexins, the first of which is highly specific for oxa while the second binds both the peptides with equal affinity. this work aimed to detect the presence of oxa and ox1r in the testis of the south american camelid alpaca (vicugna pacos) and investigate the role played by t ... | 2012 | 22909972 |
| analysis of mitochondrial dna in bolivian llama, alpaca and vicuna populations: a contribution to the phylogeny of the south american camelids. | the objectives of this work were to assess the mtdna diversity of bolivian south american camelid (sac) populations and to shed light on the evolutionary relationships between the bolivian camelids and other populations of sacs. we have analysed two different mtdna regions: the complete coding region of the mt-cyb gene and 513 bp of the d-loop region. the populations sampled included bolivian llamas, alpacas and vicunas, and chilean guanacos. high levels of genetic diversity were observed in the ... | 2013 | 22640259 |
| non-invasive pregnancy diagnosis from urine by the cuboni reaction and the barium chloride test in donkeys (equus asinus) and alpacas (vicugna pacos). | the aim of the research was to evaluate two chemical tests for non-invasive pregnancy diagnosis from urine, the cuboni reaction and the barium chloride test, in donkeys (equus asinus) and alpacas (vicugna pacos). the research was carried out from april 2013 to september 2014. urine samples were collected on five private czech farms from 18 jennies and 12 alpaca females. urine was collected non-invasively into plastic cups fastened on a telescopic rod, at 6-9 week intervals. in total, 60 and 54 u ... | 2016 | 27760031 |
| sarcocystis masoni, n. sp. (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae), and redescription of sarcocystis aucheniae from llama (lama glama), guanaco (lama guanicoe) and alpaca (vicugna pacos). | there is considerable confusion concerning the species of sarcocystis in south american camelids (sac). several species names have been used; however, proper descriptions are lacking. in the present paper, we redescribe the macroscopic sarcocyst forming sarcocystis aucheniae and describe and propose a new name, sarcocystis masoni for the microscopic sarcocyst forming species. muscles samples were obtained from llamas (lama glama) and guanacos (lama guanicoe) from argentina and from alpacas (vicu ... | 2016 | 26932444 |
| a survey of gastrointestinal parasites of alpacas (vicugna pacos) raised in japan. | this study aimed to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in alpacas raised in japan. from december 2010 to october 2011, 53 alpacas (vicugna pacos) raised at a farm in the kanto region, japan, were examined for gastrointestinal parasites by 3 fecal tests: direct smear, centrifuged flotation and formalin-ether sedimentation. eggs of nematodirus sp. were found in 13.2%, trichuris sp. in 11.3%, capillaria spp. in 5.7%, strongyle-type in 50.9% and moniezia sp. in 1.9%. oocysts of e ... | 2016 | 26725443 |
| 111 biochemical composition of follicular fluid in relation to the stimulus to induce ovulation in alpacas (vicugna pacos). | alpacas, like other camelids, are induced ovulators. a study was designed to determine the effect of the ovulation-inducing stimulus on the biochemical composition of follicular fluid. adult female alpacas (n=18) were examined daily for 3 days by transrectal ultrasonography using a 5-mhz linear-array transducer (aloka ssd-500, tokyo, japan). when the largest growing ovarian follicle was ≥7mm, alpacas were given 1.0ml of seminal plasma intramuscularly (sp, n=9) or 40µg of busereline acetate intra ... | 2016 | 28278908 |
| de novo assembly of highly diverse viral populations. | extensive genetic diversity in viral populations within infected hosts and the divergence of variants from existing reference genomes impede the analysis of deep viral sequencing data. a de novo population consensus assembly is valuable both as a single linear representation of the population and as a backbone on which intra-host variants can be accurately mapped. the availability of consensus assemblies and robustly mapped variants are crucial to the genetic study of viral disease progression, ... | 2012 | 22974120 |
| septicemia and meningoencephalitis caused by listeria monocytogenes in two neonatal llamas. | listeriosis is a disease of humans and domestic mammals (mainly ruminants) with variable manifestations, primarily encephalitis, septicemia, and abortion. although listeria monocytogenes readily causes illness in ruminants, the prevalence among domestic south american camelids (llamas and alpacas) is low and has not been documented in their wild counterparts, the vicuna and guanaco. we describe herein the clinical signs, autopsy findings, and histopathology of septicemia and suppurative meningoe ... | 2017 | 28677403 |
| medicinal use of wild fauna by mestizo communities living near san guillermo biosphere reserve (san juan, argentina). | wild and domestic animals and their by-products are important ingredients in the preparation of curative, protective and preventive medicines. despite the medicinal use of animals worldwide, this topic has received less attention than the use of medicinal plants. this study assessed the medicinal use of animals by mestizo communities living near san guillermo mab reserve by addressing the following questions: what animal species and body parts are used? what ailments or diseases are treated with ... | 2015 | 25608977 |
