| effects of sociosexual environment on serum testosterone in captive male african rhinoceros. | the relationships between testosterone concentrations in male african rhinoceros and the presence of conspecific males and females were investigated. serum testosterone concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunoassay (eia) in 37 male black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) and 21 male white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) housed at 37 institutions in the usa. testosterone concentrations in both black (n=37) and white (n=21) rhinoceros males rose with increasing numbers of females prese ... | 2009 | 19167747 |
| corticosteroid-induced suppression of in vitro lymphocyte proliferation in four captive rhinoceros species. | captive african black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) are unusually susceptible to several diseases not commonly observed in any of the other three rhinoceros species maintained in captivity. the potential role of corticosteroids (either endogenously produced or exogenously administered) in the development of these sometimes fatal diseases has been questioned. in this study, the suppressive effects of two therapeutic corticosteroids (dexamethasone and hydrocortisone) on in vitro lymphocyte proli ... | 2007 | 18229856 |
| semen collection in rhinoceroses (rhinoceros unicornis, diceros bicornis, ceratotherium simum) by electroejaculation with a uniquely designed probe. | electroejaculation in rhinoceroses has historically yielded inconsistent results, with the collection of high-quality, sperm-rich samples rare. the goal of this study was to develop a reliable method of electroejaculation in the rhinoceros by designing a rectal probe that appropriately fits the anatomy of this taxon and refining the procedure. a curved probe handle ending in an oblate, ellipsoid head was built using readily available supplies. a combination of rectal massage, penile massage, and ... | 2005 | 17312718 |
| absence of hypomethylation and line-1 amplification in a white x black rhinoceros hybrid. | genomic stress resulting from the interspecific hybridization of marsupials has been shown to lead to hypomethylation and transposable element over-amplification. here we investigated both methylation status and transposable element (line-1) activity in an f1 hybrid between the black (diceros bicornis) and white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum). our data show that in this instance the hybrid genome was not characterised by gross hypomethylation and line-1 over-amplification thus extending previo ... | 2006 | 16850215 |
| clinical implications of rhinoceros reproductive tract anatomy and histology. | reproductive tracts or tissues from five male black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis), two male white rhinoceroses (ceratotherium simum), two male one-horned asian rhinoceroses (rhinoceros unicornis), seven female black rhinoceroses, and six female white rhinoceroses from multiple institutions were examined to characterize their anatomy and histology. some observations and measurements were obtained from in situ tracts of intact animals before or during necropsy. formalin-fixed tissues were dissec ... | 2001 | 12790392 |
| remote assessment of stress in white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) and black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) by measurement of adrenal steroids in feces. | this study monitored fecal cortisol and corticosterone levels in 14 black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) and in seven white rhinoceroses (certotherium simum) under various conditions of captivity, including translocation. free cortisol and free corticosterone were measured in methylene chloride extracts of feces, using high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc). the extraction-assay method was validated for quantitative measurement of these hormones by mass spectroscopy analysis, chemical de ... | 2002 | 12462487 |
| phylogenetic relationships of the five extant rhinoceros species (rhinocerotidae, perissodactyla) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12s rrna genes. | a major question in rhinocerotid phylogenetics concerns the position of the sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) with regard to the other extant asian (rhinoceros unicornis and r. sondaicus) and african (diceros bicornis and ceratotherium simum) species. we have examined this particular question through the phylogenetic analysis of the complete sequences of the mitochondrial 12s rrna and cytochrome b genes. three additional perissodactyls (one tapir and two equids) plus several outgrou ... | 2001 | 11286489 |
| morphology of rhinoceros platelets. | basic hematological information about rhinoceros species is limited. in this study, we have determined the platelet counts and described the platelet morphology of free-living white (ceratotherium simum) and black (diceros bicornis) rhinoceros using light and electron microscopy. the platelet counts of the two species were similar, but there were significant differences in platelet size as well as morphology between the species. the presence of large, nondiscoid platelet forms, resembling propla ... | 1999 | 10081152 |
| ultrasonographic monitoring of artificially stimulated ejaculation in three rhinoceros species (ceratotherium simum, diceros bicornis, rhinoceros unicornus). | manual massage of the penis and rectal electroejaculation methods have been minimally effective for collecting semen from the rhinoceros. these two methods for stimulating ejaculation were evaluated by rectal ultrasonography. one individual each of three rhinoceros species (ceratotherium simum simum, rhinoceros unicornis and diceros bicornis) was stimulated by manual massage of the penis and two black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) were electroejaculated. on ultrasonography, neither manual mass ... | 1998 | 10065845 |
| measurement of urinary oestrogens and 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone during ovarian cycles of black (diceros bicornis) and white (ceratotherium simum) rhinoceroses. | the development of a sensitive enzyme-immunoassay for 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20 alpha-dhp) and its use in determining reproductive status in black and white rhinoceroses is reported. 20 alpha-dhp in hydrolysed urine diluted in parallel to standards, and high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) confirmed the presence of 20 alpha-dhp and the absence of pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide (pdg) in urine collected from rhinoceroses after oestrus. conjugated oestrone was identified by hplc a ... | 1992 | 1552485 |
| allozyme variation and differentiation in african and indian rhinoceroses. | we studied variation at 25 to 31 allozymic loci in african and asian rhinoceroses. four taxa in three genera were examined: african ceratotherium simum simum (northern white rhinoceros), c. s. cottoni (southern white rhinoceros), diceros bicornis (black rhinoceros), and rhinoceros unicornis (indian rhinoceros). extremely small amounts of intraspecific variation were observed in sample sizes of 2 to 10 presumably unrelated individuals per taxon: p = .00-.10, h = 0.00-0.02. we examined demographic ... | 2010 | 2794471 |