| double ovulation and occurrence of twinning in alpacas (vicugna pacos). | twin births are rare in alpacas despite the high incidence of double ovulation and are undesirable because they contribute to early and late pregnancy loss, abortion, and birth of nonviable neonates. the objective of the present study was to determine the incidence and outcome of twin pregnancy in double-ovulating alpacas by retrospective and prospective analysis. data from double-ovulating females (n = 41) presented for pregnancy diagnosis were analyzed to determine pregnancy status at three st ... | 2015 | 25963129 |
| localization of orexin b and receptor 2 for orexins in testicular cytotypes of the camelid alpaca (vicugna pacos). | the orexins a (oxa) and b (oxb) are two hypothalamic peptides involved in many physiological functions of the mammalian body. they act through the binding of two g-coupled receptors named receptor 1 (ox1 ) and receptor 2 (ox2 ) for orexins. the first receptor is specific for oxa, while the second binds both the substances with equal affinity. the orexins and the relative receptors have been traced by means of different techniques also at the periphery of the body and particularly in the adrenals ... | 2017 | 28181310 |
| mammalian cytogenetics. iv. the chromosomes of two male camelidae: camelus bactrianus and lama vicugna. | | 1971 | 5163286 |
| camelid genomes reveal evolution and adaptation to desert environments. | bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus), dromedary (camelus dromedarius) and alpaca (vicugna pacos) are economically important livestock. although the bactrian camel and dromedary are large, typically arid-desert-adapted mammals, alpacas are adapted to plateaus. here we present high-quality genome sequences of these three species. our analysis reveals the demographic history of these species since the tortonian stage of the miocene and uncovers a striking correlation between large fluctuations in po ... | 2014 | 25333821 |
| genomic data from extinct north american camelops revise camel evolutionary history. | recent advances in paleogenomic technologies have enabled an increasingly detailed understanding of the evolutionary relationships of now-extinct mammalian taxa. however, a number of enigmatic quaternary species have never been characterized with molecular data, often because available fossils are rare or are found in environments that are not optimal for dna preservation. here, we analyze paleogenomic data extracted from bones attributed to the late pleistocene western camel, camelops cf. heste ... | 2015 | 26037535 |
| traumatic gastroperitonitis (hardware disease) in an alpaca (vicugna pacos). | a 5-yr-old, intact male suri alpaca (vicugna pacos) presented with acute onset of anorexia, depression, and reluctance to stand. exploratory laparotomy revealed diffuse peritonitis resulting from penetration of a 5-cm wire through the second gastric compartment (c2). due to the severity of the alpaca's condition and its deteriorating nature, euthanasia at the time of surgery was elected. this is the first published case of a condition commonly observed in cattle (traumatic gastroperitonitis, "ha ... | 2013 | 23505719 |
| discovery and molecular characterization of a group a rotavirus strain detected in an argentinean vicuña (vicugna vicugna). | the wild vicuña (vicugna vicugna) is one of the four species of native south american camelids (sacs) in addition to the wild guanaco, and their domesticated counterparts, alpaca and llama, respectively. serological data have indicated the presence of group a rotaviruses (rva) specific antibodies in all 4 members of the sac, and so far, rva has been detected from alpacas, llamas and guanacos. a total of 59 fecal samples from healthy wild newborn and juvenile vicuñas, raised in captivity in jujuy ... | 2013 | 22877519 |
| molecular characterization of rotavirus isolated from alpaca (vicugna pacos) crias with diarrhea in the andean region of cusco, peru. | alpacas (vicugna pacos), a species of south american camelids (sac), suffer high morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. diarrhea is one of the leading causes of alpaca cria mortality in peru and elsewhere. in order to develop appropriate control and/or treatment, it is necessary to identify infectious pathogens that cause diarrhea in crias. rotavirus was isolated in cell culture from feces collected from crias with acute diarrhea that tested positive to rotaviral antigen by rapid immu ... | 2015 | 26243695 |
| a three-step approach to minimise the impact of a mining site on vicuña (vicugna vicugna) and to restore landscape connectivity. | resource extraction projects generate a diversity of negative effects on the environment that are difficult to predict and mitigate. consequently, adaptive management approaches have been advocated to develop effective responses to impacts that were not predicted. mammal populations living in or around mine sites are frequently of management concern; yet, there is a dearth of published information on how to minimise the negative effects of different phases of mining operations on them. here, we ... | 2016 | 27300165 |
| genetic diversity and conservation status of managed vicuña (vicugna vicugna) populations in argentina. | the vicuña (vicugna vicugna) was indiscriminately hunted for more than 400 years and, by the end of 1960s, it was seriously endangered. at that time, a captive breeding program was initiated in argentina by the national institute of agricultural technology (inta) with the aim of preserving the species. nowadays, vicuñas are managed in captivity and in the wild to obtain their valuable fiber. the current genetic status of argentinean vicuña populations is virtually unknown. using mitochondrial dn ... | 2016 | 26842726 |