| extinctions, genetic erosion and conservation options for the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | the black rhinoceros is again on the verge of extinction due to unsustainable poaching in its native range. despite a wide historic distribution, the black rhinoceros was traditionally thought of as depauperate in genetic variation, and with very little known about its evolutionary history. this knowledge gap has hampered conservation efforts because hunting has dramatically reduced the species' once continuous distribution, leaving five surviving gene pools of unknown genetic affinity. here we ... | 2017 | 28176810 |
| pulmonary gas exchange and acid-base status during immobilisation of black rhinoceroses (<i>diceros bicornis</i>) in zimbabwe. | when immobilising wildlife, adverse side effects can include hypoxaemia, acidosis and hypertension. pulmonary gas exchange and acid-base status were evaluated during immobilisation of 25 free-ranging and one boma-held black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) in zimbabwe. the effect of different body positions on arterial oxygenation was evaluated. a combination of the following drugs was used: an opioid (etorphine or thiafentanil), azaperone and an a2 -adrenoceptor agonist (detomidine or xylazine). r ... | 2016 | 28155294 |
| validation studies on dinucleotide strs for forensic identification of black rhinoceros diceros bicornis. | | 2017 | 28029588 |
| black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) and domestic horse (equus caballus) hindgut microflora demonstrate similar fermentation responses to grape seed extract supplementation in vitro. | the domestic horse is used as a nutritional model for rhinoceros maintained under human care. the validity of this model for browsing rhinoceros has been questioned due to high prevalence of iron overload disorder (iod) in captive black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis), which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. iron chelators, such as tannins, are under investigation as dietary supplements to ameliorate or prevent iod in prone species. polyphenolic compounds variably affect microbial f ... | 2016 | 27859814 |
| medical management of recurrent eosinophilic granuloma in two black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | recurrent eosinophilic granuloma (eg) in two captive eastern black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis michaeli) was effectively managed with glucocorticoids and antihistamines. the first case was a female and the second case was a male. the animals were housed at separate institutions and initially presented with hemorrhagic oral lesions. multifocal lesions occurred in the second case. multiple biopsies were taken from each animal, all of which were consistent with eg. each animal was anesthetized mu ... | 2016 | 27691969 |
| anesthesia in a captive juvenile black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) for magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. | a hand-reared, 53-kg, female, 30-day-old black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) calf presented for magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography after demonstrating neurologic signs. the rhino was premedicated intramuscularly with butorphanol and midazolam, yielding satisfactory sedation. induction was achieved using intravenous propofol until the trachea could be intubated. anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in 100% oxygen (mean end-tidal concentration of 2 ± 0.5%). mean values reco ... | 2016 | 27691965 |
| congenital cleft palate and cardiac septal defects in a neonatal southern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor). | a female southern black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis minor) calf died unexpectedly at less than 12 hr of age, after an uncomplicated birth and uneventful early postpartum period. gross necropsy revealed a 15-cm full thickness cleft palate, a patent foramen ovale, and four septal defects ranging from 0.3 to 1 cm in diameter. histologic findings did not reveal any significant abnormalities. karyotyping did not indicate any significant numerical or structural chromosomal abnormalities. | 2016 | 27691961 |
| evaluation of serum ferritin and serum iron in free-ranging black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) as a tool to understand factors affecting iron-overload disorder. | iron overload disorder (iod) is a significant health issue for captive black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ). measurement of serum ferritin with a validated rhinoceros ferritin elisa has been used extensively to detect animals in u.s. zoos that are at risk of developing iod. however, there is limited information on serum ferritin levels in free-ranging black rhinoceros using this same assay. serum ferritin, iron, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (ggt) were determined in 194 black rhinoceros fro ... | 2016 | 27691960 |
| technique for venipuncture of the transverse facial vein in the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | through the use of operant conditioning, the authors developed a technique to facilitate obtaining blood samples from a black rhinoceros diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy. the technique involved operant conditioning to facilitate venipuncture of the transverse facial vein, at an anatomic landmark on the lateral side of the face ventral to the medial canthus of the eye, and dorsal to the lateral commissure of the mouth. the investigators used standard operant conditioning protocols to train the ... | 2016 | 27569067 |
| testing the effects of perimeter fencing and elephant exclosures on lion predation patterns in a kenyan wildlife conservancy. | the use of fences to segregate wildlife can change predator and prey behaviour. predators can learn to incorporate fencing into their hunting strategies and prey can learn to avoid foraging near fences. a twelve-strand electric predator-proof fence surrounds our study site. there are also porous one-strand electric fences used to create exclosures where elephant (and giraffe) cannot enter in order to protect blocs of browse vegetation for two critically endangered species, the black rhinoceros ( ... | 2016 | 26893967 |
| osteopathology in rhinocerotidae from 50 million years to the present. | individual elements of many extinct and extant north american rhinocerotids display osteopathologies, particularly exostoses, abnormal textures, and joint margin porosity, that are commonly associated with localized bone trauma. when we evaluated six extinct rhinocerotid species spanning 50 million years (ma), we found the incidence of osteopathology increases from 28% of all elements of eocene hyrachyus eximius to 65-80% of all elements in more derived species. the only extant species in this s ... | 2016 | 26840633 |
| keeper-animal interactions: differences between the behaviour of zoo animals affect stockmanship. | stockmanship is a term used to describe the management of animals with a good stockperson someone who does this in a in a safe, effective, and low-stress manner for both the stock-keeper and animals involved. although impacts of unfamiliar zoo visitors on animal behaviour have been extensively studied, the impact of stockmanship i.e familiar zoo keepers is a new area of research; which could reveal significant ramifications for zoo animal behaviour and welfare. it is likely that different relati ... | 2015 | 26509670 |
| testing the prey-trap hypothesis at two wildlife conservancies in kenya. | protecting an endangered and highly poached species can conflict with providing an open and ecologically connected landscape for coexisting species. in kenya, about half of the black rhino (diceros bicornis) live in electrically fenced private conservancies. purpose-built fence-gaps permit some landscape connectivity for elephant while restricting rhino from escaping. we monitored the usage patterns at these gaps by motion-triggered cameras and found high traffic volumes and predictable patterns ... | 2015 | 26489024 |
| increased inflammation and decreased insulin sensitivity indicate metabolic disturbances in zoo-managed compared to free-ranging black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | black rhinoceros (rhinos) living in zoos express a host of unusual disease syndromes that are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, including hemolytic anemia, rhabdomyolysis, hepatopathy and ulcerative skin disease, hypophosphatemia and iron overload. we hypothesized that iron overload is a consequence and indicator of disturbances related to inflammation and insulin/glucose metabolism. the objectives of this study were to: (1) generate the first baseline information on biomarkers ... | 2015 | 25980685 |
| host density drives macroparasite abundance across populations of a critically endangered megaherbivore. | what determines the abundance of parasites is a central question within epidemiology. epidemiological models predict that density-dependent transmission has a principal influence on parasite abundance. however, this mechanism is seldom tested in macroparasites, perhaps because multiple, comparable populations of the same host-parasite relationship are rare. we test the influence of a range of factors on parasite abundance across 18 populations of black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) in south afri ... | 2015 | 25903391 |
| male reproductive success is correlated with testosterone in the eastern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis michaeli). | among natural populations of polygynous species, males often vary in their lifetime reproductive success. however, in managed populations of endangered species, either in situ or as part of captive breeding programmes, it is important to understand why differences in reproductive success occur. the european captive population of the critically endangered eastern black rhinoceros is currently under-performing relative to their wild counterparts, with low reproductive output and high reproductive ... | 2015 | 25562628 |
| irregular ovarian activity, body condition and behavioural differences are associated with reproductive success in female eastern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis michaeli). | ex situ populations of endangered species such as the black rhinoceros play an important role in global conservation strategies. however, the european captive population of eastern black rhinoceros is performing sub-optimally, with growth rates and genetic viability limited by low birth rates and high reproductive skew. we investigated several intrinsic differences between parous and nulliparous females that may underlie differences in reproductive success, including ovarian cyclicity, adrenal a ... | 2015 | 25150145 |
| pulmonary dead space in free-ranging immobilized black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) in namibia. | it was observed previously that end-expired carbon dioxide (p(e)co2) decreased when immobilized black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) were moved from sternal to lateral recumbency. these experiments were designed to test whether greater alveolar ventilation or greater pulmonary dead space in lateral recumbency explains this postural difference in p(e)co2. twenty-one (9 male, 12 female; 15 [3.5-26] yr old) wild black rhinoceroses were immobilized with etorphine and azaperone and positioned in eit ... | 2014 | 25000686 |
| reducing sampling error in faecal egg counts from black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | faecal egg counts (fecs) are commonly used for the non-invasive assessment of parasite load within hosts. sources of error, however, have been identified in laboratory techniques and sample storage. here we focus on sampling error. we test whether a delay in sample collection can affect fecs, and estimate the number of samples needed to reliably assess mean parasite abundance within a host population. two commonly found parasite eggs in black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) dung, strongyle-type ne ... | 2014 | 24918070 |
| a practical field extraction method for non-invasive monitoring of hormone activity in the black rhinoceros. | non-invasive hormone analysis is a vital tool in assessing an animal's adrenal and reproductive status, which can be beneficial to in situ and ex situ conservation. however, it can be difficult to employ these techniques when monitoring in situ populations away from controlled laboratory conditions, when electricity is not readily available. a practical method for processing faecal samples in the field, which enables samples to be extracted soon after defaecation and stored in field conditions f ... | 2014 | 27293621 |
| impacts of environmental pressures on the reproductive physiology of subpopulations of black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis bicornis) in addo elephant national park, south africa. | black rhinoceros are an icon for international conservation, yet little is known about their physiology due to their secretive nature. to overcome these challenges, non-invasive methods were used to monitor rhinoceros in two sections of addo elephant national park, south africa, namely addo and nyathi. these sections were separated by a public road, and the numbers of elephants, predators and tourists were higher in addo. faecal samples (n = 231) were collected (from july 2007 to november 2010) ... | 2014 | 27293618 |
| shift in black rhinoceros diet in the presence of elephant: evidence for competition? | in african large herbivore assemblages, megaherbivores dominate the biomass and utilise the greatest share of available resources. consequently, they are considered a separate trophic guild that structures the food niches of coexisting large herbivores. however, there exists little empirical evidence on how food resources are shared within this guild, and none for direct competition for food between megaherbivores. using the histological analysis of faeces, we explore this phenomenon for african ... | 2013 | 23874997 |