| vigilance behaviour of the year-round territorial vicuña (vicugna vicugna) outside the breeding season: influence of group size, social factors and distance to a water source. | we conducted focal observations of vicuña, a year-around territorial mammal, to compare vigilance behaviour between territorial and bachelor males outside the reproductive season. we hypothesized that the time spent vigilant would depend on male social status, considering the potential effects of several variables: sampling year, group size, distances to the nearest neighbour and to a vega (mountain wetland). we fit glm models to assess how these variables, and their interactions, affected time ... | 2015 | 25680329 |
| sarcoptic mange in vicuña (vicugna vicugna) population in peru. | | 2013 | 23893216 |
| [urban reform and social hygiene in santiago de chile. the liberal techno-utopianism of benjamín vicuña mackenna (1872-1875)]. | this paper analyzes the main features of the urban reforms by benjamin vicuña mackenna in santiago de chile between 1872 and 1875. we pay special attention to the origin of the objectives of modernization, closely related to the political agenda of latin american elites to create an urban culture (civilization). we also analyze the strategies of social defence that these reforms implied. the influence of french positivism and the haussmann project in paris was very important in the vicuña macken ... | 2012 | 22849214 |
| osmoregulation of the resident estuarine fish atherinella brasiliensis was still affected by an oil spill (vicuña tanker, paranaguá bay, brazil), 7 months after the accident. | an oil tanker loaded with methanol and bunker oil has exploded in november 2004 in paranaguá bay, in front of paranaguá harbor, southern brazil. in order to investigate the chronic effects of an oil spill on a resident estuarine fish, the brazilian silverside atherinella brasiliensis was sampled 1, 4, and 7 months after the spill, from 2 sites inside paranaguá bay, and also from a reference site inside nearby guaratuba bay, non-affected by the spill. increases in plasma osmolality (reaching ~525 ... | 2011 | 21247616 |
| mitochondrial phylogeography and demographic history of the vicuña: implications for conservation. | the vicuña (vicugna vicugna; miller, 1924) is a conservation success story, having recovered from near extinction in the 1960s to current population levels estimated at 275,000. however, lack of information about its demographic history and genetic diversity has limited both our understanding of its recovery and the development of science-based conservation measures. to examine the evolution and recent demographic history of the vicuña across its current range and to assess its genetic variation ... | 2007 | 17426731 |
| biological sustainability of live shearing of vicuña in peru. | the vicuña's (vicugna vicugna) fiber is highly valued as an export product that is made into luxury fabric and clothing. the price of fiber in 2004 was 566/kg dollars, which makes the fiber a potentially important source of income for andean agropastoral communities and serves as an incentive to allow vicuña grazing on high-elevation andean landscapes. it is presumed that a shorn vicuña has little value for poachers, so shearing vicuñas could serve as a disincentive to poaching. thus, the supply ... | 2007 | 17298515 |
| follicular activity and hormonal secretory profile in vicuna (vicugna vicugna). | the objective of the present study was to characterize ovarian activity in non-mated vicunas, relating ovarian structures (evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography, daily for 30 days) to changes in plasma concentrations of estradiol-17beta and progesterone. ovarian follicular activity occurred in waves, characterized by the follicle emergence, growth and regression. the mean duration of follicular waves was 7.2+/-0.5 days (mean+/-s.e.m.), with a range of 4-11 days. the follicular growth phase av ... | 2004 | 14698056 |
| modification of vicuña carcasses in high-altitude deserts. | | 2000 | 10702148 |
| plasma and fecal progestagen evaluations during and after the breeding season of the female vicuna (vicuna vicuna ). | plasma and fecal progestagen patterns of female (n = 10) vicunas (vicuna vicuna ) were determined about 1 to 2 mo before and until 4 mo after breeding. the vicunas were caught wild and were penned at the lauca national park (chile, 4470 m above sea level) for 7 mo (december to june). plasma and fecal samples before and during the mating period (january to march) were collected 4 to 5 times weekly, and once or twice weekly thereafter. the samples were analyzed by enzymeimmunoassays (eia) using an ... | 1995 | 16727654 |
| [cryptorchism in vicunas (lama vicugna)]. | in 1986 three cases of cryptorchidism were found in 60 vicugnas kept in zoological gardens. the castration of one male and the histology of the testicles are described. the importance of considering hereditary defects in breeding zoo animals is pointed out. | 1990 | 1979890 |
| genomic analysis of the domestication and post-spanish conquest evolution of the llama and alpaca. | despite their regional economic importance and being increasingly reared globally, the origins and evolution of the llama and alpaca remain poorly understood. here we report reference genomes for the llama, and for the guanaco and vicuña (their putative wild progenitors), compare these with the published alpaca genome, and resequence seven individuals of all four species to better understand domestication and introgression between the llama and alpaca. | 2020 | 32616020 |