| management strategies of iron accumulation in a captive population of black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis minor). | during routine health screens for black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis minor) in a captive setting, serum iron and ferritin were analyzed as well as total iron binding capacity and total iron saturation. trends for ferritin and percent iron saturation showed steady increases since 2003 in four of four animals (three males; one female) with two animals (one male; one female) consistently showing higher elevations over conspecifics. the historical diet had been comprised of a commercial or in-hous ... | 2012 | 23156710 |
| browse diversity and iron loading in captive sumatran rhinoceroses (dicerorhinus sumatrensis): a comparison of sanctuary and zoological populations. | iron storage disease (isd) is now recognized as a serious clinical disorder acquired by two species of browsing rhinoceroses, the african black (diceros bicornis) and the asian sumatran (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) rhinoceroses, when displaced from their natural habitats. the most complete knowledge of isd comes from studies of the black rhinoceros, but the asian species is also at risk. sumatran rhinoceroses housed in traditional zoological settings outside of range countries have suffered signif ... | 2012 | 23156708 |
| black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) natural diets: comparing iron levels across seasons and geographical locations. | although excessive iron storage in black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) has been a cause for continuous concern over the last four decades and differences in the iron content of diet items fed in captivity and in the wild have been documented, no reports exist on the iron content of the total diet ingested by free-ranging animals. here, the results of field studies using backtracking to record the ingested diets of black rhinoceros from three habitats across three seasons are reported. levels of ... | 2012 | 23156705 |
| capture-related hypoglycemia and recovery in free-ranging black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis bicornis). | | 2012 | 22740562 |
| serial temperature monitoring and comparison of rectal and muscle temperatures in immobilized free-ranging black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | control of body temperature is critical to a successful anesthetic outcome, particularly during field immobilization of wild animals. hyperthermia associated with exertion can lead to serious and potentially life-threatening complications such as organ damage (including myopathy) and death. methods for monitoring core body temperature must accurately reflect the physiologic status of the animal in order for interventions to be effective. the goal of this preliminary study was to compare serial r ... | 2012 | 22448518 |
| translocations as experiments in the ecological resilience of an asocial mega-herbivore. | species translocations are remarkable experiments in evolutionary ecology, and increasingly critical to biodiversity conservation. elaborate socio-ecological hypotheses for translocation success, based on theoretical fitness relationships, are untested and lead to complex uncertainty rather than parsimonious solutions. we used an extraordinary 89 reintroduction and 102 restocking events releasing 682 black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) to 81 reserves in southern africa (1981-2005) to test the in ... | 2012 | 22295100 |
| decreased baseline fecal glucocorticoid concentrations associated with skin and oral lesions in black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | ulcerative lesions are a health concern for managed black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) populations. to examine possible relationships between ex situ variables and adrenal activity with the presence of lesions, facility and socioenvironmental surveys of 25:20 (male:female) black rhinos at 18 zoos were conducted, and fecal samples were collected twice weekly for 1 yr for glucocorticoid metabolite analyses. during the collection period, 5.1 rhinos exhibited skin lesions, 1.0 had oral lesions, and ... | 2010 | 21370641 |
| diagnosis and treatment of vitiligo in a sub-adult eastern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis michaeli). | a captive-born female sub-adult eastern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis michaeli) developed areas of non-ulcerated, non-pruritic depigmentation around the nares at 2 yr of age. over the subsequent 18 mo, the symmetrical multifocal depigmented macules increased in size and distribution to include facial fold crypts, interdigital skin, lips, nares, palmar carpi, ventral abdomen, ventral mandible, axillae, lateral brachium and antebrachium, lateral thighs, ventral tail, and perineal region with ... | 2010 | 20945660 |
| melanocytic neoplasms in a black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) and an indian rhinoceros (rhinoceros unicornis). | melanocytic neoplasms were diagnosed in a captive black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) and a captive indian rhinoceros (rhinoceros unicornis) from different facilities. the first case was a 10-yr-old, captive-born male black rhinoceros that presented with a small firm cutaneous mass on the dorsal midline. aspirate cytology results were suggestive of a melanocytic neoplasm, and histologic examination of the excised mass confirmed a well-differentiated neoplasm with much pigment production, minimal ... | 2010 | 20722260 |
| seminoma in a southern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor): diagnosis, surgical management and effect on fertility. | a testicular mass was identified by ultrasonography performed during a routine reproductive evaluation of an adult male southern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor). histological examination of a testicular biopsy supported a presumptive diagnosis of testicular neoplasia. hemi-castration was performed to excise the affected testis and a pathological diagnosis of a seminoma was made. assessment of semen suggested reduced fertility as a consequence of the neoplastic process, but hemi-castrat ... | 2010 | 20148829 |
| acid-base balance and ventilation during sternal and lateral recumbency in field immobilized black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) receiving oxygen insufflation: a preliminary report. | posture, ventilation, and acid-base balance using auricular venous blood values (ph, lactate, base excess [be], hco(3)(-), po(2), so(2), and pco(2)), oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (spo(2)), and end-tidal carbon dioxide (p(et)co(2)) were compared between sternal (ste) and lateral (lat) recumbency in free-ranging black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis bicornis) receiving oxygen insufflation. data are reported as median, minimum, and maximum (median [minimum, maximum]). thirty-six desert-adapted blac ... | 2010 | 20090037 |
| fatty acid status in captive and free-ranging black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis). | the fatty acid (fa) patterns of plasma/serum triglycerides (tg), phospholipids (pl) and cholesteryl esters (ce) of captive and free-ranging black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) were investigated. free-ranging animals (n = 28) stemmed from four different regions. captive animals sampled included specimens from north american (n = 11) and three different european facilities (n = 6). the european animals were tested on 1-4 different diets, resulting in a total of 15 blood samples. regardless of di ... | 2008 | 18477302 |
| risk factors associated with a skewed natal sex ratio in captive black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) in the united states. | the skew toward males in the sex ratio of calves is considered to be a problem for the captive population of black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) in north america. this study used a retrospective case-control design to determine whether there was a predisposition toward birth of male calves over female calves and to examine risk factors associated with the occurrence of any detected skewed natal sex ratio in captive black rhinoceroses in the united states. the study population included captive ... | 2007 | 18229858 |
| a review of some of the health issues of captive black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis). | in captivity, black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis) are beset by many disease syndromes not described in black rhinoceroses in the wild. hemolytic anemia, hepatopathy, and ulcerative dermatopathy that lead to increased morbidity and mortality characterize these syndromes. it is uncertain whether these are separate disease syndromes with different etiologies or the same disease with different manifestations. this article offers a brief review of some of the health issues of concern for the captiv ... | 2007 | 18229855 |
| quantification of enterobacteriaceae in faeces of captive black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) in relation to dietary tannin supplementation. | free-ranging browsing herbivores ingest a range of secondary plant compounds, such as tannins, with their natural diet. as many of these substances have been shown to have antibacterial properties, it could be speculated that a lack of such compounds in captive zoo diets could favour the growth of potentially pathogenic intestinal bacteria. the effect of a supplementation of a conventional diet (n, consisting mainly of grass hay and/or lucerne hay and pelleted compound feeds) fed to eight captiv ... | 2008 | 18184377 |
| the influence of dietary tannin supplementation on digestive performance in captive black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | free-ranging browsers such as the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) consume a diet that contains tannins, whereas the diets offered to them in captivity consist mostly of items known to contain hardly any such secondary plant compounds. tannins could have potentially beneficial effects, including the chelation of dietary iron (iron storage disease is a common problem in black rhinos). here, we tested the acceptance, and the consequences on digestion variables, of a low-dose tannin supplementat ... | 2007 | 17988348 |
| anesthesia and use of a sling system to facilitate transvaginal laparoscopy in a black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor). | transvaginal laparoscopy to allow assessment of ovarian pathology and to attempt retrieval of oocytes was facilitated in a captive, female black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor) through the use of a sling on two separate occasions. following induction of anesthesia with an opioid-based combination, the rhinoceros was intubated and maintained on isoflurane in oxygen. the use of the sling and volume controlled inhalation anesthesia allowed for maintenance of appropriate anatomic positioning, an ... | 2006 | 17312803 |
| antioxidant status of faeces of captive black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) in relation to dietary tannin supplementation. | in context with the frequent observations of excessive iron (fe) storage in captive black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis), it has been suggested that both an excessive dietary fe content and a lack of dietary fe-chelating substances, such as tannins, is the underlying cause. therefore, studies on the effects of tannin supplementation to captive diet are warranted. six captive rhinoceroses were fed their normal zoo diet (n), and a similar diet supplemented with either tannic acid (t, hydrolysable ... | 2006 | 16901277 |
| tannin-binding salivary proteins in three captive rhinoceros species. | tannin-binding salivary proteins (tbsp) are considered to be counter-defences acquired in the course of evolution by animals whose natural forage contains such tannins. as tannins mostly occur in browse material but not in grasses, it is assumed that grazers do not have a need for tbsp. whereas it has been shown in several non-ungulate species that tbsp can be induced by dietary tannins, their presence or absence in ungulates has, so far, been shown to be a species-specific characteristic indepe ... | 2005 | 15664314 |
| overdose during chemical restraint in a black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | a juvenile female black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) was successfully treated after overdose of drugs used for chemical restraint. subsequent general anaesthesia for surgical reduction of a recurrent rectal prolapse was uneventful. over a 25-minute period before transportation to the veterinary hospital, the animal received a total dose of 1.225 mg etorphine, 30 mg acepromazine and 30 mg detomidine. based on an estimated mass of 200 kg, these corresponded to doses of 6.1 microg kg(-1) etorphine ... | 2005 | 15663740 |
| oral, nasal, and cutaneous eosinophilic granulomas in the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis): a lesion distinct from superficial necrolytic dermatitis. | oral, nasal, and cutaneous lesions resembling eosinophilic granulomas (egs) were observed in eight captive black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis). oral lesions were observed in all affected animals and occurred most often behind the prehensile lip. the typical clinical history of affected animals included oral bleeding or epistaxis from multilobulated, fungating, proliferative masses with areas of ulceration. histologically, lesions were characterized by prominent infiltrates of eosinophils and r ... | 2004 | 15193066 |
| effect of venipuncture site and anticoagulant on selected hematologic values in black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | paired blood samples were collected from the ear and radial vein of four captive healthy adult black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis). samples were collected using heparin or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta) as an anticoagulant. packed cell volume (pcv) and total protein (tp) values were compared between samples drawn from the two venipuncture sites and treated with the two anticoagulants to determine whether statistically significant variation occurred. no significant difference in the gro ... | 2003 | 12723801 |