| mycoplasma hominis ssp. associated endocarditis with myocardial necrosis in an alpaca (vicugna pacos) in manitoba in 2011. | severe endocarditis with myonecrosis, moderate to severe pleural and pericardial effusions, and mild ascites were found on necropsy in 3 alpacas. mycoplasma hominis ssp. was detected on polymerase chain reaction (pcr) of fresh affected endocardial tissue in 1 alpaca. | 2015 | 25694661 |
| mycobacterium ulcerans infection in two alpacas. | an ulcerative dermopathy caused by mycobacterium ulcerans is described in two alpacas (vicugna pacos) domiciled in endemic areas of victoria, australia. | 2013 | 23782024 |
| multiplexed next-generation sequencing and de novo assembly to obtain near full-length hiv-1 genome from plasma virus. | analysing the hiv-1 near full-length genome (hiv-nflg) facilitates new understanding into the diversity of virus population dynamics at individual or population level. in this study we developed a simple but high-throughput next generation sequencing (ngs) protocol for hiv-nflg using clinical specimens and validated the method against an external quality control (eqc) panel. clinical specimens (n=105) were obtained from three cohorts from two highly conserved hiv-1c epidemics (india and ethiopia ... | 2016 | 27448822 |
| pathology of haemonchus contortus in new world camelids in the southeastern united states: a retrospective review. | most small ruminant farms in tropical climates are plagued by haemonchus contortus, a hematophagous, abomasal parasite. heavy burdens of this parasite can cause anemia, hypoproteinemia, weight loss, and mortality in susceptible animals. haemonchus contortus is becoming a major health concern in new world camelids as well, namely llamas (llama glama) and alpacas (vicugna pacos), yet little research has been conducted regarding its prevalence or pathology in these species. herein, we present a ret ... | 2016 | 26965230 |
| experimental acute infection of alpacas with bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 subgenotype b alters peripheral blood and galt leukocyte subsets. | bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is a pathogen in cattle and alpacas ( vicugna pacos), causing acute and persistent bvdv infections. we characterized the effect of acute bvdv infection on the immune system of alpacas by determining lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (galt) as well as serum interferon levels. alpacas were experimentally infected with bvdv-1b (strain co-06). peripheral blood leukocytes were isolated at 0, 3, 6, and 9 d postinfection ... | 2017 | 28166712 |
| integrating temporal refugia into landscapes of fear: prey exploit predator downtimes to forage in risky places. | the landscape of fear is an important driver of prey space use. however, prey can navigate the landscape of fear by exploiting temporal refuges from predation risk. we hypothesized that diel patterns of predator and prey movement and space use would be inversely correlated due to temporal constraints on predator habitat domain. specifically, we evaluated habitat selection and activity of the vicuña and its only predator, the puma, during three diel periods: day, dawn/dusk, and night. pumas selec ... | 2019 | 30868375 |
| untangling the fibre ball: proteomic characterization of south american camelid hair fibres by untargeted multivariate analysis and molecular networking. | the proteomic analysis of hairs, yarns or textiles has emerged as a powerful method to determine species of origin, mainly used in archaeozoological research and fraud control. differentiation between the south american camelid (sac) species (the wild guanaco and vicuña and their respective domesticates the llama and alpaca) is particularly challenging due to poor database information and significant hybridization between species. in this study, we analysed 41 modern and 4 archaeological samples ... | 2020 | 33152504 |
| south american camelids: their values and contributions to people. | south american camelids (sacs) make several material and non-material contributions to people and are a key component of the andean biocultural heritage. from the perspective of the ipbes' conceptual framework, sacs constitute the "nature" component in the complex system of interactions between human societies and the andean mountain environment. there are four sac living species today, two of which are wild, or salqa, in the indigenous cosmovision: guanaco (lama guanicoe) and vicuña (vicugna vi ... | 2020 | 33133295 |
| description of a fossil camelid from the pleistocene of argentina, and a cladistic analysis of the camelinae. | we describe a well-preserved south american lamini partial skeleton (pimuz a/v 4165) from the ensenadan (~ 1.95-1.77 to 0.4 mya) of argentina. the specimen is comprised of a nearly complete skull and mandible with full tooth rows, multiple elements of anterior and posterior limbs, and a scapula. we tested this specimen's phylogenetic position and hypothesized it to be more closely related to lama guanicoe and vicugna vicugna than to hemiauchenia paradoxa. we formulate a hypothesis for the placem ... | 2020 | 33133011 |
| forensic identification of the keratin fibers of south american camelids by ambient ionization mass spectrometry: vicuña, alpaca and guanaco. | the keratin fleece of the endangered vicuña (vicugna vicugna) commands a high value in international markets, and this trade has caused illegal poaching and a substantial decrease in vicuña populations. morphological analysis of hairs does not have the resolution to determine the species of origin of camelid natural fibers. in addition, commerce in camelid fleece also includes the legal trade of alpaca (vicugna pacos) and guanaco (lama guanicoe) wool. | 2020 | 32770752 |
| genetic variation in coat colour genes mc1r and asip provides insights into domestication and management of south american camelids. | the domestication of wild vicuña and guanaco by early pre-inca cultures is an iconic example of wildlife management and domestication in the americas. although domestic llamas and alpacas were clearly selected for key, yet distinct, phenotypic traits, the relative patterns and direction of selection and domestication have not been confirmed using genetic approaches. however, the detailed archaeological records from the region suggest that domestication was a process carried out under significant ... | 2018 | 30483307 |
| comparing genetic diversity and demographic history in co-distributed wild south american camelids. | vicuñas and guanacos are two species of wild south american camelids that are key ruminants in the ecosystems where they occur. although closely related, these species feature differing ecologies and life history characters, which are expected to influence both their genetic diversity and population differentiation at different spatial scales. here, using mitochondrial and microsatellite genetic markers, we show that vicuña display lower genetic diversity within populations than guanaco but exhi ... | 2018 | 30061581 |
| a review of coccidiosis in south american camelids. | camelids (llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, guanacos) are important for the economy of south america and eimeria infections are important as cause of mortality in camelids. of the five most prevalent species of eimeria in south american camelids, eimeria macusaniensis, eimeria lamae, eimeria alpacae, eimeria punoensis, and eimeria ivitaensis, e. macusaniensis is considered the most pathogenic. there is considerable confusion concerning the endogenous developmental stages of eimeria spp. in camelids. man ... | 2018 | 29804192 |
| gametogony of eimeria macusaniensis guerrero, hernandez, bazalar and alva, 1971 in llama (lama glama). | camelids (llama, alpaca, vicunãs, guanacos) are important for the economy of south america and eimeria infections are an important cause of mortality in camelids. of the six species of eimeria in camelids, eimeria macusaniensis, considered the most pathogenic, is distinctive; its oocysts are the largest among all eimeria species in animals, its prepatent period is more than 1 month, and its oocysts have been found in mummies from prehistoric times. although, e. macusaniensis gametogonic stages a ... | 2018 | 29642969 |
| sarcocystosis in south american camelids: the state of play revisited. | members of the genus sarcocystis (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae) are intracellular protozoan parasites that infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals, resulting in economic losses in production animals worldwide. sarcocystis spp. have indirect life-cycles where canids and felids serve as main definitive hosts while a range of domestic and wild animals serve as intermediate hosts, including south american camelids (sacs) such as alpacas, llamas and guanacos. these animals primarily occur in s ... | 2018 | 29510746 |
| vicuña dung gardens at the edge of the cryosphere. | the decline and subsequent recovery of the vicuña (vicugna vicugna, quechua: wik'uña), one of the few large, native herbivores in the andes (figure 1), is one of the world's greatest conservation success stories. over-exploited nearly to extinction by the 1960's, the current population of these wild camelids is estimated at close to 500,000 animals, with nearly half of the global population in peru (acebes et al. 2018). vicuñas are prized, noted for the high economic value of live-shorn wool fro ... | 2020 | 33098659 |
| botanical composition and diet quality of the vicuñas (vicugna vicugna mol.) in highland range of parinacota, chile. | understanding the botanical composition of herbivores' diets and their nutritional quality is an important question in the development of sustainable strategies for the management of natural resources. in chilean highland vicuña-grazed grasslands, there is little information in this regard and, therefore, this study aimed to determine the year-round profile of the diet's botanical composition and quality. in highland grasslands, on an area of 21.9 ha, continuously grazed for 3.06 vu/ha/year (18° ... | 2020 | 32708523 |
| evolution of target-site resistance to glyphosate in an amaranthus palmeri population from argentina and its expression at different plant growth temperatures. | the mechanism and expression of resistance to glyphosate at different plant growing temperatures was investigated in an amaranthuspalmeri population (vm1) from a soybean field in vicuña mackenna, cordoba, argentina. resistance was not due to reduced glyphosate translocation to the meristem or to epsps duplication, as reported for most us samples. in contrast, a proline 106 to serine target-site mutation acting additively with epsps over-expression (1.8-fold increase) was respectively a major and ... | 2019 | 31744154 |