| rectal prolapse associated with a healed pelvic fracture in a pregnant free-ranging african black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). part 1: anaesthesia. | anaesthesia was required in a heavily-pregnant, adult, free-ranging african black rhinoceros diceros bicornis with a rectal prolapse for examination and possible treatment. the animal was immobilised with 4.5 mg etorphine and 60 mg azaperone. for continued observation, the immobilised animal was transported to a boma. additional etorphine and azaperone were administered to keep the animal anaesthetised during treatment and transport. in addition, 15 mg nalorphine was administered during this tim ... | 2001 | 12219922 |
| essential fatty acid profiles differ across diets and browse of black rhinoceros. | in captivity, black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) suffer from idiopathic skin lesions that may be linked to dietary deficiencies, in particular essential fatty acid deficiency (efad). therefore, a study was undertaken from july 1995 to may 1997 to characterize the diet of captive d. bicornis in north american zoos and measure fat and fatty acid composition in zoo diet, and african and north american browses. descriptions of all dietary items offered to black rhinos on a daily basis were compiled ... | 2002 | 11838204 |
| identification of a series of c(21)o(2) pregnanes from fecal extracts of a pregnant black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor). | fecal extracts from a pregnant black rhinoceros, diceros bicornis, were analyzed by radioimmunoassay, hplc, and by gc-mass spectrometry. from 40 g of dried feces a total of 33 pregnanes in the c(21)o(2) series, including a number of novel 17 alpha epimers were identified. no progesterone was recovered. the principal progesterone metabolite by mass was 5 alpha-pregnan-3 beta,20 alpha-diol (44.5%), which did not cross react with the antibody used in our ria. the antibody recognized progesterone an ... | 2001 | 11711115 |
| role of excessive maternal iron in the pathogenesis of congenital leukoencephalomalacia in captive black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis). | to investigate the possibility that excessive maternal iron (overload) may contribute to development of congenital leukoencephalomalacia in captive black rhinoceroses. | 2001 | 11277198 |
| morphology of the dorsal lingual papillae in the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | the dorsal lingual surface of a black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) was examined by scanning electron microscopy. the tongue was about 30 cm in length. there were about 60 vallate papillae on both sides. filiform, fungiform and vallate papillae were found. the filiform papillae were distributed over the entire dorsal surface of the tongue. the papillae had a hair-like shape. the fungiform papillae were round in shape, and more densely distributed on the lingual apex. no foliate papillae were see ... | 2000 | 11199482 |
| acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a juvenile southern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor). | a 21-mo-old female southern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor) developed acute upper respiratory dyspnea in association with lymphadenopathy and marked immature lymphocytosis. a diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia was reached on the basis of the morphologic and cytochemical characteristics of peripheral lymphoblasts. antineoplastic chemotherapy included administration of cytarabine, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and doxorubicin, with clinical remission achieved 19 days after initia ... | 2000 | 10884128 |
| post-coital sperm recovery and cryopreservation in the sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) and application to gamete rescue in the african black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | sumatran rhinoceros (dicerorhinus sumatrensis) sperm samples were collected from a post-copulatory female and characterized to determine their potential for sperm preservation and future use in artificial insemination. five samples of acceptable quality from one male were used to compare the effect of two cryoprotectants (glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso)) and two post-thaw protocols (untreated and glass wool column) on sperm quality. the percentage of motile spermatozoa, sperm motility ind ... | 2000 | 10864790 |
| anthracycline cardiotoxicity in a black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis): evidence for impaired antioxidant capacity compounded by iron overload. | two weeks before dying of congestive heart failure, a juvenile black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor) received a single low dose of doxorubicin as part of combination chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. diffuse hemosiderosis was present at necropsy in a pattern indicative of dietary iron overload, but unique iron-positive degenerative lesions were found in isolated myocardiocytes. serum analyses revealed hyperferremia, 87% transferrin saturation, and 5- to 10-fold elevations in fer ... | 2000 | 10643986 |
| isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | | 1999 | 10617348 |
| isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) is currently one of the most endangered african mammals as a direct result o habitat destruction and intensive poaching. a microsatellite library was constructed to address a number of population genetic questions. this paper describes the isolation of five black rhinoceros microsatellite loci. three of these loci were found to be polymorphic. in addition, the paper demonstrates the utility for cross-hybridization of these primers in other species of rhino ... | 1999 | 10435448 |
| idiopathic distal esophageal dilation in a southern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor). | an adult female southern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis minor) experienced intermittent periods of regurgitation while eating, suggesting an esophageal disorder. endoscopy for evaluation of the trachea, esophagus, and stomach revealed a 30-mm nasopharyngeal orifice with associated recess located in the caudodorsal pharynx and a 10-cm dilated segment of the distal esophagus that was presumably the cause of regurgitation. dietary management of esophageal dilation through short-term utilization ... | 1998 | 10065858 |
| suspected calcium oxalate raphide irritation in a black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) due to ingestion of xanthosoma mafaffa. | | 1997 | 9186929 |