| lithium and boron in calcified tissues of vicuna and their relation to chronic exposure by water ingestion in the andean lithium triangle. | vicuna is a wild, endangered species of andean camelid living in the hyperarid andean plateau. in the central part of the plateau, the lithium triangle defines a zone with lithium-rich salt pans. brine pools naturally form within the salt pans, and the adaptation strategy of vicuna consists of drinking from brine pools. together with reporting the first chemical data on vicuna bones and teeth, we analyzed lithium, boron, and arsenic in water and brines, with the aim of assessing their relation t ... | 2020 | 31614392 |
| glucocorticoid and triiodothyronine concentrations do not correlate with behavior in vicuñas (vicugna vicugna). | state-dependent foraging theory posits that animals should make foraging decisions based on energetic condition, where animals with fewer energetic reserves prioritize foraging over other behaviors, including antipredator behaviors. however, few studies have investigated these trade-offs at an individual level in wild, free-ranging animals. we investigated the relationships between internal condition and behavior in a wild mammal, the vicuña (vicugna vicugna), which makes state-dependent decisio ... | 2020 | 31606464 |
| bovine leukemia virus infection in a juvenile alpaca with multicentric lymphoma. | a 13-month-old alpaca (vicugna pacos) was presented for mandibular masses and weight loss. histopathology of biopsy tissue was consistent with lymphoma. the alpaca was euthanized and necropsy revealed lymphoma masses in multiple organs. immunohistochemistry for t- and b-cell typing was inconclusive. serology and in-situ polymerase chain reaction hybridization were positive for bovine leukemia virus. | 2012 | 22942445 |
| disseminated blastomyces dermatitidis, genetic group 2, infection in an alpaca (vicugna pacos). | a 7-year-old, female huacaya alpaca presented with a 3-week history of left-sided head tilt and mild ataxia. despite aggressive supportive therapy with empirical antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, thiamine, and anthelminthic therapy, neurologic signs progressed to a right-sided head tilt, positional nystagmus, and episodes of severe ataxia and obtundation. on necropsy, discrete expansile to poorly delineated infiltrative masses with tan, creamy to grumous exudate were observed in the right petrous t ... | 2014 | 24621845 |
| pastoralism in northern peru during pre-hispanic times: insights from the mochica period (100-800 ad) based on stable isotopic analysis of domestic camelids. | llama (lama glama) and alpaca (vicugna pacos) are the only large domesticated animals indigenous to the americas. pastoralism occupies a fundamental economic, social and religious role in andean life. today, camelid livestock are confined to the ecozone of the puna (above 3,500 masl), while their presence on the pacific coast during pre-hispanic times is attested by archaeological skeletal remains. this study aims to document herding practices on the northern peruvian coast during the early inte ... | 2014 | 24498136 |
| bilateral iliac arterial thrombosis in an alpaca (vicugna pacos) cria. | a 3-month-old male alpaca was presented for acute onset of non-weight-bearing left hind limb lameness. antemortem diagnostics revealed a mass to the right of the urinary bladder and no blood flow in the left femoral artery. necropsy revealed bilateral iliac arterial thrombi and an abscess near the urinary bladder. | 2012 | 23450866 |
| effect of glycerol concentration, equex stm supplementation and liquid storage prior to freezing on the motility and acrosome integrity of frozen-thawed epididymal alpaca (vicugna pacos) sperm. | two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of glycerol concentration and equex stm paste on the post-thaw motility and acrosome integrity of epididymal alpaca sperm. in experiment 1, epididymal sperm were harvested from male alpacas, diluted, and cooled to 4 degrees c in a lactose cooling extender, and pellet-frozen in a lactose cryodiluent containing final glycerol concentrations of 2, 3, or 4%. in experiment 2, epididymal sperm were diluted in biladyl, cooled to 4 degrees c, store ... | 2010 | 20416935 |
| disseminated bovine viral diarrhea virus in a persistently infected alpaca (vicugna pacos) cria. | bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is an emerging infectious pathogen of concern to the alpaca industry. a 4-month-old, intact, male alpaca cria was diagnosed as persistently infected with bvdv on the basis of repeated positive antemortem polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and virus isolation (vi) assays and negative serologic titers to bvdv. immunohistochemistry, real-time reverse transcription pcr, and vi performed on tissues collected at necropsy demonstrated disseminated bvdv-1b infection. viru ... | 2009 | 19139518 |
| metastatic malignant melanoma in an alpaca (vicugna pacos). | a case of malignant melanoma in a 7-year-old, intact, black, male huacaya alpaca with a history of a chronic, nonhealing wound involving the left external nostril, weight loss, and inappetence is described. malignant melanoma was diagnosed by histology of punch biopsy specimens from a mass on the maxilla associated with the nonhealing wound and from a mass in the submandibular region. the alpaca was humanely euthanized 10 days after the diagnosis on the basis of the poor prognosis and rapid clin ... | 2009 | 19139517 |
| effect of exogenous progesterone and ecg treatment on ovarian follicular dynamics in vicunas (vicugna vicugna). | the aim of the present study was two-fold. first, to evaluate the effect of exogenous progesterone on ovarian follicular dynamics in order to assess its ability to synchronize ovarian activity in the vicuna. secondly, to evaluate the ovarian response to the treatment with ecg through the observation of the structures developed in the ovaries. follicular dynamics was monitored daily by transrectal ultrasonography in 12 adult, non-pregnant vicunas. plasma progesterone and estradiol-17beta concentr ... | 2005 | 15721666 |
| assisted reproductive techniques for hybridization of camelids. | the camelid family comprises the old world camelids (or dromedary and bactrian camels) and the new world camelids (namely the llamas, alpacas, guanacos and vicunas). although the species within each group can hybridize among themselves to produce fertile offspring, it is only recently that a hybrid between new and old world camelids has been reported. to create this hybrid, semen was collected from male camels by artificial vagina (av) and inseminated into female guanacos (n = 9) and llamas (n = ... | 2001 | 11999316 |
| ag-nor staining and in situ hybridization of rdna in the chromosomes of the south american camelids. | the location and frequency of ag-stained nors and sites of rdna hybridization were studied in the chromosomes of the south american camelids. in the four camelids these regions occur distally on chromosomes 18, 21, and 27 and the smallest biarmed elements. quantitative analysis of nor distribution showed variations between both cells and species. in llama, guanaco and alpaca the nors number averaged 6 per cell, this being higher than in vicuña where the average was 3. relative frequencies of nor ... | 1989 | 2482825 |
| legalizing markets and the consequences for poaching of wildlife species: the vicuña as a case study. | vicuña provide an excellent case study for examining the sustainable use of wildlife outside protected areas: the community-based conservation approach. vicuña populations in the high andes of argentina, bolivia, chile, ecuador and perú fell to a critically low level, but a convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora (cites) ban on trade in their fiber has seen numbers recover dramatically, and now live shearing of vicuña for a high-value international market ... | 2009 | 18082928 |
| y-chromosome and mtdna variation confirms independent domestications and directional hybridization in south american camelids. | investigations of genetic diversity and domestication in south american camelids (sac) have relied on autosomal microsatellite and maternally-inherited mitochondrial data. we present the first integrated analysis of domestic and wild sac combining male and female sex-specific markers (male specific y-chromosome and female-specific mtdna sequence variation) to assess: (i) hypotheses about the origin of domestic camelids, (ii) directionality of introgression among domestic and/or wild taxa as evid ... | 2017 | 28699276 |
| relationships between integumental characteristics and thermoregulation in south american camelids. | hair fibre is regarded as a unique mammalian feature with an important role for endothermy. artificial selection for hair characteristics resulted in marked changes with regard to follicle number, type, distribution, growth and natural shedding. this review focuses on the fine fibre-producing south american camelids (sacs) and the relationship between their hair coat and thermoregulation. sacs have developed several special integumental characteristics. while the hair coat of the wild lamoids vi ... | 2010 | 22444692 |
| [hematologic studies on alpacas and vicuñas]. | | 1952 | 13104974 |
| production, preservation, and transfer of south american camelid embryos. | the current review summarizes progress in the field ofin vitroandin vivoproduction of south american camelid embryos. both methods require ovarian superstimulation (with fsh and ecg) to obtain multiple ovulations (in vivoembryo production) or to induce follicle growth for oocyte collection (in vitroembryo production). moreover, superstimulation entails prior administration of hormones that inhibit follicular growth (progesterone, progestagens, and estrogens). cumulus-oocyte complexes obtained mu ... | 2017 | 29181380 |
| physiological and behavioral indices of short-term stress in wild vicuñas (vicugna vicugna) in jujuy province, argentina. | the management of wild vicuñas can trigger a stress response that may compromise welfare. in santa catalina, jujuy province, argentina, indices of short-term stress associated with capture, handling, and shearing were studied in 105 wild vicuñas (vicugna vicugna). the study included 2 groups (n = 59 and n = 46) of wild vicuñas captured in 2 consecutive days. independent variables analyzed included sex, restraint time, and groups. cortisol, creatine kinase, glucose, white blood cells, temperature ... | 2017 | 29207883 |
| first finding of nymphal stages of linguatula serrata in a south american camelid, a vicuña from peru. | linguatula serrata, a pentastomid, was found parasitizing the lungs of a vicuña (vicugna vicugna) from cuzco, peru. a total of 13 larvae were found encysted in the parenchymal tissue of the lungs. all larvae were identified as nymphal stages of l. serrata by morphological methods diagnosis was confirmed by molecular analysis amplifying the cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene of three nymphs. nucleotide sequences from the isolates were compared to previous sequences from genbank, and it showed high simil ... | 2017 | 28917312 |