| substantial genetic variation in southern african black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | thirty protein-coding loci of southern african black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) from four isolated populations were studied using starch gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. gene diversity estimates varied between 0.036 and 0.058, with the zambezi valley population having the largest amount of protein variation. these levels are higher than those in other studies of genetic variation in black rhinoceros and are similar to the amount of genetic variation observed for out ... | 2008 | 7930498 |
| further studies on the kidney of the hook-lipped african rhinoceros, diceros bicornis. | a healthy, pregnant diceros bicornis (no. 29455), with histologically normal but relatively large kidneys containing a correspondingly large number of nephrons, died suddenly from an injury. renal lobation was studied partly from serial transverse cuts across the kidney. the fibromuscular pelvic conduits, which are a craniocaudal bifurcation of the ureter, are associated with prominent longitudinally disposed paraconduital veins which anastomose with the interlobar veins. the arcuate veins open ... | 1994 | 8116890 |
| sequence of the mitochondrial control region, trna(thr), trna(pro) and trna(phe) genes from the black rhinoceros, diceros bicornis. | | 1993 | 8414998 |
| concentrations of faecal immunoreactive progestagen metabolites during the oestrous cycle and pregnancy in the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis michaeli). | the analysis of reproductive hormones in faecal samples is a possibility for non-invasive monitoring of reproductive status in free-ranging or intractable species. in the present study, faecal samples from three black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis michaeli) were collected at about weekly intervals during oestrous cycles and pregnancy. daily samples were taken during the week after parturition. total immunoreactive progestagens in faecal extracts were analysed with three different enzymeimmunoas ... | 1993 | 8345474 |
| [globular periodontal cement dysplasia in a black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis)]. | a globular periodontal cementous dysplasia in a 18 years old black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) is diagnosed by gross pathology, x-ray, and by histological examinations. the findings are discussed. | 1992 | 1417722 |
| renal morphology of the hook-lipped african rhinoceros, diceros bicornis, linnaeus. | the kidney of diceros bicornis has about 60 lobes, all appearing peripherally. these are separated by interlobar septa, except for small septal defects through which tubules pass. renal capsule and interlobar septa are fibromuscular and contain small blood vessels. the kidney is about 65% cortex. it contains about 12.5 x 10(6) glomeruli, which form about 7% of the cortical mass and 4.6% of the renal mass. diameter of a glomerular capsule is about 244 microns, there being no difference in size ac ... | 1991 | 2048553 |
| studies on vitamin e supplementation in a black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | | 1990 | 2368298 |
| circulating plasma alpha-tocopherol following a single injection in a black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | injectable all rac-alpha-tocopherol, at a dose of 12.4 iu/kg body mass, increased circulating levels of alpha-tocopherol in the black rhinoceros (bicornis diceros) from 0.18 microgram/ml to 1.47 micrograms/ml within 2 hr. although the plasma level peaked at day one (13.07 micrograms/ml) and dropped rapidly, substantial residual effects were seen even 10 days (1.50 micrograms/ml) following a single injection. it appears that parenteral vitamin e administration may be suitable for therapeutic trea ... | 1989 | 2810570 |
| vitamin e in captive and wild black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | the mean plasma level of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin e) measured in 31 free-ranging black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than that in 11 captive animals (means +/- se = 0.77 +/- 0.05 and 0.18 +/- 0.03 micrograms/ml, respectively). vitamin e status may influence the health of captive black rhinoceros; in particular, it may be linked to hemolytic anemia commonly observed in these animals in captivity. | 1988 | 3411712 |
| serum alpha-tocopherol, all-trans retinol, total lipids and cholesterol in the black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | 1. mean concentration of serum alpha-tocopherol (vitamin e) in 28 free-living black rhinoceroses sedated during translocation in zimbabwe was 1.92 (sd, 0.43) mg/l. 2. alpha-tocopherol was not detectable (less than 0.15 mg/l) in five captive black rhinoceroses held at london zoo. 3. circulating levels of all-trans retinol (vitamin a) were not different between the two groups. 4. the low level of alpha-tocopherol in captive rhinoceroses suggests a risk of acute haemolytic anaemia. | 1988 | 2904345 |
| [occurrence of the stomach botfly, gyrostigma conjugens enderlein in 2 black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis l.) in the berlin zoological gardens]. | | 1977 | 861018 |
| [study on the kidney of the sharp-nosed rhinoceros, diceros bicornis l., as well as remarks on the kidney of various other mammals]. | | 1972 | 5081170 |
| [topographic study on facial muscles of the rhinoceros, diceros bicornis (l.)]. | | 1972 | 4657484 |
| [a pock-like disease in the rhinoceros (diceros bicornis l.)]. | | 1968 | 4301181 |
| surgical treatment of a case of rectal prolapse in a young african rhinoceros (diceros bicornis). | | 1967 | 6068049 |
| lymph node structure in diceros bicornis. | | 1963 | 14328458 |
| a new species of the genus strongylus muller, 1780 from the black rhinoceros, diceros bicornis l. and a note on the other species occuring in kenya. | | 1962 | 14494530 |
| parabronema roundi n.sp. (spiruridae: nematoda) from rhinoceros bicornis in kenya. | | 1962 | 13893373 |
| [on the problem of territoriality and marking in mammals--on the example of the black rhinoceros and lions]. | | 1966 | 5994894 |
| robust forensic matching of confiscated horns to individual poached african rhinoceros. | black and white rhinoceros (diceros bicornis and ceratotherium simum) are iconic african species that are classified by the international union for the conservation of nature (iucn) as critically endangered and near threatened (http://www.iucnredlist.org/), respectively [1]. at the end of the 19thcentury, southern white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum simum) numbers had declined to fewer than 50 animals in the hluhluwe-imfolozi region of the kwazulu-natal (kzn) province of south africa, mainly d ... | 2018 | 29316411 |
| perissodactyla (rhinocerotidae and equidae) from kanapoi. | the kanapoi collection of rhinocerotidae, first studied by hooijer and patterson (1972), now consists of 25 specimens and substantial reinterpretation of their affinities is made here. kanapoi post-dates the extinction of brachypotherium and the whole collection belongs to the dicerotini. it is important because it includes the type-specimen of diceros praecox, a species that remains poorly known, but looks slightly larger and more primitive than the modern 'black' rhino, diceros bicornis. a sec ... | 2017 | 28966048 |
| the brain of the black (diceros bicornis) and white (ceratotherium simum) african rhinoceroses: morphology and volumetrics from magnetic resonance imaging. | the morphology and volumetrics of the understudied brains of two iconic large terrestrial african mammals: the black (diceros bicornis) and white (ceratotherium simum) rhinoceroses are described. the black rhinoceros is typically solitary whereas the white rhinoceros is social, and both are members of the perissodactyl order. here, we provide descriptions of the surface of the brain of each rhinoceros. for both species, we use magnetic resonance images (mri) to develop a description of the inter ... | 2017 | 28912691 |
| a rapid chemical odour profiling method for the identification of rhinoceros horns. | illegal poaching causes great harm to species diversity and conservation. a vast amount of money is involved in the trade of illegal or forged animal parts worldwide. in many cases, the suspected animal part is unidentifiable and requires costly and invasive laboratory analysis such as isotopic fingerprinting or dna testing. the lack of rapid and accurate methods to identify wildlife parts at the point of detection represents a major hindrance in the enforcement and prosecution of wildlife traff ... | 2016 | 27240958 |
| factors impacting the success of post-mortem sperm rescue in the rhinoceros. | the goal of this study was to identify factors that influenced the ability to successfully rescue sperm post-mortem from rhinoceroses maintained in north american zoos. factors considered included procedural technicalities, individual rhinoceros characteristics and timing. gross testicular pathology was noted in 17.4% of males (4/23) but did not impact sperm recovery except in one case of azoospermia (4.3%). of the males in which sperm recovery was attempted (n=21), 62% yielded quality samples c ... | 2016 | 26879096 |
| early fetal sexing in the rhinoceros by detection of male-specific genes in maternal serum. | genetic sexing of animals with long gestation time benefits the management of captive populations. here, x and y chromosome-specific primers, based on equine gene sequencing data, were developed and tested on captive rhinoceroses (10 males, 20 females) representing four species (diceros bicornis, certaotherium simum simum, rhinoceros unicornis, and dicerorhinus sumatrensis). the y chromosome-specific primer set targeted sry (sex-determining region y), and amplified a 177-bp product following pcr ... | 2018 | 29437259 |
| cardiac truncus arteriosus in an eastern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis michaeli). | this case report describes congenital truncus arteriosus in a 1-month-old eastern black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis michaeli). from the first day of life the animal was underweight and from the 22nd day of life displayed respiratory signs that exacerbated with time leading eventually to collapse and death. post-mortem examination revealed a single truncus arteriosus originating from the right ventricle leading to two separated pulmonary arteries and the aorta, with the ventricular septum showin ... | 2017 | 29169622 |
| effects of age and sex ratios on offspring recruitment rates in translocated black rhinoceros. | success of animal translocations depends on improving postrelease demographic rates toward establishment and subsequent growth of released populations. short-term metrics for evaluating translocation success and its drivers, like postrelease survival and fecundity, are unlikely to represent longer-term outcomes. we used information theory to investigate 25 years of data on black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) translocations. we used the offspring recruitment rate (orr) of translocated females-a m ... | 2017 | 28940809 |
| case series: clinical salmonellosis in four black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis) calves. | although salmonella spp. infection has been identified in captive and free-ranging rhinoceros, clinical cases in black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) calves have not been described. this case series describes clinical salmonellosis in four black rhinoceros calves. two calves developed self-limiting diarrhea, recovering after treatment. the other two cases were fatal. one of the fatal cases had a short clinical course, whereas the other case was protracted, with signs reflecting multiple organ s ... | 2017 | 28749277 |
| standardising home range studies for improved management of the critically endangered black rhinoceros. | comparisons of recent estimations of home range sizes for the critically endangered black rhinoceros in hluhluwe-imfolozi park (hip), south africa, with historical estimates led reports of a substantial (54%) increase, attributed to over-stocking and habitat deterioration that has far-reaching implications for rhino conservation. other reports, however, suggest the increase is more likely an artefact caused by applying various home range estimators to non-standardised datasets. we collected 1939 ... | 2016 | 27028728 |
| sex-biased inbreeding effects on reproductive success and home range size of the critically endangered black rhinoceros. | a central premise of conservation biology is that small populations suffer reduced viability through loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding. however, there is little evidence that variation in inbreeding impacts individual reproductive success within remnant populations of threatened taxa, largely due to problems associated with obtaining comprehensive pedigree information to estimate inbreeding. in the critically endangered black rhinoceros, a species that experienced severe demographic reduc ... | 2014 | 24641512 |
| mating system and reproductive skew in the black rhinoceros. | only approximately 2600 black rhinoceros survive today, mainly in small, isolated populations of < 100 animals. the management of remaining black rhinoceros populations aims at preserving natural levels of genetic relatedness and optimizing breeding success, which requires an accurate knowledge of the mating system, reproductive skew and effective population size. dna was extracted from faecal samples from a community of 35 wild black rhinoceros, and microsatellites were used to characterize pat ... | 2001 | 11555246 |
| thoughts on the plight of the black rhinoceros. | | 2000 | 22570888 |
| desertification of subtropical thicket in the eastern cape, south africa: are there alternatives? | the eastern cape subtropical thicket (ecst) froms the transition between forest, semiarid karroid shrublands, and grassland in the eastern cape, south africa. undegraded ecst forms an impenetrable, spiny thicket up to 3 m high consisting of a wealth of growth forms, including evergreen plants, succulent and deciduous shrubs, lianas, grasses, and geophytes. the thicket dynamics are not well understood, but elephants may have been important browsers and patch disturbance agents. these semiarid thi ... | 1995 | 24197850 |