| [analysis of human cyst echinococcosis in a northern chilean region from 2008 to 2012]. | the coquimbo region in chile has the highest incidence of hydatidosis in central and northern chile. | 2017 | 28898336 |
| target-site resistance to acetolactate synthase (als)-inhibiting herbicides in amaranthus palmeri from argentina. | herbicide-resistant weeds are a serious problem worldwide. recently, two populations of amaranthus palmeri with suspected cross-resistance to acetolactate synthase (als)-inhibiting herbicides (r1 and r2) were found by farmers in two locations in argentina (vicuña mackenna and totoras, respectively). we conducted studies to confirm and elucidate the mechanism of resistance. | 2017 | 28703943 |
| camelids: new players in the international animal production context. | the camelidae family comprises the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus), the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius), and four species of south american camelids: llama (lama glama), alpaca (lama pacos) guanaco (lama guanicoe), and vicuña (vicugna vicugna). the main characteristic of these species is their ability to cope with either hard climatic conditions like those found in arid regions (bactrian and dromedary camels) or high-altitude landscapes like those found in south america (south american ... | 2020 | 31898022 |
| endoparasites of domesticated animals that originated in the neo-tropics (new world tropics). | this review serves to summarize parasites found in domesticated animals which were found in the neo-tropics. indigenous domesticated neo-tropical animals include south american camelids, (lama gunacoa, lama glama, lama pacos, vicuna vicuna), guinea pigs (cavia porcellus), chinchillas (chinchilla lanigera), turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) and ducks (cairina moschata, anas platyrhynchos, dendrocyga autumnalis). these animals were chosen due to their origin of existence (neo-tropics) and over time th ... | 2019 | 30845667 |
| where and when to hunt? decomposing predation success of an ambush carnivore. | predator-prey games emerge when predators and prey dynamically respond to the behavior of one another, driving the outcomes of predator-prey interactions. predation success is a function of the combined probabilities of encountering and capturing prey, which are influenced by both prey behavior and environmental features. while the relative importance of encounter and capture probabilities have been evaluated in a spatial framework, temporal variation in prey behavior and intrinsic catchability ... | 2020 | 32852062 |
| demography of avian scavengers after pleistocene megafaunal extinction. | the late quaternary megafauna extinctions reshaped species assemblages, yet we know little about how extant obligate scavengers responded to this abrupt ecological change. to explore whether obligate scavengers persisted by depending on contemporary community linkages or via foraging flexibility, we tested the importance of the trophic interaction between pumas (puma concolor) and native camelids (vicugna vicugna and lama guanicoe) for the persistence of andean condors (vultur gryphus) in southe ... | 2019 | 31273237 |
| habitat complexity mediates the predator-prey space race. | the spatial relationship between predator and prey is often conceptualized as a behavioral response race, in which prey avoid predators while predators track prey. limiting habitat types can create spatial anchors for prey or predators, influencing the likelihood that the predator or prey response will dominate. joint spatial anchors emerge when predator and prey occupy similar feeding habitat domains and risk and reward become spatially conflated, confusing predictions of which player will win ... | 2019 | 31157915 |
| phylogeography and population genetics of vicugna vicugna: evolution in the arid andean high plateau. | the vicuña (vicugna vicugna) is the most representative wild ungulate of the high andes of south america with two recognized morphological subspecies, v. v. mensalis in the north and v. v. vicugna in the south of its distribution. current vicuña population size (460,000-520,000 animals) is the result of population recovery programs established in response to 500 years of overexploitation. despite the vicuña's ecosystemic, economic and social importance, studies about their genetic variation and ... | 2019 | 31244880 |
| author correction: closed-loop brain training: the science of neurofeedback. | in this article, the affiliation for mohit rana was incorrectly listed as the institute for biological and medical engineering, department of psychiatry, and section of neuroscience, pontificia universidad católica de chile, vicuña mackenna 4860 hernán briones, piso 2, macul 782-0436, santiago, chile. the listed affiliation should have been the following: departamento de psiquiatría, escuela de medicina, centro interdisciplinario de neurociencias, pontificia universidad católica de chile, santia ... | 2019 | 30911159 |
| choice of assembly software has a critical impact on virome characterisation. | the viral component of microbial communities plays a vital role in driving bacterial diversity, facilitating nutrient turnover and shaping community composition. despite their importance, the vast majority of viral sequences are poorly annotated and share little or no homology to reference databases. as a result, investigation of the viral metagenome (virome) relies heavily on de novo assembly of short sequencing reads to recover compositional and functional information. metagenomic assembly is ... | 2019 | 30691529 |